2019年整理--幽默语言的特点
言语幽默的语用分类和语用分析
言语幽默的语用分类和语用分析本文从语用学角度对言语幽默进行分类，并运用语用学理论之面子理论、合作原则和礼貌原则分析汉语言语幽默，以探求言语幽默的产生及其会话含义的理解。
标签：言语幽默面子理论合作原则礼貌原则幽默是一种常见的文体写作风格，它主要运用趣味性较强的语言和轻松的笔调，来取得特殊的语用效果。
波切普作夫将幽默分为情景幽默和言语幽默。
本文重点讨论言语幽默。
一、言语幽默的语用分类言语幽默是语言文字表现的幽默。
根据其语用范围、语用效果的不同，我们将言语幽默粗略地划分为三类：（一）交际幽默交际幽默是为交际的目的而创制的，有助于推销人才和产品、减少摩擦、解决纠纷、和谐关系、交流思想、广交朋友、摆脱窘境……凡人类日常生活领域，交际幽默均可派上用场。
（二）讽刺幽默讽刺幽默是为讽刺人、教育人而创制的，目的是揭发丑陋，暴露乖讹，促人警醒，发人深思；可存在于日常交际中，但以书面形式为多见。
清代石成金《笑得好》中就撰录了一则“笑谄媚”的讽刺幽默：有钱富翁于客座中偶放一屁。
适有二客在旁，一客曰：“屁虽响，不闻有一毫臭气。
”一客曰：“不独不臭，还有一种异样香味。
”富翁愁眉曰：“我闻得屁不臭，则五脏内损，死期将近，吾其死乎？”一客用手空招，用鼻连嗅曰：“才臭将来了。
”一客以鼻皱起，连连大吸。
又以手掩鼻蹙额曰：“我这里臭得更狠。
”（三）纯幽默纯幽默即玩笑幽默，是纯粹用作调节精神，活跃气氛，娱悦性情的幽默；可以是口头言谈，也可以是书面形式，多用于关系较密切的人之间和非正式非严肃的场合。
有两个白吃专家巧妙地钻了语言的空子，开了个玩笑居然骗到了一席盛筵：一人极好静，而所居介于铜铁匠之间，朝夕聒耳，苦之。
常曰：“此两家若有迁居之日，我愿作东款谢。
”一日，二匠忽一并至曰：“我等且迁矣，足下素许作东，特来叩领。
”问其期日，曰：“只在明日。
”其人大喜，遂盛款之。
酒后问曰：“汝二家迁于何处？”二匠曰：“我迁在他屋里，他迁在我屋里。
”二、言语幽默的语用分析美国语言学家Grice研究发现，人们为了保证会话的顺利进行，交谈双方都共同遵守一个原则，即合作原则。
幽默的人的八个特点
幽默的人的八个特点
幽默的人通常具有以下八个特点：
1. **善于自嘲**：幽默的人常常能够自己调侃自己，不自吹自擂，这
也是一种自我保护机制。
2. **富有想象力**：幽默往往需要夸张的想象力，能把平淡无奇的事
情说得绘声绘色。
3. **机智与乐观**：幽默的人总是能够发现事物的乐趣，即使面对困难，他们也能找到乐观的一面。
4. **喜欢用双关语**：双关语是一种含蓄的幽默，能够让人在会心一
笑中体会语言的魅力。
5. **善于发现平凡中的不平凡**：幽默的人通常能够从平淡无奇的生
活中找到有趣的细节，并加以运用，使生活充满欢乐。
6. **诙谐有趣**：幽默的人平时为人处世，说话诙谐幽默，让人百听
不烦。
7. **不把快乐建立在别人的痛苦上**：幽默可以，但是不能以让别人
难受为代价。
幽默要讲究场合和分寸。
8. **充满人文关怀**：有幽默感的人，他的话语带有强烈的感情色彩，使人感到温暖和亲切。
以上特点仅供参考，请根据实际情况进行判断。
说话小技巧幽默
说话小技巧幽默
幽默是一种非常有效的社交技巧，它可以帮助你更好地与他人交流，并建立更好的人际关系。
以下是一些幽默的说话小技巧：
1. 运用反差：创造一种出乎意料的反转，这种反差往往会产生幽默效果。
比如“我小时候曾经离家出走，但只离家50米，因为找不到家门了”。
2. 运用模仿和演绎：模仿某个名人或者角色的语气和特点，或者对某个话题进行夸张或演绎，以产生幽默效果。
比如“我最近开始学习画画，已经画出了世界上最难画的画——一只没有毛的鸡”。
3. 使用比喻：用比喻的方式来说明事情，可以让语言更加生动有趣。
比如“我的睡眠质量非常好，我可以睡得像一只死猪一样”。
4. 开玩笑：适当地开一些玩笑，可以让气氛更加轻松和愉快。
但要注意不要开过于刻薄的玩笑，以免伤害到别人的感情。
比如“我最近开始健身，但效果不明显，只是锻炼出了更强壮的食欲”。
5. 制造惊喜：说出一些出乎意料的话，可以引起别人的注意和笑声。
比如“我最喜欢的颜色是透明，因为我隐形的时候别人看不到我”。
6. 适当自嘲：自嘲是幽默的一种常见形式，通过自嘲可以让人感到更加亲切和可爱。
比如“我最近开始学习跳舞，但我的舞姿像一只企鹅一样笨拙”。
总之，幽默的说话技巧有很多种，可以根据不同的场合和对象选择合适的方法。
但要注意的是，幽默应该是友善和有分寸的，不应该伤害到别人的感情。
风趣幽默句子的特点
风趣幽默句子的特点
1. 富含幽默感。
2. 不失真实性，表达出真实的感受。
3. 可以带有些许讽刺和嘲笑。
4. 既有逗笑的效果，也有深刻的韵味。
5. 可以翻转一些常规或者成见。
6. 常常带着智慧，可以让人重新思考问题。
7. 常常有些巧妙的双关语。
8. 多以幽默化的方式表达某些不好说或者尴尬的事情。
9. 可以带着调侃和自嘲的氛围。
10. 常常以跳跃的方式进行表达。
11. 可以在几句话之间完成反转，达到出乎意料的效果。
12. 常常用幽默去面对一些生活中的悲剧。
13. 可以通过幽默来化解争端和冲突。
14. 常常使用简明的语言表达出点题。
15. 可以表现出一种对自己和他人的宽容和理解。
16. 带有一定的玩世不恭，但不失和善的意味。
17. 常常直指问题的本质，不回避困难和矛盾。
18. 具有从容不迫、淡然处世的心态。
19. 常常使用比较使用，表达出巧妙的心理描绘。
20. 可以利用幽默去消解一些社会的尘俗，召唤出更高尚的情感。
21. 常常使用夸张和模仿来增强幽默效果。
22. 可以用温暖和幽默来关注和慰藉弱小的人们。
什么是幽默语言
什么是幽默语言幽默的含义是有趣或可笑且又意味深长。
幽默是思想、学识、品质、智慧和机敏在语言中综合运用的成果。
幽默语言是运用意味深长的诙谐语言抒发情感、传递信息，以引起听众的快慰和兴趣，从而感化听众、启迪听众的一种艺术手法。
2.幽默语言的功能在公共关系实务中，幽默语言是事业成功的润滑剂，是一件法宝。
具体说来，它有如下功能：第一,是取得公关工作业绩的致胜武器之一第二,能帮助你打开公关活动的大门第三,可以增进友谊,维系即存关系,也可以使激化的矛盾变得缓和第四,是创造融洽气氛,反击无理提问和开展善意批评的有效手段第五,还有自我解嘲的功用3.幽默语言的表达方法其一，双关法双关，就是同一个音节，可以表示不同的词，同一个词也可以表示不同的意义，利用这种词的同音或多义的条件，使一句话同时带有字面意思和字外意思，就是双关。
其二，岔断法岔断这种幽默语言的表达形式, 就是人的言行模式与思维模式的逆反性。
一般情况下,我们根据Al后面有A2，A2后面有A3,于是便可推断出A3后面有A4 ，但这时却突然发生变化，A3后面没有出现A4,而是出现了与之不同但又有关联的B,使人们的心理期待突然扑了空—语言的逻辑不按常规发展而突然中断，出现了一个出人意料的结局,不由地大笑起来,于是大家在笑声中恍然大悟。
其三，对比法在生活中,有时内容与形式、愿望与结果等方面会产生强烈的不协调,于是形成了不和谐的对比。
这种强烈的反差必然产生幽默或可笑情趣。
公关工作者可以适时利用这种不协调，做好公关工作。
其四，借题发挥法借题发挥就是借用别人的话题进行发挥，以表达自己的意思。
这是一条劝人的好方法。
其五，曲解法在对话中故意地歪曲对方话语的本义，或故意装聋听不清而回答就是曲解。
它常常利用语词的多义、同形、谐音、同音等条件来构成。
其六，反语法正话反说，或是反话正说，用与词语本义恰恰相反的话来表达词语本义的一种方法。
其特点是：说话时表面是一种意思，而实际所要表达的却是另外一种完全相反的意思。
英语幽默语特点及功能
摘要幽默，作为一种语言现象在英语文化中有着举足轻重的作用。
幽默话语不仅在人们的日常生活中起着改善人际关系，调节谈话气氛的作用，更多的被赋予个人智慧、魅力和教育的意义。
幽默研究的历史源远流长，甚至可追溯到现代文明的萌芽时期。
作为一种可资研究的学科题材，幽默现象受到了来自于文学、社会学、心理学、语言学和文化研究等领域的广泛关注。
作为幽默的主要表现形式，幽默话语在我们的生活中很常见。
它源于生活又高于生活，因此常会以生活中的会话形式出现。
这就使它带有鲜明的语言特征。
本文旨在从语言学角度出发，以会话形式的英语幽默为例，对英语幽默话语的功能及特点进行分析研究。
文章从英语幽默话语研究的意义、现状谈起，接着讨论了幽默话语的定义、分类，及其相关的理论综述。
在文章的主体部分，作者对幽默话语的语言特征进行比较全面的分析。
在语音、词汇、语义、句法等层面，作者主要突出了幽默话语的一词多义，同形异义的特征。
在修辞方面，作者用各种例子说明了幽默话语里各种修辞手法的广泛应用。
在语用方面，作者结合了语用学中的语境理论、合作原则、言语行为理论、关联理论等进行分析。
主要探讨了语境对幽默话语的影响，幽默话语对合作原则、言语原则、关联原则的违反所产生的幽默效果。
通过例证分析研究，作者发现幽默话语具有很鲜明的语言特征，在各个语言层面都有其独特的表现形式，与很多语言学理论是相当契合的。
基于其鲜明的语言特点，作者结合了韩礼德的功能语法以及Brown和Levinson的面子理论讨论了幽默话语的交际功能、护面子功能和批判功能。
总之，运用语言学理论特别是语用学理论来研究幽默，不失为一种有效的、快捷的研究方法和手段。
这种方法的采用，在促进人们探索幽默规律的过程中起着不可忽视的作用。
关键词: 英语幽默话语，特征，功能中南民族大学硕士学位论文AbstractAs a language phenomenon, humor plays an important role in English culture. In daily communication, humor not only ameliorates human relations, improves the communicative atmosphere, but also symbolizes personal wit, glamour and education. The research of humor has a long-dated history, which has attracted much academic interest in the field of philology, literature, sociology, psychology, linguistics, and culture studies. As the main form to express humor, humorous remarks are popular in our daily life. It comes from our daily life while to some degree it exceeds life. So humorous remarks are often in the form of conversations in life and thus it has distinctive linguistic characteristics.This thesis attempts to make an analysis on linguistic features and functions of English humorous remarks through lots of examples. It begins with the significance, current research of studying this topic, and then gives a brief introduction to humor, including the definition and classification of humor, as well as the related theories. In the main part of the thesis, the author tries to make a relatively systematic research of the main features of humorous remarks. On the phonological, lexical, semantic, syntactic levels, the features of homonymy and polesemy of humorous remarks are reflected. On the level of figures of speech, the author shows various kinds of rhetorical devices are usually employed in English humor. For the pragmatic aspect, which is the key point, the author employs many pragmatic theories like Context, Cooperative Principle, Speech Act Theory and Relevance Theory to analyze the realization of English humor by giving many specific examples. The thesis discusses the influence of Context on the appreciation of humor, phenomena of violating Cooperative Principle, Speech Act Theory and Relevance Theory leading to humorous effect. According to the analysis, the author found that humorous remarks have obvious linguistic features, reflected in various aspects, those are matches pretty well with some important linguistic theories. Based on these features, the article further discusses the communicative function, face-saving function and criticizing function of humorous remarks, applying Halliday’s Systematic-Function Grammar and Face Theory of Brown & Levinson.In brief, using linguistic theories，especially the pragmatic theories, to study humorous remarks is a quick and effective research technique and method. It plays the noticeable role in helping people to explore the humorous rules and to do research on communicative rules over culture gaps.Key words: English humorous remarks，features，functionsAcknowledgementsThis thesis could not have been written without the support of a number of people.I would like to acknowledge my indebtedness and gratitude to them all.My sincere gratitude first goes to my supervisor Professor Huang Chongzhen, for her continuing support and encouragement through the entire period in which this thesis is written. She spared a lot of her precious time, giving me extraordinary scholarly suggestions, encouraging advice, and invaluable corrections towards this thesis. Words are not enough to express my sincere thanks for her assistance in guiding the research.I am also grateful to all the other professors in Foreign Language School in South-Central University for Nationalities. Their earnest and enlightening teaching is of great help for my understanding of linguistics and for the accomplishment of this thesis.Last, I would also like to extend my sincere gratitude to my family members for their invaluable help in the course of thesis writing.i中南民族大学硕士学位论文1 IntroductionHumor pervades our lives. It exists in almost every part of the world. We can find humor almost ubiquitously in our daily conversations. When we are with family members, we tell jokes; when we are with friends, we tell jokes; even when we are with strangers, we tell jokes. People tend to be humorous, and humorous persons are always very popular with the others. There exists no subject that has not been joked about in one way or another. Morreall (1983) summarizes the importance of studying humor in the prediction that to understand our laughter is to go a long way toward understanding our humanity. A sense of humor is a unique feature, or to be more exact, a gift shared by all normal human beings. Explanations and studies of this intriguing human behavior have been recorded as far back as the early Greeks, from Plato and Aristotle, through Kant, to the more recent Bergerson and Freud, a history probably as long as that of culture.Overall, the study of humor is a fascinating area: not only because its role is so crucial to our social communication in the society, but also because any achievement made by our research will provide us with some glimpse of the interactive powers that we routinely employ in order to communicate either humorously or non-humorously.1.1 An Introduction of HumorHumor, as a subject, has been studied for thousands of years. The ability to appreciate and enjoy humor is universal and shared by all people. Yet, there is still quite a lot of controversy about what is humor. There exists no single definition of humor that can satisfy all researchers. Just as the three blind men who touched the various parts of the elephant’s body offered varying descriptions of it, different scholars provide different definitions that account for certain aspects of humor. Goldstein and McGhee do not even attempt to define humor for the simple reason that there is no single definition of humor acceptable to all investigators in the area. Though it is a formidable task, we cannot avoid the important issue of specifying what is meant by the key term “humor” and how this category is determined since humor is the subjectin this paper.The word “humor” originates from Latin. According to t he New Oxford Dictionary of English, the very original meaning of “humor” is “one of the four liquids (of blood, phlegm, choler, melancholy) in our body, said to determine a person’s mentalThe Features and Functions of English Humorous Remarksand physical qualities.” Through centuries of changes, the meaning of the term gradually narrows down to a specific “temperament or disposition”, characterized by a sensitivity to, or appreciation of ludicrous, absurd, or comical events. (The New Collins Concise English Dictionary). When the word was introduced into art, it was something negative that referred to odd, funny and affected temperament. Finally, in the late 17th century, a new definition of humor appeared in the New Oxford Dictionary of English and it is the basis of the modern meaning of humor: “humor” is the “quality of being amusing or comic, especially as expressed in literature or speech”, “something that arouses amusement, laughter” or “the capacity for recognizing, reac ting to, or expressing something which is amusing, funny etc.”From the above definition, we see that the focal point of the modern definition lays emphasis on two sides: one is humor as a phenomenon, which consists of linguistic and non-linguistic human behavior; the other is the capability to understand, to appreciate and to create humor. Similarly, different scholars, in their attempt at defining the term, tend to emphasize different aspects of humor depending on their varying purposes and orientations in research.In this paper, the writer shall follow the suit of two famous humor scholars by defining humor in a very general sense. One scholar is Attardo (1997), who defines humor as a technical term covering anything that is (or may be) perceived as funny, amusing, or laughable. The other is Raskin (1985), he proposes to consider “humor” in the least restricted sense, which is interchangeable with “the funny”. We also draw the conclusion that “humor” is a very general word, covering the types of stimu lation that are perceived as funny and can elicit laughter, or that at least intends to do so. All those that are laughable, amusing, funny can be called humor.There also has been a widespread disagreement about how many different kinds of humor exist. Ju st as different people define the term “humor” from different perspectives, they tend to categorize humor based on different criteria. If we take a stylistic or rhetorical approach, we will face a family of related terms like satire, anecdote, irony, farce, parody, joke, comedy, cartoon, pun, etc.; if we select the semantic content approach, we will have categories like political humor, sexual humor, religious humor, Jewish humor, Cliton’s humor, Bush’s humor, etc. In some cases, we can divide humor into two types: one type can be termed as nonverbal humor, which refers to a humorous situation that is not created or expressed by language, such as humorous music, humorous pictures, humorous actions; The other is called verbal humor, which refers to humor “conveyed or expressed by means of a linguistic system”中南民族大学硕士学位论文(Ritchie, 2004) Nonverbal humor is not the focus of this paper; instead, verbal humor will be our primary concern.1.2 The Aim of This PaperAll the studies reviewed above have enlightened our understanding of humor. It is concluded that due to certain limitations and inadequacies of those studies, they fail to give an overall account of the production and interpretation of humor. Most of the previous research has focused only on humorous utterances in isolation. This paper ventures on the development of linguistic humor theory. On the basis of the former studies, the thesis will give a comprehensive analysis of humorous remarks from various perspectives and discuss its functions. Through the analysis, we will understand better how those humorous effects are achieved and how a short conversation brings us so much enjoyment. Consequently, we will know more about how to create humor and how to appreciate.1.3 Thesis OrganizationThe whole thesis consists of four chapters. Chapter one is the Introduction, which offers a general introduction of humor, states the purpose and goal of this thesis and stretches out the overall arrangement of the thesis. Chapter two is the literature review, introducing the important approaches in this field. Chapter three and chapter four are the main parts of the thesis. With plenty examples, a detailed analysis of English humor from many levels is given. The core of this part is how the theory of PP, CP, Relevance Theory and Speech Act are reflected in English humors. Chapter five focuses on the functions of English humorous remarks. The important function of humorous remarks is saving face of both sides in communication. Chapter six is the conclusion of the whole thesis. It sums up the findings of the study and analysis.The Features and Functions of English Humorous Remarks2 Literature ReviewInterests in humor date back to longtime ago. On the list of famous theories, we could find great names like Plato, Aristotle, and Cicero. In the more recent literature are Beattie and Kant. The turn of the 20th century witness a burgeoning literature on humor in the psychoanalytical discipline, marked by the famous book written by Freud in 1905. From 1970s to 1980s, humor research reached its heyday, particularly in the field of psychology, sociology, anthropology, and also linguistics. Since ancient times, the heterogeneous nature of humor research has complicated the matter of classifying these theories. Traditionally, theories concerning the nature of humor are often clustered into a tripartite division of incongruity, superiority, and release theories. (Raskin, 1985). Attardo (1994) generalizes these labels to cognitive, social, and psychoanalytical. There, of course, exist approaches to humor, which cannot be easily subsumed under any one of these labels.In accordance with these different research perspectives, major works on humor fall into the fields of the philosophical, psychological, sociological, anthropological, linguistic and educational. In this section, some will be reviewed so that the major and recent developments in the fields can be cited and the current research may be viewed objectively.2.1 Philosophical ApproachesA great many theories of humor, laughter, and comedy have been advanced by philosophers and theorists over the centuries, ranging from Plato and Aristotle to Hobbes, Descartes, and Kant, and more recently, Bergson. They attempted to explain why we laughed in certain situations but not in others, and what kinds of mental,中南民族大学硕士学位论文emotional, and motivational processes were involved in the perception and experiencing of humor.Philosophers such as Kant, Schopenhaur, and Bergson argued that incongruity was at the core of all humor experiences. That is, something unexpected, or out of context, inappropriate, unreasonable, illogical, exaggerated, and so forth, served as the basic vehicle for humor. It should be made clear, though, that incongruity might also produce reactions incompatible with humor (such as puzzlement or confusion, interest and curiosity, and anxiety or fear).Dziemidok (1993) discusses and classifies theories of the comical: theories of a single major motif together with theories of crossed motifs. These theories can be further classified as objectivist, subjectivist or relational depending on whether a given theory attempts to locate the essence of the comical within the object order. (Xu, 2003:58)Kant was the first to analyze the humorous object in terms of incongruity arising from the disappointment of a strained expectation.2.2 Psychological ApproachesPsychologists such as Freud, Spence, Minaky claim that humor is a result of the release of excess energy. The basic principle of all such theories is that, laughter provides relief for mental, nervous and psychic energy, and thus ensures homeostasis after a struggle, tension, strain, etc. (Raskin, 1985) Psychological analyses of linguistic humor have been based on the notion of incongruity (Pepicello, 1983); indeed, psycholinguistic research on humor has almost exclusively involved assessment of people’s sensitivity to various sorts of linguistic ambiguity, tog ether with the measurement of people’s appreciation of verbal humor that allegedly hinges on the detection and resolution of incongruities based on various sorts of ambiguities.Pepicello’s field theory of humor depicts laughter and smiling as “embodies so cial events” thus stressing the importance of the feelings of a laughing or smiling person.Oring (1984) conducts a unique psychological investigation of humor as a form and style of individual expression by examining naturally humorous repertoires and performance, thus providing a crucial source of hypothesis for laboratory verification.McGhee (1983) focuses on studies of humor development from early to later phases of life, summarizing all aspects of recent studies of children’s humor. He concludes that incongruity is a necessary but not sufficient prerequisite, that there are important emotional influences upon humor, and that social context too has anThe Features and Functions of English Humorous Remarksimportant bearing upo n the “funniness” of an event, the core of humor consisting of an incongruous of nonsensical relationship of which one has to make sense.2.3 Linguistic ApproachesAmongst linguistic studies in this field, it seems that semantic approaches prevail, which concentrate on the linguistic form of the humorous line. Many recent studies have given due attention to the social factors, especially in pragmatic-oriented studies of humor, yet these fail to bring the social dimension to actual linguistic analysis of humor.Freud (1960) initiated the linguistic analysis of the humorous text in identifying joke techniques in terms of sound, syllables, repetition, and variation. The exact description of language structures offered by Freud was of great interest to linguists. Linguistic analysis was directed to the ambiguity in structure of language occurring at various levels such as phonology, graphology, morphology, lexis and syntax. Those levels served as mere linguistic techniques underlying the incongruities of humorous language.In the field of syntax, D. D. Oaks offered a catalogue of syntactic and lexical devices for the creation of ambiguity within jokes.Robert Hetzron gave an extended account of the structure of jokes and punchline. Neal Norrick looked at the intertextuality of jokes. It was worthy of note that likewise, certain rhetorical techniques such as hyperbole, metaphor, irony, and pun were just responsible for the semantic ambiguity or incongruity of humor.Pepicello (1983) summarizes the linguistic analyses of genres of linguistic humor and riddles in particular. It gives considerable attention to developmental changes in children’s linguistic humor, proposing that linguistic studies of humor and psychological studies of humor should be complementary.Pepicello (1983) cites a classification scheme by listing the linguistic strategies in verbal humor, with the linguistic genres exhibiting the strategies as being either riddles or non-riddle humorous sequences, namely jokes.Raskin (1985) first proposed the semantic script theory of jokes which provided an explicit description of joke texts as simultaneously compatible with opposed “semantic scripts (frames, schemas)”Nash (1985) mainly sets out to link the content of humor to the perception of its linguistic or stylistic structure, particularly in locative or formulaic jokes. The act of humor has three principal references: a genus or derivation, in culture, institutions,中南民族大学硕士学位论文beliefs, typical practices and characteristic artifacts; a characteristic design, or verbal packaging; and a locus in language, which is the point at which humor is both held and discharged.Chiaro (1992) explores the pragmatics of work play and examines the narrative structures of various joke forms. She focuses particularly on the socio-cultural contexts for the production and reception of jokes by examining the extent to which jokes are both universal in their appeal, and yet specific to a particular culture. However, she stresses that the linguistic options available to the joker are no different from those available to the poet, though confusing the joke with the poem.To Norrick (1993), conversation is the natural home of punning, allusion, and joking; the various forms of humor in their natural conversational contexts require an investigation. He views joke-telling, punning, and teasing in relation to power, solidarity, and social distance, in the light of the principle of politeness and cooperation, with the aim of explaining how joking can express aggression and yet still build a rapport.Perhaps the most extensive and comprehensive review of linguistic literature on humor is that of Attardo (1994), who studies:1) The surface phenomena --- organization of phonemes and morphemes (such as the position of the punch line and processing of the ambiguity);2) The semantics of the joke --- script theory, text theories;3) The pragmatics of texts --- registers, broader texts, pragmatic mechanisms and their use in interaction with other speakers.Attardo argues that linguistic theories of humor are either essentialist, providing the necessary and sufficient conditions to define the “essence” of the phenomenon, or teleological, concerned with the psychological and sociological “contents” of t he phenomena, although incongruity theories in psychology are the exception (essentialist). He contends that a linguistic approach will tend to favor essentialist theories and necessarily foreground essentialist problems. Since the phenomenon of humor is not purely linguistic, a comprehensive research into humor should not be confined to language alone, which agrees with the overall design of this research.2.4 Other ApproachesApte (1985) discusses methods used by anthropologists in the study of humor and also reviews selected areas of anthropological theories and research related to humor. Specific attention is given to joking relationships, humor in religion and tricksterstudies.Chapman discusses the many functions served by laughter and humor in the context of social interaction.Fine reviews sociological approaches to the study of humor, where attention is focused on the fool, the clown, the wit, the joker and the comedian.Paton (1996) concentrates on humor in British, American and Australian societies, with such studies being intellectually diverse, and reflecting the different analytical approaches adopted in the broad field of humor and society.Chen& Zhou (1992) provides a typical cross-cultural study of humor, with humor in eight nations outlined and investigated. Clearly, their universal functions of humor, known as self-defense, as well as Freudian aggressive and sexual impulses, together with Bergsonian corrective role of humor, dominate in the diverse studies of the national characteristics of humor.Hill (1988) examines humor and its application in the teaching profession, demonstrating the possibilities which humor offers in the classroom.Palmer (1994) makes a comprehensive or interdisciplinary study of humor, involving anthropology, psychology, literaray criticism, biology and aesthetics.Humor is a multi-disciplinary field of research. A comprehensive study would involve scholars from various fields like philosophy, psychology, anthropology, sociology, linguistics, literature and so on and so forth. However, in this paper, the writer would like to make an exploration of humor from the linguistic perspective.中南民族大学硕士学位论文3 The Features of English Humorous RemarksH. Widdowson assumes that “the study of how meaning is encoded in a language is the central business of semantics” (Widdowson, 2000: 53). It is generally assumed that the main concern of semantics is with the meaning of words as lexical item. But we should note that it is not only restricted to words. As we all know, meaning also figures at levels of language below the word and above it. In this chapter, we will firstly give humor an analysis from a semantic angle. It will include the studies of humor from different aspects, for instance, the lexical meaning and the syntactic meaning. Pragmatic study will be followed.3.1 Phonological FeaturesIn English, it is quite easy to make humor because there are a lot of words of homonymy. Homonymy can be divided into three kinds: complete homonymy, partial homonymy and false homonymy.3.1.1 Complete HomonymsComplete homonyms are the words which are written in the same way and sound alike but which have different meanings. For example, the word “bear”, when used as a noun, it refers to a kind of animal; when used as a verb, it means give birth to (sb). This kind of phenomenon is extremely easy to create ambiguity, produces humor.[1] The judge noticed a disturbance in the back of the courtroom.“What’s going on there?”“I’ve lost my jacket and I’m trying to find it.” replied a young teenager.“Son,” smiled the judge, “people often lose whole suits here without all the fuss.”In the [1], the word “suit” has two meanings: one refers to the set of outer garments of the same material; the other refers to the case in a law court or the legal proceedings. In this conversation, this judge skillfully uses the two meanings of “suit”to tell the young man that it is no need to making much ado about nothing.3.1.2 HomophonesHomophones are the words, which sound alike but are written differently and often have different meanings. For example, the English word “no” and “know”,“flower” and “flour”, “ear” and “year” are pronounced same, but they have totally different meanings.[2]“What you need is exercise. You should have a little sun and air.”“Why, I am not even married.”“Sun” and “Son”, “air” and “heir” have the same pronunciations. So here “sun and air” is mistakenly understood as “son and heir”.[3] We have courses to make grown man young and young men groan.This is a funny advertisement for male gym. “Grown” and “groan” are used in the same sentence. The sentence means that doing the fitness is effective, but suffering hardship is unavoidable.3.1.3 HomographsHomographs are the words which are written in the same way but which are pronounced differently and have different meanings. Here are the examples:[4] Six-year-old Linda returned unimpressed from her school first day at school.Asked how she got on, she replied, “Every morning, we all have to sit at our desks and when the teacher calls our names, we have to answer ‘prisoner!’”When teacher calls students names, students should answer “present”, but Linda answered “prisoner” instead. She intentionally used the similar pronunciation of these two words to express her complaint and discontent of school life.[5]Sign in New England travel agency promoting a Colorano vocation: “You’veworked too hard, you deserve a little west.”This is an advertisement of travel agency. “You deserve a little west” means that you deserve a little rest, so please go to the west for your Colorano vocation. “Rest”and “west” are pronounced similarly, but have different forms and meanings.3.2 Lexical FeaturesThe humorous effects are not only caused at the phonological level, but also at lexical level — polysemy. Along with the language development, the meanings of English words are changing. The old meanings vanish gradually, and the new ones appear unceasingly, forming polysemy. While one word in different collocations and contexts will hold different meaning, so we have to distinguish the literal meaning to the figurative meaning.3.2.1 Lexical Polysemy[6]Professor: “You missed my class yesterday, didn’t you?”Unsubdued students: “Not in the least, sir, not in the least.”“Miss the class” in professor’s sentence means “fail to attend the class”, but中南民族大学硕士学位论文students understood it mistakenly as “feel regret for it”. So student answered unrelated:“Not in the least, sir, not in the least.” The humors in this conversation caused by the polysemy of the word “miss”.[7] What do lawyers do after their death?They lie still.“Lie” here has two meanings: 1.have or put one’s body in a flat or resting position on a horizontal surface; 2.make a statement one knows to be untrue. Here humorously use “lie” to expose the nature of lawyer — cheating and lying cannot be changed. [8] Policeman: Why did you park your car on the yellow lines?Driver: Because the sign says, “Fine for Parking”.Whether the driver really does not understand the sign or not, whether he explains the sign intentionally for the advantage of himself or not, “fine” can be comprehended as “very well” or “punish somebody for breaking a law or a rule”. Facing the quibbling of the driver, policeman really will not know whether to laugh or cry.3.2.2 Phrasal PolysemyIn English, many idioms and phrases cannot be understood according to the literal meaning of words, they usually have certain connotations. So in many contexts, the understandings of phrases can be cause humors.[9]Dentist talks to talkative patient: “Open your mouth and shut up.”From the literal meaning of the sentence, “open your mouth” and “shut up” are contradict with each other. But “shut up” has another meaning: talk no more. Here the dentist used the antonymy and polysemy of the phrases to express his criticism to the wordy customer.[10]“Fourth floor.” Shouted the passenger to the elevator impolitely.“Here you are, son.”“Why did you call me son?”“I brought you up, didn’t I?”“Bring up” have two meanings:“raise, rear or educate somebody” or “bring sb to the upper place”. Because of the impoliteness of the passenger, the elevator used the two meanings of a same phrase to give a lesson to him.3.3 Semantic FeaturesSemantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular. G. Leech, the famous expert in semantics, recognizes seven types of。
raphaelson-west言语幽默分类-概述说明以及解释
raphaelson-west言语幽默分类-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述言语幽默是指通过言语表达的一种幽默方式，它以机智、巧妙的语言技巧和创造力为基础，通过幽默的表达方式来引发人们的笑声和思考。
在社交交流中，言语幽默扮演着重要的角色，不仅能增加人际关系的亲近度，还能增添轻松愉快的气氛。
Raphaelson-West言语幽默分类是对言语幽默进行系统分析和分类的一种方法。
它将言语幽默分为不同的类别，从而帮助人们更好地理解和运用幽默的力量。
本文将介绍Raphaelson-West言语幽默分类的具体内容，并详细探讨其中的两个类别。
通过对言语幽默的分类，我们可以更加准确地把握不同类型幽默的特点和运用方式。
第一类言语幽默通常以双关语、语义转换等形式为特点，它常常通过言语的多义性来制造笑点。
而第二类言语幽默则注重于语言的逻辑关系和思维方式，通过讽刺、比喻等手法展现幽默的效果。
熟练掌握这些幽默形式，不仅可以娱乐他人，也可以提升自己的沟通能力和幽默感。
文章的结尾将对本文所述的Raphaelson-West言语幽默分类进行总结，并对言语幽默的重要性和应用进行讨论。
通过对言语幽默的深入研究，我们可以更好地理解幽默的本质和作用，为我们的日常交流和社交活动增添更多的乐趣和互动性。
1.2文章结构文章结构部分的内容：文章的结构是指整篇文章的组织方式和布局，它决定了读者阅读文章时可以清晰地理解文章的逻辑关系和主题内容。
一个良好的文章结构能够使读者更易于理解文章的内容，并且使文章更具说服力和逻辑性。
本文按照以下结构进行组织：1. 引言：1.1 概述：介绍言语幽默的概念和定义，以及它在人类交流中的重要性和广泛应用。
1.2 文章结构：概述本文的组织结构，简要介绍各个部分的内容和意义。
1.3 目的：明确本文所要达到的目标和研究的问题。
2. 正文：2.1 言语幽默的定义和特点：详细介绍言语幽默的定义、主要特点以及其与其他形式幽默的区别。
幽默的概念及特点
幽默思维
一、什么是幽默思维
幽默是一种能激发起人类心理某种情感的智慧，在对逻辑性进行适当调控后对现实进行某种形式的加工或者破坏。
一般一个人的幽默能力和其智商成正比关系。
“幽默有广义与狭义之分，在西文用法，常包括鄙俗的笑话在内……最上乘的幽默，自然是表示‘心灵的光辉与智慧的丰富’，……各种风调之中，幽默最富于感情。
”
——林语堂《论读书，论幽默》
我认为，除非你理解世上最令人发笑的趣事，否则你便不能解决最为棘手的难题。
——丘吉尔
二、幽默思维的特点
1、超常性
2、合理性
三、幽默思维的逻辑规律
1、新奇理由律
2、形悖实一律
四、对”humour”的认识
莎士比亚说：“幽默和风趣是智慧的闪现。
”
弗洛伊德说：“幽默是认知不协调给人带来的快感。
”
中国人为何缺少真幽默？——幽默感可以完善人格。
论幽默语言的特征与技巧
论幽默语言的特征与技巧
幽默语言特征及技巧：
1、令人捧腹的内涵：幽默语言的内涵大多让人捧腹大笑，通常比直接引用更
能让人笑到最后。
2、平衡内容：夸张和保守是幽默语言特别强调的两个要素，有效掌握它们平
衡发挥，才能更好的实现幽默效果。
3、饶有兴趣：说话的人比较有兴趣的时候，说话的风格也会更饶有兴趣，这
样的人往往比机械的人更加容易接受。
4、多玩玩象征性的物件：利用象征性的物件将抽象的概念表现得更具有生命力，作用更加细腻，以是这是一个非常值得推荐的技巧。
5、提前意识：对于不同的对象，在实现幽默效果之前，应该要考虑到可能存
在的尴尬情况，这样才不会落入不必要的误会。
6、留下一些未解之谜：有时候不完全讲明一个事情，会更能引起人们的注意。
可以有意保留一些未解之谜，让听众自行去揣测推理。
7、不要在第一时间就解答：幽默语言要有趣上面也夸张，而且不要在第一时
间就把事情说得清楚，这样反而不够有趣。
8、小心使用蓝调：如果运用到不合适的声音或者蓝调，很可能会引起误会，
造成尴尬，所以使用幽默语言时要小心控制自己的声音。
9、避免使用玩笑：玩笑往往不容易做到有趣有料，它有可能导致人们产生误解，而做到真正的幽默，一般不会有一副严肃的尴尬的样子。
10、重复的技巧：无论是主题还是细节，重复使用相同的语言，会更能吸引听众的注意力，并能让他们更有趣的体验到幽默。
幽默诙谐的语言风格
要形成幽默诙谐的语言风格，可以尝试以下几点：
1. 运用夸张和比喻：通过夸张和比喻来突出事物的特点或荒谬之处，以达到幽默的效果。
2. 制造反差和意外：利用出乎意料的转折或对比来制造幽默。
3. 运用双关语和俏皮话：巧妙运用双关语和俏皮话，使语言更富有机智和幽默感。
4. 善用讽刺和反讽：通过讽刺和反讽来表达观点，增加语言的趣味性。
5. 发挥想象力：大胆发挥想象力，创造出奇特、有趣的情境和角色。
6. 注意语言节奏和韵律：使用生动的语言，注意语音、节奏和韵律，使表达更有节奏感和韵律美。
7. 保持轻松和乐观的态度：培养积极向上的心态，以轻松、乐观的态度对待生活和交流。
需要注意的是，幽默诙谐的语言风格要根据场合和受众来调整，确保表达的恰当性和尊重他人的感受。
幽默故事的特点
幽默故事的特点
幽默故事的特点
幽默故事是指用幽默的方式来讲述故事的一种形式，通常可以制造出一种轻松欢快的气氛，引人发笑。
幽默故事的特点如下：
1.幽默
幽默故事的最大特点就是幽默。
所谓幽默就是指运用智慧和巧妙的语言形式、表达方式，使人感到有趣、愉悦的一种表达方式。
幽默故事中的幽默往往是通过讽刺、调侃、讥讽等方式来实现的，这也是幽默故事成功的关键。
2.故事情节生动
幽默故事通常叙述的是一个生动有趣的故事情节，其生动的描写和情节设置往往会引起读者或听众的共鸣或情感上的共振，这也是幽默故事最吸引人的地方。
3.形象生动
幽默故事中的人物形象往往非常生动，可以是一个具有特殊性格的人物，也可以是一个与众不同的场景，或者是扭曲的逻辑思维，这些都是幽默故事特别吸引人的地方。
4.有趣好笑
幽默故事往往具有趣味性和好笑性。
其幽默的表现方式通常令人意想不到，而且让人感到十分好笑，甚至可以令人捧腹大笑，从而使听众
和读者在无形中倍感愉悦和满足。
5.听众和读者友好
幽默故事通常会让听众和读者感到友好。
一方面，幽默故事中的表达通常都比较简洁，让读者和听众容易理解，而且多数幽默故事的主题都比较积极向上；另一方面，幽默故事往往能够打破读者和听众之间的陌生感和距离感，让人们互相产生一种轻松愉快的社交交流情感。
总的来说，幽默故事特点明显，它通过幽默的表现方式来讲述生动有趣的情节，让听众和读者感到轻松愉快，同时又能让人在声音中得到积极正面的心理体验。
这也是为什么幽默故事倍受欢迎的重要原因。
什么是幽默语言
什么是幽默语言什么是幽默语言幽默的含义是有趣或可笑且又意味深长。
幽默是思想、学识、品质、智慧和机敏在语言中综合运用的成果。
幽默语言是运用意味深长的诙谐语言抒发情感、传递信息，以引起听众的快慰和兴趣，从而感化听众、启迪听众的一种艺术手法。
2.幽默语言的功能在公共关系实务中，幽默语言是事业成功的润滑剂，是一件法宝。
具体说来，它有如下功能：第一,是取得公关工作业绩的致胜武器之一第二,能帮助你打开公关活动的大门第三,可以增进友谊,维系即存关系,也可以使激化的矛盾变得缓和第四,是创造融洽气氛,反击无理提问和开展善意批评的有效手段第五,还有自我解嘲的功用3.幽默语言的表达方法其一，双关法双关，就是同一个音节，可以表示不同的词，同一个词也可以表示不同的意义，利用这种词的同音或多义的条件，使一句话同时带有字面意思和字外意思，就是双关。
其二，岔断法岔断这种幽默语言的表达形式, 就是人的言行模式与思维模式的逆反性。
一般情况下,我们根据Al后面有A2，A2后面有A3,于是便可推断出A3后面有A4 ，但这时却突然发生变化，A3后面没有出现A4,而是出现了与之不同但又有关联的B,使人们的心理期待突然扑了空—语言的逻辑不按常规发展而突然中断，出现了一个出人意料的结局,不由地大笑起来,于是大家在笑声中恍然大悟。
其三，对比法在生活中,有时内容与形式、愿望与结果等方面会产生强烈的不协调,于是形成了不和谐的对比。
这种强烈的反差必然产生幽默或可笑情趣。
公关工作者可以适时利用这种不协调，做好公关工作。
其四，借题发挥法借题发挥就是借用别人的话题进行发挥，以表达自己的意思。
这是一条劝人的好方法。
其五，曲解法在对话中故意地歪曲对方话语的本义，或故意装聋听不清而回答就是曲解。
它常常利用语词的多义、同形、谐音、同音等条件来构成。
其六，反语法正话反说，或是反话正说，用与词语本义恰恰相反的话来表达词语本义的一种方法。
其特点是：说话时表面是一种意思，而实际所要表达的却是另外一种完全相反的意思。
幽默的特点有哪些分类
幽默的特点有哪些分类幽默的特点有哪些分类幽默，形容有趣或可笑而意味深长。
它是外来词，由英文Humor 音译而来的。
下面和店铺一起来看幽默的特点有哪些分类，希望有所帮助！幽默的特点(1)移花接木，偷换概念我们知道，词汇具有多义性和歧义性，移花接木就是抓住对方讲话的关键词汇，巧妙地偷换概念。
“偷换概念”之所以能造成幽默效果，是因为幽默的思维主要不是实用型的、理智型的，而是情感型的。
因此，对于一般性思维来说是破坏性的东西，对于幽默来说则可能是建设性的。
(2)一语双关利用同音异义词或一词多义的现象，有意使话语同时兼有两种含义，一种为虚，一种为实;表面上听起来是一种意思，实际上是借助这种意思表达另外一种意思，一语双关总能在显示智慧之余，令人开怀。
(3)自我解嘲与降格自嘲，就是拿自己开涮。
自嘲能提现一个人的自信和豁达。
美国的赫伯·特鲁在《幽默的人生》一书中把自我解嘲列入幽默的最高境界。
自嘲谁也不伤害，最为安全。
可用来活跃气氛，消除紧张;在尴尬中自找台阶，保住面子;在公共场合获得人情味;在特别情形下含沙射影，讽刺无理取闹的小人。
冷幽默冷幽默带有一点黑色幽默的成分，但又区别于黑色幽默。
可以理解为意图不明显的幽默。
当事人在讲一个冷幽默的时候，并没有刻意地要达到幽默的效果，是一种很随意的幽默，笑不笑由你。
冷幽默是那种淡淡的、在不经意间自然流露的幽默，是让人发愣、不解、深思、顿悟、大笑的幽默，是让人回味无穷的幽默。
由于冷幽默后半部分总会出乎人的意料，所以对冷幽默怀有积极看法的人听得冷幽默越多，冷幽默就会越冷。
原因是冷幽默的后半部分总是出乎听者意料之外的。
听者内心总暗示自己，“冷幽默的后半部分内容是猜不到的”，但是人的好奇心却让听者继续猜。
最终导致的结果就是“注意力集中和思维地投入”这个思维过程的加长或加深。
幽默的种类贱幽默：是类似于冷幽默，但又不同于冷幽默的幽默。
幽默意图并不明显，但过程中总会突出一方的强大，另外一方不畏强大不断挑战，给人以自找没趣，但过程中是智慧与趣味的巧妙结合。
什么是幽默语言
什么是幽默语言幽默的含义是有趣或可笑且又意味深长。
幽默是思想、学识、品质、智慧和机敏在语言中综合运用的成果。
幽默语言是运用意味深长的诙谐语言抒发情感、传递信息，以引起听众的快慰和兴趣，从而感化听众、启迪听众的一种艺术手法。
2.幽默语言的功能在公共关系实务中，幽默语言是事业成功的润滑剂，是一件法宝。
具体说来，它有如下功能：第一,是取得公关工作业绩的致胜武器之一第二,能帮助你打开公关活动的大门第三,可以增进友谊,维系即存关系,也可以使激化的矛盾变得缓和第四,是创造融洽气氛,反击无理提问和开展善意批评的有效手段第五,还有自我解嘲的功用3.幽默语言的表达方法其一，双关法双关，就是同一个音节，可以表示不同的词，同一个词也可以表示不同的意义，利用这种词的同音或多义的条件，使一句话同时带有字面意思和字外意思，就是双关。
其二，岔断法岔断这种幽默语言的表达形式, 就是人的言行模式与思维模式的逆反性。
一般情况下,我们根据Al后面有A2，A2后面有A3,于是便可推断出A3后面有A4 ，但这时却突然发生变化，A3后面没有出现A4,而是出现了与之不同但又有关联的B,使人们的心理期待突然扑了空—语言的逻辑不按常规发展而突然中断，出现了一个出人意料的结局,不由地大笑起来,于是大家在笑声中恍然大悟。
其三，对比法在生活中,有时内容与形式、愿望与结果等方面会产生强烈的不协调,于是形成了不和谐的对比。
这种强烈的反差必然产生幽默或可笑情趣。
公关工作者可以适时利用这种不协调，做好公关工作。
其四，借题发挥法借题发挥就是借用别人的话题进行发挥，以表达自己的意思。
这是一条劝人的好方法。
其五，曲解法在对话中故意地歪曲对方话语的本义，或故意装聋听不清而回答就是曲解。
总结的幽默
总结的幽默幽默是一种特殊的表达方式，通过诙谐的语言和情境来引起人们的笑声。
无论是在生活中还是在文学作品中，幽默都扮演着一个重要的角色，它不仅能给人们带来欢乐，还能疏解紧张的气氛，让人们更加轻松地面对生活和工作。
在本文中，我将总结一些幽默的特点以及它在日常生活中的应用。
幽默的特点幽默的特点主要包括以下几个方面：1. 滑稽的表达方式幽默往往使用一些令人意外的表达方式，例如：颠倒词序、夸张的比喻、模仿他人的语气等等。
这种表达方式引发了听众的笑声，因为人们往往会对意外和破坏常规的行为感到好笑。
2. 突破禁忌幽默有时会突破禁忌的底线，以独特的视角和方式表现一些原本犯忌的话题。
这种突破禁忌的行为往往会引起听众的反思，同时也给人们带来笑声。
3. 反讽和讽刺幽默经常使用反讽和讽刺的手法，通过刻画人们的缺点和荒谬的行为来引发笑声。
这种方式往往能够让人们对自己和其他人的缺点有更深刻的认识。
幽默在日常生活中的应用幽默在日常生活中的应用广泛而多样，不仅可以增加生活的乐趣，还能改善人际关系和减轻工作压力。
以下是幽默在日常生活中的几个应用场景：1. 幽默的交流在交流中使用幽默可以增加沟通的效果，使对话更加轻松和愉快。
无论是与朋友、家人还是同事的交流中，适当的幽默可以打破沉闷的气氛，拉近人与人之间的距离。
2. 幽默的应对面对困难和挫折时，运用幽默可以帮助我们更好地化解紧张和压力。
适当地运用幽默可以改变我们对问题的态度，从而找到更好的解决方案。
3. 幽默的工作在工作中使用幽默可以增加团队的凝聚力和生产效率。
幽默可以缓解工作中的紧张氛围，促进同事之间的合作和交流，进而改善工作效果。
4. 幽默的教育在教育中使用幽默可以提高学生的学习兴趣和参与度。
适当的幽默可以让教学更加生动有趣，激发学生的思维和创造力。
总结幽默作为一种特殊的表达方式，在生活和工作中起着重要的作用。
它通过滑稽的表达方式、突破禁忌、反讽和讽刺等手法，给人们带来欢乐和笑声。
幽默的语言原理是
幽默的语言原理是
幽默的语言原理主要包括以下几个方面：
1. 双关：通过一个词或短语有多种解释或引申，产生幽默效果。
例如：“打开窗户，把我放进去”中的“放进去”既可以是放进去房间，也可以是放进去窗户。
2. 夸张：通过夸大事物或描述的程度，制造出滑稽可笑的效果。
例如：“我吃了一整只鸡！”这种夸张的说法引起了笑声。
3. 反转：通过颠覆常规或意料之外的发展，产生出人意料的效果。
例如：“我在家里找了半天，结果发现钥匙原来插在锁里。
”
4. 谐音：利用词语的发音相似或相同，但意义不同的特点，制造出幽默效果。
例如：“我长得像我妈，可我像我爸一样不喜欢我妈。
”
5. 幽默借用：借用名言、成语、谚语等常见的语言用法，进行幽默的转化。
例如：“酒逢知己千杯少，话不投机半句多，所以我只能喝酒了。
”
总的来说，幽默的语言原理是通过运用词语的多义性、夸张、反转、谐音等手法，创造出令人发笑的效果。
幽默的定义和分类
幽默的定义和分类幽默，是指一种能够引发笑声和快感的情绪表达方式。
它通常通过言语、行为、表情和文字等形式，以诙谐、滑稽、机智或讽刺的方式，使人产生喜悦和欢笑的感觉。
幽默是人类社交交流中重要的一部分，它能够缓解紧张气氛、增进人际关系，同时也是一种积极的心理调节方式。
幽默可以分为多个分类，根据其表现形式和效果，可分为以下几种：1. 口头幽默：口头幽默是最常见的一种形式，通过言语和语音的表达，引发笑声和快感。
例如，笑话、趣事和俏皮话等，都属于口头幽默的范畴。
它通常以一种轻松、诙谐的方式，让人在听到后发出笑声。
2. 笑话幽默：笑话是一种特殊形式的口头幽默，它以故事的形式讲述，通过设置情节和冲突，引发观众的笑声。
笑话可以分为多个类型，如冷笑话、爆笑笑话、黑色幽默等，每种笑话都有其独特的风格和效果。
3. 笑话幽默：笑话是一种特殊形式的口头幽默，它以故事的形式讲述，通过设置情节和冲突，引发观众的笑声。
笑话可以分为多个类型，如冷笑话、爆笑笑话、黑色幽默等，每种笑话都有其独特的风格和效果。
4. 笑话幽默：笑话是一种特殊形式的口头幽默，它以故事的形式讲述，通过设置情节和冲突，引发观众的笑声。
笑话可以分为多个类型，如冷笑话、爆笑笑话、黑色幽默等，每种笑话都有其独特的风格和效果。
5. 笑话幽默：笑话是一种特殊形式的口头幽默，它以故事的形式讲述，通过设置情节和冲突，引发观众的笑声。
笑话可以分为多个类型，如冷笑话、爆笑笑话、黑色幽默等，每种笑话都有其独特的风格和效果。
6. 笑话幽默：笑话是一种特殊形式的口头幽默，它以故事的形式讲述，通过设置情节和冲突，引发观众的笑声。
笑话可以分为多个类型，如冷笑话、爆笑笑话、黑色幽默等，每种笑话都有其独特的风格和效果。
7. 笑话幽默：笑话是一种特殊形式的口头幽默，它以故事的形式讲述，通过设置情节和冲突，引发观众的笑声。
笑话可以分为多个类型，如冷笑话、爆笑笑话、黑色幽默等，每种笑话都有其独特的风格和效果。
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幽默语言的特点
作家普里兹文曾经说过：“生活中没有哲学还可以应付过去，但是没有幽默则只有愚蠢的人才能生存。
”幽默是一个人的学识、才华、智慧、灵感在语言表达中的闪现，是一种“能抓住可笑或诙谐想象的能力”，它是对社会上的种种不协调。
不合理的荒谬现象、偏颇、弊端、矛盾实质的揭示和对某些反常规知识言行的描述。
幽默语言可以使我们内心的紧张和重压释放出来，化作轻松的一笑。
在沟通中，幽默语言如同润滑剂，可有效地降低人与人之间的“摩擦系数”，化解冲突和矛盾，并能使我们从容地摆脱沟通中可能遇到的困境。
幽默的语言往往能让人发笑。
但是，并非所有引人发笑的语言都是幽默的。
幽默也有它自身的特点。
观点提供：21世纪礼仪协会理事刘新逸博士在商场超市或者一些大饭店里，我们上自动扶梯的时候，经常会发现人们站得很随意，有的站左边，有的站右边；在电梯间里也是这样，很多人一上电梯就站在门口，挡住别人。
乘电梯这样的小事也有不少礼仪包含在里面，一个在任何时候，任何地方都关注礼仪细节的人，
才称得上是一个有风度有教养的人。
乘电梯电梯门打开时，先等别人下电梯。
此时可用手扶着电梯门边上的橡胶条，不让门关上，使大家有足够时间上电梯。
不要往电梯里面挤。
如果人很多，你可以等下一趟电梯。
走进电梯后，应该给别人让地方。
先上的人站在电梯门的两侧，其他人靠两侧及后壁站，最后上的人站在中间。
应该让残疾人站在离电梯门最近的地方，当他们上下电梯时，应为他们扶住门。
当带着客人进办公楼时，应扶着电梯门让客人先上。
下电梯时，根据你所站位置，应该先下，然后为客人扶着门，并指明该往哪个方向走。
如果你够不着所在楼层的指示键，可以请人代劳，并向他致以谢意。
在电梯里面不要大声谈论有争议的问题或有关个人的话题。
上下楼梯扶梯如果和你同行的人爬楼梯感到困难，也许因为心脏不好，呼吸困难，或一条腿上了石膏，就尽可能使用电梯或自动扶梯。
使用楼梯和自动扶梯时，不论上楼还是下楼，主人应走在前面。
同样，这样做可使主人到达目的地后迎接并引导客人。
男女同事在使用楼梯和自动扶梯时应按先来后到的顺序，事实上，有时候并肩走也是可以的。
不要和你前面的人靠得太近。
如果自动扶梯较宽，应靠右侧站，以便让着急的人从左侧超过。
在拥挤的楼梯上，跟随着人流，不论上楼还是下楼一般都应靠右侧走。
当然，如果楼梯只有一侧扶手，而有的人必须扶着扶手以保证安全，那么，其他人应服从他的需要。
在楼梯上催促他人是危险而又不礼貌的。
要么放慢脚步，要么超过他人，但不要强迫他人加速。
由于走楼梯或乘自动扶梯时不便交谈，因此最好等到达目的地后再谈，这样可以避免他人因不便交谈而感到尴尬。
有时会听到周围的女性朋友说：都是孩子妈了，还讲究什么，再说，哪有那么多时间;她们时不时还会来一句：老都老啦，还在乎什么形象。
其实，讲究仪容是为了自己。
一般来说，女性生育之后可能进入关注仪容仪表的倦怠期，这个时候，女性修饰、化妆的时间时常被挤掉。
其实你不必花太多时间，用几分钟就可把自己头发梳好，衣饰整洁，必要时简单化个淡妆就行了。
仪容整洁是最基本的文明礼仪，是自爱和敬业的表现。
仪容在人际交往中表现出的意义往往胜过语言，可以透视出一个人的修养和内在品质，甚至个人身后所代表的家庭、单位、城市等更深层的内涵。
生意场上女性接触的人更多，像我们义乌，外商特别多，很多女经营户常常要同老外打交道。
在这过程中，给外商的第一印象可能就决定一笔生意的成败，而这第一印象主要是通过你的仪容仪表展现出来的。
学会有效地管理自己的形象，能够带来意想不到的效果，助你走向成功。
女性朋友，善待自己请从简单的修饰仪容开始吧。