大学英语四六级语法精讲课程讲义
大学英语四级词汇语法讲义
·2、翻译，提笔不知从哪里下手；胡乱写几行，卷面乱，不知所云，影响印象分。
(一)长难句到底难在哪里？ --几句废话般的常识。
1)结构复杂，逻辑层次多;
2)单词意思常需根据上下文判断;
4)分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配、插入语等其他成分。
第二节、长句速读
同位语和较长的后置定语(如人物身份，句子中间的非限制性定语从句)，很长的专有名词(如机构名称)等。这些信息需要用跳读(skip)的方法，略去不读。
在文章里，经常会出现此类文字信息，目的是为了干扰视线。实际，没有必要去弄明白某人是什么大学的什么教授，也不必急着去了解美国一个部门全称或缩写是什么具体意思，因为题目中极少直接考这样的细节信息。做题时即使需要此类信息，利用人名或其它专有名词都是开头字母大写的特征很容易找到。
例如：
People assume that office politics involves some manipulative (工于心计的)behavior," says Deborah Comer, an assistant professor of management at Hofstra University. (2004年6月)
In my fridgeless fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily.
按照刚才讲的步骤做：
1.把句子快速切割，抓出重点。
2.必要时写下主干汉语意思。
第三节、长难句解剖练习
注意：除以上基本方法外，必须配合逻辑分析(尤其是连词、惯用搭配结构的使用)。
2020年6月四级专项精讲语法讲义(学生版)何威威
四级语法应用法讲义一、什么是长难句&划分长难句的方法：1.长难句定义：2.长难句划分方法：连动切割法（摘自《考研英语语法真经》第九章）·连动切割法：将句子中的所有连词和动词（连词、动词的排列不分先后）作为切割长难句的基础，断开主句和从句。
·长难句划分的具体步骤：【第一步】断开主句和从句：通读整个句子找出所有的连词或动词，并将连词和动词匹配起来（主要是针对从句而言，主句不存在连词，从句连词和动词的匹配遵守就近原则），然后再给动词匹配主语（主句的主语在谓语之前找；从句的主语在连词和与之匹配的谓语动词中间找，如果它们中间没有任何词语，那么连词本身就是这个从句的主语。
）【第二步】断开介词短语和非谓语动词：A．识别介词短语：B．识别非谓语动词：二、总结复习句子的主要成分1、主语（1）定义：（2）位置：（3）什么可以充当主语：2、谓语（1）定义：（2）位置：（3）什么可以充当谓语：（2）位置：（3）什么可以充当宾语：4、表语（1）定义：（2）位置：（3）什么可以充当表语：5、定语（1）定义：（2）位置：（3）什么可以充当定语：6、状语（1）定义：（2）位置：（3）什么可以充当状语：7、补足语（1）定义：（2）位置：（3）什么可以充当补足语：8、同位语：（1）定义：（2）位置：（3）什么可以充当同位语：二、真题实战1.选词填空I①Just because they can’t sing opera or ride a bicycle doesn’t mean that animals don’t have culture.②There’s no better example of this than killer whales. ③As one of the most __26__ predators（食肉动物），killer whales may not fit the __27__ of a cultured creature. ④However, these beasts of the sea do display a vast range of highly __28__ behaviors that appear to be driving their genetic development.II①The word “culture” comes from the Latin “colere,” which __29__ means “to cultivate.” ②In other words, it refers to anything that is __30__ or learnt, rather than instinctive or natural. ③Among human populations, culture not only affects the way we live, but also writes itself into our genes, affectingwho we are. ④For instance, having spent many generations hunting the fat marine mammals of the Arctic, the Eskimos of Greenland have developed certain genetic __31__ that help them digest and utilize this fat-rich diet, thereby allowing them to __32__ in their cold climate.III①Like humans, killer whales have colonized a range of different __33__ across the globe, occupying every ocean basin on the planet with an empire that __34__ from pole to pole. ②As such, different populations of killer whales have had to learn different hunting techniques in order to gain the upper hand over their local prey（猎物）. ③This, in turn, has a major effect on their diet, leading scientists to __35__ that the ability to learn population-specific hunting methods could be driving the animals’genetic development.2.长难句例1.In one the focus could be on building financial success and personal achievement, in another on creating a better work/life balance, still another on exploring and understanding options more fully, or becoming an independent producer, yet another on making a social Contribution.【参考译文】某个阶段的目标可能是获得财富成功和个人成就，另一个阶段的目标可能是更好地平衡工作与生活，若还有另一个阶段的话，其目标可能是更加充分地探索和理解各种选择，或变成独立生产商，如果还有另外一个例2.These stages will span sectors, take people to different cities, and provide Foundation for building a wide variety of skills.【参考译文】这些阶段将涵盖多个领域，将人们带到不同的城市，为培养各种各样的技能打下基础。
英语四级词汇语法讲义
【英语四级(CET4)词汇语法】讲义定语从句五大类型测试重点定语从句是大学英语四级考试中测试的重点项目之一，笔者近来对大学英语考试样题、曝光试题及其它相关试题进行了研究。
本文主要以四级考试样题和真题为例，将英语定语从句归纳为五大类型，这五大类型既是《大学英语教学大纲》中规定的学习重点，也是四级考试的重点，学生应熟练掌握。
1．由单个关系代词和关系副词引导的定语从句定语从句可由单个的关系代词that，which，who，whom，whose和单个的关系副词when，where，why来引导。
在四级考试中，往往测试考生正确选用这类定语从句的关系词的能力，有时也测试考生对整个定语从句结构的认识或运用能力。
例如：1）all _____ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life．（cet-4，90．1）a）what is neededb）for our needsc）the thing neededd）that is needed【简析】修饰all或其它指物的不定代词（如：anything，something，nothing等）的定语从句宜用that引导。
2）jack is the most intelligent man _____ i’ve ever met．a）that b）what c）whom d）who【简析】当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词所修饰时，定语从句用that引导。
3）alva found a place in the cellar _____ he usedas his first laboratory．a）which b）where c）such d）the same【简析】which引导定语从句，修饰place，为从句的宾语，故不选用where。
4）edward is the boy _____ i think scored the winning points for the basketball team．a）whom b）which c）that d）who【简析】who引导一个嵌入式定语从句：who scored ．．．for the basketball team．该从句既修饰先行词（the boy），同时又嵌入在另一主谓结构（i think）之中作宾语。
2019年12月大学英语四六级抢分班语法讲义
2019年12月大学英语四六级抢分班语法（夏伟）2019年12月大学英语四六级抢分班语法讲义第一章基本语法体系1.1.简单句1.2．___________/__________1.3.时态/助动词1.4.从句由来1.5.尾重原则1.6.名词+v-ed第二章从句附录：一.连词1并列连词and和；并且；因此or或；否则but但是；而是yet但是nor也不so也是；因此while虽然；然而whereas虽然；然而2定语从句连词代词性连词who(whom);which;that;as;than副词性连词when;where;why;whereby(=by which)形容词性连词whose3状语从句连词时间when;while;as;whenever;since;as soon as;once地点where;wherever条件if;unless;as long as;in case;on condition结果so…that…;such…that…目的so that;in order that;lest;for fear原因as;because;now that;seeing(that);since让步whether…or…;notwithstanding;though;for all that…;however4名词性从句连词主语/宾语从句代词性连词what;which;who/whom/whose;whatever;whichever;whoever/whomever副词性连词when;where;why;how从属连词（不影响从句完整性）that;whether同位语从句从属连词（不影响从句完整性）that;whether二.连词间联系状语从句:when=at(或其他介词)the time when(定从);where=in the place where(定从)名词性从句:when=the time when(定从);where=the place where(定从)三.that可代替副词性连词引导定语从句that可以用做副词性连词，代替when，where，how，why引导定语从句，表示时间、地点、方式、原因等。
四六级语法讲义
四级语法讲义一：时态：，就是时间+状态。
谓语动词的时态见下表：1．主动形式2．被动形式❖CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。
❖时间状语从句当中的时态：一般过去时所有的过去用一般现在时表示现在和将来现在完成时现在完成和将来完成一．非谓语动词一．不定式：一）不定式的常考形式：1)一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up withthe others.被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生2)完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前二）不定式常考的考点：1）不定式做定语----将要发生2）不定式做状语----目的3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe.三)不定式的省略1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel+ do表示动作的完整性，真实性；+ doing表示动作的连续性，进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。
(强调"我看见了"这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）❖感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原toI ‘d like to have John do it.I have my package weighed.Paul doesn’t have to be ma de to learn.3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan，offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to doforce sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to dobe ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to;look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; beopposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。
刘彬四六级vip讲义_阅读、写作30页
形容词后面一般接名词 c. There were some bad _____. （形容词后面一般跟名词，而且此时是复数形式）
介词短语结构： d. without guides or even _____ bookings（介词短语中不能出现谓语动词，此时 bookings
是名词，应该找个形容词性的单词）
make up for the resources lost by destroying an old one. So in the broadest __50__, the greenest home is
the one that has already been built. But at the same time, nearly half of U. S. carbon emissions come from
For both 50-minute scans, the volunteers had a cell phone ___fixed__ to each ear.（have sth done：）
3、注意事项：
1） 2）
3)
2010 年 6 月四级真题
When we think of green buildings, we tend to think of new ones – the kind of high-tech, solar-paneled
空前、空后都是形容词：并列关系 f. To make tomorrow a little better, Feeding America, the nation’s largest ______ hunger-relief organization, has chosen September as Hunger Action Month.（前后都是形容 词词，中间要填进去的也是形容词）
英语四六级讲座PPT课件
D. farmland in the Pocono area are shrinking fast.
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原文可以找到的相关信息 The streams, lakes , meadows(草地),
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4. 研究、报告、书籍型词汇，如：report，study， books等。一般来说研究、报告等内容都是易考点，这 些信息经常出现在特定的段落里，所以根据这些词汇作 为关键词也很容易定位。
5. 最高级，如best，worst，most等。如六级第54题， 关键词之一为the best solution。然而仅凭此关键词我 们可能无法迅速地找到答案，因为原文的表述是the most effective method，用的词汇是完全不一样的。这 时，我们还需要增加一个关键词pension，帮助我们定 位。这就提醒我们在平常的阅读中应多关注最高级出现 的地方，因为它常常是考点。
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推断题 四级真题中的一道题，该篇文章的第五题
25. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?
A. Anxiety, though unavoidable, can be coped with.
B. Children’s anxiety has been enormously exaggerated.
6. 承载主要信息的名词，形容词等。如：funding， unsteady , values，employers，older workers， reforms，shortage，war，immigration，rich countries 等。这些词的判断需要大家多加练习与体会。
何凯文四六级讲义三
2011年文都大学英语四六级冲刺讲义主讲人北京外国语大学何凯文一．Listening Comprehension：Part 1 .Short Conversation几种思维1．主题思维：上文提到一件事情（用一般疑问句进行提问），这就是对话主题。
下文是肯定或者是否定的回答。
掌握肯定和否定的表达方法。
2．否定思维：评价性否定；事实性否定；邀请性否定3．听到什么不选什么的思维：安全感的获得例题：Eg1. A) Taking photographs .B) Enhancing images.C) Mending cameras. D) Painting pictures.听力原文： W: Do you let people know when you're taking pictures of them?M: I try not to. You know any picture of a person who poses for thecamera would look dull and unnatural.Q: What are the speakers talking about?Eg2 . A) Get some small change. B) Find a shopping center.C) Cash a check at a bank. D) Find a parking meter.听力原文：M: Excuse me, do you have change for a ten-dollar note? I need to pay the parking meter.W: I'm sorry, but I think you can get it through the money changer in theshopping center across the street.Q: What is the man trying to do?Eg3 .A) Shopping with his son. B) Buying a gift for a child.C) Promoting a new product. D) Bargaining with a salesgirl.听力原文：M: Can you recommend something that a school boy of 7 or 8 will really like?W: I'd suggest this toy train, sir. It's an excellent brand, very popular allover the world these days.Q: What is the man doing?Eg4. A) He moved to Baltimore when he was young.B) He can provide little useful iformantion.C) He will show the woman around Baltimore.D) He will ask someone else to help the woman.听力原文W: I need to talk to someone w ho knows Baltimore well. I'm told you lived there.M: Oh, but I was really young at the time.Q: What does the man mean?Eg5. A) He is rather disappointed. B) He is highly ambitious.C) He can’t face up to the situation. D ) He knows his own limitations.15.W: Aren't you disappointed that you didn't get the promotion?M: Maybe a little, but I know I need more experience before I'm ready for that kind of responsibility.Q: What do we learn about the man from this conversation?Eg6. A) She bought a new set of furniture from Italy last month.B) She sold all her furniture before she moved house.C) She plans to put all her old furniture in the basement.D) She still keeps some old furniture in her new house.听力原文：M: Did you really give away all your furniture when you moved into the new house last month?W: Just the useless pieces, as I’m planning to purchase a new set from Italy for the sitting room only.Q: What does the woman mean?Eg7.A) He has got a heart attack. B) He was badly hurt.C) He was unharmed. D) He has fully recovered from the shock.听力原文：W: Were you hurt in the accident?M: I was shocked at the time, but wasn't hurt at all. My bike was totallydamaged though.Q: What do we know about the man?Eg8. A) John Smith isn't in right now.B) John Smith can't come to the phone right now.C) John Smith doesn't want to speak to the caller.D) The caller dialed the wrong number.Part 2.long conversation一、抓住首尾句【预览选项】[A] To go sightseeing.[B] To have meetings.[C] To promote a new champagne.[D] To join in a training program.【边听边选】M: Hi, Ann, welcome back. How’s your trip to the states?W: Very busy, [19]I had a lot of meetings. …19. Why did the woman go to New York?二、留意对话中的一问一答【预览选项】[A] Data collection. [B] Training consultancy.[C] Corporate management.[D] Information processing.【边听边选】W: What’s your line of business, Mr. Johnson?M: We are a training consultancy.25. What is the man’s line of business?Part 3.Passages【预览选项】29. A) Michael’s parents got divorced. B) Karen was adopted by Ray Anderson.C) Karen’s mother died in a car accident .D) A truck driver lost his life in a collision.【边听边选】The impact of the collision killed Karen’s mother instantly, but she was lefttrapped in the burning car.【预览选项】A) Kevin is nine years old B) Kevin is handsomeC) Kevin is single D) Kevin is lack of efficiency【边听边选】二．Fast reading：考察能力：定位能力；答案特征：原文重现和同意替换；尽量用原文回答：1．German chemicals giant BASF saves ￡200 million a year by ___________.A) recycling heat and energy B) setting up factories in ChinaC) using the newest technology D) reducing the CO2 emissions of its plantsAt the BASF, such recycling of heat and energy saves the company ￡200 milliona year and almost half its CO2 emissions.2.How much of the power consumed by incandescent bulbs is converted into light?A) A small portion. B) Some 40 percent.C) Almost half. D) 75 to 80 percent.Lighting eats up 20 percent of the world’s electricity, or the equivalent of roughly 600,000 tons of coal a day. Forty percent of that powers old-fashioned incandescent light bulbs—a 19th-century technology that wastes most of the power it consumes on unwanted heat.3. The strongest incentives for energy conservation will derive from __________The most powerful incentives, of course, will come from the market itself. 三．Writing：内容；结构；语言；内容预测：参见何凯文博客：.cn/wdhekaiwen或QQ空间：7新浪微博：何凯文结构预测：两种结构的文章：正反观点对立型和社会热点型文章；语言预测：常见句型表达；开头句式背景句:1.There is no consensus of opinions among people as to … some people tend to have a favorable attitude toward…While, others have an unpleasant association with…2. Recently, the issue of ...... has been brought into public focus.近来，_______的问题引起了社会的广泛关注。
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A.从介词开始到其后跟的名词结束B.从介词开始到动名词结束C.从介词开始到动名词的宾语结束2018年12月大学英语四六级语法精讲课程讲义一、识别句子成分必须记住的原理1.衡量是否是一个句子的标准：是否有动词，有动词就是句子，反之不是句子。
2.英语构句原则规定：一个简单句中只能有一个谓语动词3.长难句的构成：主句、从句、介词短语、非谓语动词（1）主句的辨识：谓语动词（2）从句的辨识：连词+与之匹配的谓语动词（3）介词短语：（4）非谓语动词：4.衡量长难句划分是否正确的标准：整个句子中谓语动词的个数比连词多一个5.长难句划分方法：连动切割法·连动切割法：将句子中的所有连词和动词（连词、动词的排列不分先后）作为切割长难句的基础，断开主句和从句。
·长难句划分的具体步骤：【第一步】断开主句和从句通读整个句子找出所有的连词或动词，并将连词和动词匹配起来（主要是针对从句而言，主句不存在连词，从句连词和动词的匹配遵守就近原则），然后再给动词匹配主语（主句的主语在谓语之前找；从句的主语在连词和与之匹配的谓语动词中间找，如果它们中间没有任何词语，那么连词本身就是这个从句的主语。
）动名词（doing ）动词不定式（to do ）现在分词（doing ）过去分词（done ）【第二步】断开介词短语和非谓语动词二、总结复习句子的主要成分1、主语（1）定义：主语是动作的发出者。
（2）位置：在谓语动词之前。
（3）什么可以充当主语：2、谓语（1）定义：述说主语的动作或状态。
（2）位置：在主语之后。
（3）什么可以充当谓语：实意动词。
3、宾语（1）定义：（2）位置：（3）什么可以充当宾语：4、表语（1）定义：表述主语的身份特征，性质状态的（2）位置：在系动词之后（3）什么可以充当表语：A.名词：B.代词：C.介词短语：D.非谓语动词：E.句子：A.动作的承受者B.介词所联系的对象，即介词宾语（简称介宾）A.名词：B.代词：C.介词短语：D.非谓语动词：E.句子：A.名词：B.代词：C.形容词D.介词短语：E.非谓语动词：F.句子：A.在谓语动词之后B.在非谓语动词之后C.在介词之后5、定语（1）定义：修饰限定名词（2）位置：（3）什么可以充当定语：6、状语（1）定义：修饰限定动词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词及整个句子（2）位置：在句首、句中、句尾。
（3）什么可以充当状语：7、补足语（1）定义：（2）位置：在宾语之后（3）什么可以充当补足语：8、同位语：（1）定义：对中心词进行解释说明，可以替代中心词。
（2）位置：在中心词之后（3）什么可以充当同位语：情况一：单个的词作定语放在被修饰名词前（例外：单个的词修饰不定代词放在不定代词之后）情况二：两个或两个以上的单词（即短语，结构或句子）作定语放在被修饰的名词后，即后置定语。
A.名词：B.代词：C.形容词：D.介词短语：E.非谓语动词：F.句子：A.名词：B.介词短语：C.非谓语动词：D.句子：A.对宾语进行补充说明，即宾语补足语简称宾补B.对主语进行补充说明，即主语补足语A.名词：B.形容词：C.介词短语：D.非谓语动词：A.名词：B.介词短语：C.非谓语动词：三、真题长难句实战例1.In such economies,individuals who possess the human capital characteristics that employers or clients values(e.g.,competence and ambition)are expected to be in high demand and short supply on the job market.【参考译文】在这种经济模式下，拥有雇主和客户所重视的人力资本特征（例如，能力和抱负）的个人，预计在就业市场上供不应求。
例2.All researches agree that close to25billion devices,things and sensors will be connected by 2020which incidentally is also the moment that Millennials（千禧一代）are expected to make up75 percent of our overall workforce,and the fully connected home will become a reality for large numbers of people worldwide.【参考译文】所有的研究都认为，到2020年，将近有250亿个设备、物品和传感器互联，顺便说一下，在这一年千禧一代预计会占据我们总劳动力的75%，并且完全互联的家庭会成为全世界大多数人所面临的问题。
例3.However,this is just the tip of the proverbial iceberg as smart buildings and even cities increasingly become the norm as leaders and business owners begin to wake up to the massive savings that technology can deliver through connected sensors and new forms of automation coupled with intelligent energy and facilities management.【参考译文】然而，这只是众所周知的冰山一角，因为随着领导者和企业主考试意识到技术所带来的大量节省，智能建筑，甚至智能城市会越来越成为常态，该技术是通过连接的传感器以及与智能能源和设施管理相结合的自动化新形式而实现的。
例 4.Online security cameras,intelligent lighting and a wealth of sensors that control both temperature and air quality are offering an unprecedented level of control,efficiency,andimprovements to what were once classed necessary costs when running a business or managing a large building.【参考译文】在线安保摄像头、智能照明以及大量控制温度与空气质量的传感器正在提供空前级别的控制、效率和改进，这些曾被归为经营企业或管理大型建筑物所必需的成本。
例5.The biggest and most exciting challenge of this technology is how to creatively leverage this ever-growing amount of data to deliver cost savings,improvements and tangible benefits to both businesses and citizens of these smart cities.【参考译文】这项技术最大和最令人兴奋的挑战是如何创造性地利用这些日益增长的数据为这些智能城市的企业和公民带来成本节约、改进和切实的利益。
例6.And while the Portuguese took part in the trade,ferrying nuts down the coast along with other goods,by1620,when English explorer Richard Jobson made his way up the Gambia,the nuts were still peculiar to his eyes.【参考译文】于是葡萄牙人加入其贸易，将这种果实和其他商品一起亚沿海岸线运出，但直到1620年英国探险家查理德·乔布森来到赞比亚时，可乐果在他看来依然十分稀奇。
例7.With the rise of a new concept in urban planning that aims to make life easier and more convenient,however,increasing popularity for areas that caused the real estate pushes,in major cities like San Francisco or New York,has inspired a type of forward thinking urbanity and policy in smaller cities.【参考译文】然而，随着旨在令生活更加轻松便捷的城市规划理念逐渐兴起，失去越来越受欢迎，造成对房地产的助推，在像旧金山或纽约这样的大城市，激发出一种前瞻性的都市风格，并在较小的城市激发出新的政策。
例8.Transforming downtown areas so that they incorporate modern housing and improved walkability to local restaurants,retail,and entertainment—especially when combined with improved infrastructure for cyclists and public transit—makes them appeal to a more affluentdemographic.【参考译文】改造城市中心区，使其将现代住宅与改良的步行可及的当地餐馆，零售商店和娱乐场所相融合——特别是当它们与为单车族和公共换成改良的基础设施相结合时，使其吸引到更多的富裕人口。
例9.Access to foot traffic and proximity to transit allow the type of entertainment-oriented businesses such as bars and restaurants to stay open later,which attracts both younger,creative workers and baby boomers nearing retirement alike.【参考译文】步行交通和便利的换乘让诸如酒吧和餐馆这类以娱乐休闲为导向的商家可以开到更晚，吸引到年轻人、创意工作者和濒临退休的生育高峰一代等。