市场营销专业外语教程课本翻译【13~36页】

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市场营销策略外文文献及翻译

市场营销策略外文文献及翻译

市场营销策略外文文献及翻译Marketing StrategyMarket Segmentation and Target StrategyA market consists of people or organizations with wants,money to spend,and the willingness to spend it.However,within most markets the buyer' needs are not identical.Therefore,a single marketing program starts with identifying the differences that exist within a market,a process called market segmentation, and deciding which segments will be pursued ads target markets.Marketing segmentation enables a company to make more efficient use of its marketing resources.Also,it allows a small company to compete effectively by concentrating on one or two segments.The apparent drawback of market segmentation is that it will result in higher production and marketing costs than a one-product,mass-marketstrategy.However, if the market is correctly segmented,the better fit with customers' needs will actually result in greater efficiency.The three alternative strategies for selecting a target market are market aggregation,single segment,and multiplesegment.Market-aggregation strategy involves using one marketing mix to reach a mass,undifferentiated market.With a single-segment strategy, acompany still uses only one marketing mix,but it is directed at only one segment of the total market.A multiple-segment strategy entailsselecting two or more segments and developing a separate marketing mix to reach segment.Positioning the ProductManagement's ability to bring attention to a product and to differentiate it in a favorable way from similar products goes a long way toward determining that product's revenues.Thus management needs to engage in positioning,which means developing the image that a product projects in relation to competitive products and to the firm's other products.Marketing executives can choose from a variety of positioning strategies.Sometimes they decide to use more than one for a particular product.Here are several major positioning strategies:1.Positioning in Relation to a competitorFor some products,the best position is directly against the competition.This strategy is especially suitable for a firm that already has a solid differential advantage or is trying to solidify such an advantage.To fend off rival markers of microprocessors,Intelunched a campaign to convince buyers that its product is superior to competitors.The company even paid computer makers to include the slogan,"Intel Inside" in their ads.As the market leader,Coca-Cola introduces new products and executes its marketing strategies.At the same time,it keeps an eye on Pepsi-Cola,being sure to match anyclever,effective marketing moves made by its primary competitor.2.Positioning in Relation to a Product Class or AttributeSometimes a company's positioning strategy entails associating its product with or distancing it from a product class or attributes.Some companies try to place their products in a desirable class,such as"Madein the USA."In the words of one consultant,"There is a strong emotional appeal when you say,'Made in the USA'".Thus a small sportswear manufacturer,Boston Preparatory Co.is using this positioning strategy to seek an edge over large competitors such as Calvin Klein and Tommy Hilfiger,which don't produce all of their products in the U.S..3.Positioning by Price and QualityCertain producer and retailers are known for their high-quality products and high prices.In the retailing field,Sake Fifth Avenue and Neiman Marcus are positioned at one end of the price-qualitycontinuum.Discount stores such as Target and Kmart are at theother.We're not saying,however,that discounters ignore quality;rather, they stress low prices.Penney's tired―and for the most part succeeded in―repositioning its stores on the price-quality continuum by upgrading apparel lines and stressing designer names.The word brands is comprehensive;it encompasses other narrowerterms.A brand is a name and/or mark intended to identify the product of one seller or group of sellers and differentiate the product from competing products.A brand name consists of words,letters,and/or numbers that can be vocalized.A brand mark is the part of the brand that appears in the form of a symbol, design,or distinctive color or lettering.A brand mark isrecognized buy sight bu cannot be expressed when a person pronounces the brand name.Crest,Coors,and rider for Ralph Lauren's Polo Brand.Green Giant canned and frozen vegetable products and Arm&Hammer baking soda are both brand names and brand marks.A trademark is a brand that has been adopted by a seller and given legal protection.A trademark includes not just the brand mark,as many people believe,but also the brand name.The Lanham Act of 1946 permits firms to register trademarks with the federal government to protect them from use or misuse by other companies.The Trademark Law RevisionAct,which took effect in 1989,is tended to strengthen the the registration system to the benefit of U.S. Firms.For sellers,brands can be promoted.They are easily recognized when displayed in a store or included in advertising.Branding reduces price comparisons.Because brands are another factor that needs to be considered in comparing different products,branding reduces the likelihood of purchase decision based solely on price.The reputation of a brand alsoinfluences customer loyalty among buyers of services as well as customer goods.Finally,branding can differentiate commodities Sunkist oranges,Morton salt,and Domino sugar,for example .PricingPricing is a dynamic process,Companies design a pricing structure that covers all their products.They change this structure over time and adjust it to account for different customers and situations.Pricing strategies usually change as a product passes through itslife cycle.Marketers face important choice when they select new product pricing strategies.The company can decide on one of several price-quality strategies for introducing an imitative product.In pricing innovative products,it can practice market-skimming pricing by initially setting high prices to"skim"the imum amount of revenue from various segments of the market.Or it can use market penetration pricing by setting a low initial price to win a large market share.Companies apply a variety of price-adjustment strategies to account for differences in consumer segments and situations.One is discount and allowance pricing,whereby the company decides on quantity,functional,or seasonal discounts,or varying types of allowances. A second strategy is segmented pricing, where the company sellers a product at two or more prices to allow for differences in customers, products, or locations. Sometimes companies consider more than economics in their pricing decisions,and use psychological pricing to communicate about the product's quality or value.In promotional pricing,companies temporarily sell their product bellow list price as a special-event to draw more customers,sometimes even selling below cost.With value pricing, the company offers just the night combination of quality and good service at a fair price. Another approach is geographical pricing, whereby the company decides how to price distant customers, choosing fromalternative as FOB pricing,uniform delivered pricing, zone pricing, basing-point pricing, and freight-absorption pricing. Finally,international pricing means that the company adjusts its price to meet different world markets.Distribution ChannelsMost producers use intermediaries to bring their products to market.They try to forge a distribution channel―a set of interdependent organizations involved in the process of marking a product or service available for use or consumption by the consumers or business user.Why do producers give some of the selling job tointermediaries?After all,doing so means giving up some control over how and to whom the products are sold.The use of intermediaries results from their greater efficiency in marking goods available to targetmarkets.Through their contacts, experience, specialization, and scales of operation,intermediaries usually offer the firm move value than it can achieve on its own efforts.A distribution channel moves goods from producers to customers.Itovercomes the major time, place, and possession gaps that separate goods and services from those who would use them. Members of the marketing channel perform many functions. Some help to complete transactions:rmation.2.Promotion.3.Contact:finding and communicating with prospective buyers.4.Matching:fitting the offer to the buyer's needs, including such activities as manufacturing and packaging.5.Negotiation:reaching an agreement on price and other terms of the offer so that ownership or possession can be transferred.Other help to fulfill the completed transferred.1.Transporting and storing goods.2.Financing.3.Risk taking:assuming the risk of carrying out the channel work.The question is not whether these functions need to be performed, but rather who is to perform them. All the functions have three things in common:They use up scarce resource, they often can be performed better through specialization, and they can be shifted among channel members.To the extent that the manufacturer performs these functions, its costs go up and its prices have to be higher. At the same time, when some of these functions are shifted to intermediaries, the producer's costs and prices may be lower, but the intermediaries must charge more to cover the costsof their work. In dividing the work of the channel, the various functions should be assigned to the channel members who can perform them most efficiently and effectively to provide satisfactory assortments of goods to target consumers.Distribution channels can be described by the number of channellevels involved. Each layer of marketing intermediaries that performs some work in brining the product and its ownership closer to the final buyer is a channel level. Because the producer and the final consumer both perform some work, they are part of every channel.When selecting intermediaries, the company should determine what characteristics distinguish the better ones. It will want to evaluate the the channel member's years in business, other lines carried, growth and profit record, co-operativeness, and reputation. If the intermediaries are sales agents, the company will want to evaluate the number and character of the other lines carried, and the size andquality of the sales force. If the intermediary is a retail store that wants exclusive or selective distribution, the company will want to evaluate the store's customers, location, and future growth potential.Understanding the nature of distribution channels is important, as choosing among distribution channels is one of the most challenging decisions facing the firm. Marketing intermediaries are used because they provide greater efficiency in marking goods available to target markets.The key distribution channel function is moving goods from producers to consumers by helping to complete transactions and fulfill the completed transaction. Distribution channels can be described by the number of channel levels, which can include no intermediaries in adirect channel, or one to several intermediaries in indirect channels.PromotionPromotion is one of the four major elements of the company's marketing mix. The main promotion tools――advertising, sales promotion, public relations, and personal selling――work together to achieve the company'scommunications objectives.People at all levels of the organization must be aware of the many legal and ethical issues surrounding marketing communications. Much work is required to produce socially responsible marketing communicating in advertising, personal selling, and direct selling. Companies must work hard and proactively at communicating openly, honestly, and agreeably with their customers and resellers.市场营销策略一、市场细分和目标市场策略具有需求,具有购买能力并愿意花销的个体或组织构成了市场。

市场营销的十三班专业术语翻译=6-10章

市场营销的十三班专业术语翻译=6-10章

第六章OBJECTIVE11.Business buyer behavior[p192] 企业购买行为2.business buying process[p192]业务购买流程3.derived demand[p193]派生需求4.Supplier development[p194] 供应商开发Straight rebuy[p197] 直重复购买 6.modified rebuy[p197] 修整再购new task[p197]新购 8.Systems selling(solutions selling)[p197]系统销售(解决方案销售)9.buying center[p198]采购中心 ers[p198] 用户11.Influencers[p198] 影响着12.buyers[p198] 买家13.deciders[p198]决定者14.Gatekeepers[p198] 守门人15.Problem recognition[p200] 一般需求描述 16.General need description[p201] 产品规格17.Product specification[p201] 供应商搜索 18.Supplier search[p201] 提案征集19.Proposal solicitation[p202] 供应商选择 20.supplier selection[p202]命令规范:21.Order-routine specification[p203]命令规范22.Performance review[p203] 绩效考核 23.E-procurement[p204]采购:24.Institutional market[p205] 机构市场ernment market[p206]政府市场第七章Market segmentation 市场细分market targeting 选择目标市场differentiation 差异化positioning 市场定位Geographic segmentation 地理细分demographic segmentation 人口细分age and life-cycle segmentation 年龄和生命周期细分gender segmentation 性别细分income segmentation 收入细分psychographic segmentation 心理细分behavioral segmentation行为细分occasion segmentation 时机细分benefit segmentation 利益细分Intermarket segmentation 跨市场细分Target market 目标市场undifferentiated(mass)marketing 无差异(大众)营销differentiated(segmented)marketing 差异化(细分市场)营销concentrated(niche)marketing 集中化(缝隙)营销micromarketing 微观市场营销local marketing 地域营销individual marketing 个人营销Product position 产品定位competitive advantage 竞争优势value proposition 价值主张position statement 定位陈述第八章P roduct产品 Service服务 Consumer product消费品Convenience product便利品Shopping product选购品Specialty product专用品Unsought product非渴求品Industrialproduct产业用品Social marketing社会营销Product quality产品质量Brand品牌Packaging包装Product line产品线Product mix(or product portfolio)产品组合Brand equity品牌资产Store brand(or private brand)品牌专卖店(自有品牌)Co-branding 品牌联合Line extension产品线延伸Brand extension品牌延伸Service intangibility服务的无形性Service inseparability服务的不可分割性Service variability服务的差异性Service perishability服务的不可储存性Service-profit chain服务利润链 Internal marketing内部营销 Interactive marketing互动营销第九章New Product Development新产品开发Idea Generation构思产生Idea Screening构思筛选Product concepts产品概念Concept tests概念测试Business Analysis商业分析Product Development产品开发Test Marketing 营销测试Commercialization商业化Product life cycle产品生命周期Style风格Fashion时尚Introduction stage介绍期Growth stage成长期Maturity stage成熟期Decline stage衰退期第十章关键术语价格 price 基于价值的定价方法 value-based pricing高价值定价 good-value pricing 价值增值定价 value-added pricing 基于成本的定价方法 cost-based pricing 固定成本 fixed cost变动成本 variable cost 总成本 total cost经验曲线(学习曲线) experience curve(learning curve) 成本加成定价法cost-plus pricing盈亏平衡定价法(目标利润定价法) break-even pricing(target profit pricing) 目标成本法 target costing 需求曲线 demand curve 价格弹性 price elasticity第六章Business buyer behavior:The buying behavior of the organizations that buy goods and services for use in the production of other products and services or to resell or rent them to other at a profit.企业购买行为:组织的购买行为是购买商品和服务用于生产其他产品和服务或转售或租用其他获利。

市场营销外文翻译教学教材

市场营销外文翻译教学教材

市场营销外文翻译IEEETRANSACTIONS ON ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT, VOL. EM-34, NO. 3, AUGUST 1987Defining the New Product StrategyROBERT G. COOPERAbstract—New products are critical to the growth and survival of most corporations. The new product strategy is the master plan that guides the product innovation efforts of the firm, and links new product development to the corporate plan. This article looks first at what a product innovation strategy is, its role in the corporation, and why an innovation strategy is essential to an effective new product program. Next, the article focuses on the development of a new product strategy, beginning with objectives and moving to arena selection. A matrix approach to arena definition and selection is used. Empirical data from research by the author is employed in the model to prioritize new product arenas.INTRODUCTIONNEW products are central to the growth and prosperity ofthe modern corporation. Increasingly, progressive managementsrecognize that a new product or technology strategyshould be an explicit and central element of the corporatestrategy. This article is about new productstrategy at the corporate level—about the need for a newproduct strategy, and about defining and developing such astrategy.THE IMPORTANCE OF A NEW PRODUCT STRATEGYNew product development and technology bear an integralrelationship to a company's strategic thinking by helping todefine the range of that company's choices . For manycompanies, new products and technologies have become theleading edge of corporate strategy, opening up new market andnew business opportunities. The rapid growth of countlessfirms in office-of-the-future, bioengineering, microelectronics,and robotics is evidence of the growth potential of awell conceived new product strategy. Similarly, many oftoday's corporate giants, such as Xerox, IBM, Polaroid, andTexas Instruments, were fledgling companies only decadesago, but became great because of new product choices madeby management in earlier years.The companies that are most likely to succeed in thedevelopment and launch of new products are those firmswhich implement a company specific approach, driven bycorporate objectives and strategies, with a well-defined newproduct strategy at its core. These are some of the conclusionsof a study of business practices by Booz-Allenand Hamilton. There were other recommendations as well, but a productinnovation strategy ranks high on the list of the keys tosuccess.Some firms do develop such strategies. For example,product innovation charters were described by Crawford in hisstudy of 125 firms. He notes that firms are now beginningto pull all the multifunctional elements of a new productstrategy together in one document, which specifies the types ofmarkets, products, technologies, and orientation the firm willpursue with its new product program.PROBLEMIn spite o f the importance of new products, management canfind little help from the traditional literature in the formulationof a new product strategy. Few guidelines have beendeveloped to assist the manager in the choice of areas and thedirection for the new product program. That is, thereexist few conceptual frameworks or proven methodologies forformulating a new product strategy. Moreover, littleempirical research has been undertaken to determine thecomponents and results of firms' new product programs: thatis, how companies directly or indirectly choose new marketsand areas of technology, and organize and focus their R&Defforts in different ways.Although there are many strategy development models inuse today, most deal with resource allocation and strategydevelopment for the firm's existing business units and existingproduct lines. For example, various portfolio models havebeen developed, essentially variations of the Boston ConsultingGroup model—cash cows, stars, dogs, and wildcats. While these portfolio or resource allocation models maysuggest new areas for product development, these modelswere developed principally to deal with products or businessesthat the company already possesses. Similarly, the PIMSmodel, another popular strategy development aid, looks atalternate strategies and their impact on profitability, but againlargely for existingbusinesses in the company. Inshort, these strategy models deal with what is rather than withwhat might be. What is lacking in these approaches is asystematic procedure for generating and choosing new strategicoptions, including new products and new businesses.THE PRODUCT INNOVATION CHARTERIn a business context, strategy has been defined as "theschemes whereby a firm's resources and advantages aremanaged (deployed) in order to surprise and surpass competitorsor to exploit opportunities". More specifically,strategic change is defined as a realignment of the firm'sproduct/market environnent". Strategy is closely tied toproductand market specification. Corey identifies marketselection and product delineation as the two key dimensions ofcorporate strategy.Product innovation strategy, while closely related to corporatestrategy, tends to be more specific. In recent years, theterm "product innovation charter"—or PIC for short—hasbeen used. The PIC charts the entire strategy for a firm'snew product program. It is the essential link between theproduct development program and the firm's corporate strategy.The PIC has two key elements:The PIC specifies the objectives of the game, the role thatproduct innovation will play in helping the firm achieveits corporate objectives. It answers the question: wheredo new products and product innovation fit in thecompany's overall plan? This role then is translated intospecific objectives for the new product program. Statementssuch as "By 1990, 30 percent of our corporatesales will come from new products—products that we willdevelop and launch in the next five years " are typicalobjectives found in the PIC.The PIC specifies the arenas in which the game will beplayed. That is, it defines the types of markets, marketapplications, technologies, and products that the newproduct program will focus on. These arenas provide afocus to the firm's product development program.WHYHAVE A PRODUCTINNOVATION CHARTER AT ALL?Developing a PIC is hard work. It involves many people,especially top management. Why, then, go to all the effort?Most of us can probably name countless firms that do notappear to have a master plan for their new product program.How did they get by?Doing Business without an innovation CharterRunning an innovation program without a PIC like runninga war without a master military strategy. There's no rudder,there's no direction, and often, we don't end up where we'dlike to be.A new product program without a PIC will inevitably leadto a number of ad hoc decisions made independently of eachother. New product and R&D projects are initiated solely ontheir own merits, with little regard to their fit into the granderscheme. The result is that the firm finds itself in unrelated orunwanted markets, products, and technologies.Objectives: The Link to Corporate StrategyWhat types of direction does a PIC give a firm's newproduct program? First, the objectives of a PIC tie the productdevelopment effort tightly to the firm's corporate strategy.New product development, so often taken for granted,becomes a central part of the corporate strategy, a key plank inthe company's overall strategic platform.The question of spending commitment is dealt with bydefining the role and objectives of the new product program.Too often, the R&D or new product budget is easy prey inhard economic times. In some firms, R&D is viewed as softmoney—a luxury. But with product innovation as a centralfacet of the firm's corporate strategy, with the role andobjectives of product innovation firmly established, cuttingthis budget becomes less arbitrary. There is continuity to theresource commitment to new products.The Arenas: Guiding the Game PlanThe second facet of the PIC, the definition of arenas, iscritical to guiding and focusing the new product efforts (seeFig. 1). The first step in the new product process is ideageneration. But where does one search for new product ideas?Unless the arenas are defined, the result is a scatter gun searcheffort, undirected, unfocused, and ineffective!A second key step in the new product process is ideascreening. The first criterion for this early GO/KILL decisionis: "Does the proposed product fall within thecompany'smandate for its new product program?" This usuallytranslates into: is this the kind of market, product, andtechnology that we as a company have decided is fair game forus? Without a definition of fair game—arenas—good luck intrying to make an effective screening decision!The definition of arenas also guides resource and manpowerplanning. If certain markets are designated top priority arenas,then the firm can acquire resources, skills, and knowledge tobe better able to attack those markets. Similarly, if certaintechnologies are singled out as arenas, the firm can hire andacquire resources to bolster its abilities in those fields.Resource building doesn't happen overnight. One can't buy asalesforce on a moment's notice; and one can't acquire acritical mass of key researchers or engineers in a certaintechnology at the local supermarket. Putting the right people,resources, and skills in place takes both lead time and adirection, hence the need for the definition of arenas.Where's the Evidence?The argument for a PIC, although logical, appears somewhatacademic. One can't help but think about all thosecompanies that have succeeded without a grand strategyforproduct innovation. Then where's the evidence in support of aPIC? There isn't much, unfortunately. One reason is that nottoo many studies have investigated the role and impact of aninnovation strategy. Most of the business research into productinnovation has focused on the individual product project as theunit of analysis—for example, on what makes a new product asuccess—rather than on the company's entire new productprogram.The studies that have looked at firms' new productstrategies have a clear and consistent message: new productstrategies at the firm level are critical to success, and somestrategies clearly work better than others.Booz-Allen and Hamilton's study of new product practicesin corporations found that "successful companiesare more committed to growth through new productsdeveloped internally"; and that "they are more likelyto have a strategic plan that includes a certain portion ofgrowth from new products." The authors of this study goon to explain why having a new product strategy was tiedto success:A new product strategy links the new product process tocompany objectives, and provides focus for idea/conceptgeneration and for establishing appropriate screening criteria.The outcome of this strategy analysis is a set of strategic roles,used not to generate specific new product ideas, but to helpidentify markets for which new products will be developed.These market opportunities provide the set of product andmarket requirements from which new product ideas aregenerated. In addition, strategic roles provide guidelines fornew product performance measurement criteria. Performancethresholds tied to strategic roles provide a more precise meansof screening new product ideas.The PIMS studies (profit impact of market strategy)considered new product strategies, but in only a peripheralway. These studies looked at why certainbusiness units were more profitable than others, andattempted to link profitability to the market strategyelected. R&D spending and product quality level weretwo of many strategy variables considered in thesestudies, and both were found to be closely connected toprofitability (although detractors of the studies argueabout direction of causality).Nystrom and Edvardsson studied a number of industrialproduct firms, and identified how various new productstrategies were tied to performance. Strategiesemphasizing synergistic use of technology, a responsiveR&D organization, and an externally oriented R&Deffort were generally more successful. The study waslimited to only a handful of strategy dimensions, andR&D strategy may be different from new productstrategy.Nonetheless, the message comes through thatnew product strategy and performance are closely linked.Our own studies looked at the performance impact ofproduct innovation strategies in 120 firm. Thisstudy is one of the few investigations undertaken to datethat considers a large number of strategy dimensions, andhow strategy was tied to performance in a large numberof firms. The overriding conclusion was that productinnovation strategy and performance were stronglylinked. The types of markets, products, and technologiesthat firms elected, and the orientation and direction oftheir product innovation programs had a pronouncedimpact on the program's success and profitability. Strategyreally does count!Evidence for Selecting the Right ArenasOur investigation provided much more than a strong hintthat strategy pays off. The study also yielded insights into theingredients of a successful innovation strategy: the types ofobjectives that are reasonable and measurable; and criteriauseful in the selection of arenas—the kinds of products,markets, and technologies that successful firms elect. Here aresome of the more important conclusions, which we use later inthe article in the selection of arenas:A number of strategy factors were found to impact on thenew product performance of a companies. These factorsfit into one of two categories: either they described thetype of new product arenas the firm had chosen; or theycaptured the basis of how the firm would compete.Factors that captured the basis of competition portrayedthe orientation and commitment to the new productprogram. They included factors such as technologicalaggressiveness and sophistication, market orientation,program focus, R&D spending, and the like—usefulguides to how a new product program should be orientedand managed.Factors that described the choice of arenas constituted thesecond category of factors that impacted upon programperformance. These could be further subcategorized intofactors that portrayed:1) The attractiveness of the arena (for example, marketneed, growth and size, technological possibilities inthe arena, etc.);2) The strength or ability of the firm to exploit thearena (for example, the fit or synergy between thefirm's resources and the new product arena).In subsequent analysis, wewere able to put weights onthese different factors—how important is each factor inthe "success equation."These factors and their weightsare shown in Table I. We use Table I to provide the keycriteria and weights for the selection of the right arenas.The reader is cautioned, however, that these weights arederived from one study only, and serve as a guide orstarting point to arena selection.DEVELOPING AN INNOVATION CHARTERFew can deny the utility of having a product innovationcharter to guide the firm's new product efforts. But how doesone go about developing such a charter? The remainder of thearticle tackles the difficult task of molding the PIC. A numberof familiar concepts—business definition schemes and portfoliostrategy models—form the basis of this development. Butthese models have been integrated and modified in a novel apply to new product opportunities, rather than for businesses; further, we have incorporated from our research to help quantify the select of a new productarenas.Setting ObjectivesDefining objectives for a product development program isessential; most of us accept that premise. Yet our strategystudy revealed that many firms actually lacked written andmeasurable objectives for their innovation programs.What types of objectives should be included in an innovationcharter? First, the objectives should be measurable, hencequantifiable. Second, they should tie the new product programto the total corporate strategy. Finally, they must give the newproduct team a sense of purpose and help them makedecisions. In deciding upon a reasonable set of new productprogram objectives, consider some of the following types.Role ObjectivesOne type of new product objective focuses on the role thatthe new product effort will play in achieving corporateobjectives. Examples include:The percentage of company sales in year 5 that will bderived from new products introduced in that five yearperiod. (Five years is a commonly accepted time spanover which to count a product as "new") Alternatively,one can speak of absolute sales (dollars in year 5 fromnew products) rather than relative sales or percents.The percentage of corporate profits (gross, contribution,or net) in year 5 that will be derived from new productsintroduced in that five year span. Again absolute dollarscould be used instead of relative profits.Alternatively, these sales and profits objectives can beexpressed as a percentage of corporate growth. Forexample: 70 percent of growth in company sales over thenext five years will come from new products to beintroduced in this period.定义“新产品策略”罗伯特G·库珀摘要:新产品对于大多公司的成长和生存至关重要。

市场营销讲义英文共274页

市场营销讲义英文共274页
information Maintains “healthy” skepticism Is ethical
Demand
Company Demand
Market Demand
Estimating Current Demand
Total Market Potential Area Market Potential Industry Sales Market Share
Associations Business Information
Good Marketing Research:
Is scientific Is creative Uses multiple methods Realizes the interdependence of
models & data Acknowledges the cost & value of
Objectives
Define value & satisfaction - understand how to deliver them
The nature of high-performance businesses
How to attract & retain customers Improving customer profitability Total quality management
Are loyal longer Buy more (new products & upgrades) Spread favorable word-of-mouth Are more brand loyal (less price
sensitive) Offer feedback Reduce transaction costs

市场营销专业外语教程课本翻译【3~6页】

市场营销专业外语教程课本翻译【3~6页】

【这是从第3页翻译到第6页】一些最成功的商业组织今天来到这里是因为许多年前他们提供正确的产品在正确的时间,一个快速增长的市场,有些也可以被称为非营利组织和政府过去的重要决策,过去的许多关键的决定是没有战略思维和规划的效益,这些决定是基于智慧或只是运气是不重要的,他们为这些组织工作然而,一个更糟糕的命运发生了无数的其他四分之三的美国100家最大的公司70年前从这些公司在同一时间市场下跌,控制庞大的资源,并有训练有素的工人。

最后,他们都犯了同样严重的错误,他们的管理人员没有认识到,商业策略必须反映不断变化的环境中,必须把重点放在开发的业务系统,允许持续改进。

相反,他们试图继续照常营业。

今天的管理者越来越认识到智慧和创新就不再足以引导组织的命运,大和小的。

这些相同的管理者也意识到该组织的真正使命是提供有价值的关键选区:客户,员工,和投资者,没有这种前景,没有人,包括股东,将利润从长远角度来看。

战略规划包括了所有为满足自身需要的产物,引导组织目标的发展的组织使命和合适整个企业目标实现策略。

过程本身的形式已经在一些过于结构化的地方被批评。

然而,战略规划,如果成功执行,通过平衡可接受的财务绩效与市场,不可避免的变化和竞争的制备技术,实现短期和长期之间的平衡起着关键的作用,以及在经济和政治领域。

管理主要是对目前的现金流,市场份额和收入趋势,公司的未来可以抵押贷款。

在近期的焦点可以使商业停滞,产生一种可恶风险。

相反,在长期的过分强调,是不恰当的。

公司过分扩张自己赌未来可能判处短期盈利和经营结果使得公司面临收购和其他威胁的行动的程度。

在图1.2描绘的是战略规划的过程。

在战略规划过程中收集组织关于其环境改变的元素的信息。

经理从组织中的所有职能领域帮助这个信息收集过程。

通过战略规划的过程,这个信息是有用的帮助组织更好地适应这些变化。

战略计划和支持计划,是在环境中实现的。

这个最终结果反馈为新的信息,是在不断调整和改进中可以发生。

市场营销策略外文文献及翻译

市场营销策略外文文献及翻译

市场营销策略外文文献及翻译Marketing StrategyMarket Segmentation and Target StrategyA market consists of people or organizations with wants,money to spend,and the willingness to spend it.However,within most markets the buyer' needs are not identical.Therefore,a single marketing program starts with identifying the differences that exist within a market,a process called market segmentation, and deciding which segments will be pursued ads target markets.Marketing segmentation enables a company to make more efficient use of its marketing resources.Also,it allows a small company to compete effectively by concentrating on one or two segments.The apparent drawback of market segmentation is that it will result in higher production and marketing costs than a one-product,mass-marketstrategy.However, if the market is correctly segmented,the better fit with customers' needs will actually result in greater efficiency.The three alternative strategies for selecting a target market are market aggregation,single segment,and multiplesegment.Market-aggregation strategy involves using one marketing mix to reach a mass,undifferentiated market.With a single-segment strategy, acompany still uses only one marketing mix,but it is directed at only one segment of the total market.A multiple-segment strategy entailsselecting two or more segments and developing a separate marketing mix to reach segment.Positioning the ProductManagement's ability to bring attention to a product and to differentiate it in a favorable way from similar products goes a long way toward determining that product's revenues.Thus management needs to engage in positioning,which means developing the image that a product projects in relation to competitive products and to the firm's other products.Marketing executives can choose from a variety of positioning strategies.Sometimes they decide to use more than one for a particular product.Here are several major positioning strategies:1.Positioning in Relation to a competitorFor some products,the best position is directly against the competition.This strategy is especially suitable for a firm that already has a solid differential advantage or is trying to solidify such an advantage.To fend off rival markers of microprocessors,Intelunched a campaign to convince buyers that its product is superior to competitors.The company even paid computer makers to include the slogan,"Intel Inside" in their ads.As the market leader,Coca-Cola introduces new products and executes its marketing strategies.At the same time,it keeps an eye on Pepsi-Cola,being sure to match anyclever,effective marketing moves made by its primary competitor.2.Positioning in Relation to a Product Class or AttributeSometimes a company's positioning strategy entails associating its product with or distancing it from a product class or attributes.Some companies try to place their products in a desirable class,such as"Madein the USA."In the words of one consultant,"There is a strong emotional appeal when you say,'Made in the USA'".Thus a small sportswear manufacturer,Boston Preparatory Co.is using this positioning strategy to seek an edge over large competitors such as Calvin Klein and Tommy Hilfiger,which don't produce all of their products in the U.S..3.Positioning by Price and QualityCertain producer and retailers are known for their high-quality products and high prices.In the retailing field,Sake Fifth Avenue and Neiman Marcus are positioned at one end of the price-qualitycontinuum.Discount stores such as Target and Kmart are at theother.We're not saying,however,that discounters ignore quality;rather, they stress low prices.Penney's tired―and for the most part succeeded in―repositioning its stores on the price-quality continuum by upgrading apparel lines and stressing designer names.The word brands is comprehensive;it encompasses other narrowerterms.A brand is a name and/or mark intended to identify the product of one seller or group of sellers and differentiate the product from competing products.A brand name consists of words,letters,and/or numbers that can be vocalized.A brand mark is the part of the brand that appears in the form of a symbol, design,or distinctive color or lettering.A brand mark isrecognized buy sight bu cannot be expressed when a person pronounces the brand name.Crest,Coors,and rider for Ralph Lauren's Polo Brand.Green Giant canned and frozen vegetable products and Arm&Hammer baking soda are both brand names and brand marks.A trademark is a brand that has been adopted by a seller and given legal protection.A trademark includes not just the brand mark,as many people believe,but also the brand name.The Lanham Act of 1946 permits firms to register trademarks with the federal government to protect them from use or misuse by other companies.The Trademark Law RevisionAct,which took effect in 1989,is tended to strengthen the the registration system to the benefit of U.S. Firms.For sellers,brands can be promoted.They are easily recognized when displayed in a store or included in advertising.Branding reduces price comparisons.Because brands are another factor that needs to be considered in comparing different products,branding reduces the likelihood of purchase decision based solely on price.The reputation of a brand alsoinfluences customer loyalty among buyers of services as well as customer goods.Finally,branding can differentiate commodities Sunkist oranges,Morton salt,and Domino sugar,for example .PricingPricing is a dynamic process,Companies design a pricing structure that covers all their products.They change this structure over time and adjust it to account for different customers and situations.Pricing strategies usually change as a product passes through itslife cycle.Marketers face important choice when they select new product pricing strategies.The company can decide on one of several price-quality strategies for introducing an imitative product.In pricing innovative products,it can practice market-skimming pricing by initially setting high prices to"skim"the imum amount of revenue from various segments of the market.Or it can use market penetration pricing by setting a low initial price to win a large market share.Companies apply a variety of price-adjustment strategies to account for differences in consumer segments and situations.One is discount and allowance pricing,whereby the company decides on quantity,functional,or seasonal discounts,or varying types of allowances. A second strategy is segmented pricing, where the company sellers a product at two or more prices to allow for differences in customers, products, or locations. Sometimes companies consider more than economics in their pricing decisions,and use psychological pricing to communicate about the product's quality or value.In promotional pricing,companies temporarily sell their product bellow list price as a special-event to draw more customers,sometimes even selling below cost.With value pricing, the company offers just the night combination of quality and good service at a fair price. Another approach is geographical pricing, whereby the company decides how to price distant customers, choosing fromalternative as FOB pricing,uniform delivered pricing, zone pricing, basing-point pricing, and freight-absorption pricing. Finally,international pricing means that the company adjusts its price to meet different world markets.Distribution ChannelsMost producers use intermediaries to bring their products to market.They try to forge a distribution channel―a set of interdependent organizations involved in the process of marking a product or service available for use or consumption by the consumers or business user.Why do producers give some of the selling job tointermediaries?After all,doing so means giving up some control over how and to whom the products are sold.The use of intermediaries results from their greater efficiency in marking goods available to targetmarkets.Through their contacts, experience, specialization, and scales of operation,intermediaries usually offer the firm move value than it can achieve on its own efforts.A distribution channel moves goods from producers to customers.Itovercomes the major time, place, and possession gaps that separate goods and services from those who would use them. Members of the marketing channel perform many functions. Some help to complete transactions:rmation.2.Promotion.3.Contact:finding and communicating with prospective buyers.4.Matching:fitting the offer to the buyer's needs, including such activities as manufacturing and packaging.5.Negotiation:reaching an agreement on price and other terms of the offer so that ownership or possession can be transferred.Other help to fulfill the completed transferred.1.Transporting and storing goods.2.Financing.3.Risk taking:assuming the risk of carrying out the channel work.The question is not whether these functions need to be performed, but rather who is to perform them. All the functions have three things in common:They use up scarce resource, they often can be performed better through specialization, and they can be shifted among channel members.To the extent that the manufacturer performs these functions, its costs go up and its prices have to be higher. At the same time, when some of these functions are shifted to intermediaries, the producer's costs and prices may be lower, but the intermediaries must charge more to cover the costsof their work. In dividing the work of the channel, the various functions should be assigned to the channel members who can perform them most efficiently and effectively to provide satisfactory assortments of goods to target consumers.Distribution channels can be described by the number of channellevels involved. Each layer of marketing intermediaries that performs some work in brining the product and its ownership closer to the final buyer is a channel level. Because the producer and the final consumer both perform some work, they are part of every channel.When selecting intermediaries, the company should determine what characteristics distinguish the better ones. It will want to evaluate the the channel member's years in business, other lines carried, growth and profit record, co-operativeness, and reputation. If the intermediaries are sales agents, the company will want to evaluate the number and character of the other lines carried, and the size andquality of the sales force. If the intermediary is a retail store that wants exclusive or selective distribution, the company will want to evaluate the store's customers, location, and future growth potential.Understanding the nature of distribution channels is important, as choosing among distribution channels is one of the most challenging decisions facing the firm. Marketing intermediaries are used because they provide greater efficiency in marking goods available to target markets.The key distribution channel function is moving goods from producers to consumers by helping to complete transactions and fulfill the completed transaction. Distribution channels can be described by the number of channel levels, which can include no intermediaries in adirect channel, or one to several intermediaries in indirect channels.PromotionPromotion is one of the four major elements of the company's marketing mix. The main promotion tools――advertising, sales promotion, public relations, and personal selling――work together to achieve the company'scommunications objectives.People at all levels of the organization must be aware of the many legal and ethical issues surrounding marketing communications. Much work is required to produce socially responsible marketing communicating in advertising, personal selling, and direct selling. Companies must work hard and proactively at communicating openly, honestly, and agreeably with their customers and resellers.市场营销策略一、市场细分和目标市场策略具有需求,具有购买能力并愿意花销的个体或组织构成了市场。

市场营销-外文翻译

市场营销-外文翻译

外文原文[1]Sales IncentivesThe enthusiasm and drive required in most types of sales work demand that sales employees be highly motivated. This fact, as well as the competitive nature of selling, explains why financial incentives for salespeople are widely used. These incentive plans must provide a source of motivation that will elicit cooperation and trust. Motivation is particularly important for employees away from the office who cannot be supervised closely and who, as a result, must exercise a high degree of self-discipline.Unique Needs of Sales Incentive PlansIncentive systems for salespeople are complicated by the wide differences in the types of sales jobs. These range from department store clerks who ring up customer purchases to industrial salespeople from McGraw-Edison who provide consultation and other highly technical services. Salespeople's performance may be measured by the dollar volume of their sales and by their ability to establish new accounts. Other measures are the ability to promote new products or services and to provide various forms of customer service and assistance that do not produce immediate sales revenues.Performance standards for sales employees are difficult to develop, however, because their performance is often affected by external factors beyond their control. Economic and seasonal fluctuations, sales competition, changes in demand, and the nature of the sales territory can all affect an individual's sales record. Sales volume alone therefore may not be an accurate indicator of the effort salespeople have expended.In developing incentive plans for salespeople, managers are also confronted with the problem of how to reward extra sales effort and at the same time compensate for activities that do not contribute directly or immediately to sales. Furthermore, sales employees must be able to enjoy some degree of income stability.[2]360-degree performance assessmentEnterprises exist mainly in the pursuit of profit, the pursuit of growth, and achieve sustainable business purposes. But in the course of business of raw materials, capital and equipment are required by the "person" can operate. Therefore, how to let the limited raw materials, equipment, and funds created endless profits, human resources play a very important role. A lot of human resources in enterprises, "manager" towards the success of the enterprise is at stake. The manager must often make many in the management decision-making, although the correct decision-making enterprises to be another peak, but it may be the wrong decision based company accumulated overnight. Therefore, how to understand the manager in an appropriate manner to the management, development and recognition of their request on a corporate human resources management a very important task.What is an assessmentComprehensive assessment, also known as the "360-degree performance appraisal system," the earliest known "symbol of the United States forces" model enterprise Intel first proposed and implemented. It refers to the staff themselves, supervisors, direct subordinates, peers, colleagues and even customers, the all-round perspective of the performance of individual understanding : communication skills, interpersonal, leadership and administrative capabilities : : Through this ideal performance assessment, the assessment was not only from those who own, supervisors, subordinates, colleagues and even customers to obtain feedback from a variety of angles. The feedback from these can be clearly aware of their different shortcomings, strengths and development needs, so that future career development more smoothly. I personally think : to assess the way many managers, but "360-degree evaluation - management skills" may be the best.What is self-evaluationThe so-called self-evaluation means : Let the manager's performance against its own performance in the period, or to assess their performance based on the performance and capacity of the future and set goals accordingly. When employees to do their own assessment, usually lower self-defense awareness and thereby understand his own shortcomings and thereby to strengthen, develop or add to their own inadequacies.Generally speaking, employees are usually the result of self-assessment and evaluation of different supervisors. And the evaluation of supervisors or colleagues compared regular staff will give their own high scores. Therefore, the use of self-assessment should be particularly careful. In return for the higher self-assessment, evaluation and staff should know that their self-assessment may have differences, and may form the rigid positions of the two sides, and this is the use of self-assessment should pay particular attention to the matter.Members of the evaluationMembers of the evaluation is to assess the performance of each of my colleagues that the way to achieve performance evaluation purposes. For some work, sometimes with the superior and subordinate time and communication opportunities, but not between subordinate. In such superior and subordinate contacts are short of time, have very little communication between the cases, superior to the performance assessment will be very difficult to establish. But on the contrary, among subordinates work together for a long time, they will understand each other more than superior and subordinate. At this time, among them mutual assessment, but can more objective. Moreover, the return on each other between, let them know that they can be in interpersonal communication capacity in this respect. For example, the foreign invested enterprises in Beijing a performance evaluation methods, it contains a peer evaluation. According to the company's Human Resources Manager said that in assessing the accuracy of the appraisal method, and not higher than the appraisal results for the poor. And peer evaluation forms can also fill his subordinates to assess mistakes. And the assessment results, but also for my colleagues in the eyes of their subordinates understand themselves in teamwork, interpersonal, how performance. In addition the company also said that if performanceassessment results for selected personnel, peer evaluation in this way often meet people convinced that the results.Subordinate evaluationBy the Ministry to evaluate supervisors, the traditional concept of human resources, workers seem to be a bit incredible. However, as the development of the knowledge-based economy, a growing number of companies allow employees to assess their level of competence performance, the process known as upward feedback (positive feedback). This approach to performance assessment of the development potential for the development of superior, particularly valuable. Feedback through subordinate managers, clearly aware of their need to strengthen local management capacity what? If their own understanding and direction for the evaluation of the gap between too much, can address this gap competent, in-depth understanding of these reasons. Therefore, some experts believe that human resources management, subordinate to the higher authorities for the assessment of its management will be a great benefit to the development.Customer evaluationClients in the evaluation of services, marketing, personnel of particular importance. Because only the most clear customer relations staff in customer service, marketing skills and attitude to performance. Therefore, in similar related industries, the performance assessment system in the evaluation could be included in the assessment system customers.In fact, the number of services (for example : the financial industry, catering industry, etc.) often use such performance assessment (such as the selection of best service personnel). Because service quality of service, customer service attitude by most clearly. As far as I know, many renowned domestic companies customer service department will periodically to sample the way, please assess the customer service performance of the company customer service personnel. For the evaluation ofFor the assessment of our performance evaluation is the most common way that performance is assessed by a competent implementation. As for the need to become familiar with the assessment methods, and use of performance assessment results as guidance units, the development potential of important commands weapons.[1] George Bohlander sott snell Managing Human Resources[M]. Dongbai University of Finance& Economics press 2003.10 P437-438[2] George Bohlander sott snell Managing Human Resources[M]. Dongbai University of Finance& Economics press 2003.10 P343-345外文译文[1]销售人员的激励各种类型的销售工作所必需的热情与动力要求销售人员得到高度激励。

市场营销第十三版1-5章专业术语翻译

市场营销第十三版1-5章专业术语翻译

第一章Marketing市场营销 Needs需要 Wants欲望 Demands需求 Market offering市场供应Marketing myopia营销短视 Exchange交换Market市场 Marketing management市场营销管理Production concept生产概念Product concept产品观念 Selling concept推销概念Marketing concept市场营销观念Societal marketing concept社会营销概念Customer relationship management顾客关系管理Customer-perceived value顾客认知价值Customer satisfaction顾客满意度 Consumer-generated marketing消费者产生的营销Partner relationship management伙伴关系管理Customer lifetime value顾客终生价值Share of customer顾客份额 Customer equity顾客资产 Internet互联网第二单元Strategic planning 战略规划 mission statement 使命陈述 business portfolio业务组合portfolio analysis 组合分析growth-share matrix 增长一份额矩阵product/market expansion grid产品/市场扩张矩阵market penetration 市场渗透 market development 市场开发product development 产品开发diversification 多元化downsizing 精简战略value chain 价值链 value delivery network 价值递送网络marketing strategy 市场营销战略 market segmentation市场细分 market segment 细分市场market targeting 市场营销战略positioning 定位differentiation 差异化marketing mix 市场营销组合 SWOT analysis SWOT分析 marketing implementation 市场营销执行 marketing control 营销控制 return on marketing investment 市场营销投资回报率第3章Marketing environment 市场营销环境 microenvironment微观环境Macroenvironment 宏观环境 marketing intermediaries营销中介Public公众 demography人口统计Baby boomers婴儿潮 generation X一代Millennials(generation Y) Y一代 economic environment经济环境Engel’s laws恩格尔定律 natural environment自然环境Environmental sustainability环境的可持续发展technological environment技术环境Political environment 政治环境cultural environment人文环境第四章Customer insights 顾客洞察力(见解) marketing information system 市场营销信息系统internal databases内部报告系统marketing intelligence营销情报系统marketing research 市场营销调研 Exploratory research探测性调研descriptive research描述性调研 Secondary data 二手资料commercial online databases在线商业数据库 Observational research 观察调研 ethnographic research 人种调研 Survey research调查研究 experimental research实验调研 Focus group interviewing 焦点小组访谈online focus groups在线焦点小组访谈Sample样本customer relationship management客户关系管理第五章Consumer buyer behavior 消费者购买行为Consumer market 消费者市场 Culture 文化Subculture 亚文化 Social class 社会阶层 Group 群体 Opinion leader 意见领袖Online social networks 在线社交网络Lifestyle 生活方式Personality 个性 Brand personality 品牌个性 Motive (drive) 动机Perception 认知过程 Learning学习Belief 信仰Attitude 态度Complex buying behavior 复杂购买行为Dissonance-reducing buying behavior 不和谐的购买行为Habitual buying behavior 习惯性的购买行为Variety-seeking buying behavior 追求多样化的购买行为Need recognition 需求识别Information search 信息搜索Alternative evaluation 另类评估Purchase decision 购买决策Postpurchase behavior 购后行为Cognitive dissonance 认知失调New product 新产品Adoption process开发过程第一章Marketing市场营销 p29The process by which companied create value for customers and build strong customer relationships in order to capture value from customers in return.企业为消费者创造价值并建立良好的顾客关系,以此从消费者身上获取利益作为回报的过程。

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【这是从课本13页翻译到课本36页的】合作环境合作环境包括从完成目标的公司中收益的所有企业和个人。

在这个环境里,与市场管理主要的利益相关者有 (1)供应商,(2)代理商,(3)公司的其他部门,和(4)营销部的员工和分支。

在这种环境中的机会和提高效益的方法紧密相关。

举个例子,一个公司可能会决定在招标的过程中从位于公司的车间附近获得单一的物料来源。

同样地,营销成员,工程和制造功能可以使用团队合作的方法来开发新的产品,而不是采用连续序列的方法。

约束条件包括了诸如没解决的矛盾和材料短缺。

举个例子,一个公司的经理可能认为经销商对产品促销和销售没有做足工作,或者是公司经理认为厂商没有在生产高质量产品上缺乏必要所需的步骤。

竞争环境竞争环境主要包括因为物力和销售的竞争行业组织中的其他公司。

在这个环境里的机会包括 (1)收购竞争公司;(2)明确地提供更好的价值给消费者,吸引他们远离竞争对手;(3)在某些情况下,将他们赶出这个行业。

例如,一个航空公司购买另一个航空公司,银行储户提供一个免费的支票账户,且没有最低余额要求,或一个杂货连锁店采用低价策略,竞争对手将无计可施。

在这个环境中的约束条件是竞争企业开展刺激消费者需求的活动和吸引消费者不远离竞争企业。

经济环境宏观经济状况的变化也带来了营销机会和威胁。

例如,高通货膨胀和失业水平这些因素可以限制购买一个公司的高端产品的销量大小。

同时,这些因素可能会提供一个开发租赁产品或开发低廉产品模型的可赚钱的机会。

此外,技术的变化也可以带来显著的威胁和机会。

例如,在通信行业,当技术发展到一定的水平,这个技术水平可以让电缆电视系统使用电话线,,这样一个系统对电缆行业构成了严重的威胁。

社会环境此环境包括一般文化和社会传统,标准,态度。

随着这些值缓慢地变化,这种变化常常导致需要新的产品和服务。

比如,一个有关大家庭的希望值的变化会给市场带来更好的控制生育的办法。

另一方面,文化和社会价值观也会约束营销活动。

一般说来,违背社会价值观的商业行为成为政治问题,这通常由法律约束解决。

比如,公众对一个清洁的环境的要求已引起政府要求汽车制造商的产品满足一定的平均耗油量和废气排放标准。

政治环境政治环境包括普通大众的态度和反应,社会和商业评论,还有其他组织,比如商业改进局。

这种对商业和营销活动不满的不安全产品,浪费资源的产品和不道德的程序会影响公司形象和顾客忠诚度。

但是,适应这些态度的商业和营销活动可能是一个机会。

比如,这些态度带来了牢不可破的儿童玩具,高效率的空调,更经济的汽车等产品市场。

法律环境此环境包括一个联邦主人,国家,地方针对商业竞争和消费者权益保护立下的法律。

在过去几年中,法律反映社会和政治态度,主要针对制约商业行为。

这样的立法通常作为对企业行为的约束,但又可以被视为营销更安全、更高效的产品的机会。

近年来,它们已经较少强调创造约束商业行为的法律。

比如,放松管制已经变得更加普遍,这在航空公司、金融服务和电信行业中得到了印证。

营销策划前面的章节中强调,营销活动必须与组织目标保持一致,并且通过系统地分析情景环境,经常发现营销机会。

一旦机会被识别,营销经理必须计划采取适当的策略利用这个机会。

这个过程可以被视为三个相互关联的任务:(1)建立营销目标,(2)选择目标市场,以及(3)制定营销组合。

建立目标营销目标通常都来源于组织目标,在某些情况下,公司以完全市场为导向,这两个是相同的。

在这两种情况下,目标必须被指定和明确,然后实现他们应该是可以测量的(例如,一定比例的市场占有率或销量)或完成任务的日期给定。

像这样的目标是有用的,营销理念应该成为企业和营销部门的首要目标而非销售利润,在任何情况下,这些目标提供了营销计划的框架。

选择目标市场任何营销计划实施的好坏取决于它如何可以识别顾客的需求,并组织资源满足他们的利益诉求。

因此,营销计划的一个关键因素是公司用其各类产品服务潜在的客户群体或阶层。

必须回答的四个重要问题。

1. 客户想要或需求什么?2.满足这些需求必须做些什么?3.市场规模的大小?4.它的增长模式是什么?目前目标市场和潜在目标市场是根据盈利能力来分类的;当前和未来的销售量;拿什么去成功吸引划分的部分(环节)和组织能力之间的匹配;那些呈现出最具吸引力的将会被选择。

在这一过程中,需要注意的是不能忽视目前的客户在开发的市场份额和销售策略的重要性。

最近一项调查发现,每10个发展策略为旨在增加第一次消费的消费者数量的公司中,只有4家公司会为面向保留现有消费者和增加他们的购买的发展策略做任何认真的努力。

在第3、4和5章节将要致力于讨论消费者行为,工业买家和市场划分。

发展营销组合营销组合就是设法满足目标市场和达到组织目标的可控变量的集合。

这些可控变量经常是根据四个主要决定方面分类的,这四个方面分别是:产品、价格、促销、渠道(或者分销渠道),这些决定性的方面的重要性不能过分强调,事实上,这篇文章的主要部分是致力于分析它们。

第6和第7章都是致力于产品和新产品策略。

第8和第9章是在人员推销和非人员推销方面的促销策略,第10章是分配策略,第11章是价格策略。

还有,营销组合变量是市场专门领域那两章节分析的重点。

那就是,服务市场(第12章)和国际市场(第13章)这样就很清楚了,营销组合是市场管理过程的核心。

上述过程的输出就是市场计划。

它是关于市场活动的决定的正式陈述,它也是目标、策略和执行任务的蓝图。

市场计划的实行和控制执行市场计划包括将计划付诸行动和根据预先制定好的计划表执行任务。

即使是最精心设计的计划往往也不能在完美的时机执行。

营销总经理必须密切监控和协调计划的执行。

一些情况下,由于任何外界环境的变化,必须对基本计划进行调整。

就比如,竞争者可能推出(介绍)新产品,在这种情形下,它可能是令人满意地加速计划的执行也可能是计划执行的延迟。

在计划所以情况下,一些较小的调整和微调在执行中是必要的。

控制营销计划包括三个基本步骤。

第一,营销计划的实施结果进行了测量。

第二,比较这些结果与目标。

第三,决定计划是否达到目标。

如果实际和计划的结果之间存在着严重的偏差,调整以使计划接近实现目标。

营销信息系统和市场营销研究在整个营销管理过程中,目前,可靠的,有效的信息是需要制定有效的营销决策。

这是市场营销信息系统和市场营销研究的任务。

这些主题在第2章中详细讨论。

战略规划,营销策划,与其他功能区域计划战略规划显然是一个高层管理者的责任。

然而,近年来,已经有越来越多的转向通过战略分析与规划营销经理更积极的参与。

这是因为,在现实中,几乎所有的战略规划问题具有营销意义。

事实上,这两个主要的战略规划的问题——我们应该做什么产品?我们应该为什么市场服务?——显然是市场营销的问题。

因此,营销经理至少参与两个重要方面的战略规划过程:(1)他们通过提供重要的信息和有关客户、产品、中间商的建议影响过程,(2)他们必须意识到什么战略规划过程以及结果,因为他们所做的一切——营销目标和战略发展——他们必须源自于战略计划。

事实上,在所有组织的职能领域所做的规划应来源于战略计划。

在跨职能战略规划中营销的作用越来越多的组织正在重新思考传统营销的作用。

而不是按功能划分的工作(例如,生产,财务,技术,人力资源),他们促使管理者和员工共同参与跨职能团队。

这些团队可能有对一个特定的产品,产品线,或客户群负责。

因为团队成员负责所有的活动涉及他们的产品或客户,他们负责战略计划。

这意味着,所有人员在跨职能团队的工作将参与创造一个战略计划,以向客户提供服务。

而不是自主决策,营销经理和来自于生产,财务,团队成员的人资源,和其他部门的团队成员紧密合作,一起制定计划,解决所有问题。

因此,如果生产团队成员说,“这个产品很难生产,”或者财务团队成员说,“我们不会以这样的价格获利,”营销团队成员必须帮助解决问题。

这种方法在解决问题和获得合作的技能程度高。

很明显,一个跨职能战略计划的最大优势是团队成员考虑许多观点情况的能力。

作为结果的洞察力可以帮助团队避免代价高的错误和可怜的解决方案。

日本制造商以使用跨职能团队想出方法来以给定的目标成本来制造令人满意的产品而闻名。

与此相反,美国制造商习惯上发明产品是以通过一个小组决定制造什么,一个小组计算生产成本,另一个小组预测足够的产品是否将以一个合适的高价来销售。

因此,在良好管理的组织里,一个直接关系存在于战略计划和所有层次的经理实施的这个计划。

当然,这个焦点和时间洞察力将不同。

图1.6阐明了战略计划的跨职能观点。

它非常清晰地表明了所有的功能区域计划应该来源于战略计划,同时有助于实现它。

如果被正确实施,战略计划的结果是在组织所有职能区域中管理行动的一个被清晰定义的蓝图。

图1.7清晰阐明了这个蓝图在战略计划中只使用了一个组织目标和两个策略并且阐述了这些是如何被转化成一些营销部门计划和生产部门计划(在虚线下)。

请注意图1.7,组织中所有的目标和战略在更高和更低的水平上相关于其他目标和策略:就是说,存在一个目标和策略的层次。

我们只阐述两个可能的营销目标和两个可能的生产目标。

显然,许多其他的可以发展,但是我们的目标是阐述战略计划的跨职能性质和战略计划中的目标和策略如何被转化成包括市场营销在内所有职能区域的目标和策略。

总结这一章描述了市场管理者处理组织的综合战略计划的环境。

更确切的是,市场营销人员必须结合组织的经济目标和制造能力的市场前景理解他们的跨职能角色。

能力越大,组织能够获得和维持战略计划过程最终目的的竞争优势。

这时候这将是非常有用的审查的数字1.5、1.6和1.7以及这本书的表的内容。

这次审查将让您更好的遵循市场营销管理过程中涉及的材料的内容和进展。

第二章营销经理需要电流,可靠,有用的信息来做出有效的决策。

在当今高度竞争力的全球经济中,营销人员如果要生存和盈利,就需要利用机会,并避免失误。

不仅是完善的市场营销研究,也需要一个系统,得到电流,及时得到有效的营销决策信息。

本章涉及决策与营销研究流程和信息系统。

它首先讨论了营销研究的过程,是用来开发决策有用的信息。

然后,市场营销信息系统进行了简要讨论。

本章的目的是提供一个详细的介绍,许多在该地区的重要议题,但它没有为过多的营销研究课题提供一个完整的解释。

市场调查的作用市场调查有关环境的信息的生成,分析和解释用于营销决策的过程。

它不能被夸大,市场营销研究是一个辅助决策,而不是它的替代品。

换句话说,市场研究不做出决定,但能大幅增加做出好的决策的机会。

不幸的是,太多的营销经理把研究报告认为是他们的问题的最终答案,不管要采取适当的行动研究表明。

相反,营销经理应该认识到:(1)即使是最认真执行的研究也可以充满错误,(2)营销研究不能确定的预测未来会发生什么,以及(3)他们应该鉴于自己的知识和经验做出决定,因为市场调查研究,包括了所有的因素,可能影响成功的战略。

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