上海2011英语高考一模卷翻译答案(含重点圈划)

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2011年高考英语模拟试题(全国卷Ⅰ)参考答案及解析

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2011年高考英语真题上海卷试题精讲(含答案和每道题目详细解.

绝密★启用前2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语（上海卷）本试卷分第一卷（选择题）和第二卷（非选择题）两部分。

共150分。

考试时间120分钟。

第一卷注意事项：1. 答第一卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号、考试科目用铅笔涂写在答题卡上。

2. 每小题选出答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

不能答在试卷上。

3. 考试结束，考生将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

Part I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. Where does the conversation most probably take place?A. At a train station.B. At an airport.C. At a travel agency.D. At a bus station.【答案】B【解析】本题的选材属于“人际关系”类话题，属高考听力的高频话题。

2011年上海高考英语试题含答案

2011年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷第I卷(105分)I. Listening ComprehensionII. Grammar and VocabularySection ASection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. NoteA. launchedB. unpleasantC. applyingD. technicallyE. impactF. coatingG. fixedH. miraculouslyI. superiorJ. advancesHow would you like to wear the same underwear (内衣裤) for weeks? Owing to the work that has gone into developing intelligent materials, this may not be as 41 as it sounds. Self-cleaning clothes have now been created, and these new materials provide 42 resistance to dirt as well as water. As a result, they require much less cleaning than traditional materials.The creation of self-cleaning clothes provides an example of how nature helps scientists develop better products. This self-cleaning nature is known as the “lotus effect”. The name comes, of course, from the lotus leaves, which are famous for growing in muddy lakes and rivers while remaining almost 43clean. By observing nature, scientists are 44 the qualities of the lotus leaves to the materials they have engineered. Because of this, some remarkable new products have been 45 . Among them are special windows that are resistant to dirt and water. A special 46 on these windows not only prevents dirt from sticking to their surfaces, but also allows dust to be easily washed off by the rain. In fact, these new windows have already been 47 to some cars. Even when traveling at high speed through rain, these cars never have to use their windshield wipers (雨刮器).Although we have already seen some practical applications, even more dramatic 48 will be made in the future, and they will, perhaps, change our world completely. Undoubtedly, technology is an important development, and it will have an even bigger 49 on our lives.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank w ith the word or phrase that best fits the context.Everyone in business has been told that success is all about attracting and retaining(留住) customers. It sounds simple and achievable. But, 50 , words of wisdom are soon forgotten. Once companies have attracted customers they often 51 the second half of the story. In the excitement of beating off the competition, negotiating prices, securing orders, and delivering the product, managers tend to become carried away. They forget what they regard as the boring side of business—52 that the customer remains a customer.53 to concentrate on retaining as well as attracting customers costs business huge amounts of money annually. It has been estimated that the average company loses between 10 and 30 per cent of its customers every years. In constantly changing 54 , this is not surprising. What is surprising is the fact that few companies have any idea how many customers they have lost.Only now are organizations beginning to wake up to those lost opportunities and calculate the 55implications. Cutting down the number of customers a company loses can make a big 56 in its performance. Research in the US found that a five per cent decrease in the number of defecting (流失的) customers led to 57 increases of between 25 and 85 per cent.In the US, Domino’s Pizza estimates that a regular customer is worth more than $5,000 over ten years. A customer who receives a poor quality product or service on their first visit and 58 never returns, is losing the company thousands of dollars in 59 profits (more if you consider how many people they are likely to tell about their bad experience).The logic behind cultivating customer 60 is impossible to deny. “In practice most companies’ marketing effort is focused on getting customers, with little attention paid to 61 them”, says Adrian Payne of Cornfield University’ School of Management. “Research suggests that ther e is a close relationship between retaining customers and making profits. 62 customers tend to buy more, are predictable and usually cost less to service than new customers. Furthermore, they tend to be less price 63 , and may provide free word-of-mouth advertising. Retaining customers also makes it 64 for competitors to enter a market or increase their share of a market.50.A. in particular B. in reality C. at least D. first of all51.A. emphasize B. doubt C. overlook D. believe52.A. denying B. ensuring C. arguing D. proving53.A. Moving B. Hoping C. Starting D. Failing54.A. markets B. tastes C. prices D. expenses55.A. culture B. social C. financial D. economical56.A. promise B. plan C. mistake D. differe nce57.A. cost B. opportunity C. profit D. budget58.A. as a result B. on the whole C. in conclusion D. on the contrary59.A. huge B. potential C. extra D. reasonable60.A. beliefs B. loyalty C. habits D. interest61.A. altering B. understanding C. keeping D. attracting62.A. Assumed B. Respected C. Established D. Unexpected63.A. agreeable B. flexible C. friendly D. sensitive64.A. unfair B. difficult C. essential D. convenientSection BSe ction CSection DDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.Sociologists have long recognised that organisations of less than 200 individuals can operate through the free flow of information among the members. Once their size goes beyond this figure, the organizations are getting less flexible. So it seems necessary to prevent total disorder resulting from failures of communication.One solution to this problem would, of course, be to structure large organisations into smaller units of a size that can act as a group. By allowing these groups to build reliance on each other, larger organizations can be built up. However, merely having groups of, say, 150 will never of itself be a complete solution to the problems of the organization. Something else is needed: the people involved must be able to build direct personal relationships. To allow free flow of information, they have to be able to communicate with each other in a casual way. Maintaining too formal a structure of relationships inevitably prevents the way a system works.The importance of this was drawn to my attention two years ago by the case of a TV station. Whether bychance or by design, it so happened that there were almost exactly 150 people in the station. The whole process worked very smoothly as an organization for many years until they were moved into purpose-built accommodation. Then, for no apparent reason, the work seemed to be more difficult to do, not to say less satisfying.It was some time before they work out what the problem was. It turn out that, when the architects were designing the new building, they decided that the coffee room where everyone ate their sandwiches at lunch times was an unnecessary luxury and so did away with it. And with that, they accidentally destroyed the close social networks that strengthened the whole organization. What had apparently been happening was that, as people gathered informally over their sandwiches in the coffee room, useful information was casually being exchanged.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT WORDS.)65.What size of an organization may lead to communication failures?66.What are the two solutions to the communication problem within a large organization?67.After the TV station moved into new accommodation, its operation ___________________________.68.From the case of the TV station, we can conclude it is ____________________________________ that make(s)an organization more successful.第Ⅱ卷(共45分)I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1.你为什么不在网上订票? (Why)2.我常把王海误认为他的双胞胎弟弟，因为他们长得太像了。

2011上海市普陀区高三一模英语卷

上海市普陀区2011届第一学期高三期末调研卷（英语）2011.01 Section A Short Conversations（10分）Directions: In section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers in your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. Neighbors. B. Boss and employee. C. Doctor and patient. D. Teachers and students.2. A. She can't see it now. B. She is eager to see it.C. She wants the man to see it first.D. She doesn’t care about it.3. A. The woman will go to the airport by taxi. B. The woman is asking the man for help.C. The woman's car has broken down.D. The woman doesn’t like to take the taxi.4. A. She likes biology very much and will continue with it.B. S he will take a science course like biology.C. S he doesn't want to take any more science course.D. S he wants to read more science books.5. A. 2 hours. B. 3 hours. C. 4 hours. D. 5 hours.6. A. At the office. B. In the waiting room. C. At the airport. D. In a restaurant.7. A. It’s too big . B. It’s very good. C. It’s not true. D. It’s not good.8. A. Take care of his daughter. B. Be on duty.C. Be ill .D. Go out sightseeing.9. A.10. B.20. C.30. D.3.10. A. Jim and Jack. B. Jim and Rose.C. John and Jack .D. Jack and Rose.Section B Passages（12分）Directions: In section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers in your paper, and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. Rent a grave. B. Burn the body.C. Bury the dead near a church.D. Buy a piece of land for a grave.12. A. To solve the problem of lack of land.B. To see whether they have decayed.C. To follow the Greek religious practice.D. To move them to a multi-storey graveyard.13. A. They should be buried lying down.B. They should be buried standing up.C. They should be buried after being washed.D. They should be buried when partially decayed.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14.A. Many foreign tourists visit the United States every year.B. Americans enjoy eating out with their friends.C. The United States is a country of immigrants.D. Americans prefer foreign foods to their own food.15. A. They can make friends with people from other countries.B. They can get to know people of other cultures and their lifestyles.C. They can practise speaking foreign languages there.D. They can meet with businessmen from all over the world.16.A. The couple cook the dishes and the children help them.B. he husband does the cooking and the wife serves as the waitress.C. The mother does the cooking while the father and children wait on the guests.D. A hired cook prepares the dishes and the family members serve the guests.Section C Longer Conversations（8分）Directions: In section C, you will hear a longer conversation. The conversation will be read twice. After you hear the conversation, you will be required to fulfill the task by filling in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Why can't Karen concentrate on the book? She lacks ____17___in it.Why is Karen starting to like the course less and less? She ____18____ Philosophy to English. Who thinks Philosophy graduates have limited job opportunities? Karen's ____19____.What is Karen thinking of doing? Changing her ___20_____.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD for each answer.Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.What's the purpose of Mr. Thunder's visit? To ____21___for a job in the woman's company. What is Mr. Thunder's current job? He ___22___ of brokers in a big company.Why does the man want to change his job? The woman's company has an__23___ .What will the woman's company offer? Two weeks of paid vacation and dental and___24 ___.Complete the table using NO MORE THREE WORDS for each blank.Ⅱ．Grammar and vocabulary （16分）Section ADirections: Beneath each of the following, sentences there are four choices marked A,B,C or D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.25. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true______ it comes to the classroom tests.A. beforeB. asC. sinceD. when26. The president promised to keep all the board members __________ of how the negotiations were going on.A. informedB. informC. be informedD. informing27. In recent years much more emphasis has been put __________ developing the students’ productive skills.A. overB. ontoC. inD. on28. __________ in the office had made a mistake, and the firm regretted causing the customer inconvenience.A. SomeB. AnyoneC. OneD. Someone29. Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, _______ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.A. whoseB. whichC. thatD. what30. , I think, and all the problems could be settled.A. If you make more effortsB. Making more effortsC. A bit more effortD. To have made more efforts31. _____ at in this way, the present situation about birds flu doesn’t seem sodisappointing.A. LookingB. LookedC. Having lookedD. To look32. Many people have been ill from a strange disease these days, we’ve never heard of before.A. oneB. thatC. itD. this33. It was quite a serious accident, caused by careless driving.A. which I think wasB. I think which wasC. which I think it wasD. I think which it was34. ---Why did you put the wood ne ar the fire? It’s dangerous.---Don’t worry. Wet wood won’t _______.A. burntB. be burntC. be burningD. burn35. Mother made a promise ____ I passed the college entrance examination she would buy me a mobile phone.A. thatB. if thatC. that ifD. that whether36.Personally I think it is the sales manager, rather than the sales girls, ______ to blame.A. isB. that isC. areD. who are37. I can hardly imagine so pretty girl like you ________ boxing.A. likeB. to likeC. likingD. to have liked38. The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, _______ more women to take advantage of employment opportunities.A. have allowedB. allowC. allowingD. allows39. The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, __________ all practical value by the time they were finished.A. had lostB. would loseC. would have lostD. should have lost40. Government reports, examination compositions, legal documents and most business letters are the main situations __________ formal language is used.A. in whichB. on whichC. in thatD. at whatSection BDirections: Complete the passage with the words given in the table. Each word can be used only once. There is an extra one that you will find no use for.A. ResourcesB. developedC. similarD. deeplyE. quantitiesF. providedG. explorationsH. deeperI. ThroughoutJ. technologicalMan is a land animal, but he is also closely tied to the sea. ___41___ history the sea has served the needs of man. The sea has __42____man with food and a convenient way to travel to many parts of the world. Today, nearly two-thirds of the world’s population live within 80 kilomet ers of the sea coast.In the modern ___43___ world, the sea offers many resources to help mankind survive . ___44____ on land are beginning to be used up. The sea, however, still can be hoped to supply many of man’s needs.The list of riches of the sea yet to be ____45____ by man’s technology is impressive. Oil and gas ___46____ have been carried out for nearly 30 years. Valuable amounts of minerals exist on the ocean floor ready to be mined (开采).Fish farming promises to be a good way to produce large ____47___ of food. The culture of fish and shellfish (贝类动物) is an ancient skill practised in the past mainly by Oriental people.Besides oil and gas, the sea may offer new sources of energy. Experts believe that the warm temperature of the ocean can be used in a way ____48____ to the steam in a steamship. Ocean currents (水流) and waves offer possible use as a source of energy.Technology is enabling man to explore ever more ___49___ under the sea. The development of strong, new materials has made this possible.The technology to harvest the sea continues to improve. Experts believe that by the year 2000 the problems that prevent us from exploiting fully the food, minerals, and energy sources of the sea will be largely solved.Ⅲ．Reading Comprehension（50分）Section A Cloze（15分）Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B,C or D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.What’s your earliest childhood memory?Can you remember learning to walk? Or talk? The first time you heard thunder or watched a television programme? Adults seldom ___50___ events much earlier than the year or so before entering school, just as children younger than three or four ___51____ retain(记住) any specific, personal experiences.A variety of explanations have been ___52___ by psychologists for this “childhood amnesia”(儿童失忆症). One argues that the hippocampus, the region of the brain which is responsible for forming memories, does not mature ___53___ about the age of two. But the most popular theory maintains that, since adults do not think like children, they cannot ___54___ childhood memories. Adults think in words, and their life memories are like stories or ___55___ -- one event follows ___56___ as in a novel or film. But when they search through their mental ___57___ for early childhood memories to add to this verbal life story, they don’t find any that fit the __58___.It’s like trying to find a Chinese work in an English dictionary.Now psychologist Annette Simms of the New York State University offers a new __59___ for childhood amnesia. She argues that there simply aren’t any early childhood memories to recall. According to Dr. Simms, children need to learn to use __60___ spoken description of their personal experiences in order to turn their own short-term impressions of them into long-term memories. In other ___61___, children have to talk about their experiences and hear others talk about___62___ -- Mother talking about the afternoon __63___ looking for seashells at the beach or Dad asking them about their day at Ocean Park. Without this ___64___ reinforcement（强化）, says Dr. Simms, children cannot form permanent memories of their personal experiences.50. A. recall B. resolve C. involve D. interpret51. A. merely B. really C. largely D. rarely52. A. proposed B. witnessed C. canceled D. figured53. A. after B. since C. until D. once54. A. access B. refer C. reflect D. attain55. A. regulations B. descriptions C. narratives D. forecasts56. A. the other B. others C. the rest D. another57. A. flashes B. files C. outputs D. dreams58. A. frame B. landscape C. footstep D. pattern59. A. explanation B. factor C. emphasis D. arrangement60. A. some else B. someone else’s C. anyone else D. anyone else’s61. A. words B. means C. senses D. cases62. A. it B. them C. him D. theirs63. A. taken B. spent C. used D. chosen64. A. petty B. mutual C. habitual D. verbalSection B （22分）Directions: Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B,C or D. Choose the one that suits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)People living on parts of the south coast of England face a serious problem. In 1993, the owners of a large hotel and of several houses discovered, to their horror, that their gardens had disappeared overnight. The sea had eaten into the soft limestone cliffs on which they had been built. While experts were studying the problem, the hotel and several houses disappeared altogether, sliding down the cliff and into the sea.Erosion（侵蚀）of the white cliffs along the south coast of England has always been a problem but it has become more serious in recent years. Dozens of homes have had to be abandoned as the sea has crept farther and farther inland. Experts have studied the areas most affected and have drawn up a map for local people, forecasting the year in which their homes will be swallowed up by the hungry sea.Angry owners have called on the Government to erect sea defenses to protect their homes. Government surveyors have pointed out that in most cases, this is impossible. New sea walls would cost hundreds of millions of pounds and would merely make the waves and currents go further along the coast, shifting the problem from one area to another. The danger is likely to continue, they say, until the waves reach an inland area of hard rock which will not be eaten as limestone is. Meanwhile, if you want to buy a cheap house with an uncertain future, apply to a house agent in one of the threatened areas on the south coast of England. You can get a house for a knockdown price but it may turn out to be a knockdown home.65. What is the cause of the problem that people living on parts of the south coast of England face? ______________________.A. The disappearance of hotels, houses and gardens.B. The experts’ lack of knowledge.C. The rising of the sea level.D. The washing-away of limestone cliffs.66. The erosion of the white cliffs in the south of England ___________________.A. will soon become a problem for people living in central EnglandB. has now become a threat to the local residentsC. is quickly changing the map of EnglandD. can be stopped if proper measures are taken67. The experts’ study on the problem of erosion can _____________________.A. lead to its eventual solutionB. provide an effective way to slow it downC. help to prevent it from worseningD. warn people whose homes are in danger68. It is not feasible(可行的) to build sea defenses to protect against erosion because _____________.A. it is too costly and will endanger neighbouring areasB. the government is too slow in taking actionC. they will be easily knocked down by waves and currentsD. house agents along the coast do not support the idea(B)Americans are pound of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general. Why are uniforms so popular in the United States?Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian（百姓的）clothes. People have become conditioned to expect superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. the television repairman who wears uniform tends to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity（身份）than to step out of uniform?Uniforms also have many practical benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are tax-deductible（可减税的）. They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes.Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act similarly, on the job at least.Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems. Though they are long-lasting, often their initial expense is greater than the cost of civilian clothes. Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes.69. It is surprising that Americans who worship（敬仰）variety and individuality _______.A. still judge a man by his clothesB. hold the uniform in such high regardC. enjoy having a professional identityD. will respect an elevator operator as much as a general in uniform70. People are accustomed to think that a man in uniform _______.A. suggests quality workB. discards his social identityC. appears to be more practicalD. looks superior to a person in civilian clothes71. The chief function of a uniform is to _______.A. provide practical benefits to the wearerB. make the wearer catch the pubic eyeC. inspire the wearer’s confidence in himselfD. provide the wearer with a professional identity(C)On December 3，more than 10,000 scientists, environmental activists and government officials from 187 countries met in Bali, Indonesia, which is the largest global warming conference ever held. One of the main goals of the two-week meeting is to develop a replacement for the international treaty called the Kyoto Protocol, which has been signed by 174, countries, calling for limits on the emission of greenhouse gases.Under the Kyoto Protocol, nations were legally bound to reduce greenhouse gases, but since it was signed in 2005, they have continued to increase worldwide. Of the largest greenhouse gas emitters, only Russia and Japan have agreed to follow the rules. China and India－second and sixth on the list －are making efforts to make cuts.The U.S signed the treaty in 1997 but has not yet agreed to follow the strict rules, which require that greenhouse gas release be reduced by 10% by 2012. U.S. officials are opposed to these mandatory （强制性的），or required, cuts in emissions. "We’re worrying that it would be too costly and would hurt the U.S. economy. But we're not here to be a roadblock," said Harlan L. Watson, a top U.S. climate official.Even if greenhouse gases are reduced, scientists say it will take decades or longer to stop the global warming that is already underway. To help poor countries deal with rising temperatures and climate changes, the UN has developed the "Adaptation Fund" to help them improve farming techniques and water systems.But so far, it has only raised $67 million."The money should come from the countries most responsible and most capable," said Kate Raworth, a senior research official from the Oxfam International aid group. She listed the U.S., European Union, Japan, Australia and Canada.72. The underlined word "they" in Paragraph 3 refers to“________________”.A. greenhouse gasesB. the countries which have signed the treaty.C. people who are against the treatyD. the measures taken to reduce greenhouse gases73. By saying "But we’re not here to be a roadblock", Harlan L. Watson wants to say that______________________.A. the U.S will be a roadblock to the global economyB. the U.S has realized that some action must be takenC. the U.S refused to follow the rules of the Kyoto ProtocolD. the U.S thinks this conference of no importance74. According to Kate Raworth, the "Adaptation Fund" should come from all the followingEXCEPT____________________.A. JapanB. European UnionC. IndiaD. Canada75. We can learn from the passage that___________________.A. the conference will last a fortnightB. the U.S hasn’t signed the Kyoto Protocol.C. many manufacturers attended the conferenceD. the global warming will be stopped as soon as greenhouse gases are reduced(D)Section C（5分）Directions: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading form A-F for each paragraph.76．Computers may never offer a perfect system for work and communications. Yet, in spite of the bugs that need to be worked out, there is no question that computers now shape the pattern of our activities. Almost everyone has felt the impact of change as the Internet has revolutionized the way we do things: from the way we run our daily errand to the way we relate to other human being.77．With the Internet, we can now get to information, products, and friends more quickly. With a few clicks of the mouse, we can do research on specific subjects that might have taken hours or days in a library. With online shopping, we can buy what we need more quickly and efficiently. With e-mail, we can maintain friendships as well as create new ones, without ever sitting down to write or post a letter. The Internet now binds more people around the world together through their common interests. For exampl e, many people participate in Internet “chat”. There are informal discussions in which people type their questions and answers to each other on the computer. And unlike spoken conversations, “chat” can involve hundreds of people --- all of whom are interested in the topic being discussed. The Internet has created a new kind of social life.78．But not everyone feels the Internet is improving our lives. The Web is messy in that it cannot always provided clear directions on how to get where we want to go. And the Web is not an organized database; rather it is a brier patch, where people can get stuck or lost. Online shopping is an exampleof this mess. Although shopping from home is appealing, e-commerce is not always as convenient as one might think. Sometimes it takes a long time to order on the Internet. People can waste time to get confused filling out information on all the different screens to place an order.79．Most importantly, many people are concerned about privacy issues. They are reluctant to put their personal information on the Web. Filling in information such as one’s name, address, phone number, and credit card information can shake the confidence of an online shopper. Some even fear that there is conspiracy among businesses to use consumer information for their own benefit.80．Perhaps even more troubling is the belief that as people spend more time surfing the Web, they are becoming socially isolated. A recent survey indicated that 16 percent of Internet users spend less time with family and friends. The amount of time a husband or wife spends on the Web is frequently considered as one cause for divorce. Many young people say that their closest friends are those they have communicated with on the Internet, that is, their closest friends are people they have never even met.Section D（8分）Complete the following sentences using fewest words.(E)Americans wear black for mourning while Chinese wear white. Westerners think of dragons as monsters while Chinese honor them as symbols of God. Chinese civilization has often shown such polarities (极性) with the West, as though each stands at extreme ends of a global string. Now in the University of California, Berkeley, a psychologist has discovered deeper polarities between Chinese and American cultures — polarities that go to the heart of how we reason and discover truth.His findings go far toward explaining why American cultures seem to be contentious and Chinese cultures so passive, when compared to each other. More importantly, the research opens the way for the peoples of the East and the West to learn from each other in fundamental ways. The Chinese could learn much from Western methods for determining scientific truth, said Kaiping Peng, a former Beijing scholar, who is now a UC Berkeley assistant professor of psychology. And Americans could profit enormously from the Chinese tolerance for accepting contradictions in social and personal life, he said.“Americans have a terrible need to find out who is right in an argument,” said Peng. “The problem is that at the interpersonal level you rea lly don’t need to find the truth, or maybe there isn’t any.” Chinese people, said Peng, are far more content to think that both sides have flaws and virtues, because they have a holistic (整体的) awareness that life is full of contradictions. They do far less blaming of the individual than Americans do, he added.In studies of interpersonal argument, for example, when subjects were asked to deal with contradictory information stemming(起源于) from conflict between a mother and a daughter or a student and a school, Peng found that Americans were “non-compromising, blaming one side —usually the mother — for the causes of the problems, demanding changes from one side to attain a solution and offerin g no compromise” in dealing with the conflict. Compared to this angry, blaming American stance, the Chinese were paragons (模范) of compromise, finding fault on both sides andlooking for solutions that moved both sides to the middle.81. In Paragraph 1, the author sets examples in order to _________._________________________________________________________.82. Compared with Americans, Chinese are _________._________________________________________________________.83. The studies show that _________._________________________________________________________.84. What is the main idea of the passage?_________________________________________________________.第Ⅱ卷（共45分）Ⅰ.Translation（20分）Directions: Translate the following sentences into English. You are required to use the word given in the bracket for each respective sentence.1.黄浦江隧道的建成极大地促进了浦东的发展。

2011年上海高考英语一模翻译参考答案

奉贤区1. Nowadays people are more concerned about food safety.2. I don’t think he will change his mind easily.3. We senior high students should have great ambition and should not be satisfied with the present situation.4. Be sure to protect the environment and think of others when travelling.5. We hold the same view that everyone, whether gifted or not, is a successful person as long as he or she makes certain contributions to the society.普陀区1. The completion of the tunnels under the Huangpu River has greatly promoted the development of Pudong.2. In western countries, it is quite common for a person to consult a psychologist if he has some psychological problems.3. It’s kind of responsible tourism which seriously takes ecology and culture into consideration.4. All the students present wish that the speaker would confine himself to the subject.5. He is superior to any member in the company in computer technology.长宁区1. It is your effort not your intelligence that determines your success.2. It’s bad manners to smoke in public places where smoking is not allowed.3. Dim light and soft music are supposed to produce a romantic atmosphere.4. Hearing the news that his favorite team won the match, he was too excited to fall asleep last night.5. Even if peace came to Korean Peninsula, many problems would remain to be solved.闵行区1. Wish you success in the interview.2. The poem is too abstract for me to fully understand.3. To keep us in good health, we should set aside some time to exercise ourselves every day.4. You won’t be able to know the joy the game brings about unless you participate in it yourself.5. The sense of fire protection should not be neglected, or great damage might be caused to the lives and property.虹口区1. It is pleasant having a hot drink on a cold winter day.2. All the senior three students are required to have a physical examination before they take the entrance examinations.3. These colorful fruit bowls caught my eye at that time, reminding me of the happy childhood.4. In some cases, what matters is not the result but whether you have enjoyed the process.5. Now that the tickets for economy class are popular, we should call the ticket office to inquire as soon as possible, so that we won’t miss the golden chance.卢湾区1. Professor Wang mentioned his new argument in the article.2. You may consult these experts if you have some problems.3. That old lady cannot put up with the noises from the construction field and called the police.4. He failed to resist the temptation of the delicious food in the reception and ate a lot.5. Those women pointed out that they were not servants of the family and they should have moretime to enjoy the life.徐汇（松江）区1. The students take an active part in physical exercise.2. Confidence and patience are considered the key to success.3. There are many simple and effective ways to assess a person’s knowledge and ability.4. The disabled people’s performance last night was so successful that many people were moved to tears.5. He was busy reviewing his lessons and preparing for the exam the whole weekend, only takinga break at meal time.嘉定区1. Regardless of its price, she is going to buy the beautiful dress.2. Do those paintings exhibited in the gallery last week appeal to you?3. Lack of communication between parents and children has become a social problem.4. Shanghai successfully hosted the World Expo, which makes a great difference for the economic development in Shanghai.5. The survey conducted recently in our school indicates that the majority of the students have participated in the discussion on the Internet about what has happened in the school.静安区1. Now everyone has access to education.2. Many international soccer competitions occur around the world every year.3. Tom can’t communicate well with others because he always lacks eye contact.4. To help prevent the visitors' safety, visitors are not allowed to be admitted to the park after nine.5. Though he is equal to me in skill and experience, either of us is likely to win the championship.杨浦区1. Reading electronic books is becoming a new trend for young people.2. The high speed line between Hangzhou and Shanghai cut travel time to one hour.3. After a month’s redecoration, the China Pavilion reopened to the public.4. To the students' delight, they can also have access to the school library during the vacation.5. Internet plays such an impor tant role in our daily life that people feel at a loss when they can’t surf the Internet.黄浦区1. How about having another cup of coffee?2. If it is convenient, please show me around the museum at the weekend.3. The wife spent 2000 yuan buying the bag, w hile the husband thought it wasn’t worth the price.4. Whatever difficulties you may meet with, keep working until you realize your dream.5. To my surprise, the little boy was so clever that he worked out the problem that many adults failed to answer in such a short time.宝山区1. I’m sorry I’m unable to attend the meeting today.2. Don’t worry. I’ll be sending the material you require by e-mail.3. Different kinds of media make it possible that we obtain a large amount of valuable information in time.4. Sh are your progress, challenges, failure with the people around you, and you’ll find help from them.5. With the rapid development of society, a growing number of people are eager to show themselves to the public, which has resulted in various amusements.浦东新区1. Language learners should take every chance to use the language.2. Students should be encouraged to get into the good habit of thinking independently.3. Before setting out on a journey, make sure that you have got everything ready.4. Although two-thirds of the earth’s surface is covered with water, many places around the world still seriously lack water.5. However demanding and challenging the task is, she firmly believes that as long as she keeps on trying hard, she is sure to fulfill it.金山区1. He has adopted my suggestions.2. I appreciated what she had done for me.3. Despite difficulties, we will try hard to complete the task.4. This song often reminds me of the time that we spent together in the middle school.5. To meet the needs of the 2010 Shanghai Expo, a lot of modern hotels and exhibition halls have been set up in Shanghai.闸北区1. Many students like playing basketball indoors in winter.2. Children should be encouraged to play a main role in class activities.3. However cold it was, he insisted on going to school on foot despite parents' objection.4. To meet residents' need, the school is accessible to the public at weekends.5. It is no longer a dream to live comfortably without stepping out of the room with a variety of modern purchase methods.青浦区1. He is reluctant to set aside some money.2. Many experts appealed to people to protect the old buildings well.3. As the singer had no idea how to sing the new song well, she decided to consult Steven.4. Whether you are for or against the plan, you have to vote by 12 tomorrow noon.5. It is more likely that those who are well-educated will understand the fact that donating blood requires only a little courage.崇明县1. The book on computer is worth reading.2. We’d appreciate it very much if you’d help us solve the problem.3. Despite many difficulties, his rich working experience qualified him for the job.4. There is no doubt that only those who face up to challenges are likely to succeed.5. Great changes have taken place in Chongming since the Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel and Bridge was opened to traffic, and Chongming is no longer what it used to be.。

2011上海高考英语试卷解析精读版

! 客户。
Failing to concentrate on retaining as well as attracting customers costs（付出。。。代价） business huge amounts of money annually. It has been estimated that the average company loses between 10 and 30 per cent of its customers every years. In constantly changing markets , this is not surprising. What is surprising is the fact that few companies have any idea how many customers they have lost.
培养客户忠诚度背后的逻辑是无法否认的。“在实践中,大多数公司的营销努力专注于获得客户,很少注意到留着他们。”Cornﬁeld大学的管理学院艾德里安·佩恩说,。“研究表明, 留住客户和盈利之间有密切关系。已确立的客户（老客户）倾向于购买更多的,而且可以预测的,通常比新客户的服务成本要低。此外,他们往往对价格不那么敏感,还可以提供免费的
自洁衣服的发明提供了一个示例，有关自然界是如何帮助科学家开发更好的产品的。这种自洁特性被称为“莲花效应”。当然,这个名字起源于荷叶,荷叶生长在泥泞的湖泊和河流,而几乎奇迹般的干净，由此而闻名（出淤泥而不染）。通过观察自然,科学家们将荷叶的特性运用于他们已经在设计的材料。正因为如此,一些非凡的新产品推出了。其中就有一种特殊的窗又,它耐污垢和水。这些窗户上有一种特殊涂层不仅可以防止污垢黏在他们的表面，而且使得灰尘容易被雨洗掉。事实上,这些新的窗户已经固定的一些汽车上。甚至当雨

2011全国高考英语I真题(附答案)

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语本试卷分第一卷（选择题）和第二卷（非选择题）两部分。

考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第一卷注意事项：1.答第一卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在本试卷和答题卡相对应的位置上。

2.选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对于题目的答案标号涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。

不能答在本试卷上，否则无效。

第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回来有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例：How much is the shirt?A. ￡19.15.B. ￡9.15C. ￡9.18.答案是B。

1.What does the man like about the play?A.The story.B.The ending.C.The actor.2.Which place are the speakers trying to find?A.A hotel.B.A bank.C.A restaurant.3.At what time will the two speakers meet?A. 5:20B. 5:10C.4:404.what will the man do ?A.Change the planB.Wait for a phone callC.Sort things out5.What does the woman want to do ?A.See a film with the man.B. Offer the man some helpC.Listen to some greatmusic.第二节（共15小题：每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）请听下面5段对话。

2011年高考上海卷英语试题(附答案)新编题型

Section BHow would you like to wear the same underwear (内衣裤) for weeks? Owing to the work that has gone into developing intelligent materials, this may not be as unpleasant as it sounds. Self-______(1clean) clothes have now been created, and these new materials provide superior resistance to dirt as well as water. As a result, they require much less cleaning than traditional materials.The creation of self-cleaning clothes provides an example of ______(2) nature helps scientists develop better products. This self-cleaning nature is known as the “lotus effect”. The name comes, of course, from the lotus leaves, which are famous for growing in muddy lakes and rivers while ______(3remain) almost miraculously clean. By observing nature, scientists are applying the qualities of the lotus leaves ______(4) the materials they have engineered. Because of this, some remarkable new products have been launched. Among ______(5) are special windows that are resistant to dirt and water. A special coating on these windows not only ______(6p) dirt from sticking to their surfaces, but also allows dust to easily ______(7wash) off by the rain. In fact, these new windows have already been fixed to some cars. Even when traveling at high ______(8) through rain, these cars never have to use their windshield wipers (雨刮器).______(9) we have already seen some practical applications, even more dramatic advances will be made in the future, and they will, perhaps, change our world completely. Undoubtedly, technology is an important development, and it will have an even bigger ______(10) on our lives.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank w ith the word or phrase that best fits the context.Everyone in business has been told that success is all about ______(1attract) and retaining (留住) customers. It sounds simple and achievable. But, in reality, words of wisdom are soon forgotten. ______(2) companies have attracted customers they often overlook the second half of the story. In the excitement of beating off the competition, negotiating prices, securing orders, and delivering the product, managers tend to become ______(3carry) away. They forget what they regard as the boring side of business—Hoping that the customer remains a customer.______(4fail) to concentrate on retaining as well as attracting customers costs business huge amounts of money annually. It has been estimated that the average company loses between 10 and 30 per cent of its customers every years. In constantly changing markets, this is not surprising. ______(5) is surprising is the fact that few companies have any idea how many customers they have lost.Only now ______(6) organizations beginning to wake up to those lost opportunities and calculate the financial implications. Cutting down the number of customers a company loses can make a big difference in its performance. Research in the US found that a five per cent decrease in the number of defecting(流失的) customers led to profit ______(7) of between 25 and 85 per cent.In the US, Domino’s Pizza estimates that a regular customer is worth more than $5,000 over ten years. A customer who receives a poor quality product or ______(8) on their first visit and as a result never returns, is losing the company thousands of dollars in potential profits (more if you consider how many people they are likely to tell about their bad experience).The logic behind cultivating customer loyalty is impossible to deny. “In practice most companies’ marketing effort ______(9focus) on getting customers, with little attention paid to ______(10keep) them”, says Adrian Payne of Cornfield University’ School of Management. “Research suggests that there is a close relationship betwee n retaining customers and making profits. Established customers tend to buy more, are predictable and usually costless to service than new customers. Furthermore, they tend to be less price sensitive, and may provide free word-of-mouth advertising. Retaining customers also makes ______(11) difficult for competitors to enter a market or increase their share of a market.Section DDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.Sociologists have long recognised that organisations of less than 200 individuals can operate through the free flow of information among the members. Once their size goes beyond this figure, the organizations are getting less flexible. So it seems necessary to prevent total disorder resulting from failures of communication.One solution to this problem would, of course, be to structure large organisations into smaller units of a size that can act as a group. By allowing these groups to build reliance on each other, larger organizations can be built up. However, merely having groups of, say, 150 will never of itself be a complete solution to the problems of the organization. Something else is needed: the people involved must be able to build direct personal relationships. To allow free flow of information, they have to be able to communicate with each other in a casual way. Maintaining too formal a structure of relationships inevitably prevents the way a system works.The importance of this was drawn to my attention two years ago by the case of a TV station. Whether by chance or by design, it so happened that there were almost exactly 150 people in the station. The whole process worked very smoothly as an organization for many years until they were moved into purpose-built accommodation. Then, for no apparent reason, the work seemed to be more difficult to do, not to say less satisfying.It was some time before they work out what the problem was. It turn out that, when the architects were designing the new building, they decided that the coffee room where everyone ate their sandwiches at lunch times was an unnecessary luxury and so did away with it. And with that, they accidentally destroyed the close social networks that strengthened the whole organization. What had apparently been happening was that, as people gathered informally over their sandwiches in the coffee room, useful information was casually being exchanged.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT WORDS.)50.What size of an organization may lead to communication failures?51.What are the two solutions to the communication problem within a large organization?52.After the TV station moved into new accommodation, its operation ___________________________.53.From the case of the TV station, we can conclude it is ____________________________________ that make(s)an organization more successful.81. An organization of more than 200 individuals.82. Structuring smaller organizations and building direct personal relationships.83. seemed to be more difficult / less satisfying84. the close social networks / the free flow of information / the causal communication1.Why not / Why don’t you book tickets online / reserve the ticket(s) on the Internet?2.I often mistake Wang Hai for his twin brother because they look so similar / very much alike.3.As for parents, nothing can be compared with their children’s physical and mental health.4.No longer has she kept in touch with us since she went abroad for further study / education.5.If you can find whatever learning method (that) suits you, your study / learning efficiency is likely to improveremarkably.。

2011全国卷一高考英语试题及答案

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试1卷第二节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

In our discussion with people on how education can help the m succed in life,a woman remembered the first meeting of an introductory 36 course about 20 years ago.The professor 37 the lecture hall ,placed upon his desk a large jar filled with dried beans（豆），and invited the student to 38 how many beans the jar contained .After39 shout of wildly wrong guesses the professor smiled a thin, dry smile, announced the 40 answer,and went on saying ,“you have just 41 an important lesson about science. That is:Never 42 your own senses.”Twenty years later, the 43 could guests what the professor had in mind. He 44 himself, perhaps, as inviting his studen ts to start an exciting 45 into an unknown world invisible （无形的） to the 46 . which can be discovered only through scientific 47. But the seventeen-year-old girl could not accept or even 48 the invitation. She was just 49 to understand the world. And she 50 that her firsthand experience could be the 51. The professor, however, said that it was 52 . He was taking away her only 53 for knowing and was providing her with no substitute（替代）。

2011年上海高考英语真题

2011年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷第I卷(105分)I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A;you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversatio n and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. At a train station. B. At an airport.C. At a travel agency.D. At a bus station.2. A. $5. B. $10.C. $15.D. $50.3. A. Receptionist and guest. B. Salesperson and customer.C. Doctor and patient.D. Waiter and diner.4. A. Excited. B. Dissatisfied.C. Bo red.D. Exhausted.5. A. Her hair has changed. B. She isn’t satisfied with her hair style.C. She prefers to wear long hair.D. The man has changed his hair style.6. A. It is too early to watch the Talent Show. B. He will go to bed in five minutes.C. He would rather watch TV than go to bed.D. He is old enough to stay up.7. A. She has got everything ready. B. She never hesitates over what to take.C. She hates packing by herself.D. She needs more time for packing.8. A. They should wait for John for a while. B. They should stay here for the night.C. They should start the meeting right away.D. They should call John at once.9. A. She is unwilling to move into a new flat. B. Her neighbors get along well with her.C. She can’t tell the man why she is moving.D. Her neighbors usually play their TV loud.10.A. Ask for directions. B. Try a different route.C. Go back for the map.D. Cancel their trip.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked to questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the blest answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11.A. A political system. B. Religion.C. Working language.D. Race.12.A. Discuss current issues. B. Join in a writing competition.C. Attend an arts and crafts competition.D. Celebrate their friendship.13.A. The Commonwealth Games. B. An important holiday.C. The Commonwealth members.D. An international association. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news.14.A. Equipping students with knowledge. B. Qualifying students for certain jobs.C. Developing students’ habits of mind.D. Helping students to go to graduate school.15.A. The ability to have critical analysis. B. Creative use of leisure time.[来源学科网ZXXK]C. Logical use of information.D. Willingness to accept uncertainty.16.A. Goals to reach in a college education. B. Roles of knowledge in students’ growth.C. Qualifications needed for a job.D. Importance of after-class activities. Section CDirections: In Section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.Complaint FormCaller: Mary WhitePhone No.: 17 .Location of Problem: A 18 restaurant , 449 Shanghai StreetDetails: It dumps its 19 on the street.It doesn’t put bottles and cans in 20 bins.Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.How long does short memory last? It lasts only 21 .What is an example of medium term memory? Buying bread, a sort of 22 of thingsto do.What is long term memory concerned with? 23 that happen in your life such asyour wedding.It 24 .How is long term memory different from theothers?II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.25.Graduation is a good time to thank those who have helped you ______ the tough years.A. throughB. upC. withD. from26.To stay awake, he finished a cup of coffee and ordered ______.A. the otherB. otherC. the othersD. another27.It’s no use ______ without taking action.A. complainB. complainingC. being complainedD. to becomplained28.I ______ worry about my weekend—I always have my plans ready before it comes.A. ca n’tB. mustn’tC. daren’tD. needn’t29.When Mom looked back on the early days of their marriage, she wondered how they hadmanaged with ______ money.A. so fewB. such fewC. so littleD. such little30.It doesn’t matter if they want to come t o your party, ______?A. doesn’t itB. does itC. don’t theyD. do they31.After getting lost in a storm, a member of the navy team ______ four days later.A. rescuedB. was rescuedC. has rescuedD. had been rescued32.The rare fish, ______ from the cooking pot, has been returned to the sea.A. savedB. savingC. to be savedD. having saved33.At one point I made up my mind to talk to Uncle Sam. Then I changed my mind, ______ thathe could do nothing to help.A. to realizeB. realizedC. realizingD. being realized34.Did you predict that many students ______ up for the dance competition?A. would signB. signedC. have signedD. had signed35.There is clear evidence ______ the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain.A. whatB. ifC. howD. that36.If a lot of people say a film is not good, I won’t bother to see it, or I’ll wait ______ it comesout on DVD.A. whetherB. afterC. thoughD. until37.The police officers in our city work hard ______ the rest of us can live a safe life.A. in caseB. as ifC. in order thatD. only if38.The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of ______ othersactually understand.A. whyB. thatC. whichD. what39.You’ll fin d taxis waiting at the bus station ______ you can hire to reach your host family.A. whichB. whereC. whenD. as40.Today we have chat rooms, text messaging, emailing… but we seem ______ the art ofcommunicating face-to-face.A. losingB. to be losingC. to be lostD. having lostSection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. launchedB. unpleasantC. applyingD. technicallyE. impactF. coatingG. fixedH. miraculouslyI. superiorJ. advancesHow would you like to wear the same underwear (内衣裤) for weeks? Owing to the work that has gone into developing intelligent materials, this may not be as 41 as it sounds. Self-cleaning clothes have now been created, and these new materials provide 42 resistance to dirt as well as water. As a result, they require much less cleaning than traditional materials.The creation of self-cleaning clothes provides an example of how nature helps scientists develop better products. This self-cleaning nature is known as the “lotus effect”. The name comes, of course, from the lotus leaves, which are famous for growing in muddy lakes and rivers while remaining almost 43clean. By observing nature, scientists are 44 the qualities of the lotus leaves to the materials they have engineered. Because of this, some remarkable new products have been 45 . Among them are special windows that are resistant to dirt and water. A special 46 on these windows not only prevents dirt from sticking to their surfaces, but also allows dust to be easily washed off by the rain. In fact, these new windows have already been 47 to some cars. Even when traveling at high speed through rain, these cars never have to use their windshield wipers (雨刮器).Although we have already seen some practical applications, even more dramatic 48 will be made in the future, and they will, perhaps, change our world completely. Undoubtedly, technology is an important development, and it will have an even bigger 49 on our lives.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank w ith the word or phrase that best fits the context.Everyone in business has been told that success is all about attracting and retaining (留住) customers. It sounds simple and achievable. But, 50 , words of wisdom are soon forgotten. Once companies have attracted customers they often 51 the second half of the story. In the excitement of beating off the competition, negotiating prices, securing orders, and delivering the product, managers tend to become carried away. They forget what they regard as the boring side of business—52 that the customer remains a customer.53 to concentrate on retaining as well as attracting customers costs business huge amounts of money annually. It has been estimated that the average company loses between 10 and 30 per cent of its customers every years. In constantly changing 54 , this is not surprising. What is surprising is the fact that few companies have any idea how many customers they have lost.Only now are organizations beginning to wake up to those lost opportunities and calculate the 55implications. Cutting down the number of customers a company loses can make a big 56 in its performance. Research in the US found that a five per cent decrease in the number of defecting (流失的) customers led to 57 increases of between 25 and 85 per cent.In the US, Domino’s Pizza estimates that a regular customer is worth more than $5,000 over ten years. A customer who receives a poor quality product or service on their first visit and 58 never returns, is losing the company thousands of dollars in 59 profits (more if you consider how many people they are likely to tell about their bad experience).The logic behind cultivating customer 60 is impossible to deny. “In practice m ost companies’ marketing effort is focused on getting customers, with little attention paid to 61 them”, says Adrian Payne of Cornfield University’ School of Management. “Research suggeststhat there is a close relationship between retaining customers and making profits. 62 customers tend to buy more, are predictable and usually cost less to service than new customers. Furthermore, they tend to be less price 63 , and may provide free word-of-mouth advertising. Retaining customers also makes it 64 for competitors to enter a market or increase their share of a market.50.A. in particular B. in reality C. at least D. first of all51.A. emphasize B. doubt C. overlook D. believe52.A. denying B. ensuring C. arguing D. proving53.A. Moving B. Hoping C. Starting D. Failing54.A. markets B. tastes C. prices D. expenses55.A. culture B. social C. financial D. economical56.A. promise B. plan C. mistake D. differe nce57.A. cost B. opportunity C. profit D. budget58.A. as a result B. on the whole C. in conclusion D. on the contrary59.A. huge B. potential C. extra D. reasonable60.A. beliefs B. loyalty C. habits D. interest61.A. altering B. understanding C. keeping D. attracting62.A. Assumed B. Respected C. Established D. Unexpected63.A. agreeable B. flexible C. friendly D. sensitive64.A. unfair B. difficult C. essential D. convenient Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.AThe teacher who did the most to encourage me was, as it happened, my aunt. She was Myrtle C. Manigault, the wife of my mother’s brother Bill. She taught in second grade at all-black Summer School in Camden, New Jersey.During my childhood and youth, Aunt Myrtle encouraged me to develop every aspect of my potential, without regard for what was considered practical or possible for black females. I liked to sing; she listened to my voice and pronounce d it good. I couldn’t dance; she taught me the basic dancing steps. She took me to the theatre not just children’s theatre but adult comedies and dramas—and her faith that I could appreciate adult plays was not disappointed.My aunt also took down books from her extensive library and shared them with me. I had books at home, but they were all serious classics. Even as a child I had a strong liking for humor, and I’ll never forget the joy of discovering Don Marquis’s Archy & Mehitabel through her.Most important, perhaps, Aunt Myrtle provided my first opportunity to write for publication.A writer herself for one of the black newspapers, she suggested my name to the editor as a “youth columnist”. My column, begun when I was fourteen, was supposed to cov er teenage social activities—and it did—but it also gave me the freedom to write on many other subjects as well as the habit of gathering material, the discipline of meeting deadlines, and, after graduation from college six years later, a solid collection of published material that carried my name and was mypassport to a series of writing jobs.Today Aunt Myrtle is still an enthusiastic supporter of her “favourite niece”. Like a diamond, she has reflected a bright, multifaceted (多面的) image of possibilities to every pupil w ho has crossed her path.65. Which of the following did Aunt Myrtle do to the author during her childhood and youth?A. She lent her some serious classics.B. She cultivated her taste for music.C. She discovered her talent for dancing.D. She introduced her to adult plays.66. What does Archy and Mehitabel in Paragraph 3 probably refer to?A. A book of great fun.B. A writer of high fame.C. A serious masterpiece.D. A heartbreaking play.67. Aunt Myrtle recommended the author to a newspaper editor mainly to ______.[来源学&科&网Z&X&X&K]A. develop her capabilities for writingB. give her a chance to collect materialC. involve her in teenage social activitiesD. offer her a series of writing jobs68. We can conclude from the passage that Aunt Myrtle was a teacher who ______.A. trained pupils to be diligent and well-disciplinedB. gave pupils confidence in exploiting their potentialC. emphasized what was practical or possible for pupils.D. helped pupils overcome difficulties in learningB Humpback whalesHumpback whales are sometimes called performersof the ocean. This is because they can make impressivemovements when they dive. The name “humpback”,which is the common name for this whale, refers to thetypical curve shape the whale’s back forms as it dives.[来源:] Sometimes the humpback will dive with a fantastic movement, known as a breach . During breaching the whale uses its powerful tail flukes to lift nearly two-thirds of its body out of the water in a giant leap. A breach might also include a sideways twist with fins stretched out like wings, as the whale reaches the height Quick Facts [来源:Z §xx §] Size: 14m~18m in length 30~50 tons in weight Living Open ocean and shallow coastline waters Environment: From warm tropical (热带的) waters, where theybreed, to cold polarwaters, where they eat.Diet: Shellfish, plants and fishof small sizeHunting: Sometimes in groups, inof the breach.A humpback whale breathes air at the surface of the water through two blowholes which are located near the top of the head. It blows a double stream of water that can rise up to 4 meters above the water.The humpback has a small dorsal fin located towards the tail flukes about two-thirds of the way down its back. Other distinguishing features include large pectoral fins, which may be up to a third of the body length, and unique black and white spots on the underside of the tail flukes. These markings are like fingerprints: no two are the same.Humpback whales live in large groups. They communicate with each other through complex “songs”.[来源:Z。

2011年高考英语模拟试题(全国卷Ⅰ)参考答案及解析-2019年教育文档

2011年高考英语模拟试题(全国卷Ⅰ)参考答案及解析第一卷第二部分：21.A Whatever引导宾语从句或让步状语从句；no matter what只引导让步状语从句；not 与比较级连用表达最高级的含义。

22.B That’s all very well的意思是“好倒是好，（但是）”。

23.A refer to这里指“参考”；look up“查”，是及物词组，即原句改为“He looked up the dates of the French Revolution in a history book .”才对。

24.B less tiring意为“不怎么疲劳”；“less+形容词/副词原级”可构成比较级，与more构成的比较级意义相反；tiring是“令人疲劳的”，修饰物；tired“感到疲劳的”，修饰人。

25.C 此处as good as的意思是“简直是，实际上等于”。

26.B as to相当于about，“关于”的意思。

27.C supply sb.with sth.“给某人提供某物”是固定搭配，而offer搭配是“offer sth.to sb.或offer sb.sth.”。

28.A have no choice but to do.“除做……之外别无选择”。

29.A fairly用于冠词后，而rather用于不定冠词前，修饰名词。

30.D Be it so=Let it be so.意思是：“就这样吧，好吧”。

31.D how long要与持续性动词连用。

32.D at the mercy of…“任……支配”。

33.A desire“渴望、想要”，是及物动词；wish后接双宾语或从句。

34.B as在这里了引导非限定性定语从句。

35.B bring off“救出”；bring round “说服，使改变看法”；bring out “显示出来”；bring in “收进，获得”。

36.B planet本意指任何行星,此处指地球,搭配介词on。

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）详解

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）详解2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）详解第I卷 (105分)I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A;you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversatio n and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. At a train station. B. At an airport.C. At a travel agency.D. At a bus station.2. A. $5. B. $10.C. $15.D. $50.3. A. Receptionist and guest. B. Salesperson and customer.C. Doctor and patient.D. Waiter and diner.4. A. Excited. B. Dissatisfied.C. Bo red.D. Exhausted.5. A. Her hair has changed. B. She isn’t satisfied with her hair style.C. She prefers to wear long hair.D. The man has changed his hair style.6. A. It is too early to watch the Talent Show. B. He will go to bed in five minutes.C. He would rather watch TV than go to bed.D. He is old enough to stay up.7. A. She has got everything ready. B. She never hesitates over what to take.C. She hates packing by herself.D. She needs more time for packing.8. A. They should wait for John for a while. B. They should stay here for the night.C. They should start the meeting right away.D. They should call John at once.9. A. She is unwilling to move into a new flat. B. Her neighbors get along well with her.C. She can’t tell the man why she is moving.D. Her neighbors usually play their TV loud.10. A. Ask for directions. B. Try a different route.C. Go back for the map.D. Cancel their trip.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked to questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the blest answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. A political system. B. Religion.C. Working language.D. Race.12. A. Discuss current issues. B. Join in a writing competition.C. Attend an arts and crafts competition.D. Celebrate their friendship.13. A. The Commonwealth Games. B. An important holiday.C. The Commonwealth members.D. An international association.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news.14. A. Equipping students with knowledge. B. Qualifying students for certain jobs.C. Developing students’ habits of mind.D. Helping students to go to graduate school.15. A. The ability to have critical analysis. B. Creative use of leisure time.C. Logical use of information.D. Willingness to accept uncertainty.16. A. Goals to reach in a college education. B. Roles of knowledge in students’ growth.C. Qualifications needed for a job.D. Importance of after-class activities.Section CDirections: In Section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.25. Graduation is a good time to thank those who have helped you ______ the tough years.A. throughB. upC. withD. from26. To stay awake, he finished a cup of coffee and ordered ______.A. the otherB. otherC. the othersD. another27. It’s no use ______ without taking action.A. complainB. complainingC. being complainedD. to be complained28. I ______ worry about my weekend—I always have my plans ready before it comes.A. can’tB. mustn’tC. daren’tD. needn’t29. When Mom looked back on the early days of their marriage, she wondered how they had managed with ______ money.A. so fewB. such fewC. so littleD. such little30. It doesn’t matter if they wan t to come to your party, ______?A. doesn’t itB. does itC. don’t theyD. do they31. After getting lost in a storm, a member of the navy team ______ four days later.A. rescuedB. was rescuedC. has rescuedD. had been rescued32. The rare fish, ______ from the cooking pot, has been returned to the sea.A. savedB. savingC. to be savedD. having saved33. At one point I made up my mind to talk to Uncle Sam. Then I changed my mind, ______ that he could do nothing to help.A. to realizeB. realizedC. realizingD. being realized34. Did you predict that many students ______ up for the dance competition?A. would signB. signedC. have signedD. had signed35. There is clear evidence ______ the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain.A. whatB. ifC. howD. that36. If a lot of people say a film is not good, I won’t bother to see it, or I’ll wait ______ it comes out on DVD.A. whetherB. afterC. thoughD. until37. The police officers in our city work hard ______ the rest of us can live a safe life.A. in caseB. as ifC. in order thatD. only if38. The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of ______ others actually understand.A. whyB. thatC. whichD. what39. You’ll find taxis waiting at the bus station ______ you can hire to reach your host family.A. whichB. whereC. whenD. as40. Today we have chat rooms, text messaging, emailing… but we seem ______ the art of communicating face-to-face.A. losingB. to be losingC. to be lostD. having lost25.A.本题考查固定搭配，through the tough years，表示经历了艰苦的岁月。

2011年高考英语真题阅读理解译文(全国卷)

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国卷）英语第三部分阅读理解第一节A当牛奶来敲门20世纪60年代，我在新泽西州长大，当时，我们有一位送奶工会把牛奶送到我们家门口。

他的名字叫Basille先生。

他头戴着一顶白色帽子，开着一辆白色卡车。

对于一个5岁的孩子来说，我总是情不自禁地盯着他系在腰带上的自动换币机看。

有一天他在送奶时注意到了我这个行为，就从自动换币机里取出二十五分的硬币给了我。

当然,他送的不只是牛奶，还有奶酪、鸡蛋等等。

如果我们需要改变我们的订单，我母亲就写一个便条——“下次送奶时请增加一瓶酪乳”，然后连同空瓶一起放在箱子里。

所有的这些都不仅仅是便利，还有家家户户和他们的送奶工亲密的关系。

Basille先生甚至都有我们家的钥匙，因为有段日子外面太冷我们只好把奶箱放到室内，这样牛奶就不会冻住。

我记得Basille先生时不时在我家厨房餐桌旁歇息，喝杯茶，还一边讲述他送奶的故事。

难过的是，如今却没有送奶上门的服务了。

大公司获准生产价格更为便宜的牛奶，这使送奶工很难与其竞争。

此外，到处都有售卖牛奶的地方，这也还有，牛奶随处可买，因此，送奶服务可能就没有实用性了。

最近，我在农村看到的一个老旧的牛奶箱勾起了我对儿时的回忆。

我将它带了回来装在了后门的门廊上。

每每我儿子的朋友们问到这是什么的时候，我就跟他们讲起我孩提时候的故事，还有那个既给我们送来牛奶又为我们带来友谊的送奶工人的故事。

B似乎高大有其显而易见的不适之处，而矮小有其美好之处，尤其是在宾馆住宿和在餐馆就餐的时候。

六个月前为了发起满足高个子人群需求的运动而成立的“大不列颠高个子俱乐部”（TPCGB）已经将其目光聚焦到了宾馆和饭店。

这个俱乐部表示，宾馆里的床太小，淋浴喷头太低，饭店的桌子底下几乎没有放腿的空间，这些都给那些超出平均身高的人带来了很多生活上的困难。

然而，不仅仅是那些大高个儿们的需求得不到满足，现在人口的平均身高在不断上升，但是床铺、门廊、和椅子的尺寸却一直没有变化。

2011年上海高考英语试卷

2011年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷第I卷(105分)II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.25.Graduation is a good time to thank those who have helped you ______ the tough years.A. throughB. upC. withD. from26.To stay awake, he finished a cup of coffee and ordered ______.A. the otherB. otherC. the othersD. another27.It’s no use ______ without taking action.A. complainB. complainingC. being complainedD. to be complained28.I ______ worry about my weekend—I always have my plans ready before it comes.A. can’tB. mustn’tC. daren’tD. needn’t29.When Mom looked back on the early days of their marriage, she wondered how they hadmanaged with ______ money.A. so fewB. such fewC. so littleD. such little30.It doesn’t matter if they want to come to your party, ______?A. doesn’t itB. does itC. don’t theyD. do they31.After getting lost in a storm, a member of the navy team ______ four days later.A. rescuedB. was rescuedC. has rescuedD. had been rescued32.The rare fish, ______ from the cooking pot, has been returned to the sea.A. savedB. savingC. to be savedD. having saved33.At one point I made up my mind to talk to Uncle Sam. Then I changed my mind, ______ thathe could do nothing to help.A. to realizeB. realizedC. realizingD. being realized34.Did you predict that many students ______ up for the dance competition?A. would signB. signedC. have signedD. had signed35.There is clear evidence ______ the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain.A. whatB. ifC. howD. that36.If a lot of people say a film is not good, I w on’t bother to see it, or I’ll wait ______ it comesout on DVD.A. whetherB. afterC. thoughD. until37.The police officers in our city work hard ______ the rest of us can live a safe life.A. in caseB. as ifC. in order thatD. only if38.The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of ______ othersactually understand.A. whyB. thatC. whichD. what39.Y ou’ll find taxis waiting at the bus station ______ you can hire to reach your host family.A. whichB. whereC. whenD. as40.Today we have chat rooms, text messaging, emailing… but we seem ______ the art ofcommunicating face-to-face.A. losingB. to be losingC. to be lostD. having lostSection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only bethat has gone into developing intelligent materials, this may not be as 41 as it sounds. Self-cleaning clothes have now been created, and these new materials provide 42 resistance to dirt as well as water. As a result, they require much less cleaning than traditional materials.The creation of self-cleaning clothes provides an example of how nature helps scientists develop better products. This self-cleaning nature is known as the “lotus effect”. The name comes, of course, from the lotus leaves, which are famous for growing in muddy lakes and rivers while remaining almost 43clean. By observing nature, scientists are 44 the qualities of the lotus leaves to the materials they have engineered. Because of this, some remarkable new products have been 45 . Among them are special windows that are resistant to dirt and water. A special 46 on these windows not only prevents dirt from sticking to their surfaces, but also allows dust to be easily washed off by the rain. In fact, these new windows have already been 47 to some cars. Even when traveling at high speed through rain, these cars never have to use their windshield wipers (雨刮器).Although we have already seen some practical applications, even more dramatic 48 will be made in the future, and they will, perhaps, change our world completely. Undoubtedly, technology is an important development, and it will have an even bigger 49 on our lives.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank w ith the word or phrase that best fits the context.Everyone in business has been told that success is all about attracting and retaining (留住) customers. It sounds simple and achievable. But, 50 , words of wisdom are soon forgotten. Once companies have attracted customers they often 51 the second half of the story. In the excitement of beating off the competition, negotiating prices, securing orders, and delivering the product, managers tend to become carried away. They forget what they regard as the boring side of business—52 that the customer remains a customer.53 to concentrate on retaining as well as attracting customers costs business huge amounts of money annually. It has been estimated that the average company loses between 10 and 30 per cent of its customers every years. In constantly changing 54 , this is not surprising. What is surprising is the fact that few companies have any idea how many customers they have lost.Only now are organizations beginning to wake up to those lost opportunities and calculate the 55implications. Cutting down the number of customers a company loses can make a big 56 in its performance. Research in the US found that a five per cent decrease in the number of defecting (流失的) customers led to 57 increases of between 25 and 85 per cent.In the US, Domino’s Pizza estimates that a regular customer is worth more than $5,000 over ten years. A customer who receives a poor quality product or service on their first visit and 58 never returns, is losing the company thousands of dollars in 59 profits (more if you consider how many people they are likely to tell about their bad experience).The logic behind cultivating customer 60 is impossible to deny. “In practice m ost companies’ marketing effort is focused on getting customers, with little attention paid to 61 them”, says Adrian Payne of Cornfield University’ School of Management. “Research suggests that there is a close relationship between retaining customers and making profits. 62 customers tend to buy more, are predictable and usually cost less to service than new customers. Furthermore, they tend to be less price 63 , and may provide free word-of-mouth advertising. Retaining customers also makes it 64 for competitors to enter a market or increase their share of a market.50.A. in particular B. in reality C. at least D. first of all51.A. emphasize B. doubt C. overlook D. believe52.A. denying B. ensuring C. arguing D. proving53.A. Moving B. Hoping C. Starting D. Failing54.A. markets B. tastes C. prices D. expenses55.A. culture B. social C. financial D. economical56.A. promise B. plan C. mistake D. differe nce57.A. cost B. opportunity C. profit D. budget58.A. as a result B. on the whole C. in conclusion D. on the contrary59.A. huge B. potential C. extra D. reasonable60.A. beliefs B. loyalty C. habits D. interest61.A. altering B. understanding C. keeping D. attracting62.A. Assumed B. Respected C. Established D. Unexpected63.A. agreeable B. flexible C. friendly D. sensitive64.A. unfair B. difficult C. essential D. convenient Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.AThe teacher who did the most to encourage me was, as it happened, my aunt. She was Myrtle C. Manigault, the wife of my mother’s brother Bill. She taught in second grade at all-black Summer School in Camden, New Jersey.During my childhood and youth, Aunt Myrtle encouraged me to develop every aspect of my potential, without regard for what was considered practical or possible for black females. I liked to sing; she listened to my voice and pronounce d it good. I couldn’t dance; she taught me the basic dancing steps. She took me to the theatre not just children’s theatre but adult comedies and dramas—and her faith that I could appreciate adult plays was not disappointed.My aunt also took down books from her extensive library and shared them with me. I hadbooks at home, but they were all serious classics. Even as a child I had a strong liking for humor, and I’ll never forget the joy of discovering Don Marquis’s Archy & Mehitabel through her.Most important, perhaps, Aunt Myrtle provided my first opportunity to write for publication.A writer herself for one of the black newspapers, she suggested my name to the editor as a “youth columnist”. My column, begun when I was fourteen, was supposed to cov er teenage social activities—and it did—but it also gave me the freedom to write on many other subjects as well as the habit of gathering material, the discipline of meeting deadlines, and, after graduation from college six years later, a solid collection of published material that carried my name and was my passport to a series of writing jobs.Today Aunt Myrtle is still an enthusiastic supporter of her “favourite niece”. Like a diamond, she has reflected a bright, multifaceted(多面的) image of possibilities to every pupil w ho has crossed her path.65.Which of the following did Aunt Myrtle do to the author during her childhood and youth?A. She lent her some serious classics.B. She cultivated her taste for music.C. She discovered her talent for dancing.D. She introduced her to adult plays.66.What does Archy and Mehitabel in Paragraph 3 probably refer to?A. A book of great fun.B. A writer of high fame.C. A serious masterpiece.D. A heartbreaking play.67.Aunt Myrtle recommended the author to a newspaper editor mainly to ______.A. develop her capabilities for writingB. give her a chance to collect materialC. involve her in teenage social activitiesD. offer her a series of writing jobs68.We can conclude from the passage that Aunt Myrtle was a teacher who ______.A. trained pupils to be diligent and well-disciplinedB. gave pupils confidence in exploiting their potentialC. emphasized what was practical or possible for pupils.D. helped pupils overcome difficulties in learningBHumpback whales69.According to Quick Facts, a humpback whale ______.A. cannot survive in waters near the shoreB. doesn’t live in the same waters all the timeC. lives mainly on underwater plantsD. prefers to work alone when hunting food70.To make a breach, a humpback whale must ______.A. use its tail flukes to leap out of the waterB. twist its body sideways to jump high.C. blow two streams of waterD. communicate with a group of humpbacks.71.From the passage we can learn that a humpback whale ______.A. has its unique markings on it tail flukesB. has black and white fingerprintsC. gets its name from the way it huntsD. is a great performer due to its songsCHuman remains of ancient settlements will be reburied and lost to science under a law that threatens research into the history of humans in Britain, a group of leading archeologists (考古学家) says. In a letter addressed to the justice secretary, Ken Clarke, 40 archaeolog ists write of their “deep and widespread concern” about the issue. It centers on the law introduced by the Ministry of Justice in 2008 which requires all human remains unearthed in England and Wales to be reburied within two years, regardless of their age. The decision means scientists have too little time to study bones and other human remains of national and cultural significance.“Y our current requirement that all archaeologically unearthed human remains should be reburied, whether after a standard period of two years or a further special extension, is contrary to basic principles of archaeological and scientific research and o f museum practice,” they write.The law applies to any pieces of bone uncovered at around 400 dig sites, including the remains of 60 or so bodies found at Stonehenge in 2008 that date back to 3,000 BC. Archaeologists have been granted a temporary extension to give them more time, but eventuallly the bones will have tobe returned to the ground.The arrangements may result in the waste of future discoveries at sites such as Happisburgh in Norfolk, where digging is continuing after the discovery of stone tools made by early humans 950,000 years ago. If human remains were found at Happisburgh, they would be the oldest in northern Europe and the first indication of what this species was. Under the current practice of the law those remains would have to be reburied and effectively destroyed.Before 2008, guidelines allowed for the proper preservation and study of bones of sufficient age and historical interest, while the Burial Act 1857 applied to more recent remains. The Ministry of Justice assured archaeologists two years ago that the law was temporary, but has so far failed to revise it.Mike Parker Pearson, an archaeologist at Sheffield University, said: “Archaeologists have been extremely patient because we were led to believe the ministry was sorting out this problem, but we feel that we cannot wait any longer.”The ministry has no guidelines on where or how remains should be reburied, or on what records should be kept.72.According to the passage, scientists are unhappy with the law mainly because ______.A. it is only a temporary measure on the human remainsB. it is unreasonable and thus destructive to scientific researchC. it was introduced by the government without their knowledgeD. it is vague about where and how to rebury human remains73.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A. Temporary extension of two years will guarantee scientists enough time.B. Human remains of the oldest species were dug out at Happisburgh.C. Human remains will have to be reburied despite the extension of time.D. Scientists have been warned that the law can hardly be changed.74.What can be inferred about the British law governing human remains?A. The Ministry of Justice did not intend it to protect human remains.B. The Burial Act 1857 only applied to remains uncovered before 1857.C. The law on human remains hasn’t changed in recent decades.D. The Ministry of Justice has not done enough about the law.75.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. New discoveries should be reburied, the government demands.B. Research time should be extended, scientists require.C. Law on human remains needs thorough discussion, authorities say.D. Law could bury ancient secrets for ever, archeologists warn.Se ction CDirections:Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each76.______With the arrival of the age of “information economy”, intellectual work is becoming a more important source of wealth than manufacturing. Organizations in all walks of life are doing more to spread their information. So people of the Public Relations are hired to speak for them. A lot of our news is actually collected from press releases and reports of events intentionally staged for journalists. In the information age, journalists spend their time, not investigating, but passing on the words of a spokesperson.77.______There is a joke in the novel Scoop about the newspaper’s owner, Lord Copper. The editors can never disagree with him. When he’s right about something they answer “definitely”, and when he’s wrong they say “to some extent, Lord Copper.” It seems reasonable to suppose that, in the real world, the opinions of such powerful people still influence the journalists and editors who work for them.78.______In countries where the news is not officially controlled, it may be provided by commercial organizations who depend on advertising. The news has to attract viewers and maintain its audience ratings. I suspect that some stories get air-time just because there happen to be exciting pictures to show. In Britain, we have the tabloid newspapers which millions of people read simply for entertainment. There is progressively less room for historical background, or statistics, which are harder to present as a sensational story.79.______There is an argument that with spreading access to the internet and cheap technology for recording sound and images we will all be able to find exactly the information we want. People around the world will be able to publish their own eye-witness accounts and compete with the widely-accepted news-gatherers on equal terms. But what it will mean also is that we’ll be subjected to a still greater amount of nonsense and lies. Any web log may contain the latest information of the year, or equally, a made-up story that you will never be able to check.80.______Maybe the time has come to do something about it, and I don’t just mean changing your choice of TV channel or newspaper. In a world where everyone wants you to listen to their version, you only have two choices: switch off altogether or start looking for sources you can trust. The investigative journalist of the future is everyone who wants to know the truth.Section DDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.Sociologists have long recognised that organisations of less than 200 individuals can operate through the free flow of information among the members. Once their size goes beyond this figure, the organizations are getting less flexible. So it seems necessary to prevent total disorder resulting from failures of communication.One solution to this problem would, of course, be to structure large organisations into smaller units of a size that can act as a group. By allowing these groups to build reliance on each other, larger organizations can be built up. However, merely having groups of, say, 150 will never ofitself be a complete solution to the problems of the organization. Something else is needed: the people involved must be able to build direct personal relationships. To allow free flow of information, they have to be able to communicate with each other in a casual way. Maintaining too formal a structure of relationships inevitably prevents the way a system works.The importance of this was drawn to my attention two years ago by the case of a TV station. Whether by chance or by design, it so happened that there were almost exactly 150 people in the station. The whole process worked very smoothly as an organization for many years until they were moved into purpose-built accommodation. Then, for no apparent reason, the work seemed to be more difficult to do, not to say less satisfying.It was some time before they work out what the problem was. It turn out that, when the architects were designing the new building, they decided that the coffee room where everyone ate their sandwiches at lunch times was an unnecessary luxury and so did away with it. And with that, they accidentally destroyed the close social networks that strengthened the whole organization. What had apparently been happening was that, as people gathered informally over their sandwiches in the coffee room, useful information was casually being exchanged.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT WORDS.)81.What size of an organization may lead to communication failures?82.What are the two solutions to the communication problem within a large organization?83.After the TV station moved into new accommodation, its operation___________________________.84.From the case of the TV station, we can conclude it is____________________________________ that make(s) an organization more successful.参考答案25—29. ADBDC 30—34. BBACA35—40. DDCDAB41—45. BIHCA46—49. FGJE50—54. BCBDA55—59. CDCAB 60—64. BCCDB65—68. DAAB 69—71. BAA72—75. BCDD 76—80. BEFCD81. An organization of more than 200 individuals.82. Structuring smaller organizations and building direct personal relationships.83. seemed to be more difficult / less satisfying84. the close social networks / the free flow of information / the causal communication。