Cognitive Cerebro-cerebellar
头晕相关的脑解剖(小脑)
头晕相关的脑解剖Cerebellum Anatomy Relevant to DizzinessTimothy C. Hain, MD Marcello Cherchi, M.D., Ph.D. Page last modified: June 14, 2009This page is meant to provide a general outline of cerebellar function. It is adapted from a clinical neuroanatomy lecture given on a yearly basis to Northwestern PT students. This page is "under construction" and should not be relied upon.The cerebellum with surrounding skull and spinal fluid occupies the bottom 1/3 of this axial MRI image.What is the cerebellum and what does it do ?The cerebellum is part of the brain. It lies under the cerebrum, towards the back, behind the brainstem and above the brainstem. The cerebellum is largely involved in "coordination". Persons whose cerebellum doesn't work well are generally clumsy and unsteady. They may look like they are drunk even when they are not.Gross Anatomy:Cerebellar Hemispheres and Vermis∙Cerebellar hemispheres, each containing a lateral and an intermediate portion∙Vermis, situated between the two cerebellar hemispheres; is basically circular (interrupted by fourth ventricle ventrally)Gross Anatomy: Lobes & Lobules∙Anterior lobe:o 1. Lingulao 2. Central lobuleo 3. Culmen∙Posterior lobe:o 4. Decliveo 5. Foliumo 6. Tubero7. Pyramiso8. Uvulao9. Tonsil∙Flocculonodular lobe:o(10.) Flocculus & nodulusGross Anatomy: Fissures∙Primary fissure: separates anterior and posterior lobes∙Horizo ntal fissure: separates posterior lobe’s rostral lobules (declive, folium) from its caudal lobules (tuber, pyramis, uvula, tonsil)∙Posterolateral fissure: separates posterior and flocculonodular lobesConnections with brainstem:∙Superior cerebellar peduncle connects to midbrain∙Middle cerebellar peduncle connects to pons∙Inferior cerebellar peduncle connects to medullaSections of the CerebellumVestibulocerebellum or archicerebellum∙Comprises the flocculonodular lobe∙Extensive connections with the vestibular system∙Phylogenetically oldestSpinocerebellum or paleocerebellum∙Comprises the vermis (medial) & paravermal (intermediate) region∙Extensive connections with the spinal cord & brainstem∙Phylogenetically of intermediate ageCerebrocerebellum or neocerebellum∙Comprises lateral portions of cerebellar hemispheres (excluding paravermal regions) ∙Extensive connections with cerebral cortex through relay stations in cerebellar nuclei and dorsal thalamus∙Phylogenetically youngestCEREBELLAR PEDUNCLESSuperior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum)∙Connects to midbrain∙Afferents: only ventral spinocerebellar tract∙Efferents:∙Most of the efferents from the cerebellum∙All of the efferents from three (out of four) pairs of nuclei: dentate, emboliform, and globoseMiddle cerebellar peduncle (brachium pontis)∙Connects to pons∙Afferents: from cerebral cortex (“corticoponto-cerebellar system”).∙Corticopontine projections (originating in the cerebral cortex) synapse in ipsilateral basal pons. From there, most pontocerebellar projections decussate, pass through middlecerebellar peduncle and enter cerebellum.∙ A small number remain ipsilateral.∙Efferents: none.Inferior cerebellar peduncle (“corpus restiform” or “restiform body”)Connects to medulla∙Two components:∙Restiform bodyo Afferents:▪Ascending spinal proprioceptive fibers from three of the spinocerebellartracts (dorsal, rostral, and cuneocerebellar)▪Ascending fibers from contralateral inferior olivary nuclei to cerebellarcortex (olivocerebellar projections)▪Reciprocal connections with motor reticular formation andspinocerebellum (paleocerebellum): reticulocerebellar andcerebelloreticular projections∙Juxtarestiform bodyo Mostly contains reciprocal connections to and from vestibulocerebellum(archicerebellum) and vermal portion of spinocerebellum (paleocerebellum):vestibulocerebellar and cerebellovestibular fibersCerebellar NucleiFastigial nucleus∙Location: Roof of the 4th ventricle∙Phylogenetically oldest∙Associated with the vestibulocerebellum (archicerebellum)∙Afferents:o Vestibulocerebellumo Vermis∙Efferents:o Via inferior cerebellar peduncleo To the vestibular nucleio Some project directly to the ipsilateral sideo Some decussate, loop around superior cerebellar peduncle and reach thevestibular and reticular formation via the uncinate bundle of RussellFunction:∙Controls antigravity muscles∙Controls proximal muscles of stance (station) & walking (ambulation)Globose and emboliform (the “interposed nuclei”)∙Location: Roof of the 4th ventricle, slightly lateral to the fastigial nuclei∙Afferents: Paravermian region of spinocerebellum (paleocerbellum)∙Efferents: Via superior cerebellar peduncle to contralateral red nucleus∙Function:o Mainly involved in modulation of stretch reflexesDistal musclesDentate nucleus∙Location: Deep within cerebellar white matter∙Largest cerebellar nuclei∙Afferents:o Purkinje cells of entire cerebrocerebellum (neocerebellum) and part ofspinocerebellum (paleocerebellum)o Premotor & supplementary motor cortices via pontocerbellar system ∙Efferents:o Through superior cerebellar peduncle; cross to contralateral red nucleus & then on ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus∙Function:o Helps to initiate and control volitional movementsVestibular nucleus∙“Displaced” cerebellar nuclei∙Closely associated with vestibulocerebellum (archicerebellum)∙Function:∙Maintain gaze fixation∙Maintain upright postureCEREBELLAR Histology:Cortical Layers∙Molecular layer (outermost layer) contains:o Cell bodies: stellate cells, basket cellso Cell processes: dendrites of the Purkinje cells, dendrites of Golgi cells, axons (parallel fibers) of granule cells, axons of stellate cellso Purkinje layer (middle layer) contains:o Cell bodies: only Purkinje cellso Cell processes: dendrites of Golgi cells, axons of basket cells ∙Granular cell layer (innermost layer) contains:o 1 x 1011 neurons (more neurons than entire cerebral cortex!)o Cell bodies: granule cells, Golgi cellso Cell processes: dendrites of Golgi cells, axons (Purkinje cell, granule cell, Golgi cell, climbing fibers, mossy fibers), glomeruli (bulbous expansions of mossyfibers where synaptic contact with granule cells and Golgi cells is made Histology: Cell Types∙Purkinje∙Granule∙Golgi (interneuron)∙Basket (interneuron)∙Stellate (interneuron)Purkinje CellsLargest cells in CNS (cell body = 60-90 µm in diameter)Cell body∙In Purkinje cell layer∙Inhibitory synapse (GABA) from basket cells∙Excitatory synapse (aspartate) from a single climbing fiberDendrite∙In molecular layer∙Dendritic arbor is “planar,” oriented in a rostrocaudal plane∙Inhibitory synapses (GABA & taurine) from stellate cells∙Excitatory synapses (glutamate) from granule cells’ parallel fibers.Over 200,000 mossy fibers indirectly (through Golgi cell, then granule cell) excite each Purkinje cellAxon∙The only projections that exit the cerebellar cortex∙Mostly project to cerebellar nuclei (to all four); some fibers project to vestibular nuclei in brainstem∙Forms inhibitory synapses (GABA)∙Often also releases a peptide cotransmitterGranule Cells1 x 1011 granule cells (more neurons than entire cerebral cortex!)Cell body∙Located in granule cell layer∙Inhibitory synapse (GABA) from Golgi cellsAxon∙Projects from granule cell layer, through Purkinje cell layer, up to molecular layer, where it forms parallel fibers (which are oriented in a horizontal plane, parallel to the cerebellar folia)∙Forms excitatory synapses (glutamate) on Golgi, basket and stellate cellGolgi Cells∙Interneuron∙Cell body located in granule cell layer∙Dendrites in all three layers, receiving excitatory stimuli∙Granule cells’ parallel fibers form excitatory synapses (glutamate) in molecular layer ∙Climbing fibers (from inferior olivary nucleus) form excitatory synapses (aspartate) in molecular layer∙Mossy fiberso form excitatory synapses (acetylcholine) in granule cell layero arrive from spinocerebellar pathway, vestibular afferents, brainstem reticular formation, cerebropont ocerebellar system’s pontocerebellar projections o form the single largest input to cerebellumo indirectly excite Purkinje cells (in contrast to climbing fibers, which directly excite Purkinje cells)o Axons projects within the granule cell layer onto granule cells, forminginhibitory synapses (GABA), thereby acting as a “brake” to the excitation ofgranule cells; it curtails the duration of excitationBasket Cells∙Interneurono Cell body located in molecular layero Name derives from the fact that its axons form “basket-like” terminal arbors around soma of Purkinje cells∙Dendriteso Oriented in rostrocaudal plane (perpendicular to folia)o Receive excitatory stimuli (glutamate) from granule cells’ parallel fibers∙Axonso Oriented in rostrocaudal plane (perpendicular to folia)o Project from molecular cell layer to Purkinje cell layero Form inhibitory synapses (GABA) with Purkinje cell bodyStellate Cells∙Interneurono Cell body located in molecular layer∙Dendriteso Oriented in rostrocaudal plane (perpendicular to folia)o Receive excitatory stimuli (glutamate) from granule cells’ parallel fibers ∙Axonso Project within the molecular layero Form inhibitory synapses (GABA and taurine) on Purkinje cell dendrites Cerebellar CircuitsMossy Fiber System∙Largest input to cerebellum (99%), most of which are from cerebropontocerebellar system (mostly from 1˚ & 2˚ motor areas and 1˚ somatosensory area)∙Form excitatory synapses (acetylcholine)∙Several afferents (spinocerebellar pathways, 1˚ & 2˚ vestibular afferents, brainstem reticular formation, cerebropontocerebellar system’s pontocerebellar fibers) enter through all three cerebral peduncles∙Mossy fibers have various origins & projections:∙Vestibular afferents ® vestibulocerebellum & fastigial nucleus∙Spinal afferents ® spinocerebellum∙Globose & emboliform nuclei and pontocerebellar fibers ® cerebrocerebellum & dentate nucleus∙When a mossy fiber projects to the granular layer, it forms profuse synapses with dendrites of 500-600 granule cells∙Mossy fiber projections to spinocerebellum form ipsilateral somatotopic maps∙Multiple Homunculi/epob/epob3730rlynch/image/figure5-12.jpg/fpas/courses/physiology/neurophysiology/Cerebellum.htmClimbing Fiber System∙Climbing fibers (also called “olivocerebellar climbing fibers”) originate in the contralateral inferior olivary nucleus∙When a climbing fiber enters the cerebellum, it typically gives off a collateral branch to the cerebellar nuclei before projecting to the cerebellar cortex∙Axons project through granule cell layer into Purkinje cell layer, where each climbing fiber forms an excitatory synapse (aspartate) on soma of a single Purkinje cell ∙The climbing fiber directly excites the Purkinje cell (in contrast with the mossy fibers, which indirectly excite the Purkinje cell)∙Stimulation of climbing fiber alters the responsiveness of the Purkinje cell to subsequent parallel fiber stimulation for long periods.∙This leads to various long-term responses, including protein phosphorylation reactions, calcium-calmodulin dependent protein kinases, and second messenger cascades.∙The long-term depression of Purkinje cells disinhibits neurons in the cerebellar nuclei, which in turn increase their basal firing rate and become more receptive to otherexcitatory signals (e.g., collateral from mossy fibers & climbing fibers).∙Due to these characteristics, the climbing fiber system is crucial in motor learning.Monoaminergic Fiber SystemThe monoaminergic projections to cerebellum send fibers to all three layers of cerebellar cortex.∙The number of monoaminergic projections is small.∙Function is relatively poorly understood.Projections include:∙Raphe nuclei send serotoninergic projections. Appears to inhibit Purkinje cells.∙Locus ceruleus sends noradrenergic projections. Appears to inhibit Purkinje cells.∙Dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus sends histaminergic projections. May be involved with coordination of somatomotor & visceromotor functions.Cerebellar Arterial VasculatureSCA (superior cerebellar artery)∙Branches off distal basilar artery∙Supplies the bulk of the cerebellum and peduncles∙Follows pontomesencephalic border∙Gives off branches to tectum of the lower midbrain and superior cerebellar peduncles ∙These vessels travel with peduncular fibers to deep nuclei (primarily the dentate) ∙Supplies ventral vermis and paravermis∙Continues on to supply rostral vermis and rostroventral portions of both hemispheres ∙Crosses tentorial margin en route to dorsal and lateral parts of rostral hemispheres∙These vessels are therefore vulnerable to compression (resulting in infarction of rostral cortex)AICA (anterior inferior cerebellar artery)∙Branches off proximal basilar artery∙Supplies flocculus and adjacent convolutions∙Internal auditory arteries are usually a branch of these∙Supplies pyramis, tuber, flocculus and portions of inferior surface of the cerebellar hemispherePICA (posterior inferior cerebellar artery)∙Branches off distal vertebral artery∙Some branches go to dorsolateral medulla∙Supplies inferior cerebellar peduncle, inferior part of middle cerebral peduncle, and inferior part of cerebellum∙Medial branch supplies the inferior vermis (especially nodule and uvula), part of the dentate, the tonsil, and the choroid plexus of 4th ventricle∙Lateral branch supplies inferolateral surface of cerebellar hemisphereClinical Correlates of Cerebellar diseasePostural instability∙Static (e.g., during standing).∙Patient cannot maintain steady position (of limbs, trunk, head, eyes)∙Broad stance∙Dynamic (e.g., during ambulation)∙Difficulty walking in a straight line∙Staggers “as if drunk”∙Usually reflects dysfunction of vestibulocerebellumManeuvers:∙Walking (particularly tandem gait)∙RombergOther Clinical Correlates∙Delayed initiation and termination of movement∙Slow to initiate a movement on command∙Tendency to overshoot a target∙Usually reflects dysfunction of cerebrocerebellum∙Maneuvers:o Checkingo Reboundo Inability to perform continuous, repetitive movementso Poorly executed alternating movementso Irregular rhythmo Usually reflects dysfunction of the cerebellar hemisphere ∙Maneuvers:o Seek dysdiadochokinesis (e.g., thigh patting)o Seek dysrhythmokinesis (e.g., finger or toe tap)Errors in smoothness and direction of movement∙Overreaching a target∙Underreaching a target∙Usually reflects dysfunction of the cerebellar hemisphere∙Maneuvers:o Finger to nose & heel to shin (seeking dysmetria)o Look for kinetic/intention tremorLack of coordination or synergy of movement (“decomposition” of complex movements)∙Most obvious during complex movements (rotation or movement involving more than one joint)∙Can be caused by various cerebellar lesions∙Maneuvers:o Any complex maneuver (e.g., reaching) may elicit “decomposition” or“disintegration” of movement (i.e., a complex movement, rather than having itscomponents performed simultaneously, is broken down into its individual partsthat are performed sequentially)∙Speech can assume a “scanning” quality (poor rhythm, tonal modulation, and volume) Lack of motor plasticity or motor learning∙Basically, lack of ability to adapt motorically to changing conditions∙Usually reflects dysfunction of inferior olivary nuclei or their climbing fiber projections Hypotonia∙May manifest as:∙Failure to dampen normal pendular motion of the extremities∙Decreased tendon reflexes∙Maneuvers:∙Have patient hang forearm loosely from elbow and induce a passive swing (“pendulous refle x”)∙Check tendon reflexesREFERENCES:∙Burt, Alvin M., Textbook of Neuroanatomy.New York: W.B. Saunders, 1993.∙Geyer, James D., et al., Neurology for the Boards, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.∙Haines, Duane E., Neuroanatomy: An Atlas of Structures, Sections and Systems, 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.∙Leigh, R. John, David S. Zee, The Neurology of Eye Movements, 4th ed., Oxford University Press, 2006.Kandel, Eric R., James H. Schwartz, Thomas M. Jessell, Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000.。
用于治疗和预防急性冠状动脉综合征的药物制剂、方法和给药方案[
专利名称：用于治疗和预防急性冠状动脉综合征的药物制剂、方法和给药方案
专利类型：发明专利
发明人：C·L·贝斯盖尔,W·V·罗德里格斯,N·D·拉勒万尼,D·哈特曼,J·约翰森
申请号：CN200480031007.4
申请日：20041019
公开号：CN1870894A
公开日：
20061129
专利内容由知识产权出版社提供
摘要：本发明提供了用于治疗和预防急性冠状动脉综合征的方法和制剂。
本发明的方法提供了用于降低和稳定动脉粥样硬化斑块的载脂蛋白A－I Milano：磷脂复合体的安全有效剂量。
还提供了Apo A－I Milano：磷脂复合体的药物制剂。
申请人：埃斯普里昂治疗公司
地址：美国密执安
国籍：US
代理机构：中国国际贸易促进委员会专利商标事务所
代理人：唐晓峰
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英语新词汇与常用词汇的翻译-22
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Chablis ⽩葡萄酒 chabouk ⼀种长鞭 chabuk ⼀种长鞭 chackle 喋喋不休 chaconne 恰空舞 Chadian 乍得⼈ chaeta 刺 chaeto- 表⽰“刺 chaetognath ⽑颚类动物 chafe at 发怒 chafe on 冲洗 chafe 擦热 chafer ⾦龟⼦ chaff ⾕壳 chaff-cutter 切草机 chaffcutter 切草 chaffer 讲价 chafferer 愚弄者 chaffinch 花鸡 chaffingly 嘲笑地 chaffy dish ⽕锅 chaffy 多糠的 chafing dish ⽕锅 chafing ⽪肤发炎 Chagatai 查加台语 chagrin 懊恼 chagul ⽺⽪⽔壶 chain acmour 锁⼦甲 chain belt 链带 chain block 起重机 chain drive 动⼒装备 chain gang 链锁囚犯 chain letter 连锁信 chain mail 锁⼦甲 chain molding 链状之花边 chain of command 指挥系统 chain printer 链式打印机 chain pump 链泵 chain reactor 链式堆 chain shot 链锁弹 chain smoker 连续抽烟的⼈ chain stitch 链形缝法 chain store 连锁商店 chain up 锁住 chain wheel 滑轮 chain 链 chain-react 产⽣连锁反应 chain-reacting 连锁反应 chain-smoke 连续抽烟 chain-stitch ⽤链形缝法缝 chainage 测链量距离 chainbridge 铁链吊桥 chained 装链的 chainless ⽆链的 chainlet ⼩链 chainman 拿尺⼈ chainomatic 链码天平 chainreactor 链式堆 chainstitch 链形缝 chair bed 折椅 chair desk 连桌椅 chair rail 墙上⽊条 chair 椅⼦ chairborne 坐办公桌的 chairlady ⼥主席 chairman of the board 董事长 chairman 主席 chairmanship 主席⾝份 chairone 主席 chairperson 主席 chairwarmer 不务正业者 chairwoman ⼥主席 chaise 轻马车 chaitya 寺庙 chalaza 系带 chalcedonic ⽯髓的 chalcedony ⽟髓 chalcid ⼩蜂 Chalcis 卡尔基斯 chalco- 表⽰“铜 chalcocite 辉铜矿 chalcography 铜版雕刻术 chalcopyrite 黄铜矿 Chaldaic 古巴⽐伦⼈ Chaldea 卡尔迪亚王国 Chaldean 占星术的 Chaldee 占星术的 chaldron 煤量名 chalet 牧⼈⼩屋 chalice 杯 chaliced 杯中的 chalicosis ⽯末沉着病 chalicothere 雷兽动物 chalk it up 宣布 chalk out 计划 chalk up 记下 chalk 粉笔 chalkboard ⿊板 chalkiness ⽩垩 chalklike 似⽩垩的 chalkrail 粉笔槽 chalkstone ⽩垩块 chalkware 彩饰 chalky ⽩垩的 challah ⽩⾯包 challenge 挑战 challenging 挑战兴趣的 challie 轻质⽑料 challis 轻质⽑料 chalone 抑素 chalybeate 含铁质的 cham 可汗 chamade 求和⿎ chamber concert 室内乐演奏会 chamber council 秘密会议 chamber counsel 私⼈法律顾问 chamber of commerce 商会 chamber of deputies 法国等国之下议院 chamber opera ⼩型歌剧 chamber orchestra 室内管弦乐队 chamber pot 便壶 chamber 室 chambered 有房间的 chamberer 出⼊闺房者 chamberlain 侍从 chamberlaine 侍从 chambermaid ⼥仆 Chambezi 赞⽐及河 chambray 条纹布 chameleon 变⾊龙 chameleonic 变⾊龙似的 chamfer 槽 chamfron 马头盔甲 chamiso 蔷薇属灌⽊ chammy 羚⽺⽪ chammy-leather 雪⽶⽪ chamois 岩羚⽺ chamomile ⽢菊 Chamorro 查莫罗⼈ champ 使劲嚼 champaign 平原 champertor 助讼者 champerty 帮诉 champignon ⾷⽤⾹草 champion 冠军 championship 冠军 champleve 填上油漆的 chance on 偶然发现 chance the duck 不管后果 chance to 偶然发⽣ chance upon 偶然遇见 chance 机会 chance-medley 过失杀伤 chancel ⾼坛 chancellery ⼤⾂ chancellor 长官 chancellorship 长官之职位或任期 chancery ⼤法官法庭 chanciness 偶然性 chancre 下疳 chancriform 下疳似的 chancroid 软下疳 chancy 不确实的 chandelier 装饰灯 chandler 杂货零售商 chandleress ⼥杂货商 chandlery 杂货 chanfron 马头盔甲 change about 见异思迁 change color 变⾊ change down 开慢 change foot 换步 change for 交换 change horses 换马 change house ⼩客栈或⼩酒店 change icon 改变图标 change into 兑换 change key 钥匙 change link 改变链接 change of air 移地疗养 change of life ⽉经停⽌ change of pace 改变习惯 change of voice 长成少年时的变⾳ change one's condition 结婚 change one's countenance 变脸⾊ change one's mind 改变主意 change one's skin 改变本性 change one's tune 改变调⼦ change over 改变成 change password 修改⼝令 change step 换步 change system settings 改变系统设置 change the leg 改换步伐 change up 开快 change 改变 changeability 可变性 changeable 可改变的 changeably 易变地 changeabout 变成相反 changeful 易变的 changefully 多变地 changeless 不变的 changeling 低能⼉ changemaker 换零钱机 changeover 转换 changepocket 硬币⼝袋 changing bag 不透光袋⼦ changing cells 可变单元 Changkiang 长江 Changsha 长沙 channel map 通道映射表 channel off 引导 channel 频道 channelize 使形成沟渠 channels 通道 chanson n歌曲 chansonnette ⼩歌 chansonnier 歌⼿ chant 圣歌 chantable 可歌的 chantage 勒索 chanter 吟唱者 chanterelle 蘑菇 chanteur 歌唱者 chanteuse ⼥民谣歌⼿ chantey 船歌 chanteyman 唱⽔⼿歌的⼈ chanticleer 公鸡 chantress ⼥吟唱者 chantry 教堂 chanty 船歌 Chanukah 光明节 chaos * chaotic 混乱的 chap 伙伴 chaparajos ⽪裤 chaparejos ⽪裤 chaparral 丛林 chapatty 薄煎饼 chape ⼑鞘包铜 chapeau 帽⼦ chapel ⼩礼拜堂 chapelgoer ⾮国教徒 chapelry 礼拜堂教区 chaperon ⼥伴 chaperonage 伴随 chaperone ⼥伴 chapfallen 沮丧的 chapiter 柱头 chaplain 牧师 chaplaincy 牧师职 chaplet 花冠 chapleted 戴花冠的 Chaplin 卓别林 Chaplinesque 卓别林式的 chapman 商⼈ chapote 墨西哥柿⼦。
脑卒中患者血清VILIP-1、PRDX1、Pannexin1表达水平及其与预后的关系
脑卒中患者血清VILIP-1、PRDX1、Pannexin1表达水平及其与预后的关系郝井志1，王瑞2，刘晓琳2延安大学咸阳医院脑血管病研究所1、检验科2，陕西咸阳721000【摘要】目的探讨脑卒中患者血清视锥蛋白样蛋白-1(VILIP -1)、过氧化还原蛋白1(PRDX1)、泛连接蛋白1(Pannexin1)的表达水平对预后的影响。
方法选取2020年1月至2022年3月延安大学咸阳医院脑血管病研究所诊治的110例脑卒中患者作为观察组，并选择同期我院120例身体健康的体检者作为对照组，比较观察组与对照组，观察组不同病情、不同预后患者的血清VILIP -1、PRDX1、Pannexin1水平，并采用多因素Logistic 回归分析影响脑卒中患者预后的危险因素。
结果观察组患者的VILIP -1、PRDX1、Pannexin1水平分别为(9.17±1.18)ng/mL 、(9.30±1.83)ng/mL 、(5.37±0.80)mg/mL ，明显高于对照组的(3.10±0.60)ng/mL 、(3.66±0.78)ng/mL 、(2.02±0.61)mg/mL ，差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05)；随着脑卒中患者病情的严重程度加重，血清VILIP -1、PRDX1、Pannexin1表达水平均逐渐升高，其中重度组明显高于中度和轻度组，中度组明显高于轻度组，差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05)；预后良好组患者的VILIP -1、PRDX1、Pannexin1水平分别为(4.69±0.81)ng/mL 、(7.46±1.68)ng/mL 、(4.95±1.13)mg/mL ，明显低于预后不良组的(7.98±1.25)ng/mL 、(12.01±1.93)ng/mL 、(6.14±1.29)mg/mL ，差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05)；预后良好组患者的高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、高同型半胱氨酸、高脂血症、吸烟、酗酒的发生率明显低于预后不良组，差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05)；经多因素Logistic 回归性分析结果显示，血清VILIP -1、PRDX1、Pannexin1均是影响脑卒中患者预后的危险因素(P <0.05)。
神经病学专业词汇中英文
英汉神经病学名词索引AAbacavir 阿波卡韦botulinum toxin type A A型肉毒杆菌毒素absence 失神acetylcholine,Ach 乙酰胆碱acquired immynodefeciency syndrome,AIDS病abdominal reflexes 腹壁反射abnormal involuntary movements, AIMs 异动症abulia 意志缺乏accommodation reflex 调节反射acetaminophen 对乙基氨基酚Achilles reflex Achilles反射Achilles tendon reflex 跟腱反射AChR-Ab 乙酰胆碱受体抗体actin 肌动蛋白action tremor 动作性震颤acute ascending myelitis 上升性脊髓炎acute ascending palsy 急性上升性麻痹acute confusion state 急性意识模糊状态acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, ADEM 急性播散性脑脊髓炎acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis, AHL 急性出血性白质脑炎acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuro- pathies, AIDP acute motor axonal neuropathy, AMAN 急性运动轴索型神经病acute motorsensory axonal neuropathy, AMSAN 急性运动感觉轴索型神经病acute myelitis 急性脊髓炎acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis 急性坏死性出血性脑脊髓炎acute poliomyelitis 急性脊髓前角灰质炎acute transverse myelitis, ATM 急性横贯性脊髓炎acyclovir 阿昔洛韦Adams-Stokes syndrome 阿-斯综合征adenoma sebaceum 皮脂腺瘤Adie’s pupil 艾迪瞳孔Adie’s syndrome 强直性瞳孔Adie’s syndro me 艾迪综合征Adrenoleykody-strophy肾上腺脑白质营养不良Albendazole阿苯哒唑Alprazolam阿普唑仑Amitriptiline阿米替林Amantadine金刚烷胺amnestic syndrome遗忘综合症amprenavir 安泼那韦adynamia episodica hereditaria 遗传性发作无力hereditary diseaseagnosia 失认症AIDS dementia complex, ADC AIDS-痴呆复合体air conduction, AC 气导akinesia, hypokinesia 运动减少akinetic mutism动作不能性缄默症alcoholic intemperance 酗酒algospasm 痛性痉挛Alzheimer’s disease 阿尔茨海默病amaurosis fugax 黑蒙amipaque 甲泛葡胺Ammon’s horn sclerosis, AHS 海马硬化b-amyloid, A b b类淀粉蛋白amyloid precursor protein, APP 类淀粉蛋白前体基因amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ALS 肌萎缩性侧索硬化anal reflex 肛门反射ancrod 安克洛酶, 降纤酶angiography of spinal cord 脊髓血管造影angionecrosis 血管(壁)坏死ankle clonus 踝阵挛ankle reflex踝反射anomic aphasia, AA 命名性失语antane 安坦anticibation 遗传早现antiepilepic drugs, AEDs 抗癫痫药物aphasia 失语症aphasia battery of Chinese, ABC 汉语失语检查法apnea hypopnea index,AHI呼吸暂停低通气指数arylsulfatase-A芳基硫酯酶Aapolipoprotein E, ApoE 载脂蛋白Eapraxia 失用症Argyll-Robertson’s pupil 阿-罗瞳孔Arnold-Chiari deformation Arnold-Chiari畸形, 小脑扁桃体下疝畸形arteriolar atherosclerosis 小动脉硬化ascending reticular activating system 上行性网状激活系统aseptic meningitis 无菌性脑膜炎Aspirin阿司匹林α-synucleinα-突触核蛋白assisted ventilation 辅助通气asynergia 协同不能ataxia 共济失调ataxia telangicctasia, AT 共济失调毛细血管扩张症ataxic-hemiparesis, AH 共济失调性轻偏瘫athetosis 手足徐动症attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 注意力缺陷多动症atonic-seizure失张力性发作avidin-biotin亲合素-生物素atypical facial pain 非典型面痛automatism 自动症autonomic nervous system 自主神经系统autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia, ADCA 常染色体显性小脑性共济失调axon impairment 轴索损害axonal degeneration 轴索变性axonotmesis 轴突断伤azathioprine 硫唑嘌呤BBabinski sign 巴彬斯基征baclofen 氯苯氨丁酸, 巴氯芬Barany test 温度刺激试验Barre dividigital test 巴利分指试验basal ganglion aphasia, BA 底节性失语b-amyloid,Ab b-淀粉样蛋白basilar artery migraine 基底动脉偏头痛basilar migraine 基底型偏头痛basilar impression 颅底凹陷症batroxobin 巴曲酶Becker muscular dystrophy, BMD Becker假肥大型肌营养不良症Bell’s palsy 面神经炎或Bell麻痹Bechet’s disease 白塞病Bell palsy Bell 麻痹benign childhood epilepsy with centro-temporal spike 中央-颞部棘波的良性儿童期癫benign childhood epilepsy with occipital discharging 枕区放电的良性儿童期癫benign hereditary chorea, BHC 良性遗传性舞蹈病biceps reflex 肱二头肌反射Binswanger disease Binswanger病biopsy of brain tissue 脑活组织检查biopsy of muscle 肌肉组织活检biopsy of nerve 神经组织活检blepharospasm 眼睑痉挛Blessed behavior scale, BBS Blessed行为量表blink-mandibular phenomenon 瞬目下颌现象blood-brain-barrier, BBB 血脑屏障bone conduction, BC 骨导border zone 边缘带botulinum toxin type A, BTX A型肉毒毒素Bourneille disease Bourneille病Borrelia burgdorferi 蜱咬性伯氏疏螺旋体brachial neuralgia 臂丛神经痛bovine spongiform encephalopathy, BSE 牛海绵状脑病brachial neuritis 臂丛神经炎bradykinesia 运动迟缓brain death脑死亡brain electrical activity mapping, BEAM 脑电地形图brain evoked potentials, BEP脑诱发电位brain stem 脑干brainstem auditory evoked potentials, BAEP 脑干听觉诱发电位brainstem encephalitis 脑干炎bromocriptine 溴隐亭Brune sign布龙征brittle crisis 反拗危象Broca aphasia, BA 运动性失语Brown-Sequard syndrome 脊髓半切综合征Brudzinski’s test 布鲁津斯基试验Ccafé- au- lait spot 牛奶咖啡斑cafergot 麦角胺咖啡因calcium channel antagonists 钙通道拮抗剂campylobacter jejuni, CJ 空肠弯曲菌captopril 卡托普利carbamazapine, CBZ 卡马西平carotid sinus reflex 颈动脉窦反射carotidynia 颈动脉痛carpal tunne syndrome 腕管综合征causalgia 灼性神经痛cauda equina 马尾cavernous sinus thrombosis 海绵窦血栓形成central nervous system,CNS中枢神经系统cell transplantation 细胞移植central nervous system, CNS 中枢神经系统central pontine myelinolysis, CPM 脑桥中央髓鞘溶解症cerebellar ataxia 小脑性共济失调cerebellar ataxia and crossed third-nerve palsy 合并动眼神经交叉瘫的小脑共济失调cerebellar gait 小脑性步态cerebellomedullar cisterna 小脑延髓池cerebral amyloid angiopathy, CAA 脑类淀粉血管病cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, CADASIL 合并皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病cerebral blood flow, CBF 脑血流量cerebral cysticercosis 脑囊虫病cerebral echinococciasis 脑棘球蚴病cerebral embolism 脑栓塞cerebral evoked potential, EP诱发电位cerebral infarction 脑梗死cerebral palsy 脑性瘫痪cerebral paragonimiasis 脑型肺吸虫病cerebral schistosomiasis脑型血吸虫病cerebral thrombosis, CT 脑血栓形成cerebral vein thrombosis 大脑静脉血栓形成cerebral watershed infarction, CWSI 分水岭脑梗死cerebrospinauid, CSF 脑脊液cerebrovascular disease, CVD 脑血管疾病cerebrovascular spasm, CVS 脑血管痉挛ceruloplasmin 铜蓝蛋白Chaddock sign Chaddock征chamberlain line 腭枕线cheyne-stoke breathing 潮式呼吸childhood absence epilepsy儿童型失神性癫痫Charcot’s joint 夏科氏关节(神经原性关节病)Charcot’s triad Charcot三主征Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, CMTD 腓骨肌萎缩症Cheyne-Stoke’s breathing 潮式呼吸cholinergic crisis 胆碱能危象chorea 舞蹈症chorea minor 小舞蹈病choreacanthocytosis 棘状红细胞增多性舞蹈症choreoathetosis 舞蹈-手足徐动症chronic GBS 慢性格林-巴利综合征chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, CIDP 慢性炎症性脱髓鞘性多神经病cidofovir 西多福韦clasp-kinfe phenomenon 折刀样肌张力增高cladribine可拉屈滨clinical definite MS, CDMS 临床确诊的多发性硬化clinical dementia rota, CDR 临床痴呆评定量表clinical probable MS, CPMS 临床可能的多发性硬化clonazepam 氯硝安定, 氯硝西泮clonus 阵挛cluster headache 丛集性头痛classic migraine典型偏头痛clopidogre 氯吡格雷cobweb-like coagulation 蛛网膜样凝固cognitive impairment 认知障碍cogwheel rigidity 齿轮样强直coma 昏迷coma vigil 睁眼昏迷common migraine 普通偏头痛common peroneal nerve palsy 腓总神经麻痹communicating hydrocephalus 交通性脑积水complete stroke 完全性卒中comprehension 听理解compressive myelopathy 脊髓压迫症computerized tomography angiography, CTA CT血管造影complex parial seizure, CPS复杂部分发作com plicated migraine 复杂型偏头痛computerized tomography, CT 电子计算机体层扫描concentric sclerosis 同心圆性硬化conduction aphasia, CA 传导性失语conduction deafness 传导性耳聋confusion 模糊congenital hydrocephalus 先天性脑积水congenital myotonia 先天性肌强直congenital porencephalia 脑穿通畸形connective tissue disease 结缔组织病consciousness 意识constitutive apraxia 结构性失用contraction fasciculation 收缩性肌束震颤convulsion 抽搐corneal reflex 角膜反射corneomandibular reflex 角膜下颌反射cortex 皮质cortical basal ganglia degeneration, CBGD 皮质基底节变性cortical blindness 皮质盲corticosteroid 皮质类固醇corticostriatospinal degeneration 皮质-纹状体-脊髓变性cremasteric reflex 提睾反射Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, CJD 雅克病crossed hemiplegia 交叉性瘫痪cryptococcosis 新型隐球菌脑膜炎cyclophosphamide 环磷酰胺cyclosporin A 环孢菌素Acytokine, CK 细胞因子cytomegalovirus encephalitis 巨细胞病毒性脑炎cytomegalovirus, CMV 巨细胞病毒cryptogenic 隐源性Ddaily chronic headache 慢性每日头痛deafness耳聋decerebrate rigidity 去大脑强直decorticate rigidity 去皮层强直decorticate syndrome 去皮层综合征deep brain stimulation, DBS 深部脑刺激术defibrase 降纤酶delavirdine 甲磺酸地拉韦定definite carrier 肯定携带者deformation 畸形degenerative dementing disorders变性病性痴呆Dejerine-Sottas disease Dejerine-Sottas病delirium 谵妄delta sign 上矢状窦空三角征dementia 痴呆dementia with Lewy body, DLB 路易体痴呆demyelination 脱髓鞘demyelinative diseases 脱髓鞘性疾病demyelinative myelitis 脱髓鞘性脊髓炎dentato-rubral pallidoluysian atophy, DRPLA 齿状核红核苍白球丘脑底核萎缩desease up-regulatory role 疾病上调作用developmental diseases of the nervous system 神经系统发育异常性疾病Devic’s disease Devic病dexamethasone 地塞米松diabetes 糖尿病diabetic neuropathy 糖尿病性周围神经病diagnostic puncture 诊断性穿刺diazepam 安定, 地西泮didanosine 去羟肌苷diffuse Lewy body disease, DLBD 弥散性路易体病diffuse sclerosis 弥漫性硬化digital subtraction angiography, DSA 数字减影脑血管造影dihydroergotamine 二氨麦角胺diplopia 复视dipyridamole 潘生丁disability 残疾disorders of conciousness意识障碍dissociated sensory loss 分离性感觉丧失distal axonopathy 远端轴突病distal neuropathy 远端型神经病distal dystrophy 远端性肌营养不良distant vision 远视力dizziness 头晕Doll head test 玩偶头试验donepezil 多奈哌齐DR数字X线摄影dopamine receptor agonists 多巴胺受体激动剂dopamine receptor antagonists 多巴胺受体拮抗剂D-penicillamine D-青霉胺dressing apraxia 穿衣失用症drop attack 跌倒发作drunken gait 醉酒步态Duchenne muscular dystrophy, DMD Duchenne型肌营养不良症dying-back axonopathy 逆死性神经病dysarthria 构音障碍dysarthric-clumsy hand syndrome, DCHS 构音障碍-手笨拙综合征dysesthesia 感觉倒错dyskinesias 运动障碍dysmetria 辩距障碍dyspraxia 运用障碍dystonia 肌张力障碍dystrophin, Dys 抗肌萎缩蛋白dystrophin-associated protein 抗肌萎缩蛋白结合蛋白dystrophy 营养障碍DYT1 gene DYT1基因EDearavone 依达拉奉Efavirenz 依非韦轮EGR颅外肉芽肿性动脉炎electroencephalography, EEG 脑电图electroencephalography, EMG 肌电图electrotherapeutic modalities 电疗elephantiasis neuromatosia 神经纤维瘤性象皮病elimination half-life 半清除期embolic infarction 栓塞性脑梗死Emery-Dreifuss dystrophy埃-德型肌营养不良Encephalitis periaxalis diffusa 弥漫性轴周脑炎encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis 脑三叉神经血管瘤病enterovirus encephalitis 肠道病毒性脑炎entrapment neuropathy 嵌压性神经病enviromental factor 环境因素end of dose deterioration 剂末恶化end-organ diseases终末-器官疾病entrapment neuropathy 嵌压性神经病epidural blood patching 硬膜外血贴疗法epilepsia partialis continua 部分性癫痫持续状态epilepsy 癫痫eptastigmine 依斯的明Epstein-Barr virus, EBV EB病毒ergotamine 麦角胺erythema chronicum migrans, 慢性有走性红斑erythromelalgia 红斑肢痛症Estazolam艾司唑仑essential tremor, ET 特发性震颤, 原发性震颤ethambutolum, EMB 乙胺丁醇ethamsylate 止血敏ethosuxamide, ESX 乙琥胺etiologic diagnosis 定性诊断event-related potentials, ERP 事件相关电位evoked potential 诱发电位experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, EAE 实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎experimental autoimmune neuritis, EAN 实验性自身免疫性神经炎extrapyramidal diseases 锥体外系疾病extrapyramidal system 锥体外系统eyelash sign 睫毛征Ffacial dyskinesia 面肌运动障碍facial myokymia 面部肌纤维颤搐facial spasm 面肌痉挛facial-oral apraxia 面-口失用症FAD家族性病facilitation technique 促通技术facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy 面肩肱型肌营养不良症familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, FALS 家族性肌萎缩性侧索硬化family history 家族史fasciculation 肌束震颤fatal familial insomnia, FFI 致死性家族性失眠症felbamate, FBM 非氨酯femoral neuralgia 股神经痛festinating gait 慌张步态fibrillation 肌纤维性颤动finger-counting test 数指试验finger-nose tests 指鼻试验flaccid paralysis 弛缓性瘫痪floppy infant syndrome松软婴儿综合征fluconazole 氟康唑flucytosine,5-FU5-氟胞嘧啶fluoxetine 氟西汀Flurazepam氟西泮focal serzure局造性发作flexed neck test 屈颈试验flunarizine 氟桂利嗪forward transportation 正向运输free radical 自由基Friedreich ataxia, FRDA Friedreich共济失调Froin syndrome 弗洛因综合征frontal lobe dementia 额叶痴呆frontotemporal dementia 额颞痴呆functional MRI, f-MRI 功能性MRIfunctional reorganization 功能重组functional training 功能训练Ggabapentin, GBP 加巴喷丁gadolinium enhancement 钆强化gadolinium-DTPA 顺磁性造影剂钆gait disorders 步态异常gag reflex 咽反射gait of sensory ataxia 感觉性共济失调步态ganciclovir 更昔洛韦ganglioside 基因诊断gene therapy 基因治疗ganglioneuritis 神经节神经炎gaze palsy 凝视麻痹generalized tonic-clonic seizure, GTCS 全面性强直-阵挛发作genetic susceptibility 遗传易感性germinal matrix 室管膜下细胞母基质germinal matrix 母基质Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome GSS综合征Glatiramer acetate 醋酸格拉太咪尔giant cell temporal arteritis 巨细胞颞动脉炎global aphasia, GA 完全性失语glosspharyngeal neuralgia 舌咽神经痛Gordon sign Gordon征grand mal 大发作granulovacuolar degeneration 颗粒空泡变性Guillain-Barré syndrome, GBS 格林-巴利综合征HHachinski ischemia scale, HIS Hachinski缺血积分Hallerverden-Spatz disease 苍白球黑质红核色素变性handicap 残障headache 头痛heel-kneel-shin test 跟-膝-胫试验helper T cells type 1, Th1 辅助性T细胞1型helper T cells type 2, Th2 辅助性T细胞2型helical tube 螺旋管hemianopia 偏盲hemiatrophy 偏侧萎缩症hemiballismus 偏身投掷运动hematomyelia 脊髓出血hemichorea 偏侧舞蹈症hemifacial spasm 偏侧面肌痉挛hemiplegia 偏瘫hemiplegic migraine偏瘫型偏头痛hemorrhagic infarct 出血性脑梗死hemorrhagic stroke 出血性卒中hepatitis B virus, HBV 乙型肝炎病毒hepatolenticular degeneration, HLD 肝豆状核变性hereditary ataxias 遗传性共济失调hereditary ataxias with muscular atrophy 遗传性共济失调伴肌萎缩hereditary spastic paraplegia,HSP 遗传性痉挛性截瘫hereditary dysautomonia 遗传性自主神经障碍hereditary motor sensory neuropathy, HMSN 遗传性运动感觉性神经病herpes simplex virus encephalitis 单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎herpes zoster encephalitis 带状疱疹病毒性脑炎HLA phenotype HLA表型Hoffmann sign 霍夫曼征homonymous hemianopia 对侧同向性偏盲Horner’s syndrome 霍纳综合征24 hour intrathecal IgG synthesis rate 鞘内IgG24小时合成率HTLV-I associated myelopathy, HAM HTLV-I相关脊髓病human immunodeficiency virus, HIV 人类免疫缺陷病毒human T-lymphotropic virus type I, HTLV-I 人类嗜T淋巴细胞病毒I型Huntington chorea 亨廷顿舞蹈病Huntington disease, HD 亨廷顿病Huntington protein 亨廷顿蛋白hyaline arterionecrosis 玻璃样小动脉坏死hyaline fatty change 玻璃样脂肪变hyalinosis 透明变性hydergine 海得琴hydrocephalus 脑积水hyperacusis 听觉过敏hyperaesthesia 感觉过敏hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, HyPP 高血钾型周期性瘫痪hyperkinesias 运动过多hyperpathia 感觉过度hyperpathia 痛觉过度hypertensive encephalopathy 高血压脑病hypertensive end-organ disease 高血压终末器官病hypertention 高血压hypokalemic periodic paralysis,HoPP 低钾型周期性瘫痪hysteric paralysis 癔病性瘫痪hysterical gait 癔病步态Iibuprophen 布洛芬ICP 颅内压ideational apraxia 观念性失用ideational motor apraxia 观念运动性失用ideomotor apraxia 观念运动性失用症idiopathic facial palsy 特发性面神经麻痹idiopathic torsion dystonia 特发性扭转性肌张力障碍idiopathic特发性IGA 颅内肉芽肿性动脉炎Imipramine 丙咪嗪idiopathic orthostatic hypotension 特发性直立性低血压IFN- g g-干扰素IgG-index IgG指数immunoglobulin 免疫球蛋白immunomodulating drugs 免疫调节剂immunosuppressant 免疫抑制剂immunoblot免疫印迹impairment 残损inclusion body myositis,IBM 包涵体肌炎incoordination 协调运动障碍index events (临床)索引事件indinavir 印地那韦indomethacin 吲哚美辛intelligence 智能障碍insomnia 失眠inflammatory 炎症性疾病intention tremor 意向性震颤intercostal neuralgia 肋间神经痛interferon- a, IFN- a a-干扰素interferon- b, IFN- b b-干扰素interferon-b therapy b-干扰素疗法internal capsule 内囊internuclear ophthalmoplegia 核间性眼肌麻痹intracerebral hemorrhage, ICH 脑出血intracranial hypotension headache 低颅压性头痛intractable epilepsy 难治性癫intravenous immunoglobulin, IVIG 静脉注射免疫球蛋白intrinsic factor 内因子involuntary movements 不自主运动ion channel disease 离子通道病iris hamartomas 虹膜异构体ischemic penumbra 缺血半暗带ischemic stroke 缺血性脑卒中isoniazidum, INH 异烟肼irtacomazole 伊曲康唑JJackson sign 杰克逊征Jackson’s seizure 杰克逊癫Jerk nystagmus 急动性眼震Jitter 颤抖Jitter baby 紧张不安婴儿Jolly test 疲劳试验KKayser-Fleischer ring K-F环角膜色素环Kearns-Sayre syndrome, KSS KSS 综合征kernicterus 核黄疸Kernig’s sign 克匿格征kinetic apraxia 运动性失用症Klippel-Feil deformation Klippel-Feil畸形Knee clonus 髌阵挛knee phenomenon, patellar tendon reflex 膝腱反射Kojewnikow seizure 单纯部分性运动发作持续状态kuru disease Kuru病Llaboratory-supported dignosed MS, LSDMS 实验室检查支持确诊的多发性硬化laboratory-supported probable MS, LSPMS 实验室检查支持可能的多发性硬化lacunar infarct 腔隙性梗死lacunar state 腔隙状态lacunar syndrome 腔隙综合征laminin 层粘蛋白lamivudine 拉米夫定Lambert-Eaton syndrome, LEMS 肌无力综合征laminin 基质蛋白lamotrigine, LTG 拉莫三嗪Landry ascending paralysis Landry上升性麻痹Landry-Guillain-Barre-Strohl syndromeLandry-Guillain-Barre-Strohl综合征Lasegue’s sign 直腿抬高实验Late-life migraine 晚发性偏头痛lateral cerebral ventriculus 侧脑室lateral femoral cutaneous neuropathy 股外侧皮神经炎lateral sinus thrombosis 乙状窦血栓形成lead-pipe rigidity 铅管样强直Lennox-Gastaut syndrome Lennox-Gastaut综合征Learned sleep-preventing associations 习得性阻睡联想leptospirosis 钩端螺旋体病lesion 病理灶leukemia 白血病leukoaraiosis 脑白质疏松症levodopa, L-Dopa 左旋多巴Lewy body 路易小体Lewy body variant of Alzheimer’s disease Alzheimer病路易体型light reflex of pupils 瞳孔光反射limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 肢带型肌营养不良症Lisch modules Lisch结节Little disease 脑性痉挛性双侧瘫痪local pain 局部性疼痛locked-in syndrome 闭锁综合征Lorazepam 劳拉西泮low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白基因lower motor neuron 下运动神经元lumbar puncture 腰椎穿刺Lyme disease 莱姆病lymphoma 淋巴瘤MMacewen’s sign Macewen征(破壶音)Machado-Joseph disease, MJD MJD病Macular sparing 黄斑回避mad cow disease, MCD 疯牛病Madopar 美多芭magnetic resonance spetroscopy, MRS 磁共振波谱检查法magnetic resornance angiography, MRA 磁共振成像血管造影magnetic resornance imaging, MRI 磁共振成像magnetoencepha1ography, MEG 脑磁图major stroke 大卒中manual therapy techniques 手法治疗技术Marinesco-Sjogren syndrone Marinesco-Sjogren综合征mass reflex 总体反射maternal inheritance 母系遗传marchepetit pas 小步态masked face 面具脸matrix (subependymal) hemorrhage in premature infants 早产儿基质(室管膜下)出血medullated fibers 有髓神经纤维Meige syndrome 眼睑痉挛-口、下颌肌张力Melodinetic apraxia 肢体运动性失用症memory impairment记忆障碍Méniere disease 梅尼埃病, 内耳眩晕病meningismus 脑膜刺激征meralgia paresthesia 感觉异常性股痛metachromatic leudodystrophy 异染性脑白质营养不良metabolic neuropathy 代谢性神经病Methotrexate, MTX 氨甲蝶呤Methylprednisolone 甲基强的松龙Methylprednisolone 甲基泼尼松龙Midazolam 咪达唑仑midodrine hydrochloride 盐酸米多君migaine equivalents 偏头痛等位症migraine 偏头痛migraine with aura 有先兆的偏头痛migraine without aura无先兆的偏头痛migrainous infarction 偏头痛性梗死mild cognitive impairment 轻度认知障碍milkmaid grip 挤奶妇手法Miller-Fisher syndrome, MFS Miller-Fisher综合征mini-mental state examine, MMSE 简易精神状态检查量表minor stroke 小卒中mitochndrial DNA, Mt DNA 线粒体DNAmitochndrial encephalomyopathies 线粒体脑肌病mitochndrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke, MELAS线粒体肌病伴乳酸血症和卒中样发作mitochndrial myopathies 线粒体肌病mitochondrial encephalopathy 线粒体脑病Mniere disease 内耳性眩晕MLF内侧纵束mixed transcortical aphasia, MTA 经皮层混合性失语modified PMH with motor aphasia 纯运动性轻偏瘫合并运动性失语molecular mimicry 分子模拟monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance,MGUS 良性单克隆丙种球蛋白病血症mononeuropathy 单神经病mononuclear cells, MNC 单个核细胞monophasic course 单相型病程monoplegia 单瘫motor apraxia 运动性失用motor evoked potential 症状波动motor evoked potential, MEP 运动诱发电位motor neuron disease, MND 运动神经元病movement disorders 运动障碍疾病Moyamoya disease 烟雾病multifocal motor neuropathy, MMN 多灶性运动神经病multi-infarct dementia, MID 多梗死性痴呆multiple infarct 多发性脑梗死multiple sclerosis, MS 多发性硬化multiple subpial transection 多处软脑膜下横切术multiple system atrophy, MSA 多系统萎缩multiple tics-coprolalia syndrome, Tourette syndrome, TS 抽动秽语综合征muscle force 肌力muscular disorders 肌肉疾病muscular tension 肌张力myasthenia gravis, MG 重症肌无力myasthenic crisis 肌无力危象mycoplasma pneumonia, MP 肺炎支原体myelin associated glycoprotein, MAG 髓鞘素结合糖蛋白myelin basic protein, MBP 髓鞘素碱性蛋白myelin oligodentrocyte glycoprotein, MOG 少突胶质细胞糖蛋白myelin regeneration 髓鞘再生myelinopathies髓鞘病mycotic霉菌性mycophenolate 骁悉myelitis of noninfectious inflammatory type 非感染性炎症型脊髓炎myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibers, MERRF 肌阵挛性癫伴肌肉破碎红纤维myodil 碘苯酯myoid cell 肌样细胞myokymia 肌纤维颤搐myopathic gait 肌病步态myosin 肌球蛋白myotonia 肌强直myotonic dystrophy, DM 强直性肌营养不良症myotonin protein dinase 肌强直蛋白激酶Nnaproxen 萘普生narcolepsy 发作性睡病ndex events 索引事件nelfinavir 奈非那韦near vision 近视力neostigmine test 新斯的明试验neostriatum 新纹状体nerve conduction velocity, NCV 神经传导速度nerve deafness 感音性耳聋nerve root 神经根neuralgia 神经痛neurapraxia 神经失用neurodegenerative diseases 神经变性疾病neurofibrillary tangles, NFTs 神经原纤维缠结neurofibromatosis, NF 神经纤维瘤病neurogenic orthostatic hypotension 神经源性体位性低血压neurokinin A 神经激肽Aneurologic examination 神经系统检查neurological rehabilitation, NR 神经康复neurology 神经病学neuromuscular junction, NMJ 神经-肌肉接头neuromyelitis optica, NMO 视神经脊髓炎neuronal degeneration 神经元变性neuronopathies 神经元病neuroscience 神经科学neurosyphilis 神经梅毒neurotmesis 神经断伤neurotropic virus 嗜神经病毒nightmares 梦魇nimodipine 尼莫地平Nitrazepam 硝西泮non aneurysmal SAH, nA-SAH 非动脉瘤性SAHnon-rapid eye movement,NREM非快速眼球运动norepinephrine 去甲肾上腺素non-medullated fibers 无髓神经纤维normal kalemic periodic paralysis 正常血钾型周期性瘫痪noseresthesia 感觉倒错nuclear ophthalmoplegia 核性眼肌麻痹nystagmus 眼球震颤Oobstructive hydrocephalus 阻塞性脑积水obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征occipital neuralgia 枕神经痛occupational therapy, OT 作业治疗ocular dystrophy 眼肌型肌营养不良oculocardiac reflex 眼心反射oculocephalic reflex 头眼反射oculopharyngeal dystrophy 眼咽型肌营养不良oculovestibular 眼前庭反射oily face 脂颜alanzapine 奥氮平oligoclonal bands, OB 寡克隆带olivopontocerebellar atrophy, OPCA 橄榄脑桥小脑萎缩one and a half syndrome 一个半综合征ophthalmoplegia 眼肌麻痹ophthalmoplegia-ataxia-areflexia syndrome 眼肌麻痹-共济失调-深反射消失综合征ophthalmopkegia migraine 眼肌麻痹型偏头痛opisthotonos 角弓反张Oppenheim sign Oppenheim征optic neuritis, ON 视神经炎oromandibular dystonia 口-下颌肌张力障碍orthopaedics 矫形Oxazepam奥沙西泮Ppain 疼痛painful ophthalmopbegia 痛性眼肌麻痹paired helical filaments, PHFs 双股螺旋细丝palatal reflex 软腭反射paleostriatum 旧纹状体pallidotomy 苍白球毁损术palmomental reflex 掌颌反射Pandy test Pandy 实验pandysautonimia 全自主神经功能不全paraesthesia 感觉异常paralysis 瘫痪paralysis agitans, shaking palsy 震颤麻痹paralysis of abducens nerve 外展神经麻痹paralysis of oculomotor nerve 动眼神经麻痹paralysis of trochlear nerve 滑车神经麻痹paraneoplastic neuropathy 副肿瘤性神经病paraplegia 截瘫paraplegia of isolated muscle groups 孤立性肌群瘫痪parasomnias异态睡眠paraspinal 脊旁肌营养不良parasympathetic nervous system 副交感神经系统paresthesia 感觉异常Parinaud syndrome 帕里诺综合征Parkin gene Parkin基因Parkinson disease with dementia 帕金森病合并痴呆Parkinson’s disease 帕金森病parkinsonism 帕金森综合征paroxysmal depolarization shift, PDS 发作性去极化漂移partial seizures 部分性发作past history 既往史patellar clonus 髌阵挛pathological diagnosis 病理学诊断penobarbital, PB 苯巴比妥pentoxifylline 已酮可可碱peak-dose dyskinesia 剂峰运动障碍pendular nustagmus 钟摆样眼震perfusion-weighted imaging, PWI MR灌注加权成像pergolide培高利特periodic paralysis 周期性瘫痪peripheral nerve 周围神经peripheral nervous system, PNS 周围神经系统peripheral nervous 周围性眼肌麻痹PET 正电子发射断层扫描periventricular leukomalacia 脑室旁白质软化persistent vegetative state 持续性植物状态personal history 个人史petit mal 小发作phenytoin 苯妥英纳pharmacological causes 药物性原因physical causes 躯体性原因physiological causes 生理性原因phenylethyl malonamide 苯乙基丙二酰胺phenytoin, PHT 苯妥英physical agents and mechanical modalities 理疗和器械治疗physical therapy, PT 物理治疗physostigmine 毒扁豆碱Pick complex Pick综合征Pick's disease Pick病pill-rolling-like tremor 搓丸样震颤pimozide 哌咪清plantar reflex 跖反射plasma cell dyscrasia 浆细胞恶液质plasma exchange, PE 血浆交换platybasia 扁平颅底pleocytosis 脑脊液单个核细胞增多plexus chorioideus 脉络丛PMH sparing the face 纯运动性轻偏瘫无面瘫PMH with confusion 纯运动性轻偏瘫伴有精神混乱PMH with crossed sixth-nerve palsy 纯运动性轻偏瘫合并外展神经交叉瘫PMH with crossed third-nerve palsy 纯运动性轻偏瘫合并动眼神经交叉瘫PMH with horizontal gaze palsy 纯运动性轻偏瘫合并水平性凝视麻痹POEMS syndrome POEMS综合征poliomyelitis 脊髓灰质炎polymerase chain reaction, PCR 聚合酶链反应polymyositis, PM 多发性肌炎polyneuropathy 多发性神经病polyneuropathy, PN 多发性周围神经病porphyrian disease 卟啉病positron emission tomography, PET 正电子发射断层扫描PPRF 脑桥旁正中网状结构Praziquantel 吡喹酮possible carrier 可能携带者postinfectious encephalomyelitis 感染后脑脊髓炎postural tremor 姿势性震颤prednison 强的松presenilin 1, PS1 早老素1基因presenilin 2, PS2 早老素2基因present history 现病史prethrombotic state 血栓前状态primary lateral sclerosis 原发性侧索硬化primary progressive aphasia 原发性进行性失语prion dementia without spastic paraparesis 朊蛋白痴呆伴痉挛性截瘫prion dementia without characteristic pathology朊蛋白痴呆prion disease 朊蛋白病prion protein, PrP SC, PrP CJD朊蛋白probable carrier 很可能携带者professional spasm 职业性痉挛progressive bulbar palsy 进行性延髓麻痹progressive external ophthamoplegia, PEO 进行性眼外肌痹progressive MS 进展型多发性硬化progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy, PML 进行性多灶性白质脑病progressive muscular dystrophy, PMD 进行性肌营养不良症progressive rubella panencephalitis, PRP 进行性风疹全脑炎progressive spinal muscular atrophy, PSMA 进行性脊肌萎缩症progressive stroke 进展性卒中prolonged depolaarizing shift,PDS 延长的去极化漂移propranolol 心得安progressive supranuclear palsy, PSP 进行性核上性麻痹proteolipid protein, PLP 含脂质蛋白pseudobulbar palsy 假性球麻痹pseudoepileptic seizures 假性癫痫发作pseudohypertrophy 假性肥大pseudoneuroma 精神性原因psychiatric symptoms 精神症状psychological causes心理性原因psychophysiological insomnia 心理生理性失眠pure motor hemiparesis, PMH 纯运动性轻偏瘫pure sensory stroke, PSS 纯感觉性卒中Pussep sign Pussep征pyrazinamidum, PZA 吡嗪酰胺pyridostigmine bromide 溴吡斯的明Qqualitative diagnosis 定性诊断Queckenstedt test压颈试验Rradial reflex 桡反射radiating 浣熊眼radiating pain 放射性疼痛ragged-red fibers, RRF 破碎红纤维rapid eye movement,REM快速眼球运动Ranvier node Ranvier结Raynaud disease 雷诺病Recurrence of hemorrhage 再出血rebound phenomenon 回弹现象referred pain 牵涉性疼痛reflex epilepsy反射性癫痫Refsum disease 遗传性共济失调性多发性神经病Refsum disease 殖烷酸累积症reginal cerebral blood flow, rCBF 局部脑血流量rehabilitation therapy 康复治疗relapsing course 复发型病程relapsing type of AIDP 复发型AIDPrelapsing-remiting MS 复发-缓解型多发性硬化REM sleep behavior disorder,RBD REM睡眠行为障碍Reminyl 加兰他敏reperfusion damage 再灌注损伤repetition 复述restless legs syndrome, RLS不安腿综合征repetitive nerve stimulation, RNS 重复神经电刺激resting tremor 静止性震颤retraction reflex 头后仰反射retrovirus 逆转录病毒reverse transportation 反向(逆向)运输reverse first-night effect 首夜颠倒效应reversible ischemic neurological defict, RIND 可逆性缺血性神经功能缺失risperidone 维思通ritonavir 利托那韦rheumatic chorea 风湿性舞蹈病rifampicinum, RFP 利福平rigidity 肌强直riluzole 力鲁唑Rinne test Rinne试验Romberg sign 闭目难立征Rossolimo sign 罗索利莫征rt-PA 重组的组织型纤溶酶原激活剂ryanodine receptor, RYR ryanodine受体Ssatellite cells 卫星细胞Schaeffer sign Schaeffer征schistosomiasis 脑型血吸虫病Schwann cells Schwann细胞Saquinavir 沙奎那韦sciatica 坐骨神经痛scissors gait 剪刀步态seizure 痫性发作seizure focus 致灶selective posterior rhizotomy, SPR 选择性脊神经后根切断术selegillin 司来吉兰senile plaques 老年斑sensorimotor stroke, SMS 感觉运动性卒中sertraline 舍曲林sensory ataxia 感觉性共济失调sensory disturbance 感觉障碍shadow plaques 影斑区Shy-Drager syndrome, SDS 特发性体位性直立性低血压sigmoideus sinus thrombosis 乙状窦血栓形成silent stroke 静息性卒中single photon emission computed tomography, SPECT 单光子发射计算机断层sinemet 帕金宁，息宁Sjogren syndrome 干燥综合征Situation related epileptic seizure 状态关联性癫痫发作SK 链激酶smoking 吸烟snout reflex 口轮匝肌反射somatosensory evoked potentials, SEP 躯体感觉诱发电位somnolence 嗜睡sleep terror 睡惊症sleep walding 睡行症smoking 吸烟somatostatin 生长抑素sparing of macular vision 黄斑回避southern blot DNA印迹技术spasmodic torticollis 痉挛性斜颈spastic hemiplegic gait 痉挛性偏瘫步态spastic paralysis 痉挛性瘫痪spastic paraparetic gait 痉挛性截瘫步态spastical paraplegia 痉挛性截瘫speech expression 语言表达speech therapy, ST 语言治疗spinal muscular atrophy, SMA 脊髓肌萎缩症spinal shock 脊髓休克survival motor neuron(SMN) 运动神经元生存基因spinal TIA 脊髓短暂性缺血发作spinocerebellar ataxia, SCA 脊髓小脑性共济失调spreading pain 扩散性疼痛static tremor 静止性震颤status epilepticus 癫痫持续状态status migrainosus偏头痛持续状态stavudine 司他夫定steady state 稳态steal syndrome 盗血综合征steppage gait 跨阈步态stiff-person syndrome 僵人综合征。
益生菌对阿尔茨海默病作用的研究进展
益生菌对阿尔茨海默病作用的研究进展发布时间：2021-12-14T06:08:15.523Z 来源：《中国结合医学杂志》2021年12期作者：宋鑫萍1,2，李盛钰2，金清1[导读] 阿尔茨海默病已成为威胁全球老年人生命健康的主要疾病之一，患者数量逐年攀升，其护理的经济成本高，给全球经济造成重大挑战。
近年来研究显示，益生菌在适量使用时作为有益于宿主健康的微生物，在防治阿尔茨海默病方面具有积极影响，其作用机制可能通过调节肠道菌群，影响神经免疫系统，调控神经活性物质以及代谢产物，通过肠-脑轴影响该病发生和发展。
宋鑫萍1,2，李盛钰2，金清11.延边大学农学院，吉林延吉 1330022.吉林省农业科学院农产品加工研究所，吉林长春 130033摘要：阿尔茨海默病已成为威胁全球老年人生命健康的主要疾病之一，患者数量逐年攀升，其护理的经济成本高，给全球经济造成重大挑战。
近年来研究显示，益生菌在适量使用时作为有益于宿主健康的微生物，在防治阿尔茨海默病方面具有积极影响，其作用机制可能通过调节肠道菌群，影响神经免疫系统，调控神经活性物质以及代谢产物，通过肠-脑轴影响该病发生和发展。
本文综述了近几年来国内外益生菌对阿尔茨海默病的作用进展，以及其预防和治疗阿尔茨海默病的潜在作用机制。
关键词：益生菌；阿尔茨海默病；肠道菌群；机制Recent Progress in Research on Probiotics Effect on Alzheimer’s DiseaseSONG Xinping1,2，LI Shengyu2，JI Qing1*(1.College of Agricultural, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002，China)(2.Institute of Agro-food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chanchun 130033, China)Abstract：Alzheimer’s disease has become one of the major diseases threatening the life and health of the global elderly. The number of patients is increasing year by year, and the economic cost of nursing is high, which poses a major challenge to the global economy. In recent years, studies have shown that probiotics, as microorganisms beneficial to the health of the host, have a positive impact on the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Its mechanism may be through regulating intestinal flora, affecting the nervous immune system, regulating the neuroactive substances and metabolites, and affecting the occurrence and development of the disease through thegut- brain axis. This paper reviews the progress of probiotics on Alzheimer’s disease at home and abroad in recent years, as well as its potential mechanism of prevention and treatment.Key words：probiotics; Alzheimer’s disease; gut microbiota; mechanism阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’s disease, AD），系中枢神经系统退行性疾病，属于老年期痴呆常见类型，临床特征主要包括：记忆力减退、认知功能障碍、行为改变、焦虑和抑郁等。
医护英语词根大全
医护英语词根大全Unit 2 Roots Commonly Used in Medical English Words 词根是组成一个单词的最基本要素和主干，是一个单词的根本部分。
它具有确定的意义，表示一个单词的基本意思。
词根是同根词共有的可以辨认出来的部分。
在大多数情况下，词根通过在它前后加上前缀或者后缀而衍生出多种不同的派生词。
所以，学习和熟悉各种常用词根是扩大医学词汇量十分有效的方法。
以下为医学词汇中常用的词根（按字母顺序排列）：1. ac酸、苦、辣acid酸，酸的（ac+形容词后缀-id）acidify酸化（acid酸+i连接元音+动词后缀-fy）acidific生酸的（acid酸+i连接元音+形容词后缀-fic产生）acidimeter 酸比重计（acid酸+i连接元音+名词后缀-meter测量器）acidosis酸度症（acid酸+名词后缀-osis疾病）antacid抗酸剂（ant-前缀反对+acid酸）subacid略酸的（sub-前缀次/ 略+acid酸）hyperacid酸过多的(hyper-前缀过多+acid酸)monacid一元酸（mon-前缀单一+acid酸）polyacid多酸的（poly-前缀多+acid酸）acerb酸的（词根acer酸）acerbity苦酸（词根acer酸+抽象名词后缀-ity）acescent微酸的（词根ac酸+形容词后缀-escent）acescence微酸(词根ac酸+名词后缀-escence) acetic醋酸（词根acet酸+形容词后缀-ic）acetary醋果肉（词根acet酸+名词后缀-ary物）acetate醋盐酸（词根acet酸+化学名词后缀-ate）acetify醋化（词根acet酸+i连接元音+动词后缀-fy）acetification醋化作用（词根acet酸+i连接元音+名词后缀-fication）acetimeter醋酸计（词根acet酸+i连接元音+名词后缀-meter 测量器）acetous醋的（词根acet酸+形容词后缀-ous）crid辛辣的（词根acr辣+形容词后缀-id）acridity辛辣（词根acr辣+抽象名词后缀-idity）acrimony刻毒（词根acr辣+抽象名词后缀-mony） acritude辣味（词根acr辣+抽象名词后缀-itude）2. aem, haem(o), haemat(o), em, hem(o), hemat(o)血液anaemia贫血症（前缀an-无+词根aem血液+名词后缀-ia）anaemic贫血的（前缀an-无+词根aem血液+形容词后缀-ic）dysaemia血液不良症（前缀dys不良/ 有障碍+词根aem血液+名词后缀-ia）uraemia尿毒症（词根ur尿+词根aem血液+名词后缀-ia）uraemic尿毒症的（词根ur尿+词根aem血液+形容词后缀-ic）toxaemia毒血症（词根tox毒+词根aem血液+名词后缀-ia）toxaemic毒血症的（词根tox毒+词根aem血液+形容词后缀-ic）septicaemia败血症（词根septic腐败+词根aem血液+名词后缀-ia）hyperaemia充血（词根hyper过多+词根aem血液+名词后缀-ia）hyperaemic充血的（词根hyper过多+词根aem血液+形容词后缀-ic）leukaemia白血症（词根leuk白色+词根aem血液+名词后缀-ia）haemal血液的（词根haem血液+形容词后缀-al）haemachrome血色素（词根haema血液+名词后缀-chrome颜色）haematemesis吐血（词根haemat血液+名词后缀-emesis呕haematic血液的（词根haemat血液+形容词后缀-ic）haematimeter 血球测量器（词根haemat血液+i连接元音+名词后缀-meter测量器）haematin血红素（词根haemat血液+名词后缀-in素）hematogen血原质（词根hemato血液+名词后缀-gen生长）hematoid似血液的（词根hemat血液+形容词后缀-oid类似的）hematology血液学（词根hemato血液+名词后缀-logy学科）hematoma血肿（词根hemat血液+名词后缀-oma肿）hematose多血的（词根hemat血液+形容词后缀-ose多的）hematuria血尿病（词根hemat血液+词根ur尿+名词后缀-ia）hemoglobin血球素（词根hemo血液+词根glob球+名词后缀-in素）hemorrhagic出血（词根hemo血液+词根rrhag流出+形容词后缀-ic）hemostasis止血（词根hemo血液+词根sta停止+名词后缀-sis）hemostatic止血的（词根hemo血液+词根sta停止+形容词后缀-ic）hemothorax胸腔溢血（词根hemo血液+词根thorax胸腔）hemophilia血友病（词根hemo血液+词根phil爱好+名词后缀-ia）hemocyte血细胞（词根hemo血液+词根cyte细胞）hemodynamics血流动力学（词根hemo血液+词根dynam+名词后缀-ics学科）hematoblast血小板（词根hemato血液+词根blast细胞）hematophagous食血为生的（词根hemoto血液+词根phag吃+形容词后缀-ous）obigaemia血量不足（词根obig缺少+词根aem血液+名词后缀hemoid似血的（词根hem血液+形容词后缀-oid类似的）hemocyanin血蓝蛋白（词根hemo血液+词根cyan蓝色+名词后缀-in ）3. agog, agogue引导emmenagogue通经药（前缀em在里面+词根men月经+词根agogue引导）cholagogue利胆剂（词根chol胆汁+词根agogue引导）hydragogue利水剂（词根hydr水+词根agogue引导）galactagogue催乳药（词根galact乳+词根agogue引导）4. alg疼痛algometer痛觉计（词根alg疼痛+连接元音o十名词后缀-meter 测量器）arthralgia关节痛（词根arthr关节+词根alg疼痛+名词后缀-ia）cephalalgia头痛（词根cephal头+词根alg疼痛+名词后缀-ia）cardialgia心痛（词根cardi心+词根alg疼痛+名词后缀-ia）enteralgia肠痛（词根enter肠+词根alg疼痛+名词后缀-ia）neuralgia神经痛症（词根neur神经+词根alg疼痛十名词后缀-ia）odontalgia牙痛（词根odont牙+词根alg疼痛十名词后缀-ia）gastralgia胃痛（词根gastr胃+词根alg疼痛+名词后缀-ia）otalgia耳痛（词根ot耳+词根alg疼痛+名词后缀-ia）rachialgia脊椎痛（词根rachi脊椎+词根alg疼痛+名词后缀-ia）adenalgia腺痛（词根aden腺+词根alg疼痛+名词后缀-ia）nephralgia肾痛（词根nephr肾+词根alg疼痛+名词后缀-ia）pleuralgia胸膜痛（词根pleur胸膜+词根alg疼痛+名词后缀-ia）myalgia肌痛（词根my肌+词根alg疼痛+名词后缀-ia ）metralgia子宫痛（词根metr子宫+词根alg疼痛+名词后缀-ia）hemialgia偏侧痛（词根hemi一半+词根alg疼痛+名词后缀-ia）hyperalgesia痛觉过敏（前缀hyper过多+词根alg疼痛+名词后缀-esia）antalgic镇痛剂（前缀ant-抗+词根alg疼痛+名词后缀-ic剂）nostalgic怀乡的（前缀nost-回家+词根alg疼痛+形容词后缀-ic）rhinalgia鼻痛（词根rhin鼻子+词根alg疼痛+名词后缀-ia）5. arter, arteri动脉artery动脉（词根arter+名词后缀-y）arterial动脉的（词根arteri+形容词后缀-al）arteritis动脉炎（词根arter+名词后缀-itis发炎）arteriology动脉学（词根arteri+连接元音o+名词后缀-Iogy 学）arteriotomy动脉切开术（词根arteri+连接元音o+名词后缀-tomy切割）arteriosclerosis动脉硬化症（词根arteri+连接元音o+词根cler+名词后缀-osis）arteriography动脉照相术（词根arteri+连接元音o+名词后缀-graphy记录）6. arthr, arthro关节arthritis关节炎（词根arthr关节+名词后缀-itis发炎）antarthritic治关节炎的药（前缀ant-抗+词根arthr关节+名词后缀-itic）synarthrosis不动关节（前缀syn-共同/ 在一起+词根arthr关节+名词后缀-osis ）arthrology关节学（词根arthro关节+名词后缀-logy学）arthrotomy关节切除术（词根arthro关节+名词后缀-tomy切割）arthropathy关节病（词根arthro关节+名词后缀-pathy病）arthropod节足动物（词根arthro关节+名词后缀-pod足）osteoarthritis骨关节炎（词根osteo骨头+词根arthr关节+名词后缀-itis发炎）anarthrous无关节的（前缀an-无+词根arthr关节+形容词后缀-ous）7. aud, audi听audition听觉（词根audi听+tion）audiometer听力测量器（词根audi听+连接元音o+名词后缀-meter测量器）audiphone助听器（词根audi听+名词后缀-phone）8. aur, auri耳aurist耳科医生（词根our耳+名词后缀-ist人）auricle耳心（词根aur耳+名词后缀-ricle小）auriform耳形的（词根aur耳+形容词后缀-form形状的）auriscope耳镜（词根auri耳+名词后缀-scope镜）binaural有双耳的（前缀bin双+词根aur耳+形容词后缀-al）9. bili胆，胆汁biliary胆汁的（bili胆汁+形容词后缀-ary）bilidigestive胆囊消化道的（bili胆+digest消化+形容词后缀-ive）biligenic生胆汁的（bili胆汁+genic生产的）biliprotein胆蛋白质（bili胆+protein蛋白质）10. bi, bio 生命，生物biology生物学（词根bio生物+名词后缀-logy学）biochemistry生物（词根bio生物+名词后缀-chemistry化学）bioplasm原生质（词根bio生物+名词后缀-plasm质体）biosphere生物圈（词根bio生物+名词后缀-sphere范围）cerebrocentric大脑中枢的（cerebro大脑+centric中央的）cerebrocerebellar大脑小脑的（cerebro大脑+erebellar小脑的）cerebroma脑瘤（cerebr大脑+oma肿瘤）biotic生命的（词根bio生物+形容词后缀-tic）antibiotic抗生素（前缀anti-抗+词根bio生物+名词后缀-tic ）abiology非生物学（前缀a-无+词根bio生物+名词后缀-logy学）macrobian长寿的人（前缀macro-长/ 大+词根bi生物+名词后缀-an人）macrobiosis长寿（前缀macro-长/ 大+词根bi生物+名词后缀-osis）macrobiotic长命的（前缀macro-长/ 大+词根bio生物+形容词后缀-tic）microbiology微生物（前缀micro-微小+词根bio生物+名词后缀-logy学）symbiosis共生现象（前缀sym-共同+词根bi生物+名词后缀-osis）11. blast, blasto胚，芽blastoderm胚膜（词根blasto胚+名词后缀derm膜/ 皮）blastogenesis胚生（词根blasto胚+词根gen生长+名词后缀-esis ）blastocyst胚囊（词根blasto胚+名词后缀-cyst囊）ectoblast外胚层（前缀ecto-外面+词根blast胚）entoblast内胚层（前缀ento-里面+词根blast胚）endoblast内胚层（前缀endo-里面+词根blast胚）epiblast上胚层（前缀epi-上面+词根blast胚）hematoblast血小板（词根hemato血液+词根blast胚）mesoblast中胚层（前缀meso-中间+词根blast胚）12. calc, calci钙，石（灰）calciferous含钙的（词根calci钙+词根fer带有+形容词后缀-ous）calcify钙化（词根calci钙+动词后缀-fy）calcification钙化作用（词根calci钙+抽象名词后缀-fication ）calcium钙（词根calci钙+名词后缀-um ）13. cardio心脏cardioaccelerator心动加速药（cardio心脏+accelerator加速器）cardioangiography心血管造影术（cardio心脏+angio血管+名词后缀graphy造影术）cardioarotic心主动脉的（cardio心脏+aortic动脉的）cardioarterail心动脉的（cardio心脏+arterail动脉的）cardiocyte心肌细胞（cardio心脏+cyte细胞）14. cephal头cephalitis脑炎（词根cephal头+名词后缀-itis发炎）hydrocephalous脑积水的（前缀hydro-水+cephal头+形容词后缀-ous ）hydrocephalus脑积水（前缀hydro-水+cephal头+名词后缀-us）macrocephalic畸形大头的（前缀macro-大+cephal头+形容词后缀-ic）microcephalic畸形小头的（前缀micro-小+cephal头+形容词后缀-ic）mesocephalon中脑（前缀meso-中间+cephal头+名词后缀-on）15. cerebell, cerebello 小脑cerebellitis小脑炎（词根cerebelly小脑+名词后缀-itis发炎）cerebellofugal小脑传出的（cerebello小脑+fugal离开的）cerebellipetal传入小脑的（cerebell小脑+ipetal朝向的）cerebellospinal小脑脊髓的（cerebello小脑+spinal脊髓的）16. cerebr, cerebri, cerebro大脑cerebriform脑质样的（cerebri大脑+form形状）17. chlor, chloro氯，绿chlorine氯气（词根chlor氯+名词后缀-ine）chloride氯化物（词根chlor氯+名词后缀-ide化合物）chlorate氯酸盐（词根chlor氯+名词后缀-ate盐类）chlorite亚氯酸盐（词根chlor氯+名词后缀-ite盐类）chlorination氯化作用（词根chlor氯+名词后缀-ination ）chloroform氯仿（词根chlor氯+名词后缀-form ）chlorosis缺绿病（词根chlor氯+名词后缀-osis疾病）chloroma绿色瘤（词根chloro氯+名词后缀-oma肿瘤）chlorophyll叶绿素（词根chloro氯+名词后缀-phyll叶）oxychloride氯氧化物（前缀oxy-氧+词根chlor氯+名词后缀-ide化合物）hydrochloric氢氯酸的（前缀hydro-氢+词根chlor氯+形容词后缀-ic ）18. cid, cis杀，切insecticide杀虫剂（词根insect虫+连接元音i+词根tide杀）vermicide杀蠕虫药（词根verm蠕虫+连接元音i+词根cide杀）microbicide杀微生物剂（词根microb微生物+连接元音i+词根cide杀）parasiticide杀寄生虫药（词根parasit寄生虫+连接元音i十词根cide杀）bactericide杀菌剂（词根bacter菌+连接元音i+词根cide杀）incise切开（前缀in-入内+词根cise杀）incision切口（前缀in-入内+词根cis杀+名词后缀-ion ）incisor门牙（前缀in-入内+词根cis杀+名词后缀-or）excide切除（前缀ex-出/ 去+词根cide杀）excise切除（前缀ex-出/ 去+词根cise杀）excision切除（前缀ex-出/ 去+词根cis杀+名词后缀-ion ）fungicide杀真菌剂（词根fung真菌+连接元音i+词根cide杀）19. cryo冻，冷cryobiology低温生物学（词根cryo冷+词根bio生命+名词后缀-logy学科）cryogen冷冻剂（词根cryo冷+词根gen产生）cryometer低温剂（词根cryo冷+名词后缀-meter测量器）cryosurgery冷冻手术（词根cryo冷+单词surgery手术）20. cyt, cyto细胞cytology细胞学（词根cyto细胞+名词后缀-logy学科）cytochemistry细胞化学（词根cyto细胞+单词chemistry化学）cytogenetics细胞遗传学（词根cyto细胞+单词genetics遗传学）leucocyte白细胞（前缀leuco-白+词根cyto细胞）leucocythemia白血病（前缀leuco白+词根cyt细胞+词根hemia血）21. derm, dermat皮肤dermatitis皮炎（词根dermat皮肤+名词后缀-itis发炎）dermatology皮肤学（词根dermat皮肤+连接元音o+名词后缀-logy学科）dermatoneuritis神经性皮炎（词根dermat皮肤+连接元音o+词根neur神经+名词后缀-itis 发炎）cerebrocentric大脑中枢的（cerebro大脑+centric中央的）cerebrocerebellar大脑小脑的（cerebro大脑+erebellar小脑的）cerebroma脑瘤（cerebr大脑+oma肿瘤）22. enter, entero肠dysentery痢疾（前缀dys-不良+词根enter肠+名词后缀-y ）enteritis肠炎（词根enter肠+名词后缀-itis发炎）enterotomy肠切开术（词根enter肠+连接元音o+名词后缀-tomy切开术）enteron消化道（词根enter肠+名词后缀-on）enteralgia肠痛症（词根enter肠+名词后缀-algia疼痛）enterectomy肠切除术（enter肠+ectomy切除术）enterogastritis肠胃炎（词根enter肠+连接元音o+名词后级-itis发炎）enteroantigen肠抗原（entero肠+anti抗+gen原）enterobiliary肠胆管的（entero肠+biliary胆的）enterobacteriotherapy肠菌疫苗疗法（entero肠+bacterio细菌+therapy疗法〕23. febr, febri热febricity发热（词根febr热+名词后缀-icity）febrifuge退热药（词根febri热+词根fuge逃）antifebrile退热的（前缀anti-+词根febr热+形容词后缀-ile ）24. fibr纤维fibrin纤维素（词根fibr纤维+名词后缀-in）fibroblast成纤维细胞（词根fibr纤维+连接元音o+词根blast细胞）fibrocyte纤维细胞（词根fibr纤维+连接元音o+词根cyte细胞）fibroid纤维样的（词根fibr纤维+形容词后缀-oid类似的）fibroma纤维瘤（词根fibr纤维+名词后缀-oma肿瘤）fibrositis纤维组织炎（词根fibr纤维+名词后缀os/ osis病+名词后缀-itis发炎）25. gastr, gastro胃gastrocardiac胃心的（gastro胃+cardiac心的）gastrocolitis胃结肠炎（gastro胃+col结肠+itis发炎）gastroenterology胃肠病学（gastro胃+entero肠+logy学）gastrology胃病学（gastro胃+logy学）gastroplasty胃成形术（gastro胃+plasty成形术）gastrotoxin 胃毒素（gastro胃+toxin毒素）26. gyn, gynec, gyneco妇女，雌gynecology妇科（词根gyneco妇女+名词后缀-logy学科）gynecologist妇科医生（词根gyneco妇女+名词后缀-logist专家）androgyny具有男女两性（词根andro男人+词根gyn妇女+名词后缀-y ）polygyny一夫多妻制（前缀poly-多+词根gyn妇女+名词后缀-y ）misogyny厌女症（前缀mis-厌恶+连接元音o+词根gyn妇女+名词后缀-y）philogyny喜爱妇女（前缀philo-喜爱+词根gyn妇女+名词后缀-y）monogyny一夫一妻制（前缀mono-一个+词根gyn妇女+名词后缀-y）27. hepat, hepato肝脏hepatalgia肝痛（hepat肝脏+algia）hepatitis肝炎（hepat肝脏+itis炎症）hepatobronchial肝支气管的（hepato肝脏+bronchial支气管的）hepatocyte肝细胞（hepato肝脏+cyte细胞）hepatomegaly肝肿大（hepato肝脏+megaly巨/ 大）28. hypn, hypno睡觉hypnology催眠学（词根hypno睡觉+名词后缀-logy学科）hypnotherapy催眠疗法（词根hypno睡觉+单词therapy疗法）hypnogenesis催眠（词根hypno睡觉+词根gen产生+名词后缀-esis ）autohypnosis自我催眠（前缀auto-自我+hypn睡觉+名词后缀-osis ）29. laryng, laryngo喉咙laryngitis喉炎（词根laryng喉咙+名词后缀-itis发炎）laryngologist喉科学家（词根laryngo喉咙+名询后辍-logis学家）laryngoscope喉镜（词根laryngo喉咙+名词后缀-scope镜）otorhinolaryngology耳鼻喉科（词根oto耳+词根hino鼻+laryngo喉咙+名词后缀-logy学科）30. lith, litho石头lithiasis结石病（词根lith石头+名词后缀-iasis疾病）lithoscopy结石检查（词根litho石头+名词后缀-scopy检查）lithotomy膀胱结石切除术（词根litho石头+名词后缀-tomy切除术）31. melan黑melanin黑色素（词根melan黑+名词后缀-in素）melanosis黑变病（词根meian黑+名词后缀-osis病）melanoma黑瘤（词根melan黑+名词后缀-oma瘤）melanuria黑尿病（词根melan黑+词根ur尿+名词后缀-ia病）32. myel, myelo髓myelalgia脊髓痛（myel髓+algia疼痛）myelatrophy脊髓萎缩（myel髓+atrophy萎缩）myelosis骨髓组织增生（myel髓+-osis疾病名称后缀）myelosuppressive骨髓抑制剂（myelo髓+suppressive抑制）33. my, myo肌myectomy肌部分切除术（my肌+ectomy切除）myoblast成肌细胞（myo肌+blast胚/ 芽）myesthesia肌肉感觉（my肌+-esthesia感觉）myocardiopathy非炎性心肌病（ myo肌+cardio心+pathy病）myocyte肌细胞（myo肌+cyte细胞）myodystrophia肌营养不良（ myo肌+dys不良+troph营养+-ia疾病名称后缀）34. necr, necro死, 死尸necrophobia恐死证（词根necro死+名词后缀-phobia恐俱）necroscopy验尸（词根necro死+名词后缀-scopy检查）necrosis坏死（词根necr死+名词后缀-osis疾病）35. nephr, nephro肾nephroblastoma肾母细胞瘤（nephro肾+blast胚/ 芽+oma肿瘤）nephrography肾造影术（nephro肾+graphy摄影）nephrohemia肾充血（nephro肾+hemia血液）nephromegaly肾肥大（nephro肾+megaly巨/ 大）nephroscope肾镜（nephro肾+scope镜）36. neur, neuro神经neuralgia神经痛（neur神经+algia疼痛）neurarthropathy神经性关节病（neur神经+arthro关节+pathy 病）neurasthenia神经衰弱（neur神经+asthenia衰弱）neuritis神经炎（neur神经+itis发炎）neurocyte神经细胞（ neuro神经+cyte细胞）37. ocul眼睛oculist眼科医生（词根ocul眼睛+名词后缀-ist人）binocular双眼（前缀bin-双+词根ocul眼睛+形容词后缀-ar）monocular单眼（前缀mon-单+词根ocul眼睛+形容词后缀-ar）multocular多眼（前缀mult-多+词根ocul眼睛+形容词后缀-ar ）subocular眼下的（前缀sub-下面+词根ocul眼睛+形容词后缀-ar）38. ophthalm眼睛ophthalmology眼科学（词根ophthalm眼睛+连接元音o+名词后缀-logy学科）ophthalmoscope检眼镜（词根ophthalm眼睛+连接元音o+名词后缀-scope镜）ophthalmia结膜炎（词根ophthalm眼睛+名词后缀-ia疾病〕 ophthalmitis眼炎（词根ophthalm眼睛+名词后缀-itis发炎）xerophthalmia干眼病（前缀xer-干燥+词根ophthalm眼睛+名词后缀-ia疾病）39. opt, ops, opi光，视optometer眼光器（词根opt视+连接元音o+名词后缀-meter 测量器）achromatopsia色盲（前缀a-无+词根chromat颜色+词根ops视+名词后缀-ia疾病）hemiopia半盲（前缀hemi-半+词根op视+名词后缀-ia疾病）hyperopia远视（前缀hyper-超过+词根op视+名词后缀-ia疾病）40. oste, osteo骨osteology骨学（词根osteo骨+名词后缀-logy学科）osteitis骨炎（词根oste骨+名词后缀-itis发炎）osteoarthritis骨关节炎（词根osteo骨+词根arthr关节+名词后缀-itis发炎）osteoma骨瘤（词根oste骨+名词后缀-oma瘤）periostitis骨膜炎（前缀peri-+词根ost骨+名词后缀-itis发炎）41. ot, oto耳otology耳科学（词根oto耳+名词后缀-logy学科）otologist耳科医生（词根oto耳+名词后缀-logist专家）otopathy耳病（词根oto耳+名词后缀-pathy疾病）otophone助听器（词根oto耳+单词phone电话）otorhinolaryngology耳鼻喉科（词根oto耳+词根rhino鼻+词根laryngo喉+名词后缀-Iogy 学科）otoscope耳镜（词根oto耳+名词后缀-scope检查镜）otolith耳石（词根oto耳+词根Iith石）otalgia耳痛（词根ot耳+词根algia疼痛）otitis耳炎（词根ot耳十名词后缀-itis发炎）parotitis腮腺炎（前缀par-在旁边+词根ot耳+名词后缀-itis发炎）42. pancreat, pancreato, pancreo胰（腺）pancreatoblastoma胰胚细胞瘤（pancreato胰+blast胚/ 芽+oma肿瘤）pancreatoid胰样的（pancreat胰+形容词后缀-oid状/ 样的）pancreatopathy胰病（pancreato胰+pathy病）pancreotherapy胰制剂疗法（pancreo胰+therapy疗法）pancreatitis胰腺炎（pancreat胰腺炎+itis发炎）43. path, patho, pathy疾病，感情，疗法pathology病理学（词根patho疾病+名词后缀-logy学科）pathogeny致病原因（词根patho疾病+词根gen产生+名词后缀-y ）zoopathology动物病理学（词根zoo动物+词根patho疾病+名词后缀-logy学科）phytopathology植物病理学（词根phyto植物+词根patho疾病+名词后缀-logy学科）hippopathology马体病理学（词根hippo+词根patho疾病+名词后缀-logy学科）neuropathy神经病（词根neuro神经+词根pathy疾病）psychopathy心理病态（词根psycho心理+词根pathy疾病）apathy无感情（前缀a-无+词根pathy感情）antipathy厌恶（前缀anti-反对+词根pathy感情）sympathy同情（前缀sym-同+词根pathy感情）osteopathy骨病治疗法（词根osteo骨+词根pathy疗法）44. peps, pept消化pepsine消化素（词根peps消化+名词后缀-ine素）peptic消化的（词根pept消化+形容词后缀-ic）n.消化器官dyspepsia消化不良（前缀dys-不良+词根peps消化+名词后缀-ia疾病）dyspepsy消化不良（前缀dys-不良+词根peps消化+名词后缀-y ）eupepsia消化良好（前缀eu-良好+词根peps消化+名词后缀-ia 疾病）45. phag吃dysphagia吞咽困难（前缀dys-不良+词根phag吃+名词后缀-ia疾病）hematophagous食血为生的（词根hemato血液+词根phag吃+形容词后缀-ous ）phytophagous食植物为生的（词根phyto植物+词根phag吃+形容词后缀-ous）polyphagous杂食性的（词根poly多+词根phag吃+形容词后缀-ous ）zoophagous肉食性的（词根zoo动物+词个即phag吃+形容词后缀-ous ）46. pulmo, pulmon, pulmono肺pulmoaortic肺与主动脉的（pulmo肺+aortic主动脉的）pulmogram肺X线照片（pulmo肺+gram图/ 像）pulmonitis肺炎（pulmon肺+itis炎症）pulmonohepatic肺肝的（pulmono肺+hepatic肝的）47. rhin, rhino鼻rhinitis鼻炎（词根rhin鼻+名词后缀-itis发炎）rhinology鼻科科学（词根rhino鼻+名词后缀-logy学科）rhinalgia鼻痛症（词根rhino鼻+词根algia痛）rhinoplastic鼻造形术的（词根rhino鼻+词根plast造形+形容词后缀-ic）rhinoscope鼻镜（词根rhino鼻+词根scope检查镜）48. rrhag, rrhea流出diarrhea腹泻（前缀dia-通过/ 透过+词根rrhea流出）hemorrhage出血（词根hemo血液+词根rrhag流出）seborrhea脂肪溢（词根sebo/sebum脂肪+词根rrhea流出）logorrhea多言癖（词根logo言语+词根rrhea流出）dysmenorrhea月经不调（前缀dys-不良+词根meno月经+词根rrhea流出）bronchorrhagia支气管出血（词根broncho支气管+词根rrhag流出+名词后缀-ia疾病）gastrorrhagia胃出血（词根gastro+词根rrhag流出+名词后缀-ia疾病）pneumorrhagia肺出血（词根pneumo肺+词根rrhag流出+名词后缀-ia疾病）49. sarc, sarco肉sarcoma肉瘤（词根sarco肉+名词后缀-oma肿瘤）sarcophagous食肉性的（词根sarco肉+词根phag吃+形容词后缀-ous）hypersarcosis肉芽过多（前缀hyper-过多+词根sarc肉+名词后缀-osis疾病）osteosarcoma骨肉瘤（词根osteo骨+词根sarco肉+名词后缀-oma肿瘤）50. scler, sclero硬arteriosclerosis动脉硬化（词根arterio动脉+词根scler硬+名词后缀-osis疾病）scleroderma硬皮症（词根scler硬+词根derm皮肤+名词后缀-a疾病）sclerosis硬化症（词根scler硬+名词后缀-osis疾病）51. sect切割section切开/ 一部分（词根sect切割+名词后缀-ion ）bisect平分（前缀bi-两个+词根sect切割）trisect三等分（前缀tri-三个+词根sect切割）dissect解剖（前缀dis-分开+词根sect切割）transect横切（前缀tran-横越+词根sect切割）vivisect活体解剖（词根vivi活+词根sect切割）52. somat, somato体，躯体somatology躯体学（somato躯体+logy学科）somatomegaly巨人症（somato躯体+megaly巨/ 大）somatopsychosis躯体性精神病（omato躯体+psych+osis病）somatosexual性发育体征的，（somato躯体+sexual性的）53. splen, spleno脾splenalgia脾神经痛（splen脾+algia疼痛）splenatrophy脾萎缩（splen脾+a无/ 非+trophy营养）splenemia脾充血（splen脾+emia血液）splenitis脾炎（splen脾+itis发炎）splenocyte脾细胞（spleno脾+cyte细胞）splenohepatomegaly脾肝肿大（spleno脾+ hepato肝+megaly巨/ 大）54. stom, stomat, stomato口腔stoma手术排放口（词根stom口腔+名词后缀-a ）stomatology口腔学（词根stomato口腔+名词后缀-logy学科）stomatitis口腔炎（词根stomat口腔+名词后缀-itis发炎）stomatoscope口腔镜（词根stomato口腔+词根scope观察镜）enterostomy肠造口术（词根entero肠+词根stom口腔+名词后缀-y）55. therm, thermo温，热diathermia透热疗法（前缀dia-透过+词根therm热+名词后缀-ia）hypothermia体温过低（前缀hypo-低+词根therm热+名词后缀-ia ）isothermal等温的（前缀iso-相等+词根therm热+形容词后缀-al）56. tom, tomy切割anthropotomy人体解剖（词根anthropo人体+词根tomy切割）appendectomy阑尾切除术（词根append阑尾+词根ec出去+词根tomy切割）tonsillectomy扁桃腺切除术（词根tonsil扁桃腺+词根ec出去+词根tomy切割）gastrotomy胃切开术（词根gastro胃+词根tomy切割）gastrectomy胃切除术（词根gastro胃+词根ec出去+词根tomy 切割）57. tox毒toxin毒素（词根tox毒+名词后缀-in素）toxicity毒性（词根tox毒+名词后缀-icity ）toxaemia毒血症（词根tox毒+词根aem血+名词后缀-ia疾病）toxicide解毒药（词根tox毒+连接元音i+词根cide杀）antitoxin抗毒素（前缀anti抗+词根tox毒+名词后缀-in素）neurotoxic毒害神经的（词根neuro神经+词根tox毒+形容词后缀-ic）pyrotoxin热毒素（词根pyro热+词根tox毒+名词后缀-in素）58. ur尿uraemia尿毒症（词根ur尿+词根aem血+名词后缀-ia疾病）urologist泌尿学家（词根ur尿+连接元音o+名词后缀-logist学家）diuretic利尿的（前缀di-/dia-贯通+词根ur尿+形容词后缀-etic）dysuria排尿困难（前缀dys-不良+词根ur尿+名词后缀-ia疾病）glucosuria糖尿病（词根glucos糖+词根ur尿+名词后缀-ia疾病）melanuria黑尿病（词根melan黑+词根ur尿+名词后缀-ia疾病）oliguria少尿症（词根olig少+词根ur尿+名词后缀-ia疾病）polyuric多尿症（前缀poly-多+词根ur尿+名词后缀-ia疾病）59. vas, vaso管，血管vasoconstriction血管收缩（vaso血管+constriction血收缩）vasodilatation血管舒张（vaso血管+dilatation扩张）vasoneuropathy血管神经病（vaso血管+neuro神经+pathy疾病）vasoresection输精管切除术（vaso管+resection切除）vasosectivn输精管切断术（vaso管+section切断）vasospasm血管痉挛（vaso血管+spasm痉挛/ 抽搐）60. ven, vene, veni, veno静脉venesection静脉切开放血术（vene静脉+section切开）venesuture静脉缝术（vene静脉+suture缝合）venoclysis静脉输液（veno静脉+clysis补液/ 冲洗）venofibrosis静脉纤维化（veno静脉+fibr纤维+osis病状）61.verm, vermi蠕虫vermicide沙蠕虫药（词根verm蠕虫+连接元音i+词根cide杀）vermifuge驱虫药（词根verm蠕虫+连接元音i+词根fuge驱散）。
小脑
3、有传入和传出纤维，传入 纤维比传出纤维多3倍以上。
小脑传出纤维模式图
经小脑下脚的传入束
1、前庭小脑束 止于同侧绒球小结叶、小舌、蚓垂
通过此纤维，获得头部加速运动及空间
位置的信息
2、脊髓小脑后束 止于前叶及后叶的蚓锥体、蚓垂、旁正中
经小脑上脚的传出束
小脑上脚 主要为齿状核和中间核的穿出纤维
（四）小脑的纤维联系
1、前庭小脑 （原小脑）
小脑的纤维联系（前庭小脑）
2、脊髓小脑 （旧小脑）
小脑的纤维联系（脊髓小脑）
3、大脑小脑 （新小脑）
小脑的纤维联系（大脑小脑）
（四）小脑的功能
1、维持身体平衡 2、调节肌紧张（肌张力） 3、协调随意运动 4、小脑除调节躯体运动，也参与脑干网状上行
7、三叉小脑束 8、弓状小脑束 9、舌下周核发纤维至小脑传递内脏、味、嗅觉
经小脑下脚的传出束
小脑前庭束 直接起自绒球小结叶核前叶蚓部、蚓锥体、蚓垂 止于前庭核和脑桥、延髓网状结构
经小脑中脚的传入束
1、脑桥小脑束 人最发达，主要终于小脑新皮质，也有 部分止于旧皮质
2、脑桥被盖网状核 接受大脑皮质纤维，发纤维交叉， 止于除蚓小结外全部小脑
Middle cerebellar peduncle 小脑中脚－connect with pons, contain afferent fibers
Superior cerebellar peduncle 小脑上脚－ connect with midbrain, contain mostly efferent fibers
Flocculonodular lobe
医学英语单词
医学英语单词汇编羊仔纯手打ComtentsUnit 1 Anatomyvascular 血管的adjbronchial 支气管的adjNutritive 营养的adjAlveolar 小气泡的adjAorta 主动脉nIntercostal 肋间的adjVentricle 心室nThebesian 特贝西乌斯的~~veins心最小静脉Shunt 使分流Hilum （复hila）门nPeriphery 外周，周围nArteriole 小动脉nCapillary 毛细血管nAtrium 心房nRetroperitoneal space 腹膜后隙Coronal 冠状的adjCortes 皮质nMedulla 髓质nCorticomedullary junction 皮髓质结合Apices 顶尖nPapilla 乳突nCalyx 盏nRenal 肾的adjRenal pelvis 肾盂nUreter 输尿管nNephron肾单位nGlomerulus 肾小球nParenchyma 实质nArcuate artery 弓状动脉n’Glomerula 肾小球的adjAfferent 传入的adjKidney 肾（英）Ren-【拉】（prefix）肾renal 肾的adjRenal duct 输尿管（ureter）Renal function test（=kidney function test）肾功能试验Renal calculus 肾结石Nephr（o）【希】（prefix）肾nephric 肾的adj（同renal）Nephric duct 肾管Nephritis肾炎n nephritic 肾炎的adjNephritic calculus 肾结石（同renal calculus）Heart 【英】心Cardi（o）-【希】（prefix）心cardiac-adj 心的Cardiac muscle 心肌Cardiac output 心输出量Cardioacceleratory 心动加速的adjLung 【英】肺Pulm（o）-【拉】（prefix）肺Pulmonary肺的adjPulmogram 肺部造影片nPulmonology 肺病学nCut【英】切（断）---tomy 【希】（suffix）切开术Oophorotomy 卵巢切开术，卵巢切除术nOtotomy 耳切开术nUrethrotomy 尿道切开术nUnit 2 PhysiologyHomeostatic 体内平衡的adjGeriatrics （做单数用的）老人病学nMetabolism 新陈代谢nHomeostasis 体内平衡nExtracellular （位于或发生于）细胞外的adjCollagen 胶原质nTendon 【解】腱Atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化症nElastin 弹性蛋白nGlucose 葡萄糖nMitosis 细胞的有丝分裂nRadical 【化】基（free radical 自由基，游离基）Selenium 硒nAntioxidant 抗氧化剂nBolster 支持vEnzyme 酶nSuperoxide 过氧化物nDismutase 歧化酶nEmbryo 胚胎nBad【英】不良，坏Dys-，dis-【拉】（prefix）坏的，有病的，困难的Dysfunction机能不良，功能紊乱Dysphonia 发声困难，言语障碍nDysgraphia 书写困难nAgainst 【英】对抗Anti-【希】（prefix）相反，反对，抵抗Antioxidant 抗氧化剂nAntibody 抗体nAntiallergic 抗变应性的Same【英】同，等Home（o），hom（o）-【希】（prefix）相同的Homeostasis体内平衡，稳态nHomeotherapy 同种疗法，顺势疗法n Homogeneity 同种，同质Swift【英】快捷Tachy-【希】（prefix）速，快速Tachycardia 心悸，心动过速nTachyphylaxis 快速免疫，快速脱敏，快速耐受Tachypnea 呼吸急促nTreatment【英】治疗-therapy【希】（suffix）治疗Electrotherapy电疗法nPhysiotherapy 物理疗法nChemotherapy 化学疗法nUnit3 BiochemistryTranscription 【生物学】转录，信使核糖核酸的形成Macromolecule巨大分子，高分子nIntrinsically 内在地（固有地，本征地，实质地）adv Replicate复制vAmino氨基的adjEncode 编码vtSickle-cell anemia镰状细胞血症Cystic胞囊的，膀胱的，胆囊的adjFibrosis纤维症nHemophilia 血友病nInhibitor抑止剂n Immunodeficiency 【生】免疫缺陷n Myocardial 【解】心肌的Infarction 梗塞nSchizophrenia精神分裂症nGene【英】基因Geno-【希】（prefix）基因Genohormone基因激素nGenome基因组nGenospecies基因型群nFiber【英】纤维Fibr-【拉】（prefix）纤维Fibrescope纤维内窥镜n Fibrillation纤维性颤动n Fibrinolysis纤维蛋白溶解n Bacteria【英】真菌，细菌Myc（o）【希】（prefix）真菌Mycetology 真菌学n Mycoplasma支原体，支原菌n Mycotoxicology真菌毒理学Muscle【英】（prefix）肌肉Myoalbumin肌清蛋白，肌白蛋白n Myoatrophy 肌萎缩nMyocardial 心肌的adjPain【英】痛-algia【希】（suffix）痛Neuralgia神经痛nUnit4 PathologyPathology 病理学，病理，病状Morphology 形态学nOutmoded 过时的，不时髦的adj Milieu周围nRamification 分叉，分裂，衍生物n Histopathology 组织病理学n Cytopathology 细胞病理学Haematology 血液学，血液病学nCellular （生）细胞的，细胞质（状）的Coagulable 可凝结的adjChromosome（生）染色体nToxicology 毒理学，毒物学Forensic 法医的，关于或应用法律程序的adj Congenital （指疾病等）生来的，先天的Inflammation （医）红肿，炎症nTumor 肿块，肿瘤nDegeneration（生）退化Appendicitis阑尾炎nAtheroma（pl.atheromas，atheromata）动脉粥样化n Systemic（生理）全身的Carcinoma （pl.carcinomas，carcinomata）癌n Synonymous （后面的于with 连用）同义的Be bereft of 丧失...，.剥夺....Disease【英】疾病Path（o）-【希】（prefix）病理，疾病Pathography 病情记录nPathogenesis 发病机制nPathomorphism病理形态学nColor【英】颜色Chromoblast 成色细胞nChromosomal mutation染色体突变Chromophototherapy色光疗法Nerve【英】神经Neur（o）-【希】（prefix）神经Neurobiology神经生物学nNeurocriculatory【解】神经（与）循环系统的adj Neurodermatitis【医】神经性皮炎Poison【英】毒素，毒Tox（o）-【希】（prefix）毒，毒素Toxoid类毒素nToxinemia毒血症nToxuria尿毒症nDisease【英】疾病-asis【希】（suffix）状态，情况（病的）Cholelithiasis胆石病nUnit5 ImmuologyHistologic组织学的Malabsorption 【医】（营养）吸收障碍，吸收不良nLymphocyte 淋巴球，淋巴细胞nLaminal 层的（薄层的，分层的，片状的，叠片的）Diarrhea 腹泻nEnteropathy 肠病【医】肠下垂Inflammatory 炎症性的adjEpithelial【生】上皮的adjVillous【解】绒毛的adjAtrophy【医】萎缩，萎缩症nCrypt 【解】腺窝，小囊nTubulin【生化】微管蛋白nCytotoxic【生】细胞毒素的Depolymerization【有化】解聚合作用nAntirheumatic 【医】治疗风湿药剂n...........治疗风湿病的，防风湿病的adj Ameliorate 改善，改进vDysfunction【医】机能不良，功能紊乱，官能障碍nCytokinesis（遗传）细胞质分裂nCrohn’s disease 克罗恩氏病，节段性回肠炎Bowel【英】肠Enter-【希】（prefix）肠Enteralgia肠痛nEnteritis肠炎nEnterectomy肠切除术nOver【英】上Epi-【希】（prefix）上Eparterial动脉上的adj（ep/i上+arterial动脉的）Epithelial【生】上皮的，【植】皮膜的adjEpidermitis 表皮炎nStomach【英】胃Gastro-,gastr-【希】（prefix）胃Gastritis胃炎nGastrin胃泌激素的adjGastrorrhea胃液分泌过多nGastrolith胃石nImmunity【英】免疫Immuni-，immun（o）-【希】（prefix）免疫Immunocompetence免疫活性nImmunocyte免疫细胞nImmunodeficiency免疫缺损nResect【英】切除-ectomy【希】（suffix）切除术Adenectomy腺切除术nOvariectomy卵巢切除术nSplenectomy脾切除术nUnit6 EpidemicsLeishmania donovani杜氏利什曼虫nPathogen【微生物】病菌，病原体nDetour 弯路nEpidemiolog流行病学nFeces粪，大便nSandfly 白蛉nDysentery痢疾nVisceral内脏的，影响内脏的adjLeishmaniasis 【医】利什曼病（尤指黑热病）Vector带菌者nTyphoid【医】伤寒症n.........伤寒的，斑疹伤寒症的adj Demarcation划界，限界nPlacental胎盘的，胎座的adjRespiratory呼吸的adjInside【英】内Intra-【拉】（prefix）内，在...之内Intra-appendicular阑尾内的adjIntra-arterial动脉内的adjIntra-cerebral小脑内的adjLung【英】肺Pneum（o）-【希】（prefix）呼吸，肺，气，肺炎Pneumocardial肺心的adjPneumocephalus颅腔积气nPneumococcosis肺炎球菌nBall-like grem【英】球菌-coccus，-cocci（pl.）【拉】（suffix）球菌Staphylococcus葡萄球菌nStreptococci链球菌nOrigin【英】原-gen【希】（suffix）原Antigen抗原nGlycogen糖原nPathogen病原体nRecord【英】描记-gram【希】（suffix）图，像，造影，记载Electrocardiogram心电图n Odontogram牙面描记图，齿纹n Tomogram断层造片nUnit7--PharmacologyAllergy变态反应，过敏反应nAntigen 抗原nSequester使隔绝，使分离vtLymphatic淋巴管nEffector效应物nSensitized致敏的adjPrecommitted前定向的adjPolyclonal多细胞的adjPrecursor先质，前体nSpecificity特异性nMosaic镶嵌体，嵌合体nSpectrum系列，范围nEpitope表位nHumoral体液的adjEnsue接着发生，结果产生viHapten半抗原nErythrocyte红细胞nDistortion扭转，变形nPropensity倾向，习性nOver 【英】高Hyper-【希】（prefix）过多，过度，超过Hyperadrenia肾上腺机能亢进n Hyperglycemia高血糖，血糖过多n Hyperlipidemia高脂血症，血脂过多n Many【英】多Poly-【希】（prefix）多，多数Polyclonal多细胞株的，多克隆的adj Polyase多糖酶，聚合酶n Polycythemia红细胞增多症nRed【英】红Erythr（o）-【希】（prefix）红Erythroblast成红细胞nErythromycin红霉素nErythropenia红细胞减少nCell【英】细胞-cyte【希】（suffix）细胞Acanthocyte棘红细胞nLeucocyte白细胞nLymphocyte淋巴细胞nStone【英】石头-lith【希】（suffix）石，结石Broncholith支气管石nCholelith胆石nUrolith尿（结）石nUnit8 DiagnosisAsymmetrical不均匀的，不对称的adjBradykinetic行动缓慢的adjIatrogenic由治疗引起的（指由医生的诊断、态度或医疗引起病人的臆测）；医原性的adj Postural姿势的，体位的adjBradykinesia运动徐缓nLevodopa左旋多巴nMalady疾病，不适nUnilateral一方的；单方的，一侧的，片面的，单向作用的；单系的（指父母或母系的一方）Prodromal前驱的，有前驱症状的adjCroticospinal皮质脊髓的adjCerebellar小脑的adjAtaxia混乱，无秩序；（肌肉的）运动失调，动作机能不协调adjStriatal纹状体的adjDystonic张力障碍的adjSubcutaneously皮下地advApomorphine阿扑吗啡（用做呕吐剂、祛痰剂的缩水吗啡）adjDopaminergic多巴胺能的adjDyskinesia运动困难nSlow【英】慢Brady-【希】（prefix）缓，慢，迟钝Bradyarrhythmia听觉迟钝nBradyarthria言语过缓nBradycardia心动过缓nLeft【英】左Lev（o）-【拉】（prefix）左，向左，左旋Levocardia左位心nLevodopa左旋多巴nLevoduction左旋眼nBefore【英】前Pro-【拉，希】（prefix）前，以前，前体（酶或激素的）Proaccelerin前加速素，前加速因子nProactivator前激活剂，激活剂原nProal向前运动的adjMove【英】运动Kinematics运动学，动力学nKineplastics运动成形切断术nKinesalgia肌动痛，运动痛nMass【英】肿块-oma【希】（suffix）瘤Cerebroma脑瘤nEpithelioma上皮瘤，上皮癌nHemangioma【医】血管瘤Unit9 NursingShaman黄教的道士；僧人；巫师nHippocrates希波克拉底（希腊的名医）Jerusalem耶路撒冷nHospitaler住院者nDistinguish区别，辨别vImbue使感染，使蒙受，浸透vMassage按摩n.vPeninsula半岛nLogistical后勤的adjHygiene卫生学，卫生nBarrack简陋房舍nOverhaul分解检查v.nMaternalistic显示母性的adjSuperintendent主管，负责人nAffordable支付得起adjMind【英】智力，精神，心理Psych-【希】（prefix）灵魂，精神，心智，呼吸Psychedelic产生幻觉的adjPsychiatry精神病学nPsychopath精神变态者nPsychotherapy心理疗法nYellow【英】黄色Xantho-【希】（prefix）黄色的Xanthoma黄色瘤nXanthopathia黄肤症nXanthoprotein黄色蛋白nXanthopsy黄视症nWater【英】水Hydr（o）-【希】（prefix）水，积液，氢Hydrogymnastic水中运动的adjHydroappendic阑尾积水adjHydrocholesterol氢化胆固醇adjSight【英】视觉Opt（o）-【希】（prefix）可见，视Optometer视力计，视力检定装置nOptometrist验光师，视力测定者nOptophone盲人光电阅读器nFistulization【英】造口术-ostomy【希】（suffix）造口术，造瘘术，吻合术n Cholecystoduodenostomy胆囊十二指肠吻合术n Gastrostomy胃造口术nNeocystostomy膀胱再造口术nUnit10 Internal MedicineLeukemia白血病nPathogenesis发病机制nBenzene苯nRelapse复发nAberration畸变nProliferation激增nMeningeal脑膜的adjPeripheral周围的adjCytopenia血球减少nAlkylating agent烷化剂nIntermittent间歇的，周期性的adjBloom syndrome布卢姆综合征Hematopoietic造血的adjFanconi’s anemia范氏贫血Myelogenous髓内生成的adjDown syndrome唐氏综合症Lymphoblastic成淋巴细胞的adj Cytogenetics细胞遗传学n Prognostically预后地advBlood【英】血Hemat（o）-，hemo-【希】（prefix）血Hematology血液学nHematocyte血细胞nHemotoxic血中毒的adjWhite【英】白Leukoderma白斑病n Leukoencephalitis白质脑炎nMarrow【英】骨髓Myel（o）-【希】（prefix）骨髓，脊髓Myeloid cell骨髓细胞n（同marrow cell）Myelogenous骨髓内形成的nMyelitis脊髓炎nAround【英】周围，环绕Peri-【希】（prefix）周，周围Peripheral外周的adjPeriarthristis of shoulder肩周炎n Pericardial effusion心包积液n Deficiency【英】不足，缺少-penia【希】（suffix）减少，缺乏Erythropenia红细胞减少nGlycopenia低血糖，血糖过少n Leukopenia白细胞减少nUnit11 SurgeryParasite寄生虫nPerforatiion穿孔nPeritonitis腹膜炎nConstipation便秘nRupture破裂n&vUrinalysis尿分析，验尿nNavel肚脐nAppendectomy阑尾切除手术nPus脓，脓汁nLaparoscopy腹腔镜检查nIncision切口nIrrigate冲洗vtComplication并发症nMortality死亡率nTwelve【英】十二Duoden（o）-【拉】（prefix）十二Duodenoscope十二指肠镜nDuodenum十二指肠nDuodenectomy十二指肠切除术nCancer【英】癌Cancri-，cancer（o）-【拉】carcin（o）-【希】（prefix）癌Carcriform癌样的adjCarcinogenesis致癌作用nCarcinophobia癌病恐怖nSeparate【英】分泌Secret-【希】（prefix）分泌Secretin分泌素nSecretion分泌物，分泌nSecretomotor促进分泌的nSpectacles【英】镜-scope，-scopy【希】（suffix）镜，镜检Endoscopy内镜检查术nHysteroscope宫腔镜nLaparoscopy腹腔镜检查nInflame【英】炎症-itis【希】（suffix）炎症Appendicitis阑尾炎，盲肠炎nHepatitis肝炎nPeritonitis腹膜炎nUnit12 Clinical LabExcrete排泄，分泌vtUrinary尿的，泌尿器的adjRenal threshold肾阈Deplete耗尽，使衰竭vtHypokalemia（=hypokaliemia）血钾过少，低血钾n Alkalemia【医】碱血症nInsulin胰岛素nParalysis瘫痪，麻痹nHyperkalemia【医】血钾过少，高钾nFamilial家族的，家庭的adjFamilial disease家族病Autosomal正染色体的，常染色体的adjDeplete of弄空vEtiology【医】病因学，病源论nDiuretic利尿剂n，利尿的adjMetabolic alkalosis代谢性碱中毒Renal tubular acidosis肾小管性酸中毒Acidosis酸液过多症，酸毒症nAlkalosis【医】碱血症Mineralocorticoid【生化】盐皮质激素nPlasma【解】血浆，乳浆nEfflux流出物；流出；（时间的）消逝nAcidemia【医】酸血症nHemolysis溶血nRhabdomyolysis【医】横纹肌溶解nPlatelet【解】血小板，小盘，小板nHeparinize【生化】肝素化（利用肝素延长血液凝固时间）nTourniquet止血带，压脉器nHemolyze<美>=haemolyze【生理】发生溶血，使（红细胞）溶解EDTA【化】乙二胺四乙酸Blood count血细胞计数nUnit13 Preventive MedicineCellular telephones手提电话nSubscriber（定购书刊或某些服务的）用户Microwave微波nAntenna天线nSubclinical亚临床的adjCarcinogenic致癌物的adjNonthermal非热的adjGenotoxic遗传毒的adjCase-control study病例对照研究Eligible合格的adjIntracranial颅内的adjGlioma胶质瘤nNeuroepitheliomatous神经上皮瘤的nMeningioma脑膜瘤nAcoustic听觉的，有关声音的adjNeuroma神经瘤nBattery pack 电池板，电池块nMicroscopically微生物的adjMagnetic resonance imaging（MRI）磁共振Behind【英】后Meta-【希】（prefix）后，后期Metachromosome后期染色体nMetaduodenum后十二指肠nMetainfective感染后的，传染后的adjHeat【英】热Thermal/thermo-【希】（prefix）热的Thermometer温度计nThermo-current热电流nThermo diffusions热扩散Hearing【英】听（觉）Acous-【希】（prefix）听（觉）的Acousma幻听，听幻觉nAcoustics声学nAcoustigram关节音图nJelly【英】胶质Gli/glio-【希】（prefix）胶质的Glineuroma胶质神经瘤nGliocyte胶质细胞nGliosarcoma胶质肉瘤nShape【英】成形-plasty【希】（suffix）成形术，整形术Osteoplasty骨整形术，骨成形术nGastroplasty胃成形术nEnteroplasty肠形成术nUnit14 Traditional Chinesse MedicineDelineate描···的外形，画···的轮廓，勾画，叙述，描写vt Acupuncture 针灸，刺针法nMystical=mystic神秘的，奥秘的adjPuncture穿孔；刺孔刺n，刺（扎，戳）穿vtConvulsion【常用复】惊厥nAllergic患过敏症的，过敏症的adjSterilize把···消毒，使无菌vtSmall【英】小Micro-【希】（prefix）微小的Microbe微生物，病菌nMicroorganism微生物nMicroscope显微镜nAgainst【英】对抗Contra-【拉】（prefix）反，防止Contraceptive devices避孕药具Contraception避孕，节育nContraindication禁忌症nBone【英】骨Oste（o）-【希】（prefix）骨Osteoarthritis骨关节炎nOsteoporosis骨质疏松nOsteoplast成骨细胞nEar【英】耳Auricul（o）-【拉】（prefix）耳，心房Auriculotherapy耳针疗法nAuriculoventricular房室的adjAuriculare耳道点nBleeding【英】出血-rhage，-rrhage，-rrhagia【希】（suffix）出血，流血；超量流溢Gastrorrhagia胃出血nHemorrhage出血，溢血nMetrorrhagia子宫出血nUnit15 Medical PsychologyHypothalamus丘脑下部，下丘脑nAdrenal肾上腺nGland腺nEpinephrine肾上腺素nAdrenaline肾上腺素nNorepinephrine去甲肾上腺素nPituitary垂体的adjCorticotrophin促肾上腺皮质素nAdrenocorticotropic促肾上腺皮质的adjCortisol皮质醇nBasolateral基底外侧的adjAmygdala扁桃体，杏仁体nLidocaine利多卡因nBeta blocker β阻滞剂Trauma创伤，外伤nCerebral ganglion【英】丘脑Thalamo-【希】（prefix）丘脑Thalamocortical丘脑皮质的nThalamomammillary丘脑乳头体的adjThalamotomy丘脑切开术nSugar【英】糖Gluco-【希】（prefix）甘，甜；葡萄糖Glucocorticoid糖（肾上腺）皮质激素n Glucopenia低血糖，血糖过少n Glucoproteinase糖蛋白酶nAdrenal body【英】肾上腺Adreno-【拉】（prefix）肾上腺Adrenocortical肾上腺皮质的adj Adrenocorticotropin促皮质素，促肾上腺皮质激素n Adrenotoxin肾上腺毒素nWound【英】创伤Traumato-【希】（prefix）创伤，外伤Traumatology创伤学nTraumatonesis创口缝术nTraumatotherapy创伤性疗法nHard【英】硬-sclerosis【希】（suffix）硬化Arteriosclerosis动脉硬化nCardiosclerosis心硬化nOsteosclerosis骨硬化，骨质过密nUnit16 Community Medical ServiceStatus quo现状nAnticipatory预料的，预想的adjTherapeutics治疗学，疗法nMaternity孕妇的，产妇的；产科的adj Downgrade下坡；退步vTier递升排列；层叠vRevitalize新生vDrug【英】药Pharmaco-【希】（prefix）药Pharmacodiagnosis药物诊断n Pharmacodynamic药效的adjPharmacopeia处方汇编；药典nMedical【英】医学的Iatr（o）-【希】（prefix）医学；医疗Iatrochemistry化学疗法nIatrophysics物理医学nIatrogenesis医原病发生nSeed【英】性，生殖Gon（o）-【希】（prefix）生殖，生殖器Gonoblast原生殖细胞nGonochorism雌雄异体nGonocoel生殖腔nUrine【英】尿-uria【希】（suffix）尿Glycosuria糖尿n Hematuria血尿症，血尿n Polyuria多尿症n。
常见脑出血部位辨识，建议收藏
常见脑出血部位辨识，建议收藏常见脑出血部位：（1）基底节区出血：基底节区是最常见的脑出血部位，豆纹动脉的破裂出血血肿即位于基底节。
基底节出血又可以细分为：壳核出血，丘脑出血，尾状核头出血等。
壳核和丘脑是高血压性脑出血的两个最常见部位。
它们被内囊后肢所分隔，下行运动纤维、上行感觉纤维以及视辐射穿行其中。
外侧(壳核)或内侧(丘脑)扩张血肿压迫这些纤维产生对侧运动、感觉功能障碍，典型可见三偏体征(病灶对侧偏瘫、偏身感觉缺失和偏盲等)；大量出血可出现意识障碍;也可穿破脑组织进入脑室，出现血性CSF（脑脊液），直接穿破皮质者不常见。
①壳核出血（putamen hemorrhage）：基底节区的壳核是较为常见的出血部位，约占50%~60%，主要有豆纹动脉外侧在破裂引起，出血后可突破至内囊，临床表现与血肿的部位和血肿量有关，中大量出血时常见的症状主要表现为内囊受损的引起的对侧偏瘫，还可有双眼向病灶一侧凝视，偏身感觉障碍等。
出血量大时影响脑脊液的循环，压迫脑组织产生短时间内昏迷、呼吸心跳受影响，甚至出现短时间内死亡，出血量小时仅表现为肢体症状，临床上较为多见。
内囊外型出血1.高血压性脑出血最常见的类型2.多由外侧豆纹动脉破裂引起3.内囊三偏征（对侧偏身感觉障碍，偏盲及偏瘫）+失语②丘脑出血（thalamic hemorrhage）：相对壳核出血发生率较低，主要由于丘脑穿支动脉或者丘脑膝状体动脉破裂导致，由丘脑膝状体动脉和丘脑穿通动脉破裂所致，产生较明显感觉障碍，短暂的同向性偏盲;出血灶压迫皮质语言中枢可产生失语症，丘脑局灶性出血可出现独立的失语综合征，预后好。
丘脑出血特点是：上下肢瘫痪较均等，深感觉（浅感觉：痛、温、触觉。
深感觉：来自肌肉、肌腱、骨膜和关节的本体感觉，如运动觉、位置觉振动觉。
复合感觉：定位觉、两点辨别觉、图形觉和实体觉等）障碍较突出；大量出血使中脑上视中枢受损，眼球向下偏斜，如凝视鼻尖（落日征）;意识障碍多见且较重，出血波及丘脑下部或破入第三脑室则昏迷加深，瞳孔缩小，出现去皮质强直（无意识的睁眼闭眼，光反射、角膜反射存在，对外界刺激无反应，“上肢屈曲、下肢伸直”）等;累及丘脑底核或纹状体可见偏身舞蹈-投掷样运动;如出血量大使壳核和丘脑均受累，难以区分出血起始部位，称为基底核区出血。
神经科学中英文名词
Quadrangular lobule 简单小叶 Simple lobule 上半月叶 Superior semilunar lobule 下半月叶 Inferior semilunar lobule 髓母细胞瘤 Medulloblastoma 室管膜瘤 Ependymoma 少枝胶质瘤 Oligodendroglioma 脑膜瘤 Meningioma 难染性腺瘤 Chromophobe adenoma 嗜酸性腺瘤 Eosinophil adenoma 颅咽管瘤 Craniopharyngioma 神经瘤 Neuroma 听神经瘤 Acoustic tumours 血管母细胞瘤 Haemangioblastoma 恶性的 Malignant 奇异现象 Paradox 松果体瘤 Pineal tumour 分流 Short-Circuiting procedures 预后 Prognosis 先天性肿瘤
5
Congenital tumour 神经胶质增生 Gliosis 脓肿 Abscess 蛛网膜下腔出血 Subarachnoid haemorrhage 退行发育,间变 Anaplasia 活检 Biopsy 形成因素 Causatire factor 头皮瘢迹 Scalp Scar 不可达到的 Inaccessible 缓和 Remission 癌瘤 Carcinomatosis 畸胎瘤 Teratoma 上皮样成分 Epithelial elements 胆脂瘤 Cholesteatoma 珍珠瘤 Pearly tumours 上皮样囊肿 Epidermoids cyst 脊索瘤 Cordoma 姑息的方法 Palliative procedures 降低脑压 Reducing brain tenommissure 前索 Anterior funiculus 锥体前束 Anterior pyramidal (corticospinal) tract 前庭脊髓束 Vestibulospinal tract 脊髓丘脑前束 Ventral spinothalamic tract 固有束 Proper bundle 侧索 Lateral funiculus 锥体侧束 Lateral pyramidal (corticospinal) tract 脊髓小脑前束 Ventral spinocerebellar tract 脊髓小脑后束 Dorsal spinocerebellar tract 脊髓顶盖束 Spinotectal tract 顶盖脊髓束 Tectospinal tract 脊髓丘脑侧束 Lateral spinothalamic tract 网状脊髓束 Reticulospinal tract 红核脊髓束 Rubrospinal tract 后外侧束 Dorsolateral fasciculus 后索 Dorsal funiculus 薄束
尼氏(Nissl)染色液说明书
尼氏(Nissl)染色液 产品编号产品名称包装sC0117 尼氏(Nissl)染色液 100ml产品简介：碧云天生产的尼氏(Nissl)染色液(Nissl Staining Solution)是神经生物学家广泛使用的一种Nissl 染色液，用于石蜡或冰冻切片神经元细胞浆中的尼氏小体(Nissl body)染色。
Nissl 染色是以德国的精神病学家和神经病理学家Franz Nissl 的名字命名的。
Nissl 染色液染色后呈蓝紫色，常用于显示脑或脊髓的基本神经结构。
Nissl 小体大而数量多，说明神经细胞合成蛋白质的功能较强；相反在神经细胞受到损伤时，Nissl 小体的数量会减少甚至消失。
本Nissl 染色液染色的有效成分是Cresyl violet 。
Cresyl violet 可以和RNA 或DNA 结合，可以染色粗面型内质网上的核糖体，也可以染色细胞核。
染色后使细胞体呈现斑驳的(mottled)蓝紫色染色。
一个包装的本染色液至少可以染色200个样品。
包装清单：产品编号产品名称 包装 C0117尼氏(Nissl)染色液 100ml — 说明书 1份保存条件：室温避光保存，至少一年有效。
注意事项：特别注意：Nissl 染色液的染色能力很强，并且染色后很难去除，请注意勿使染色液沾染皮肤和衣物等。
需自备4%多聚甲醛、70%乙醇和95%乙醇。
如果需要脱水、透明和封片处理，还需自备二甲苯，中性树胶或其它封片剂。
如果样品是石蜡切片，需自备90%乙醇，无水乙醇以及二甲苯。
样品数量较多时，可以使用碧云天生产的染色架和染色缸，便于操作。
第一次使用本试剂盒时建议先取1-2个样品做预实验。
本产品仅限于专业人员的科学研究用，不得用于临床诊断或治疗，不得用于食品或药品，不得存放于普通住宅内。
为了您的安全和健康，请穿实验服并戴一次性手套操作。
使用说明：1. 样品处理 a. 对于石蜡切片：二甲苯中脱蜡5-10分钟，共三次。
4个生物标志物或可提高卒中风险的预测能力
4个生物标志物或可提高卒中风险的预测能力2016-08-26 来源：医脉通我要投稿卒中生物标志物预测能力评论（0人参与）导读：卒中生物标志物对卒中患者的早期诊断、病情评价和预后监测起重要作用，这一领域是目前国内外的研究热点之一。
最近一项研究表明，在弗雷明汉卒中风险预测的基础上加入4个生物标志物或可提高卒中风险的预测能力。
医脉通编译整理，转载请务必注明出处。
根据一项新的分析，4个生物标志物水平升高——C-反应蛋白（CRP），肿瘤坏死因子受体2（TNFR2），同型半胱氨酸和血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）——可增加事件性缺血性卒中风险（ISS）。
研究显示，在现有模型（弗雷明汉卒中风险预测）已有标志物的基础上添加这些生物标志物可使卒中预测能力增加。
“这项研究的独特之处在于其显示这些标志物对首次卒中具有预测性，超过其他传统危险因素，包括高血压和糖尿病。
” Ashkan Shoamanesh（加拿大麦克马斯特大学）。
该研究在线发表于8月24日的Neurology杂志。
研究概述这项分析包括3224例来自弗雷明汉后代研究的参与者（1998 ~2001），参加第7轮的检测，包括15个炎症和内皮功能障碍相关生物标志物的评估。
参与者平均年龄为61岁，54%为女性。
在平均9.3年的随访期间，其中98例参与者出现缺血性卒中。
为了便于比较，研究者对所有生物标志物进行标准化，基线设定为0，标准偏差（SD）为1。
他们计算每个生物标志物水平每1-SD增加的缺血性卒中比值比（HRs）。
在一个调整了年龄和性别的模型中，他们发现CRP (HR, 1.28; 95% 置信区间[CI], 1.04 - 1.56; P = .02)，TNFR2 (HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.09 - 1.63; P = .005)，总同型半胱氨酸(HR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.11 - 1.58; P = .002)和VEGF的每个SD增加均与缺血性卒中风险相关。
用于治疗多发性硬化的包含透明质酸锌复合物的药物组合物[发明专利]
![用于治疗多发性硬化的包含透明质酸锌复合物的药物组合物[发明专利]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/e7292983af1ffc4ffe47acfc.png)
专利名称：用于治疗多发性硬化的包含透明质酸锌复合物的药物组合物
专利类型：发明专利
发明人：G·T·鲍洛格,J·伊莱斯,A·博罗什,G·福劳伊,A·塞凯伊
申请号：CN200480034039.X
申请日：20041118
公开号：CN1882352A
公开日：
20061220
专利内容由知识产权出版社提供
摘要：本发明涉及用于治疗多发性硬化的药物组合物，它包含作为活性成分的锌－透明质酸复合物，优选具有800－1200kDa分子量的锌－透明质酸复合物，和药学可接受的载体和/或添加剂。
制备所述药物组合物的方法及其治疗多发性硬化的治疗应用也包括在本发明范围内。
申请人：匈牙利吉瑞大药厂
地址：匈牙利布达佩斯
国籍：HU
代理机构：中国国际贸易促进委员会专利商标事务所
代理人：唐晓峰
更多信息请下载全文后查看。
小脑ceerebellumppt课件
cerebrocerebellum。
二、小脑的内部结构 Internal Structure of the
Cerebellum 大量的神经元胞体聚集在小脑的表层,形成
小脑皮质 cerebellar cortex。位于深部的小脑 白质称髓体 medullary center,髓体内埋有灰质 的核团,称小脑核 cerebel1ar nuclei (又称中央 核 central nuclei)。 小脑核共4对，从外向内依次为齿状核 dentate nucleus、栓状核 emboliform nucleus、球状 核 globose nucleus 和顶核 fastigial nucleus。球状核和栓状核合称为中间核
3.大脑小脑(新小脑) 主要接受对侧脑桥核发出的纤维,经小
脑中脚到达新小脑皮质, 经皮质脊髓 束调控上、下肢精确运动的计划和 协调。
四、小脑的临床联系
1.小脑扁桃体疝 是因小脑扁桃体 嵌入枕骨大孔所致,是病危的信号。正 常情况下只有延髓(包括其被膜、血管) 通过枕骨大孔延续为脊髓。当颅内血 肿(如内囊出血)或肿瘤引起颅内压增高 时,原来位于枕骨大孔上缘的小脑扁桃 体受压下降至枕骨大孔内,压迫延髓致 使生命中枢受累,造成呼吸、循环衰竭 而危及生命。
绒球
小结 小脑上、下、中脚
蚓垂 蚓锥体 蚓结节 小脑扁桃体
小脑外形（下面）
小脑表面有许多基本呈横向走行的浅沟, 将小脑分成众多横行的。在小脑上面， “V”形的原裂分界了小脑的前叶和后叶。 在小脑下面的前部,有后外侧裂作为后叶 和绒球小结叶的分界。前叶和后叶构成 了小脑的主体,合称为小脑体 corpus of cerebellum 。
(小脑萎缩)共济失调诊断和鉴别诊断
（二）后根病变
多发性神经根炎病例可出现共济失调，伴 有感觉异常、肌张力减低、腱反射消失等 症状和脑脊液蛋白增高。
脊髓痨损害后根及后束，出现典型的感觉 性共济失调。并可有闪电样疼痛，躯体束 带感、括约肌功能障碍、Argyll-Robertson 氏瞳孔、膝、跟腱反射减低或消失，血和 脑脊液华康氏反应阳性。
急性进行性小脑蚓部病变以肿瘤为常见， 尤其是儿童，如髓母细胞瘤、星形细胞瘤、 室管膜瘤等。成人则以转移性肿瘤多见。
（三）后束病变
各种原因损害脊髓后束者都可出现感觉性 共济失调，如亚急性联合变性，脊髓后方 肿瘤，脊髓型遗传性共济失调等。
其特点是感觉分离，即触觉、温痛觉无损 害，而位置觉、压觉及振动觉减低或消失。
亚急性合并变性者常合并锥体束损害而有 两下肢肌力减退、腱反射亢进和病理征阳 性，也可有多发性神经炎表现和恶性贫血， 胃液分析常有游离酸减低。
肌肉之间这种协调配合称为共济运动。
共济失调：
在肌力没有减退的情况下，肢体运动的协 调动作失调，不平稳与不协调。此外，不 自主运动、肌张力增高和轻度瘫痪都影响 动作的正确进行，须先排除。
“ataxia” simply means ‘lack of coordination’.
病因和机理
White matter－
medullary center 髓体
Internal structures
Cerebellar cortex Dentate nucleus
Fastigial nucleus 顶核
Globose nucleus球核
Emboliform nucleus 楔核
medullary center
Three functional divisions
神经外科英文词汇之欧阳地创编
Fasciculus cuneatus
[fə'sɪkjələs]
楔束
Cuneate nucleus
['kju:nɪɪt]
楔束核
neocerebellum
['niːəʊ,serɪ'beləm]
新小脑
Amygdaloid body
[ə'mɪgdəˌlɔɪd]
杏仁体
Olfactory brain
[ɑ:lˈfæktəri]
['bæsɪlə][ˈsaɪnəs]
基底窦
Basilar artery
基底动脉
Basal nuclei
[ˈbesəl, -zəl]
基底核
Spinal nerve
[ˈspaɪnəl]
脊神经
Posterior
Spinal artery
脊髓后动脉
Anterior Spinal artery
脊髓前动脉
Spinothalamic tract
红核脊髓束
Posterior communicating artery
[pɑ:ˈstɪriə]
后交通动脉
metathalamus
[ˌmetə'θæləməs]
后丘脑
Posterior funiculus
[fju:'nɪkjələs]
后索
Trochlear nerve
['trɒklɪr]
滑车神经
Basilar sinus
['lætərəl][ˈvɛntrɪkəl]
侧脑室
terochlear nucleus
['trɒklɪr]
车神经核
小脑
小脑前庭束 小脑网状纤维
三叉神经小脑束（源于三叉神经感觉核）
二、小脑的内部结构
Internal Structure of the Cerebellum
小脑皮质cerebellar cortex 髓体medullary center 小脑核cerebellar nuclei （又称中央核central nuclei）
临床：
1.小脑扁桃体疝： 小脑扁桃体嵌入枕骨大孔所致, 是病危的信号。 当颅内血肿（如内囊出血）或肿 瘤引起颅内压增高时, 小脑扁桃体受 压下降至枕骨大孔内，压迫延髓致使 生命中枢受累，造成呼吸、循环衰竭 而危及生命。
2.古小脑综合征： 绒球小结叶的病变， 平衡失调 （步态不稳）和眼球震颤。
3.新小脑综合征： （小脑半球的病变）
梨状细胞层： 3. Purkinje细胞：单层排列，树突 呈扇形，在分子层内展开，与小脑 叶片长轴垂直，并与平行纤维构成 突触联系。轴突投射至小脑中央核， 少部分投射到前庭神经外侧核，是 小脑皮质的惟一传出神经元。
颗粒细胞层：
4. 颗粒细胞：脑内最小细胞（6-9un） 树突与 5. Golgi细胞的轴突终末及大部分 传入小脑的苔藓纤维终末（玫瑰结）构成 突触联系，共同形成小脑小球cerebellar glomerulus。 轴突伸入分子层呈T形分叉，形成与小 脑叶片长轴平行的平行纤维parallel fibers 与PC、SC、BC构成突触。
小脑外形
小脑表面有许多基本呈横向走行的浅沟， 将小脑分成众多横行的小脑叶片cerebellar folia。 原裂primary fissure：分界了小脑的前 叶anterior lobe和后叶posterior lobe。 水平裂horizontal fissure：分界了小脑的 上面和下面。 后外侧裂posterolateral fissure：分界了 后叶和绒球小结叶flocculonodular lobe。
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Corresponding Author
Introduction
Recent neuroimaging and lesion studies have shown that the most evolved, lateral part of the cerebellum is involved in higher brain functions than motor control; such higher functions include visual attention, motor imagery, and cognitive planning [1-4]. However, the topography, i.e. which function is assigned to which region, in this part of the human cerebellum is still unknown although it has been well investigated in the phylogenetically older part of the cerebellum consisting of the vermis and intermediate hemisphere. Often called the cerebro-cerebellum, the lateral part of the cerebellum receives inputs from and sends outputs to the cerebral cortex. Its mossy fibre inputs originate in pontine nuclei that relay information from the cerebral cortex, and its outputs are conveyed by the dentate nucleus to the thalamus and from there to the cerebral cortex. The cerebellar output to individual cerebral cortical areas originates from distinct clusters of neurons in the output nuclei, and individual clusters show little or no overlap [5]. Therefore, the function of this cerebellar region could be revealed by the function of the cerebral cortical region with which a given cerebellar region connects because more is known about functional localization in the cerebral cortex. In monkey brains, the details of pathways be0959-4965 © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
tween the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum have been investigated in electrophysiological and morphological experiments [5-9]. However, the methodologies used in monkey studies are not applicable to the living human brain. Instead, we have functional neuroimaging methods. In typical neuroimaging experiments conducted by positron emission tomography (PET) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the functional connectivity between two given regions is investigated through temporal correlation between activities of both regions elicited by a certain task. Showing functional connectivity is, however, not sufficient. It is necessary to show that there is underlying anatomical connectivity. Although some methods to find functional connectivity between cerebral cortical regions under anatomical constraints have been developed [10,11], it is impossible to apply them to unknown connectivity, and the anatomical knowledge on which imposed constraints are based is often infirm. One of the most successful techniques to overcome these drawbacks is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) during PET. Paus et al . stimulated a given cortical region by TMS and using PET identified the precise location stimulated and the regions in which secondary activities are elicited [12]. Although this technique is reliable, there are severe limitations in areas that can be stimulated by TMS, especially the
Cognitive neuroscience Cerebro-cerebellar functional connectivity
NeuroReport 10, 325-331 (1999)
NeuroReport NeuroReport
THE function of the lateral part of the human cerebellum was investigated through cerebro-cerebellar functional connectivity. We propose a laterality index method to reveal a functional and possibly anatomical pathway between the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum. The brain activity involved in learning a visuallyguided tracking skill using a novel computer mouse was measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging. The imaging data analyzed using the method suggest that the simple lobule and semilunar lobule of the lateral cerebellum have connections with the pars opercularis and pars triangularis in the inferior frontal gyrus. A possible function of this cerebro-cerebellar communication loop is tool usage, which is in-between the cognitive and motor functions of the human cerebellum. NeuroReport 10:325-331 © 1999 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Cerebro-cerebellar functional connectivity revealed by the laterality index in tool-use learning
Tomoe Tamada,1,CA Satoru Miyauchi,2 Hiroshi Imamizu,1 Toshinori Yoshioka1 and Mitsuo Kawato1ro-cerebellar functional connectivity; Functional magnetic resonance imaging; Higher brain function; Laterality index; Learning
Kawato Dynamic Brain Project, ERATO, JST, and ATR Human Information Processing Laboratories, 2-2 Hikaridai Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 6190288; 2Kansai Advanced Research Center, Communications Research Laboratory, Ministry of Post and Telecommunications, 588-2 Iwaoka, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2401, Japan