服务贸易翻译
服务贸易的概念与内涵
服务贸易的概念与内涵一、什么是服务贸易（Trade in Services）服务贸易概念首次提出是在1972年9月，经济合作与发展组织（OECD)在《高级专家对贸易和有关问题报告》中服务贸易概念。
1974年，美国在其《1974年贸易法》第301条款中使用了“世界服务贸易”的概念。
简单地讲，服务贸易是指一国居民与他国居民间的服务交易。
包括居民与非居民之间的服务贸易和通过外国附属机构实现的服务贸易两种。
贸易一方向另一方提供服务并获得收入的过程称为服务出口或服务输出，购买他人服务的一方称为服务进口或服务输入。
世界贸易组织（WTO）确定的服务贸易的四种模式，成为服务贸易内涵的权威阐述和各国普遍接受的定义。
模式一：跨境提供Cross-border supply模式二：境外消费Consumption abroad服务的提供者在一成员的领土内向另一成员的消费者提供服务。
如旅游、留学等。
模式三：商业存在Commercial presence一成员的服务提供者在另一成员领土内设立商业机构或专业机构，外国直接投资企业。
模式四：自然人移动Presence of natural persons一成员的服务提供者以自然人身份进入另一成员的领土内提供服务。
如外国专家讲学，劳务人员等。
二、服务贸易的分类：WTO将服务贸易（W/120）分为12个服务部门。
包括：商业服务、通信服务、建筑及相关工程服务、分销服务、教育服务、环境服务、金融服务、与健康相关的服务、旅游和旅行相关服务、娱乐、文化和体育服务、运输服务、其他服务。
这12项服务业又可细分为160多项子服务行业。
三、服务贸易的统计由UN、EU、IMF、OECD、UNCTAD、WTO共同制定的《国际服务贸易统计手册》，形成国际服务贸易统计基本框架。
扩展了传统国际服务贸易统计的范围，服务贸易的统计包括以下二个部分：（1）居民与非居民之间的服务贸易（Balance of Payments简称BOP）（2）通过本国境内的外国附属机构所提供的服务贸易（Foreign Affiliates Trade in Services简称FATS）四、服务贸易与服务业、第三产业的区别（1）服务业和第三产业是境内服务，而服务贸易是跨境服务。
世贸组织相关词汇中英翻译
世贸组织相关词汇中英翻译gatt (general agreement on tariffs and trade)关贸总协定wto (world trade organization)世界贸易组织uruguay round乌拉圭回合mfn (most-favored-nation)(treatment)最惠国贸易地位(待遇)dispute settlement body争端解决机构dsu(understanding on rules and procedures governing the settlement of disputes)《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》sps (sanitary and phytosanitary standard )动植物卫生检疫措施ams (aggregate measurement of support)（农产品）综合支持量ssg (special safeguard)(《农产品协议》)特殊保障atc (agreement on textiles and clothing)《纺织品与服装协议》gats (general agreement on trade in services)《服务贸易总协定》ita (information technology agreement)《信息技术协议》mfa (multifibre agreement)《多种纤维协定》nafta (north american free trade agreement)《北美自由贸易协定》asean free trade area东盟自由贸易区comesa (common market for eastern and southern africa) 东部和南部非洲共同市场mercosur (southern common market)南方共同市场（或称南锥体共同市场）saarc (south asian association for regional cooperation)南亚区域合作联盟committee on trade and development贸易与发展委员会committee on trade and environment贸易与环境委员会efta (european free trade association)欧洲自由贸易联盟fao (food and agriculture organization of the united states) 联合国粮农组织itc (international trade center)国际贸易中心ito (international trade organization)国际贸易组织icito (interim commission for the international trade organization)国际贸易组织临时委员会ilo (international labor organization)国际劳工组织imf (international monetary fund)国际货币基金组织iso (international organization for standardization)国际标准化组织oecd (organization for economic cooperation and development)经济合作与发展组织unctad (united nations conference on trade and development)联合国贸易与发展会议undp (united nations development program)联合国开发计划署unep (united nations environment program)联合国环境署wco (world customs organization)世界海关组织wipo (world intellectual property organization)世界知识产权组织acp(african, caribbean and pacific group)非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家集团（洛美协定）actionable subsidy（补贴协议）可诉补贴amber box measures（农产品国内支持）；黄箱；措施appeal(解决争端)上诉appeal body上诉机构basel convention《巴塞尔公约》（有关危险废弃物的多边环境协定）berne convention《伯尔尼公约》（有关保护文学和艺术作品版权的公约）base tariff level基础税率bop(balance-of-payments) provisions（农产品国内支持）蓝箱措施bop(balance-of-payments) provisions国际收支条款built-in agenda既定日程bound level约束水平cac(codex alimentarius commission)食品法典委员会common agriculture policy（欧盟）共同农业政策cbd(convention on biological diversity)《生物多样性公约》circumvention规避convention on international trade in endangered species 《濒危物种国际贸易公约》commercial presence（服务贸易）商业存在consumption abroad（服务贸易）境外消费cross border supply（服务贸易）跨境交付complaint(解决争端)申诉方defendant(解决争端)被诉方countervailing duty反补贴税counter-notification反向通知cross retaliation交叉报复ctg(council for trade in goods)货币贸易理事会currency retention scheme货币留成制度customs value海关完税价值customs valuation海关估价direct payment直接支付domestic industry国内产业domestic production国内生产domestic subsidy国内补贴domestic support(农产品)国内支持electronic commerce电子商务est(environmentally-sound technology) 环保型技术ex ante采取措施前ex post采取措施后export performance出口实绩export subsidy出口补贴findings（解决争端）调查结果food security粮食安全free-rider免费搭车者(享受其他国家最惠国待遇而不进行相应减让的国家) geographical indications（知识产权）地理标识gmos (genetically modified organisms)转基因生物government procurement政府采购green box measures（农产品国内支持）绿箱措施grey area measures灰色区域措施grulac拉美国家在wto中的非正式集团hlm (wto high-level meeting for ldcs)wto最不发达国家高级别会议hs (harmonized commodity and coding system)协调制度（商品名称及编码协调制度）lisbon agreement《里斯本条约》（有关地理标识及其国际注册）ilo (international labor organization)国际劳工组织imf (international monetary fund)国际货币基金组织import deposits进口押金import licensing进口许可import penetration进口渗透import substitution进口替代import surcharge进口附加税import variable duties进口差价税inrs (initial negotiating rights) 最初谈判权(初谈权)integration process (纺织品与服装、农产品)一体化进程international office of epizootics 国际兽疫组织iprs (intellectual property rights) 知识产权itcb (international textile and clothing bureau) 国际纺织品服装局lca (life cycle analysis) 产品生命周期分析ldcs (least-developed countries) 最不发达国家license fee 许可费like product 同类产品local content 当地含量market access 市场准入market boards 专门的营销机构material injury 实质损害modalities 模式modulation of quota clause 配额调整条款montreal protocol 《蒙特利尔议定书》(有关保护大气臭氧层的多边环境协定)multifunctionality (农业)多功能性national person (服务贸易)自然人national treatment 国民待遇new issues 新议题notification obligation 通知义务nullification and impairment (利益的)丧失和减损orderly market arrangements 有秩序的市场安排panel (争端解决)专家组paris convention 《巴黎公约》(关于保护工业知识产权的公约) peace clause (《农业协议》中关于反补贴的)和平条款plurilateral agreement 诸边协议presence of natural person (服务贸易)自然人流动production subsidy 生产补贴。
自考WTO基础知识英文选读名词翻译
Unit oneMultilaterial Trading System 多边贸易体制General Agreement On Tariffs and Trade 关贸总协定Uruguay Round 乌拉圭回合The Doha Development Agenda 多哈发展议程The Trade Policy Review Body 贸易政策审议机构The Dispute Settlement Body 争端解决机构Ministerial conference 部长级会议General Council 总理事会Goods Council 货物贸易理事会Services Council 服务贸易理事会The WTO Secretariat 秘书处Director—general 总干事General Agreement On Trade in Services 服务贸易总协定Dispute Settlement Understanding 争端解决谅解Agreement on Trade—Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights 与贸易有关的知识产权的协议Specialized committee 专门委员会Customs duty rate 关税税率State trading 国营贸易The least—developed countries 最不发达国Unit twoInternational Trade Organization(ITO)国贸组织“Bretton woods”System 布雷森顿体系The International Monetary Fund(IMF)国际货币基金组织Trade protectionism 贸易保护主义Havana Charter 哈瓦那宪章A package of agreements 一揽子协定Protocol 议定书Anti—Dumping Agreement 反倾销协定Agreement On Safeguards 保障措施协定Contracting party 缔约方Tariff concession 关税减让Market—sharing agreement 市场共享协定UN Conference on Trade and Employment 联合国贸易与就业大会Economic recession 经济衰退Unit threeTelecommunications 电信Trade without discrimination 非歧视性贸易Most—favored—nation treatment 最惠国待遇Import quotas 进口配额Non—tariff barriers 非关税壁垒Progressive liberalization 渐进式自由化Bound rates 约束贸易Trading partners 贸易伙伴Binding commitments 约束承诺Trade policy Review Mechanism 贸易政策审议机制Undistorted competition 非扭曲竞争Transition economies 转型经济体“least—developed” countries 最不发达国家。
国际服务贸易与服务贸易区别
读书破万卷，下笔如有神
国际服务贸易与服务贸易区别
国际服务贸易是指国际间服务的输入和输出的一种贸易方式。
贸易一方向另一方提供服务并获得收入的过程称为服务出口或服务输出，购买他人服务的一方称为服务进口或服务输入。
国际贸易狭义的概念是指传统的为国际货物贸易服务的运输、保险、金融以及旅游等无形贸易。
而广义的概念还包括现代发展起来的、除了与货物贸易有关的服务以外的新的贸易活动，如承包劳务、卫星传送和传播等。
根据关贸总协定乌拉圭回合达成的服务贸易总协定，服务贸易是指：从一成员境内向任何其他成员境内提供服务；在一成员境内向任何其他成员的服务消费者提供服务；一成员的服务提供者在任何其他成员境内以商业存在提供服务；一成员的服务提供者在任何其他成员境内以自然人的存在提供服务。
服务部门包括如下内容：商业服务，通信服务，建筑及有关工程服务，销售服务，教育服务，环境服务，金融服务，健康与社会服务，与旅游有关的服务娱乐、文化与体育服务，运输服务。
服务贸易总协定是一个年轻的协议，其第一轮承诺与其说是在贸易自由化问题上实现了历史性跨越，还不如说是仅仅在不加剧贸易保护主义这个问题上达成了一致。
而且，这种承诺的效力与内涵对于不同的成员国具有完全不同的意义。
但是，服务贸易总协定仍然在限制贸易问题上的民族主义倾向以及放弃对市场准入进行审批等问题上取得了重大进展。
包括：透明度：各成员必须采取各种措施彼此及时通知针对服务贸易采取的所有相关举措，包括安排即时出版物、对查询设备的维护及公平的司法评论等。
最惠国待遇(MFN)：无论是否WTO 成员，服务贸易总协定成员国都必须
立即并无条件地彼此给与最惠国待遇。
好记性不如烂笔头。
服务贸易名词解释
服务贸易名词解释
服务贸易是指国际间提供的服务的跨国交易活动。
具体来说，服务贸易包括国际旅游、国际运输、国际咨询、国际金融、国际保险、国际教育、国际医疗、国际娱乐等各种形式的服务交易。
国际旅游是指人们跨越国界，到其他国家或地区进行旅游观光、度假或商务活动，涉及到飞机、火车、轮船、旅馆、餐饮等服务领域。
国际运输是指货物、人员在国际间进行跨国运输的活动，包括航空、海运、陆运等方式，涉及到航空公司、航运公司、物流公司等服务单位。
国际咨询是指企业、个人通过跨国合资、跨国并购等形式提供咨询服务，包括管理咨询、法律咨询、技术咨询等领域，涉及到咨询公司、律师事务所、研究机构等服务机构。
国际金融是指不同国家金融机构之间的金融交易活动，包括国际货币兑换、国际贷款、国际结算等，涉及到银行、保险公司、证券公司等金融机构。
国际保险是指跨国保险公司为不同国家的客户提供保险服务，包括人寿保险、财产保险、健康保险等，涉及到保险公司、保险代理人、保险调查公司等。
国际教育是指学生从一个国家到另一个国家进行学习或交流的
活动，包括留学、交换学生、培训等，涉及到教育机构、留学中介机构等。
国际医疗是指患者跨国界到其他国家接受医疗服务的活动，包括传统医疗、现代医疗、康复医疗等，涉及到医疗机构、医疗旅游机构等。
国际娱乐是指娱乐活动跨国界开展的活动，包括电影、音乐、体育赛事等，涉及到演艺公司、制片公司、体育协会等。
总之，服务贸易是国际间提供的各种服务的跨国交易活动，涉及到旅游、运输、咨询、金融、保险、教育、医疗、娱乐等各个领域，促进了国际间的服务合作与交流。
自考商务英语词汇
Lesson 1exacerbated=deteriorated 恶化came into force=took effect 生效objective=purpose 目标buoyant=brisk 上涨的scope=opportunity 机会accelerating=speeding up 加速outcome=result 结果breakdown=analysis record 分类overhang=threat 威协reinforce 加强concessionary 优惠的减让的recognition=realization 认识到surplus=excess 盈余industrialization programme 工业化项目national income 国民收入volume of foreign trade 对外贸易额visible trade account 有形贸易收支invisible trade account 无形贸易收支growth rate 增长率foreign exchange 外汇trade fair 贸易展览会trade surplus 贸易顺差compensation trade 补偿贸易joint venture 合资企业planned economy 计划经济export quota 出口定额growth point 增长点high tech industries 高科技产业most favored nation status/treatment最惠国地位/待遇current account 经常项目stock taking=evaluating 盘点Production goods 生产资料customs duties 关税capital stock 实际资本infrastructure 基础设施foreign trade reserves 外汇储备customer goods 消费品saturation point 饱和点showpiece 优秀样品industrial crops 经济作物special economic zone 经济特区income tax rate 所得税税率technology transformation 技术改造technology transfer 技术转让capital equipments 资本设备preferential tax rate 优惠税率cooperative enterprise 合作企业imports of capital 资本进口services industry 服务业foreign exchange control 外汇管制capital intensive investment 劳动密集型投资Lesson 3farfetched=improbable 不大可能的nose=move slowly 缓慢的bound=heading 满载dynamic=booming 有活力的radiates=spreads 辐射bustling=booming 繁荣的surpass=exceed 超越slight=neglect 轻视bloc=group 集团laggard=backward 落后的per capita 人均preferred status 优先权competitive advantage 竞争优势trade bloc 贸易集团newly raising enterprise 新兴企业container plant 集装箱工厂consortium 国际财团bounce back 反弹free market 自由市场Lesson 4stagnated=stopped 停滞的aggregate=total 总计robust=strong 强健的meun=arrangements 安排adverse=unfavorable 不利的dampened=reduced 减小降低slackened= weakened 变缓慢deflator=index 指数curtailing=cutting off 消减catch up=competition 竞争in a row= in succession 连续的per capita income 人均收入hard currency 硬通货commodities market 商品市场portfolio investment 证券投资nominal terms 名义价constant terms 不变价debt restructuring 债务调整deinflationary policies 反通胀政策anti-inflationary monetary policy 反通胀货币政策industrial and agricultural productiobnuoyed=supported 支撑domestic demands 国内需求工农业生产Lesson 2assembled=formed 形成incentives=inducements 诱因promulgated=announced 发布couple with=together with 结合cope with=deal with 处理，应付uniform=same 统一的waive=exempt 免除afflicting=troubling 困扰的deftly=cleverly 巧妙地passage=pass 通过reaping=harvesting 收获gross national product 国民生产总值economic power 经济强国punitive import tariff 惩罚性进口关税securities and real estate markets 证券和房地产市场conglomerate 跨行业工公司private business 私人企业high tech，high wage econom高y科技高薪经济commercial hub 商业中心transfer component 资本转移部分direct investment 直接投资budget deficit 预算赤字interest rate 利率primary commodity price 初级产品价格high rates of growth 高增长率the group of seven 7 国集团workers remittance 工人侨汇monetary policies 货币政策primary goods 初级产品per capita GDP 人均国内生产总值Lesson 5retaliating=taking revenge 报复sanctions=punishments 制裁misgivings=doubt 疑惑expires=become due 期满underpinnings=evidence 根据，证据divergent=different 有分歧的seething=troubled 困惑的peeved=irritated 恼怒的mollify=relieve 减轻amenable=responsive 有责任的trade sanctios 贸易制裁trade barriers 贸易壁垒trade agreements 贸易协议government procurement 政府采购North America Free Trade Agreement 北美自由贸易协定trade priority 贸易优先权trade partner 贸易伙伴trade in deficit 贸易赤字trade discrimination 贸易歧视trade concession 贸易让步unblock 扫除……障碍stall 拖延turn up 升级live with consequence 承担后果bully 威吓instigate 挑动Lesson 6dour=severe 严厉的soured=worsened 恶化directive=instructions 指令over-nigh=suddenly 突然justifications=reasons 正当的理由wind up=end 结束skidding=reducing suddenly 急剧下降breach=breaking 违反European community 欧共体European union 欧盟the single market 统一大市场free trade zone 自由贸易区plant modernization 工厂现代化European integration 欧洲一体化economic integration 经济一体化political integration 政治一体化barrier-freed market 无壁垒市场economic benefits 经济利益anticipate 预料accomplish 完成实现stake 利害关系merger 兼并Lesson 7die down=disappear 消失foreshadows=predicts 预示capitulating=giving in 屈服geared=adapted 使……适应amplified=strengthened 增强的withstood=resisted 经受misconceived=misunderstood 设想错误的caved in=given in 屈服come up with=put forth 拿出obtain access to a market 获得市场准入机会trade reprisal 贸易报复trade representative 贸易代表import targets 进口指标fiscal packages 财政一揽子计划multilateral rules 多边规则quantifiable results 定量结果managed trade 管理贸易trade balance 贸易差额trade deficit 贸易赤字market share 市场份额white paper 白皮书bilateral surplus 双边顺差be bound to 肯定be opposed to 反对compound 加重Lesson 8poised=ready 作好准备的delve=study 钻研puts=expresses 解释trendy=fashionable 时髦的volatile=changeable 不稳定的clout=influence 影响力shuddered=trembled 战栗edge=advantage 优势eroding=disappearing 消融beset=troubled 困扰bolstered=supported 支撑siphon=draw out 抽取state of the a rt=markedly advanced 目前最先进的sprawl 规模庞大petrochemical complex 石油化工综合企业glistening 闪闪发光的jostle with 贴近eke out 勉强维持routinely 按常规chaebol 大企业集团know how 技术技能leviathan zaibatsu 大财团The lion ’s share 最大的份额antidumping 反倾销annual growth rates 年增长率investment capital 投资资本tax breaks 税额优惠financial system 金融体制embargo 禁运economic liberalization 经济自由化market force 市场力量Lesson 9was outed from=was d riven out 离开soaring=rising 上涨wary=cautious 谨慎的compromise=harm 妥协、危害materialise=realize 实现impressive=great 印象深刻unduly=excessively 过份地seesawed=rised and fell 动荡head off =prevent 阻止capacity expansion 生产能力扩张loss leader 亏本出售的商品carbon tax 双重税CECF 中国出口商品交易会impose import surcharge 征进口附加税re-export 再出口certifications of origin 产地证明书Lesson 10spur=promote 促进squandered=wasted 浪费bedeviled=perplexed 困惑的allowing for=taking … …intoconsideration 考虑到detached=disconnected 分离的pose a threat=form 形成一种威胁sensible=reasonable 合理的awkward=improper 不适宜的countervailing duty 反补贴税intellectual property rights 知识产权trade in service 服务贸易common agriculture polic共y 同农业政策on a conservative estimate据保守估计economic growth 经济增大the Uruguay round talk 乌拉圭回合谈判farm protection 农业保护Lesson 11proceeds=earnings 收入steered=introduced 引导convertible=exchangeable 可变的antiquated=old fashioned 过时tap=choose 选择camouflage=disguised 违装的perpetuate=make everlasting 持续的access=opportunity 机会convertible currency 可兑换货币debt service 偿还贷款counterpurchase 反向购买debtor nations 债务国creditor nations 债权国reformulation 重新配方franchise 特许经销权coupons 优惠券exclusive contract 独家经销合同bottler 经销商test market 试销市场market share 市场份额Lesson 13eightfold=eight times 八倍outlets=markets 市场promote sales 促销商品USDA 美国农业部luck dray 幸运抽奖competitive edge 竞争优势Lesson 14yields=profits 利润elapsed=passed 时间消逝tumble=slump 下降boost=accelerate 促进impeded=hindered 阻碍的offset=balance 分支volatility=fluctuation 价格变化spin-offs 副产品liquid assets 流动资产surplus produce 生产过剩financial futures 期货currency movements 货币流通price index 价格指数soft commodities 软商品UNCTAD 贸发会incentive=stimulus 激励monopolize= dominate 垄断discrimination=prejudice 偏见located=found 建立balance of payment 国际收支closing price 收盘价merge of banks 银行兼并brain trust 智囊团good resistance 良好的性耐性cash crops 经济作物equivalent value 等值short supply 供应短缺the world bank 世界银行productivity 生产力exchange revenue 外汇收入import duty 进口税profit remittance 利润汇款vested interests 既得利益buzzword 专业术语insolvency 破产take title 取得所有权market regulation 市场规则public tender 公开投标market power 市场动力transferor/assignor 转让人entrepreneurship 企业家精神headquarters 总部the new and expanding industry新兴工业trade balance 贸易平衡/差额The international financial institutiop n rice cutting war削价战国际金融机构currency reserves 货币储存currency exchange 货币交换clearing agreements 清算协定compensation agreements 补偿协定leverage 杠杆机构Lesson 12live up to=tally with 符合precipitate=accelerate 促成flagship=no.1 佼佼者poses=offerspony up=pay 付账gauge=judge 衡量take it hands down 轻易接受niches=status 合适的地位soft drink 软饮料retail sales 零售investment funds 投资基金export quota system 出口配额制度Lesson 15aggravated=worsened 恶化prompted=exacerbate 加剧rallied=increase after a fall 渐缓eased=fell 下跌dampened=reduced 挫伤undertone=underlying trendat origin=at the place of origin underpinned=supported 支撑spot market 现货市场futures market 期货市场base metal 贱金属precious metals 贵金属discount rate 贴现率历年。
国际商务英语汉译英翻译
1、国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而此国内贸易要复杂得多。
International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. It involves more factors and thus is more complicated than, domestic business.2、有形贸易是指将在一国生产或制造的商品，出口或进口到另一国消费或转售。
Visible trade refers to exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in an-other.3、外国直接投资，简称FDI。
投资者通过控制其投资在他国的企业和资产获得回报。
Foreign direct investments of FDI for short is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country.4、国民生产总值指一个经济体凭借其居民拥有的资产和劳动力所生产的货物和服务的市场价值。
GNP refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.5、日本和中国是重要贸易伙伴，两国经济互补，又是一衣带水的近邻。
中日贸易关系对两国都有重要的意义。
With mutually complementary economy, Japan and China are major trade partners, and the two countries are close neighbours separated only by a strip of water. Sino-Japanese relations are therefore of great importance to both countries.6、加拿大和美国有很长的共同边境，而且大部分加拿大居民居住在边境地区。
服务贸易合同模板 英文
服务贸易合同模板英文Service Trade Contract Template。
This Service Trade Contract (the "Contract") is entered into as of [Date], by and between [Seller Name] (the "Seller"), with a principal place of business at [Seller Address], and [Buyer Name] (the "Buyer"), with a principal place of business at [Buyer Address].1. Services to be Provided。
The Seller agrees to provide the following services to the Buyer:[Service 1][Service 2][Service 3]2. Payment。
The Buyer agrees to pay the Seller the following amount for the services provided: [Payment 1][Payment 2][Payment 3]3. Terms of Payment。
The Buyer agrees to pay the Seller in the following manner:[Payment Method 1][Payment Method 2][Payment Method 3]4. Term of Contract。
This Contract shall be effective as of the date first written above and shall continue until [End Date], unless terminated earlier by either party in accordance with the terms of this Contract.5. Termination。
国际商贸术语中英对照表
anti-corn law league international trade ☆反谷物法同盟☆国际贸易对外贸易foreign trade ☆重农主义physiocracy世界贸易world trade D. Humo ☆休谟【英】海外贸易Report on Manufacture ☆制造业报告oversea trade☆国内贸易domestic trade passive policeman ☆被动的警察☆有形商品贸易TheGeneral☆《就业、利息和货币通论》Theory visible trade of☆无形商品贸易andEmployment, invisible trade Interest☆国际服务贸易Money international service trade☆国际技术贸易second best theory ☆次佳原理international technology trade☆出口贸易☆关税customs duties / tariff export trade☆进口贸易☆关境customs frontier import trade☆过境贸易☆海关customs house transit trade☆复出口customs union ☆关税同盟re-export trade☆复进口revenue tariff re-import trade ☆财政关税☆可兑换protective customs duties convertible ☆保护关税☆易货贸易☆进口税import duties barter☆总贸易export duties ☆出口税general trade☆专门贸易transit duties ☆过境税special trade☆有纸贸易☆从量税/单证贸易documentary trade specific duties☆无纸贸易☆从价税advalorem duties electronic data interchange, EDI☆贸易差额duty paid value ☆完税价格balance of trade☆净出口customs value ☆海关估价net export☆净进口alternative duties net import ☆选择税☆进口值☆混合税mixed / compound duties QM☆出口值import surtax ☆进口附加税QX☆国民生产总值counter-vailing duty ☆反补贴税Gross National Product, GNP☆贸易条件anti-dumping duty ☆反倾销税terms of trade, TOT☆出口价格指数retaliatory duties PX ☆报复关税☆进口价格指数PM scientific tariff ☆科技关税☆国际贸易商品结构tariff schedule / customs tariff composition of international ☆关税税则/ 海关税则tariff No./heading No./tariff item trade☆税则序列（税号）☆《联合国国际贸易标准匪类》Standard description of goods International Trade ☆货物分类目录Classification, SITCrate of duty☆税率☆《商品名称和编码协调制度》the Harmonized Commodity ☆《关税合作理事会税则目录》Customs Cooperation Council Description and Coding System, 《协调制度》Nomenclature, CCCNHS《布鲁塞尔税则目录》Brussels Tariff Nomenclature,direction of foreign trade ☆对外贸易地理方向BTN☆税目号heading No.direction of international trade ☆国际贸易地理方向☆《国际贸易标准分类》☆亚当·斯密【英】International Standard Trade Adam Smith☆大卫·李嘉图David Ricardo Classification, SITC 【英】☆编码Eil Filip Heckscher code ☆赫克歇尔【瑞典】☆单式税则/ single tariff 一栏税则【瑞典】Beltil Gotthard Ohlin ☆俄林☆复式税则☆要素禀赋学说/多栏税则factor endowment theory complex tariff☆非关税壁垒-赫克歇尔俄林原理Non-Tariff Barriers, NTBs the Heckschor-Ohlin theorem☆进口配额制/进口限额制import quotas system ☆里昂惕夫【美】W. W. Leontieffactor ☆绝对配额absolute quotas scarcethe☆里昂惕夫稀少生产要素之谜Leontief☆全球配额paradox / the Leontief paradox 里昂惕夫反论global quotas【美】☆弗农R. Vernon unallocated quotas☆国别配额☆威尔士【美】L. T. Wells country quotas☆自主配额☆产业内贸易/单方面配额autonomous quotas intra-industry trade☆协议配额☆新兴工业化国家/agreement quotas/bilateral quo. NIC双边配额dumping☆商品倾销☆弗里德里希·李斯特【德】Friedrich Listsporadic / occasional dumping 】J. M. Keynes☆偶然性倾销☆凯恩斯【predatory dumpingvoluntary export quotas ☆自动出口配额☆掠夺性倾销period dumping / intermittent voluntary restriction of export 自动限制出口☆短期/间歇性倾销long period /persistent dumping ☆长期self-restraint agreement ☆自限协定/持续性倾销orderly marketing agreement ☆有秩序销售协定exchange dumping ☆外汇倾销principle of non-discrimination export visa ☆出口配额签证制☆非歧视性原则most favoured nation treatment ☆进口许可证制import licence system ☆最惠国待遇national treatment ☆国民待遇open general licence ☆公开一般许可证as ☆关税保护原则customs specific licence ☆特种进口许可证duties principle ofAgreement on ☆《进口许可证手续协议》Import means of protection Licensing☆透明度原则principle of transparency Procedures☆外汇管制principle of fair trade ☆公平贸易原则foreign exchange controlbeneficial ☆互惠贸易原则mutually official exchange rate principle of ☆官定汇率system of trade multiple exchange ☆复汇率制principle of market access rates ☆市场准入原则of of principle government ☆公平解决争端原则☆歧视性政府采购政策fair discriminatory settlementdisputesprocurement policy☆国际贸易惯例☆《购买美国货法案》international trade practice Buy American Actcommercialinternational 国际商业管理internal taxes ☆国内税practice☆增值税value added taxon United minimum priceNations ☆《联合国国际货物销售合同Convention ☆进口最低限价制International Contracts 公约》for ☆启动价格制the trigger price mechanism, TPMspecial summary steel Sale of Goods ☆钢品特别摘要发票invoice,SSSIonThe☆《国际货物买卖统一法》UniformLawprohibitive import ☆禁止进口International Sale of Goodsadvanced deposit Uniform The Law ☆《国际货物买卖合同成立统on 进口存款制☆进口押金制/ thecustoms valuation system for the Formation of 一法》Contracts ☆海关估价制American selling price system International Sale of Goods ☆美国售价制Agreement on Implementation Fules International for 《关于实☆《海关估价协议》/the ☆《2000年国际贸易术语解释General of Terms, of Interpretation Trade 施关税与贸易总协定第七条通则》Article of the VIIAgreement on Tariffs and Trade 2000的协议》transaction value☆成交价格☆《1941年美国对外贸易定义Revised American Foreign Tradeidentical of transaction Definitions, 1941☆相同商品成交价格修正本》valuegoods 1932 牛津规则》-1932☆《年华沙Warsaw-Oxford Rules，☆《跟单信用证统一惯例》similar of value Practice Customs ☆类似商品成交价格Uniform and transactiongoods Commercial for Documentarycomputed value ☆计算价格Creditsreasonable means☆《托收统一规则》☆合理办法Uniform Rules for Collectionstechnical barriers to trade, TBT ☆技术性贸易壁垒安特卫普规则》-☆《约克York-Antwerp Rules2000☆《年国际贸易术语解释technical standard ☆技术标准Incoterms 2000health and sanitary regulation ☆卫生检疫规定通则》and☆商品包装和标签规定packaging ex-point of origin ☆产地交货labelingregulation ☆船上交货，离岸价格free on board, FOB☆在运输工具旁交货☆红霉素free along side, FAS Ery ThrocinFood,☆《联邦食品、药品及化妆品Federalcost and freight , CFR ☆指定目的港成本加运费and DrugCosmetic Act \ 法》☆指定的目的港成本加保险费cost insurance and freight, CIFexport credit ☆出口信贷和运费s credit ' ☆买方信贷supplierex-dock ☆目的港码头交货☆国际商会ICCtied loan ☆约束性贷款export credit guarantee system ☆电子数据交换，electronic Data InterchangeEDI 无纸贸易/ ☆出口信贷国家保证制度FPA free carrier, FCA ☆平安险☆指定地点货交承运人carriage and insurance paid medium to, ☆运费和保险费付至指定目的☆中号smallCIP☆小号地sale by standard carriage paid to, CPT ☆运费付至……指定目的地☆凭标准买卖British Standard, BS☆工厂交货ex-works, EXW ☆英国标准Standards National American ☆费用付至船边…指定装运港☆美国国家标准化组织free alongside shipANSI ☆船舶吊货机Institute, winchesNF ☆法国标准☆装具索具s loading tackle ship'DINcrane☆德国标注☆吊货起重机，Standards ☆日本工业标准☆驳船上交货Japanese Industrial free on lighterJIS lighter'☆驳船船舷栏杆s railIE☆国际电工委员会指定地点☆边境交货() delivered at frontier, DAFfair average quality, FAQ ☆良好平均品质unloading costs ☆卸货费用quality,through document of transport ☆上好可销品质merchantable☆联运单证goodGMQ☆目的港船上交货delivered ex ship, DES☆目的港码头交货☆凭牌名或商标买卖delivered ex quay, DEQ sale by brand or trade mark☆码头交货（税迄）☆商品的牌名DEQ(duty paid) brandtrade mark ☆码头交货（关税未付）DEQ(dutiesonbuyer's ☆商标sale ☆凭产地名称或凭地理标志买of origin, account/duty unpaid) of sale by nameby geographical indication 卖☆未完税交货（目的地的指定delivered duty unpaid, DDUFrance perfume 地点）☆法国香水German beer delivered duty paid, DDP ☆完税后交货☆德国啤酒China plum ☆中国梅酒self-reference criterion ☆自我参照准则andby☆贝塔斯曼【德国】descriptionsale☆凭说明书和图样买卖Bertelsmann☆搜索引擎illustration search engine☆质量公差mailing lists ☆邮件列表quality toleranceweight DBMS ☆数据库管理系统☆重量☆公吨DDL☆数据定义语言metric ton☆长吨☆品名name of commodity long ton☆短吨☆品质quality of goods short tondescription ☆商品说明☆公斤kilogramInternational ☆国际标准化组织Organization for ☆磅poundounce Standardization，☆盎司ISOChina National Accreditation number ☆数量☆中国进出口商品生产企业认Import/Export ☆件piece 证机构认可委员会Boardfor☆双pair Enterprise Certifiers, CNABsale by sample set ☆套☆凭样品买卖sale by seller' s sample dozen ☆打☆凭卖方样品买卖sale by buyer gross ☆罗☆凭买方样品买卖's sampleoriginal sample /☆原样标准样品☆长度lengthkeep / duplicate sample /☆留样复样☆米meterreturn / counter sample ☆英尺foot 对等样品☆回样/sealed sample yard ☆码☆封样color sample ☆色彩样品area ☆面积pattern sample ☆花样款式样品☆平方米square metersale by description ☆凭文字说明买卖square foot ☆平方英尺sale by specifications ☆凭规格买卖volume ☆体积sale by grade ☆凭等级买卖/ cubic meter ☆立方米立方公尺superior quality ☆优等cubic foot ☆立方英尺ordinary quality ☆立方码☆中等cubic yardinferior quality ☆容积☆低等capacityindicative mark gallon ☆加仑☆指示标志protective mark /操作标志☆蒲式耳bushel 保护标志handle with care the metric system ☆小心搬运☆公制use no hooks the British system ☆英制☆请勿用钩warning mark ☆警告标志☆美制the U.S. systemseaworthy packing International system ☆国际单位制of ☆海运包装thecustomary packing 习惯包装Units, SIunit price ☆毛重☆单价gross weightnet weight ☆净重☆基础价格basic price☆以毛作净cost gross for net ☆成本freight tare ☆皮重☆运费commission ☆佣金☆实际皮重actual tare / real tareaverage/standard tare ☆净价net price /☆平均皮重标准皮重☆习惯皮重discount / rebate customary tare ☆折扣☆交货delivery computed tare ☆约定皮重☆纯净重shipment net net weight, NETT ☆装运time of delivery conditioned weight ☆交货时间☆公量☆理论重量time of shipment ☆装运时间theoretical weight ☆溢短装dates for shipment more or less ☆装运日期☆数量增减loading on board vessel ☆装船plus or minus☆约量☆发运dispatch about or circa or approximate☆机动幅度delivery tolerance ☆收妥待运accepted for carriage☆邮局收据日期date of post receipt cargo in bulk ☆散装货物nuded cargo ☆裸装货物☆收货日期date of pick uppacked cargo ☆包装货物☆接受监管taking in chargeconstructive delivery ☆全部包装full packed ☆推定交货actual delivery ☆局部包装part packed ☆实际交货spacesubjecttocase ☆以取得舱位为准☆箱shippingdrum ☆桶availablebag ☆获得出口许可证为准of ☆袋export subject to approval☆包license bale☆捆port of shipment bundle ☆装运港cargo afloat ☆路货☆纸箱carton☆木箱wooden case ☆目的港port of destinationEuropean main ports, EMP ☆铁桶☆欧洲主要港口iron drumAfrican main ports, AMP wood cask ☆非洲主要港口☆木桶Victoria plastic cask ☆塑料桶☆维多利亚paper bag ☆纸袋☆的黎波里Tripoli☆麻袋☆波特兰gunny bag PortlandBoston ☆塑料袋plastic bag ☆波士顿☆悉尼Sydney container ☆集装箱optional ports☆选择港☆标准箱unit,foot twenty equivalentshipment by installments 分期装运/TEU ☆分批装运liner transport ☆班轮运输☆托盘pallet☆班轮费率表freight tariff 集装包/☆集装袋flexible containerliner / berth term ☆班轮运输条件☆平板托盘flat pallet☆箱型托盘open rate box pallet ☆议价运费☆起码费率条码UPC☆universal product code, UPC minimum rate European article number 条码☆EANbasic freight rate ☆基本费率☆附加费identification mark additionals / surcharges ☆识标标志/ ☆燃油附加费main mark / shipping mark 唛头/☆主要标志adjustment bunker factor bunker surcharge, BAF/BSorder B/L ☆指示提单☆港口附加费port surchargeto order ☆港口拥挤附加费port congestion surcharge ☆凭指示☆货币贬值附加费currency adjustment factor, CAF ☆凭托运人指示to the order of shipperto the order of consignee deviation surcharge ☆凭收货人指示☆绕航附加费……bank ☆凭进口方银行指示☆转船附加费transshipment surcharge to the order of theendorsement ☆背书☆直航附加费direct additionalstraight B/L ☆记名提单☆选卸港附加费additional foroptionalbearer B/L destination ☆不记名提单clean B/L☆清洁提单for alteration of ☆变更卸货港附加费additionalunclean B/L / foul B/L ☆不清洁提单destinationshort form B/L ☆简式提单☆超重超长附加费heavylift,longlengthlong form B/L additionals☆全式提单stale B/L ☆货物分级表classification of commodities ☆过期提单on deck B/L for ☆甲板货提单加拿大航线等级费率scaleofclassrates☆中国-charter party B/L 表China-Canada service ☆租船合同下的提单house B/L shipping by chartering ☆运输代理行提单☆租船运输ante-dated B/L tramp ☆倒签提单不定期船运输advanced B/L ☆租船人charterer ☆预借提单☆船东ship's owner ☆集装箱运输container transportdry container ☆租船合同charter party ☆杂货集装箱☆冷藏集装箱refrigerated container ☆代表船东的经纪人ship broker☆代表租船人的租船代理chartering agent ☆散货集装箱solid bulk containeropen top container voyage charter ☆开顶集装箱☆定程租船flat rack container ☆框架集装箱/☆单程租船航次租船single voyage charter☆装货或卸货数量in taken or outturn quantity ☆罐状集装箱fank containercontainer freight station, CFS lump sum freight ☆集装箱货运站☆整船包干装费☆港站收据dock receper ☆来回程租船round trip chartercontainer yard, CY ☆连续航次租船consecutive trip charter ☆集装箱堆场☆内陆站inland deport ☆航次期租船voyage charter on time basisscheduled airline contract of affreightment ☆包运合同租船☆班机运输☆包机运输time charter chartered carrier ☆定期租船consolidation deadweight ton, Dwt ☆载重吨☆集中托运方式☆航空急件传送方式air express service ☆光船租船bare bat charterdesk to desk service 桌到桌运输rate of freight ☆运费率parcel post receipt ☆邮政包裹收据☆整船包价lump-sum freightfree out, F.O. ☆保险insurance ☆不负担卸货费☆不负担装货费free in, F.I.insurer ☆保险人insured free in and out, F.I.O. ☆不负担装货和卸货费☆被保险人/and stowed ☆海上风险海难perils of the sea out in ☆船方不管装卸、理舱和平舱free andextraneous risks trimmed, F.I.O.S.T. ☆外来风险natural calamities ☆速遣费dispatch money ☆自然灾害fortuitous accidents ☆滞期费demurrage ☆海上意外事故marine losses ☆海损☆海运提单ocean bill of lading, B/L/receipt for goods ☆货物收据☆纯粹风险单纯风险pure risksspeculative risks ☆投机风险evidence of contract ☆运输合同的证明☆物权凭证physical risks documents of title ☆自然风险☆许可转让quasi-negotiable ☆经济风险economic risks social risks ☆社会风险on board or shipped B/L ☆已装船提单property risks ☆财产风险received for shipment B/L ☆备运提单direct B/L ☆人身风险personal risks ☆直达提单liability risks ☆责任风险through B/L ☆联运提单S.B. policy ☆船、货保险单transshipment B/Ltheft, pilferage and non-delivery, ☆偷窃、提货不着险natural calamities ☆自然灾害TPNDheavy weather ☆恶劣气候damage, fresh ☆理舱不当faulty stowage ☆淡水雨淋险water &/or rainFWRD lightning ☆雷电and☆海啸risktsunami of☆混杂、玷污险intermixturecontamination washing overboard ☆浪击落海☆洪水flood risk of leakage ☆渗漏险☆地震☆碰损、破碎险earthquake risk of clash and breakagerisk of odour ☆串味险☆火山爆发volcanic eruptionhook damage ☆钩损险☆爆炸explosioncaused by sweating and damage stranding ☆搁浅☆受潮受热险on the rocks ☆触礁heatingsunk breakage of packing ☆包装破裂险☆沉没☆锈损险collision ☆碰撞risk of rustcapsized failure to delivery ☆交货不到险☆倾覆import duty risk jettison ☆投弃☆进口关税险sling loss ☆吊索损害on deck risk ☆舱面险piracy ☆海盗行为☆拒收险rejection risk☆黄曲霉毒素险☆船长、船员的不法行为aflatoxin barratry of master and mariner☆出口货物到香港（包括九龙）fire risk theft / pilferage extension clause ☆盗窃fordestination short-delivery and non-delivery at ☆短少和提货不着storage 或澳门存仓火险责任扩展条of cargo Kowloow ☆渗漏including leakage HongKong, 款shortage in weight or Macao ☆短量ocean marine cargo war risk clashing ☆碰损☆海运战争险additional expenses war risks breakage ☆破碎☆海运货物战争险的附加费用hook damage 险☆钩损fresh and rain water damage strikes risk ☆淡水淋雨☆罢工险covers rusting insurance contingency ☆卖方利益险☆生锈seller contamination '☆玷污s interest onlyinstitute cargo clauses, ICC sweating and heating ☆受潮受热☆协会货物条款overland transportation risks taint of odour ☆串味☆陆运险overland transportation all risks ☆陆运一切险☆全部损失（全损）total losscargo overland ☆路上运输货物战争险TL actual total loss, A transportation 绝对全损☆实际全损/war risks (by train) constructive total loss, CTL ☆推定全损（火车）air transportation risks ☆委付☆航空运输险abandonmentair transportation all risks ☆航空运输一切险notice of abandonment ☆委付通知air transportation cargo war risks partial loss ☆航空运输货物战争险☆部分损失（分损）☆邮包险☆共同海损parcel post risks general averageparcel post all risks ☆邮包一切险York-Antwerp Rules ☆约克·安特卫普规则particular average parcel post war risks ☆邮包战争险☆单独海损投保单☆不计免赔率☆要保书irrespective of percentage, IOP /application for insurancefloating policy ☆流动保险单诉讼及营救费用/☆施救费用/ sue & labour charges损害防止费用☆注销条款cancellation clausesalvage charges 开口保险单/☆救助费用open policy ☆预约保险单☆无效果无报酬no cure, no pay valuation clause ☆估价条款blanket policy / closed policy ☆《中国保险条款》China Insurance Clauses, CIC 闭口保险单/☆总括保险单☆恢复条款free from particular average,FPA ☆平安险reinstatement clauseparticularpolicy, insurance policy ☆保险单险☆水with average,insurance certificate W A/WPA☆保险凭证☆一切险combined certificate all risks☆联合凭证acceptance, documents drawee / payer ☆受票人/付款人☆承兑交单againstD/Apayee ☆收款人/收款人trust receipt, T/R ☆银行汇票☆信托收据banker's billT/R☆商业汇票D/Pcommercial bill ☆付款交单凭信托收据借单·☆即期汇票seller' sight bill / demand draft ☆卖方利益险s contingent interest risk☆货运单据shipping documents time bill / usance bill ☆远期汇票letter of credit, L/C ☆光票clean bill ☆信用证/信用状documentary bill ☆正本☆跟单汇票original☆商业承兑汇票copy ☆副本trader's acceptance billtriplicate ☆三份banker☆银行承兑汇票's acceptance billprimary liabilities for payment inland bill ☆国内汇票☆首要付款责任arrangement ☆约定foreign bill ☆国外汇票issue ☆严格符合的原则☆出票the doctrine of strict compliance☆自足文件self-sufficient instrument ☆提示presentationdocuments acceptance ☆承兑☆单据applicant ☆开征申请人payment ☆付款being opening bank / issuing bank ☆开征行☆付一不付二second of exchange☆受益人unpaid beneficiaryaddressee special endorsement ☆收件人正式☆记名//完全背书☆通知行advising bank / notifying bank endorsement in fullendorser ☆代理行correspondent bank ☆背书人endorsee☆转递行transmitting bank ☆被背书人negotiating bank endorsement blank ☆议付行☆空白背书paying bank holder ☆持票人☆付款行drawee bank ☆受票银行☆见票sightdiscount ☆贴现☆代付行paying bank agent☆保兑行☆拒付confirming bank dishonorbona fide holder ☆偿付行confirming bank ☆善意持有人clearing bank 信有证清银行☆拒绝证书protest notary public ☆当地公证人☆转让行transferring bank☆不受追索☆第一受益人first beneficiary without recourse☆本票promissory note 可转让信用证的转让人transferorsecond beneficiary ☆支票check / cheque ☆第二受益人transferee crossed check 可转让信用证的受让人☆划线支票certified check ☆保付支票☆承兑行accepting bank☆跟单信用证☆保付documentary credit to certifyremittance ☆光票信用证clean credit ☆汇付☆不可撤销信用证mail transfer, M/T ☆信汇irrevocable credit☆可撤销信用证☆电汇revocable credit telegraphic transfer, T/Tpayment in advance ☆预付货款☆保兑信用证confirmed credit☆货到付款payment after arrival of goods confirmed bank ☆保兑行first drawee ☆第一性付款人collection ☆托收unconfirmed credit ☆不保兑信用证☆委托人principal☆托收行sight credit ☆即期信用证remitting bankreimbursement ☆电汇索偿条款☆代收行T/T with L/C collecting bankpresenting bank ☆提示行clauseusance credit ☆远期信用证s representative in case principal' ☆委托人的代表☆银行承兑远期信用证of need bankers acceptance credit ' ☆托收委托书☆延期付款信用证collection order deferred payment credit ☆付款交单☆假远期信用证documents against payment, D/P usance credit payable at sightbuyer ☆买方远期信用证☆即期付款交单D/P at sight s usance credit ' payment credit ☆付款信用证D/P after sighttransshipments are permitted acceptance credit ☆承兑信用证☆允许转运inspection of the goods negotiation credit ☆货物的检验☆议付信用证commodity inspection available by negotiation 商品检验☆议付兑现delivery restricted negotiation credit ☆交付☆限制议付信用证inspection or examination open negotiation credit ☆检验或察看☆公开议付信用证freely negotiation credit ☆接受或拒收acceptance or rejection 自由议付信用证☆收到received transferable credit ☆可转让信用证☆商业单位commercial unit ☆可分割divisibleFGESfractionable ☆美国粮谷检验署☆可分开administration, food and drugs ☆可过户assignable ☆美国食品药物管理局FDAtransmissible ☆可转移underwriters laboratory, UL ☆美国保险人实验室☆不可转让信用证non-transferable creditLloyd's surveyor revolving credit ☆循环信用证☆英国劳合氏公证行Japan marine surveyors & sworn ☆可积累使用的循环信用证☆日本海事鉴定协会cumulative revolving credits association, NKKK measurer☆非积累使用的循环信用证'non-cumulative revolving creditAdministration of /☆背对信用证背对背信用证Import back to back credit ☆中或人民共和国国家进出口State CommodityExportsubsidiary or secondary credit 从属信用证商品检验局ands ' Inspection of the People☆对开信用证reciprocal creditRepublic of China, SACI anticipatory credit/prepaid credit ☆预支信用证Exportand☆中国进出口商品检验总公司☆全部预支信用证ChinaImportclean payment creditInspection☆红条款信用证Commodity red clause creditCorporation, CCICstandby L/C ☆备用信用证State Administration of Exit and commercial L/C 商业票据信用证☆中华人民共和国出入境检验Entry Inspection and Quarantine guarantee L/C 检疫局（国家出入境检验检担保信用证of the People's Republic performance L/C 疫局）履约信用证ofChina, CIQ bonding company ☆担保公司inspection certificateguarantee,bank ☆检验证书☆银行保证函letterofguarantee, L/C ☆品质检验证书inspection certificate of qualityinspection certificate of quantity ☆受益人☆数量（重量）检验证书beneficiary/ weight guarantor ☆担保人inspection certificate of packing ☆包装检验证书☆反向担保counter guarantee veterinary inspection certificate ☆兽医检验证书☆投标保函tender guaranteesanitary inspection certificate / ☆卫生（健康）检验证书☆履约保函performance guarantee☆还款保函inspection certificate of health repayment guaranteeinspection disinfection ☆前提条件condition precedent ☆消毒检验证书certificate ☆押金marginofcertificateopen by airmail ☆信开☆熏蒸证书inspectionfumigation☆电开open by telecommunication☆预通知信用证pre-advised credit ☆温度检验证书certificate of temperatureinspection certificate of origin confirmation ☆产地检验证书☆证实本inspection certificate of value negotiation☆价值检验证书☆议付oncertificate☆偿付授权书inspection reimbursement authorization ☆残损检验证书damaged cargo ☆索偿书reimbursement claim ☆偿付reimbursement/ tanks ☆保理factor☆验舱证书inspection certificate onholds☆国际保理服务international factoringcargo inspection on certificate ☆出口保理商export factor ☆货载衡量证书☆进口保理商weight and measurement import factordisputesforfaiting ☆福费庭☆争议☆无追索权without recourse ☆违反要件breach of conditionbreach of warranty ☆保函☆违反担保guarantee letterinnominate terms ☆无名条款promissory notes☆本票．intermediate terms material breach 中间条款☆重大违约minor breach ☆轻微违约☆根本违约fundamental breach☆非根本违约non-fundamental breachfrustration of contract 情势变迁☆合同落空/ ☆仲裁arbitration award☆裁决arbitration clause ☆仲裁条款submission ☆协议☆授引referencerecognition on ☆《承认和执行外国仲裁裁决the Convention公约》/ 《1958年纽约公约》and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awardsbooking note ☆托运单shipping order ☆装货单mate's receipt ☆收货单letter of indemnity ☆担保书☆．。
《国际服务贸易》专题一国际服务贸易的基本概念详解
无 形 的 因 素
纯有形商品
附带服务的有形商品 附带少部分商品的主要服务
照顾婴幼儿 教育 法律服务 空中旅行 快餐 化妆 软饮料 服装 糖
高度无形到高度有形之间的连续谱
纯服务
非实物形态
服务 service
• 萨伊（ 1767-1832 ）“无形产品（服务）同样是人类劳动的果实，是 资本的产物”。《政治经济学概念》 • 巴斯夏（1801-1850 ）“劳务必须含有转让的意思，因为劳务不被人 接受也就不可能提供，而且劳务同样包含努力的意思，但不去判断价 值同努力是否成比例”。《和谐经济论》
费者单位的变化和生产者单位的变化同时发生，这种变化是同一的。服务一
旦生产出来必须由消费者获得而不能储存，这与其物理特征无关，而只是逻 辑上的不可能”。 • M.沙洛特科夫（1980）“劳务具有双重定义。第一，劳务可解释为作为活动 所耗费的劳动的一种特殊使用价格。第二，如果劳动同收入相交换，劳务可 理解为非生产性劳动的形式”。《非生产领域经济学》 • 瑞德尔（1986）“在服务为服务接受者带来一种变化时，它是提供时间、地
• 服务的不可存储性使得加速服务产品的生产和扩
大服务的规模出现困难。
所有权的不可转让性
• 指服务的生产和消费过程中不涉及所有权的转移
• 服务在交易完后消失，消费者所拥有的对服务消
费的权力并未因服务交易的结束而产生象商品交
换那样获得实有的东西。
• 服务具有易逝性，这一特征是导致服务风险的根
源。
4、服务的分类
• 第三产业概念的经济结构涵义主要是相对于国内经济的，服务业概念的经济结构涵义是面向
四种服务贸易模式 英文
Modes of supply 服务贸易的方式60.We have reviewed the major different explanations for the pattern of trade. These explanations provide a motive for trade. But they do not always explain why firms choose particular modes to supply services to foreign customers.我们已经回顾了关于贸易模式的几个主要的不同的解释。
这些解释为贸易的发生提供了动机。
但是它们并不总能解释为什么公司采用特定的模式来为它们的外国客户提供服务。
61.The possibility that services may be supplied by more than one mode raises a number of issues. First, if trade in all modes was unconstrained, how would firms choose to supply service to their foreign customers? Second, are different modes substitutes or complements? Third, what is the effect of allowing trade via some modes but not others? The answers to these questions have important implications both for predicating and assessing the implications含义of trade liberalization in services. Unfortunately, this issue has not received a great deal of study in the academic literatur e.服务可以被多种方式提供的可能性引出了一些问题：第一，如果各种贸易方式没有受到限制，公司会如何选择提供服务给它们的外国客户？第二，各种不同的模式是相互替代还是相互补充？第三，如果允许贸易只能通过一些方式，而不能用其他的方式，这样做的影响又是什么？这些问题的答案对预测和评析服务贸易自由化的重要影响有着重要的意义。
四种服务贸易模式 英文
Modes of supply 服务贸易的方式60.We have reviewed the major different explanations for the pattern of trade. These explanations provide a motive for trade. But they do not always explain why firms choose particular modes to supply services to foreign customers.我们已经回顾了关于贸易模式的几个主要的不同的解释。
这些解释为贸易的发生提供了动机。
但是它们并不总能解释为什么公司采用特定的模式来为它们的外国客户提供服务。
61.The possibility that services may be supplied by more than one mode raises a number of issues. First, if trade in all modes was unconstrained, how would firms choose to supply service to their foreign customers? Second, are different modes substitutes or complements? Third, what is the effect of allowing trade via some modes but not others? The answers to these questions have important implications both for predicating and assessing the implications含义of trade liberalization in services. Unfortunately, this issue has not received a great deal of study in the academic literatur e.服务可以被多种方式提供的可能性引出了一些问题：第一，如果各种贸易方式没有受到限制，公司会如何选择提供服务给它们的外国客户？第二，各种不同的模式是相互替代还是相互补充？第三，如果允许贸易只能通过一些方式，而不能用其他的方式，这样做的影响又是什么？这些问题的答案对预测和评析服务贸易自由化的重要影响有着重要的意义。
1章国际服务贸易概论4 国际服务贸易教学课件
注意：几个概念的异同
1）传统服务业 2）新型/新兴服务业、现代服务业
是指在工业化比较发达的阶段产生的，主要依托信息技术和 现代化管理理念发展起来的，信息和知识相对密集的服务业。
与传统服务业相比，有三个重要的特征：高人力资本含量； 高附加值；高技术含量。
现代服务业的主体是生产性服务业，现代生产性服务业是国 民经济的支柱产业。
3. 国际服务贸易结构进一步优化，服务贸易领域 进一步扩大；
4. 国际服务贸易呈现全球化、自由化的趋势。
第三节 国际服务贸易的研究方法
产和供应业，建筑业；
第三产业包括除第一、二产业以外的其他行业，具体 包括：交通运输、仓储和邮政业，信息传输、计算机服务和软
件业，批发和零售业，住宿和餐饮业，金融业，房地产业，租 赁和商务服务业，科学研究、技术服务和地质勘查业，水利、 环境和公共设施管理业，居民服务和其他服务业，教育、卫生、 社会保障和社会福利业，文化、体育和娱乐业，公共管理和社 会组织，国际组织等。
高接触性服务 中接触性服务 低接触性服务
3、服务的基本因素及其类型
（3）根据服务实际效用的不同（王新奎，2001 ）
追加服务（complementary services）
伴随商品生产和交易所提供的补充服务。 是商品在市场上进行非价格竞争的重要因素。 当今制造业中出现越来越多的服务因素。
核心服务（individuality services）
修理业、洗染业、家庭服务业、文化艺术、教育、科学研究、新闻
传媒、出版业、体育、医疗卫生、环境卫生、环境保护、宗教、慈
善事业、政府机构、军队、警察等
根据2003年5月国家统计局颁布的《三次产业划分规 定》，我国三次产业的范围是：
服务贸易篇
服务贸易
国际服务贸易是指国际间服务活动的输入和 输出的一种贸易形式.贸易一方向他方提 供服务并获得收入的活动叫做服务出口或 服务输出,购买他方所提供的服务活动叫 做服务进口或服务输入.
国际服务贸易有广义和狭义之分,狭义的国 际服务贸易是指传统的为国际货物贸易服 务的运输,保险,金融以及旅游等无形贸易, 广义的除了前面的内容,还包括现代发展 起来的除了与货物贸易有关的服务以外新 的贸易活动,包括承包劳务,卫星传送和传 播,专利和商标许可,版权贸易等.
交通运输服务
交通运输服务，主要包括货物运输服务， 如航空运输，海洋运输，铁路运输， 管道运输，内河和沿海运输，公路运 输服务，也包括航天发射。如卫星发 射，空运服务，附属于交通运输的服 务，报关行，货物装卸，仓储，港口 服务。
服务贸易
以生产为核心的划分法，按此分类法，服务贸易可 分为三类
生产前服务。如研究与开发，设计，市场和可行性 研究等
提升我国服务贸易的国际化水平
3、服务业地区发展不平衡 现代服务业具有在中心城市及中心地区高度集聚的特性。 现代城市具有明显的网络化特征，是资源要素空间聚集 及其集中配置的重要节点。各种资源要素（资金、人才、 技术、信息等）通过这一节点进行流动及得到配置，呈 现大规模的经济流量。在此过程中，现代服务业成为城 市这一节点组织资源要素流动，承担大规模流量的重要 产业基础。我国的地区发展不平衡，城市化水平很低， 虽然有现代化的大都市和一些中小城市，然而更多的是 比较落后的农村地区。现代服务业地区发展更不平衡。 东部地区发展快，中西部地区发展较缓。东部以上海为 例，2004年上海市第三产业增加值占全市生产总值的比 重为47.9%；西部以重庆为例，2004年重庆市第三产业占 全市GDP的39.5%。
WTO词汇(中英翻译对照)
QQuads 四方集团（指美国、欧盟、日本、加拿大）Qualification of Suppliers 供应商资格Qualification Procedures 资格审查程序Qualification System 资格审查制度Qualifications 资格Quantitative Ceiling 数量上限Quantitative Restriction 数量限制Quantity Commitment Levels 数量承诺水平Quantity trigger level 数量触发水平Quantum of International 国际贸易总量Quarantine Measures 检疫措施Quarantine Treatments 检疫处理Quasi-judicial 准司法Quota Period 配额期限Quota Price 配额价格Quota Restrictions 配额限制Quota System 配额制度quota-free products 非配额产品Quota-Hopping 配额跳过RRate of Subsidization 补贴率Reasonable Expectation 合理预期Reasonable Means 合理方法Reasonable Period of Time 合理期限Rebuttal Evidence 反驳的证据Rebuttal Submissions 书面辩驳Recidivist Dumping 习惯性倾销Recipient Country/Region 受援国/地区Reciprocal Trade 互惠贸易Reciprocity 对等Recommendations （争端解决）建议Recommendations of Findings 建议或裁决Recovery of Costs 成本收回Red Box 红箱Reduction Commitments 削减承诺Reference years 参考年（基期）Refund of Duties or Taxes 退税Regional trade 区域贸易Regional Trade Agreements 区域贸易协定Registration of a Trademark 商标注册Registry 登记处Regular Channels of Trade 正常贸易渠道Regulatory Duty 调节关税Regulatory Requirements 管理要求Related Persons 有关联关系的人Remedies 经济措施Remission or Drawback 减免与退税Renewal of Registration 注册续展Rental of Phonograms 录音制品出租Rental Rights 出租权Reporting system 申报制度Representations or Proposals 交涉或建议Representative Office 代表处Representative Period 代表期Request for a Waiver 请求豁免义务Request for Conciliation 请求调解Requirments of Use 使用要求Res Judicata 一事不再理Reservation Clause 保留条款Reserved Negotiations 保留谈判Residual Tariffs 剩余关税Residual Value 剩余价值Resource Rent 资源租金Responding Party 应诉方Restraint of Trade 贸易限制Restrictive Clauses 限制性条款Resumed dumping 继续倾销Retail Store Restriction 零售店限制Retailing Services 零售服务Retaliation 报复Retaliatory Measures 报复措施Retaliatory Subsidization 报复性补贴Retrospective Remedies 追溯性救济Revenue 税收Reverse Dumping 逆倾销Review 复审Review Session 审议会议Revocation 撤销Right Holder 权利持有人Right of Appeal 上诉权Right of Establishment 设立权Right of First Refusal 首次拒绝权利Right of Priority 优先权Right of Reproduction 复制权Right to Use a Trademark 商标使用权Risk assessment 风险分析Round 回合Routine Notification 例行通知Royalties 特许权费/使用费Rules of Origin 原产地规则Rules of Procedure 议事规则Rural Development 农村发展SSafeguard Agreement 保障措施协定Safeguard(SG) 保障措施Safe-Haven Agreement 安全港协定Safety Requirements 安全要求Sale for Export 出口销售Sales Tax 销售税Sanitary Inspection 卫生检查Scale of Contribution 会费分摊比例Schedular Tax 分类所得税Schedule of Commitments(GATS) 承诺减让表Schedule Price 价目表价格Schedules of Bindings 约束关税表Schedules of Concessions 减让表Schedules of concessions 减让时间表Scheduling 减让表制作Scientific Evidence 科学证据Scientific Justification 科学上的正当性Scientific Tariff 科学关税Scope of Appellate Review 上诉审查范围Screen Quota 反映限额Screen Time 反映时间Screwdriver Operations 改锥业务Secondary Dumping 二级倾销Second-Level Obligations 第二层义务Sectoral Commitments 部门承诺Sector-Specific Commitments 部门具体承诺Security 担保Security Exceptions 安全例外Security Services 证券服务Selection Procedures 选择程序Selective Safeguard 选择性保障措施Selective Safeguard Clause 严重损害Self-Certification 自我认证Self-Regulatory 自律组织Sellers’Price List 卖方价格清单Selling Price 销售价格Semi-Generic Wine Names 半通用酒名Separate Customs Territory 单独关税区Sequencing 先后顺序Serious Adverse 严重不利影响Serious injury 严重损害Serious Prejudice 严重侵害Service Address 送达地址Service Industry 服务业Service Mark 服务商标Service Market Access 服务贸易市场准入Service Regulations 服务管理Services 服务Services Supplier 服务提供者Settlement of Claims 权利请求的解决Shrimp Case 虾案Similar Goods 类似货物Singapore Agenda 新加坡议程Singapore Issues新加坡议题Single Approach 单一方式Single Tendering 单一来源采购Single Unified Market 单一统一市场Situation Complaints 情势之诉Small Economies 小经济体Social Dumping 社会倾销Social Labeling 社会标签Social Services 社会服务Social Subsidies 社会补贴Social Welfare Charges 社会福利费用Sole Agent 独家代理人Sole Concessionaire 独家受让人Sole Distributor 独家经销人Special Economic Areas 特殊经济区Special Import Measures Act 特殊进口措施法Special Safeguards（SSG）特殊保障措施Special Treatment（ST）（农业协议）特别处理Specialist 专家Specialist in Accounts 会计账目专家Specific Duty 特别关税Specific License 特种许可证Specific Measure 具体措施Specific Subsidy 专向性补贴Specific tariff 从量税Specificity 专向性Specificity Principle 专向性原则Specificity Test 专向性测试Sporadic Dumping 零星倾销Spurious Dumping 假倾销Square Brackets 方括号Staff Regulations 职员条例Staff report 工作人员报告Staff Rules 职员规则Stamp Tax 印花税Standard of Review 审查标准Standardization 标准化Standardization Activities 标准化活动Standardizing 标准化机构Standards 标准Standards Code 标准守则Standing Appellate Body 常设上诉机构Standstill Commitment 维持现状承诺Standstill Provisions 维持现状规定Stare Decisis 遵循先例Start-Up Period 投产期间Start-Up Situation 投产状态State Pricing 国家定价State Responsibility 国家责任State Trading 国营贸易State Trading Commitment 国营贸易承诺State Trading Countries 国营贸易国家State-Owned Enterprises 国有企业State-Trading Dumping 国营贸易倾销Statism 国家主义Stockpiling Exception 储存例外Strategic Duping 战略倾销Subheading 子目Subject Matter of a Patent 专利的客体Submission 递交材料Sub-National Obligation 地方政府义务Subsequent Practice 嗣后做法Subsidiaries 独资子公司Subsidiary 从属性Subsidiary Bodies 附属机构Subsidies 补贴Subsidized Goods 补贴产品Subsidizing Member 进行补贴的成员Subsidy 补贴Subsidy Practice 补贴做法Substantial Improvement 实质性改善Substantial Interest 实质利益Substantial Transformation 实质性改变Substantive Disciplines 实质性纪律Substantive Meeting 实质性会议Substitutable Products 替代品Sunset Clause 日落条款Sunset Industry 夕阳产业Sunset Review 日落复审Supplemental Information 补充信息Supplementary Criteria 补充标准Support Price 支持价格Surrogate Country 替代国Suspend concessions 暂停减让Suspension of an Investigation 中止调查Suspension of Concessions 中止减让Suspension of Release 中止放行Sustainable Development 可持续发展Swiss Formula 瑞士公式Symmetrical Comparisons 对称比较Sympathetic Consideration 积极考虑TTargeted Dumping 目标倾销Tariff Act 关税法Tariff Anomaly 关税异常Tariff Bindings 约束关税/ 关税约束承诺tariff classification 关税分类Tariff Concessions 关税减让Tariff Consolidation 关税合并Tariff Equivalent 关税等值Tariff Escalation 关税升级Tariff Increase 提高关税Tariff Item 税号Tariff Laws 关税法规Tariff Level 关税水平Tariff line 税号Tariff Line 税则号列Tariff Negotiations 关税谈判Tariff Nomenclature 税则目录Tariff peaks 关税高峰Tariff Policy 关税政策Tariff Preferences 关税优惠Tariff Protection 关税保护Tariff Quota 关税配额Tariff Range 关税范围Tariff Rate 关税税率Tariff rate quotas （TRQ ）关税配额Tariff Schedule 关税表Tariff Structure 关税结构Tariff Union(CU) 关税同盟Tariff valuation 关税估价Tariff War 关税战Tariff Zone 关税区Tariff-Cutting Formula 关税减让公式Tariff-Free Quota 免税配额Tariffication 关税化Tariff-Only Regime 单一关税机制Tariffs 关税Tax Credit 税收抵免Tax Subsidy 税收补贴Taxation Services 税收服务Taxed Product 国内征税产品Technical Expertise 技术专长Technical Regulation 技术法规Technical Specifications 技术规格Technical Sub-Committee 技术小组委员会Telecommunication Services 电信服务案Telecommunications 电信Telecommunications Annex 电信附件Telecommunications Services 电信服务Television Services 电视服务Tendering Documents 招标文件Tendering Procedures 招标程序Term of Patent Protection 专利保护期Terms of Reference 职权范围条款Test Methods 检验方法Test Value 测试价格Testing and Inspection 检验和检查Textile Committee 纺织品委员会Textile Designs 纺织品设计Textile Trade 纺织品贸易The Contracting Parties 缔约方全体The contraction in demand 需求萎缩Threat of Injury 损害威胁Threat of Serious Injury 严重损害威胁Threshold 最低限额Threshold Price 门槛价Threshold Value 最低限价Tied Investment 捆绑式投资Tiered Formula 分层公式Time-Limited Exceptions 有时限的例外Time-Schedules 时间表Tokyo Round 东京回合Tolerances for Contaminants 污染物允许量Top-Down Approach 自上而下的方法Torquay Round 托奎回合Total AMS 综合支持总量Total AMS Commitment 综合支持总量承诺Total Eligible Costs 可计入总成本Tourism Satellite Account 旅游卫星账户Tourist Guides Services 导游服务Trade and Environment 贸易与环境Trade Defence Measures 贸易防御措施Trade Diversion 贸易转移Trade diversion inquiry 贸易转移调查Trade Facilitation 贸易便利化Trade in goods 货物贸易Trade in Services 服务贸易Trade in Services Statistics 服务贸易统计Trade Name 商号Trade or Business Association 同业公会或商会Trade Policy 贸易政策Trade Policy Review 贸易政策审议Trade preferences 贸易优先Trade Regulations 贸易法规Trade Relief 贸易补救Trade Remedies 贸易救济Trade Rules for Services 服务贸易规则Trade Secrets 商业秘密Trade Statistics 贸易统计Trade Surplus 贸易盈余Trade, Debt and Finance 贸易、债务和金融Trademark 商标Trading Rights 贸易权Traffic Rights 航空权Training Services 培训服务Transaction in Services 服务交易Transaction Value 成交价格Transfer Duties 转让税Transfer of Liabilities 债务转移Transfer of Payments 转移支付Transitional Safeguard 过渡性保障措施Translation Issues 翻译问题Transparency 透明度Transport Subsidy 运输补贴Transshipment 转运Treaty Interpretation 条约解释Trigger Clause 触发条款Trigger Level 触发水平Trigger Price 触发价格Triggering Point 触发点Turnover Tax 营业税UUnder-Invoicing 低报出口Undertaking 承诺Undisclosed Information 未披露信息Unforeseen Development 不可预见的发展Uniform Tariff 统一关税Unit Amount of a Subsidy 单位补贴额Universal Services 普遍服务Unrequited Export 无偿出口Upstream Dumping 上游倾销Upstream Subsidy 上游补贴Urban Planning Services 城市规划服务Urgent Circumstances 紧急问题Uruguay Round 乌拉圭回合Use in Good Faith 善意使用Use of a Trademark 商标使用User Member 用户成员VVagueness of Claims 权利请求模糊Valuation Basis 估价基础Valuation Effect 估价效果Valuation of Contracts 合同估价Valuation Option 估价选择Valuation Procedures 估价程序Valuation System 估价系统Value Added Tax System 增值税制度Value Added Tax（VAT）增值税Value-Added Telecommunications 增值电信Variable duties 差价税Variable Duty 可变税Variable Import 进口差价税Variable Levies差价税Verification 核实Vertical merger 垂直兼并Veterinary Services 兽医服务Violation Claims 违反之诉Visible Balance 有形收支余额Visible Export and Import 有形进出口Visible Trade 有形贸易Visible Trade Balance 有形贸易余额Voluntary Export Quota 自愿出口配额Voluntary Restraint of Export 自愿出口限制Voluntary Standard 自愿性标准Voluntary Undertakings 自愿承诺WWaiver （WTO 义务）豁免Water Transport Services 水运服务Welfare Services 社会福利服务Well-Known Trademark 驰名商标Wheat Flour 面粉案Wholesale Trade Services 批发服务Withdraw 撤回Withdraw concessions 撤销减让Withdraw from the Agreement 退出协定Withdrawal 退出Withdrawal of the Measures 措施撤回Withholding of Concessions 停止减让Witness statement 证词Work of Applied Art 实用艺术作品Working party 工作组Working Procedures 工作程序Wrongful Detention of Goods 错误扣押商品WTO Agreement WTO 协议WTO Secretariat 世界贸易组织秘书处YYearly Updates 年度更新ZZero Binding 零关税约束Zero Duties 零关税Zero-for-Zero Approach 零对零方法Zero-for-Zero Principle 零对零原则Zero-for-Zero Proposal 零对零建议Zeroing 归零Zero-Margin Harmonization 零差别协调。
服务贸易的开放度与经济增长外文翻译
服务贸易的开放度与经济增长外文翻译外文翻译原文Openness in Services Trade and Economic GrowthMaterial Source: Eeonomies Letters Volume92,IssueZ,2006,p.277一283 Author: El Khoury Antoine and Savvides.AndreaabstractThis paper examines the relationship between openness in services trade and economic growth. We estimate a threshold regression model to test whether openness in services trade has a different impact on low- and high-income countries. We consider openness in both telecommunication and financial services. Results confirm the existence of a two- regime split with low-income economies benefiting from greater openness in telecommunication services and high-income economies from financial services openness.Key Words: Services trade, telecommunication services, financial services, economic growth.Openness in Services Trade and Economic Growth1. IntroductionThe costs and benefits of openness to international trade for economic growth have been studied extensively. Diverse measures of openness to trade have been used referring mainly to trade in commodities and include, inter alia, the share of exports/imports in GDP, measures of the prevalence of tariffs/quotas in commodity trade, or general qualitative indicators of openness. Studies, on the whole, demonstrate the positive effects of international trade e.g. Dollar, 1992; Frankel and Romer, 1999; and Sachs and Warner, 1995 though dissenting views have been voiced e.g. Rodríguez and Rodrik 2001.To date, very little has appeared on the growth effects of openness in services trade. This should, perhaps, not be surprising given that services constitute a new dimension in regional and multilateral trade agreements, especially within the auspices of recent and proposed WTO trade rounds. The view that greater openness in services trade is associated with higher growth seems to have taken hold amongst some policy makers recentlyEmpirical evidence on this issue, however, has been scant.A recent article in The Economist2004 emphasizes the fact that a well-established infrastructure is necessary in order for openness in services trade to have a positive impact on growth. The article is concerned whether “…ICTs[information and communication technologies] might have less impact on productivity in poor countries than in rich countries” and “… whether a certain threshold level ofadoption is required before the productivity benefits of ICTs kick in.” It questions whether the benefits from liberalizing trade in services are the same for low- and high-income countries.The objective of this paper is twofold: first, to add to the very limited evidence on the effects of liberalizing trade in services on economic growth; second, to test the hypothesis that a threshold level of development per capita income exists in the relationship between services trade openness and economic growth, and the corollary that the benefits from service trade liberalization do not materialize until such a threshold is achievedWe focus on two service industries: telecommunication and financial services.To test the underlying hypothesis we use the threshold regression TR model, an econometric technique that selects endogenously and tests simultaneously the existence of a threshold level of per capita income.2. The threshold regression model and openness in services tradeHansen’s 2000 TR model allows for an endogenous sample splitHe develops a sequential search algorithm to determine the value of the threshold and a Lagrange multiplier test for its significance. Papageorgiou 2002 uses the TR model in the context of a growth regression and finds that initial income per capita is a significant first-round threshold indicator. In subsequent rounds, literacy and general openness to trade the share of exports plus imports in GDP are alsosignificant threshold indicators.In our model, the threshold variable is initial income per capita and the underlying hypothesis is that the impact of service trade openness on economic growth depends on a country’s level of development income per capitaWe estimate the following growth regression model:g i?XiOPtelOPfinlnGDP??lnGDPi gi??XiOPtelOPfinlnGDPi?lnGDPiwhere i g is the average annual growth rate of per capita GDP for country i, Xi a vector of conditioning variables, OPtel and OPfin measure openness in telecommunication and financial services trade, respectively, lnGDPi is the log initial level of per capita income, and, ?11 ,,?15??and ?21,, ?25??are the threshold level and parameter vectors to be estimated, respectively.The focus of this study, the indices OPtel and OPfin, are from Mattoo, Rathindran and Subramanian 2001. They are constructed to reflect a policy-based measure of liberalization of a country’s services sectors. They assume values from 1 to 9 telecommunication services and 1 to 8 financial services with higher values indicating greater openness. The construction of the telecommunications index was based on market structure, the degree of foreign ownership and the existence of independent regulators. The financial openness index was based on market structure, foreign equity, and Dailami’s 2000 capital control index that takes into consideration the coding of rules, regulations andadministrative procedures that can affect capital flows. One value of each index is available for each country referring to observations during the early 1990s.The dependent variable is the average annual growth rate between 1990 and 2000 to reflect the availability of the two indexes during the early 1990s. The vector of conditioning variables, X i , includes: the government consumption/GDP ratio, lagged investment rate, inflation rate, mean years of total schooling in the population above 15 a measure of human capital and the ratio exports plus import/GDP. These variables were selected as representative of conditioning variables in the growth literature e.g. Levine et al., 2000. Data for all these variables are from the World Development Indicators, except for mean years of schooling from the Barro-Lee database. All conditioning variables are decadal averages.3. Empirical resultsResults are in Table 1The first four columns 1-4 show least squares estimates without a threshold. Column 1 is our basic growth specification. An issue of concern is that our two service trade indexes may be correlated with the general degree of openness and, thus, may proxy for the effects of overall trade openness. For this reason, the second specification column 2 includes an indicator of overall trade openness the ratio of imports plus exports to GDP. The third specification omits the investment rate to investigate the channels physical capital accumulation orproductivity via which service openness influences growth .The final specification column4 omits both the investment rate and overall trade opennessThe estimates show that greater openness in the telecommunication as well as financial services sector does not have a significant effect on growth. The conditioning variables have the expected signs but, except for investment in physical capital, trade openness and government size in some specifications, are insignificant.Next, we employ the TR model. The bootstrapped Lagrange multiplier test statistics with 1000 replications are significant for all specifications p-values 0.011, 0.009, 0.016 and 0.066. Therefore, income per capita splits the sample significantly. The least squares estimate of??? is consistent across specifications:??$3310 for specifications 1-3 and$3150 for specification 4.1 For the first three specifications the threshold level divides the sample of 60 countries into two subsamples 23 countries below and 37 above;2 for the final specification it divides the sample into a lower-income 21 and a higher-income group 39.Columns 1a-4a show parameter estimates for observations below the threshold and columns 1b-4b for observations above the threshold that correspond to the four specifications 1-4.The fit of the TR regressions as represented by R2 improves compared to least squares estimationFor countries below the threshold the relationship between openness intelecommunication services trade and growth is positive and highly significant; there is no evidence, however, of a significant relationship between openness in financial services and growth. For countries above the threshold the results are reversed: there is evidence of a positive and in two specifications significant relationship between openness in financial services trade and growth, but no such evidence for openness in telecommunication services trade.3 Overall trade openness has a positive and significant impact on growth for the high-income group and also a positive and marginally significant effect for the low-income groupWhen the investment ratio is excluded from the control variables in the final two specifications, the main result concerning the estimated coefficients for services openness for the two groups remains valid. We interpret this as evidence consistent with openness in services trade influencing the rate of economic growth both through physical capital accumulation and productivity growth. Finally, in contrast to the results for the complete sample, we note evidence favorable to conditional convergence for the two groups of countries separately, an observation consistent with the notion of convergence clubs. Because our results are based on the sample split via the TR model, we tested their robustness to alternative methods of sample splitting. One alternative is to introduce interaction terms between initial per capita income and the two indices of openness in services trade. The parameter estimates witht-statistics in parentheses for specification 2 similar results hold true for the other specifications are:g0.029?0.023GovernmentSize?0.00094 Inflation+0.00107 Human Capital0.54 0.62 0.90 1.01+ 0.0456 Investment Rate + 0.00004 Trade Openness0.0045 Initial Income1.48 1.36 0.63+ 0.0174 OPTel ? 0.0147 OPFin0.0020 Initial Income × OPTel3.13 1.86 3.02+ 0.0019 Initial Income × OPFin R20.341.85These estimates confirm the results of the TR modelBoth interaction effects are highly significant, as are the estimated coefficients for both service openness indicators. Importantly, the coefficient on telecommunication services openness is positive and its interaction with initial income is negative, while the opposite is true for financial services. This would indicate that telecommunication services openness has a positive impact on growth for low-income economies that diminishes as per capita income increases and vice versa for financial services, a conclusion that is in line with the TR model results. Based on these estimates, we can compute the level of income at which the impact of telecommunications openness on growth switches from positiveto negative and vice versa for financial services openness: it is $6003 for telecommunication services openness and $2291 for financial services openness.Our findings on the growth effects of openness in telecommunication services trade for lower-income economies and financial services for higher-income economies brings into focus the issue of physical and human capital infrastructureWe conjecture that lower-income economies benefit from greater telecommunications openness because the degree to which investment in telecommunication services is successful in boosting productivity is linked to the availability of physical capital, a complementary factor. Efforts to liberalize telecommunication services trade by lower-income economies frequently elicit foreign direct investment that contributes to raising productivity growth in the sector. For financial services, human capital a key complementary factor is in relative scarcity in lower-income economies and a factor that cannot be enticed from abroad, following liberalization.4 Moreover, lower income countries do not have the requisite institutional or regulatory structures to ensure the effective functioning of the financial sector as intermediary between savers and investors, something that greater openness of their financial sectors is unlikely to remedy.One concern with our results is the possible endogeneity of thetwo service openness indices. Several points are worth noting here. First, as indicated earlier, the service openness indices are based on observations largely from the first half of the 1990s while the growth rate is the average over the 1990-2000 decadeSecond, the correlation coefficient between the two service openness measures and the average growth rate is low: 0.11 for OPTel and 0.02 for OPFin both insignificant. Finally, we attempted to instrument for the service openness indices with the lagged growth rate but it turned out to be a poor instrument:the regression of each of the two service indicators on the lagged 1980-1990 growth rate yielded a positive but insignificant coefficient in both cases t-ratio 1.13 and 1.08 and the R2 was very low for both regressions approximately 0.02 in both cases. Given the way our service openness indices were measured, the low correlation coefficient between the two service openness indicators and growth, the persistence of growth rates across time a stylized fact and the low predictive power of the lagged growth rate for the service openness indicators, we do not expect endogeneity to be an important source of bias for our results.4. ConclusionThis study aims to measure the effect of openness in telecommunication and financial services on economic growth for countries at different stages of economic development. We look at whether the impact of greater openness in these services on growth is different for low- andhigh-income countries. We find evidence of a positive and significant relationship between openness in telecommunication services and growth for countries with income per capita below an endogenously determined threshold level and no evidence of a significant relationship for countries above the same threshold. Concerning the financial services sector, the results are reversed: there is evidence of a positive and significant relationship between openness and growth for countries with income per capita above the threshold and no significant relationship for countries below the threshold.References[1]“Canyon or Mirage,” 2004, The Economist, January 22.[2]Dailami. M.2000, “F inancial openness, democracy andredistributive policy,” World Bank Institute.[3]Dollar. D., 1992, “Outward-oriented developing economies really do grow more rapidly: evidence from 95 LDCs 1976-1985,” Economic Development and Cultural Change 40, 523-544.[4]Frankel. J, and D. Romer, 1999, “Does trade cause growth?” American EconomicReview 89, 379-399.[5]Hansen, B.E., 2000, “Sample splitting and threshold estimation,” Econometrica 68, 575-603.[6]Levine, R., N. Loayza and T. Beck, 2000, “Financial interme diation and growth: Causality and causes,” Journal of Monetary Economics 46, 31-77.[7]Mattoo, A., R. Rathindran, and A. Subramanian, 2001, “Measuring services trade liberalization and its impact on economic growth: An illustration,” World Bank Working Pap er No. 2655.[8]Papageorgiou, C., 2002, “Trade as a threshold variable for multiple regimes,” Economics Letters 77, 85-91.[9]Rodríguez, F. and D. Rodrik, 2001, “Trade policy and economic growth: Askeptic’s guide to cross national evidence,” in B.S. Bernan ke and K.S. Rogoff eds.: NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2000, Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 261-325.[10]Sachs, J.D. and A.M. Warner, 1995, “Economic reform and the process of global integration,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,1-118.译文服务贸易的开放度与经济增长资料来源:经济报92卷作者:安东尼尔本文主要研究服务贸易的开放度与经济增长之间的关系。
gats中英文对照
gats中英文对照GATS（General Agreement on Trade in Services）是《服务贸易总协定》的英文缩写。
《服务贸易总协定》是世界贸易组织（WTO）下的一个重要协议，旨在促进全球服务贸易的自由化和便利化。
下面是GATS的中英文对照：GATS，《服务贸易总协定》（General Agreement on Trade in Services）。
WTO，世界贸易组织（World Trade Organization）。
Trade in Services，服务贸易。
Agreement，协定。
Members，成员国。
Commitments，承诺。
Schedules of Specific Commitments，具体承诺表。
Most-Favored-Nation (MFN) Treatment，最惠国待遇。
National Treatment，国民待遇。
Market Access，市场准入。
Domestic Regulation，国内管制。
Mode of Supply，供应方式。
Cross-Border Supply，跨境供应。
Consumption Abroad，境外消费。
Commercial Presence，商业存在。
Presence of Natural Persons，自然人存在。
Sectoral Coverage，部门覆盖范围。
Telecommunications，电信。
Financial Services，金融服务。
Transportation Services，运输服务。
Professional Services，专业服务。
Modes of Supply，供应方式。
Mode 1: Cross-Border Supply，模式一，跨境供应。
Mode 2: Consumption Abroad，模式二，境外消费。
Mode 3: Commercial Presence，模式三，商业存在。
服务贸易的概念与内涵
服务贸易的概念与内涵一、什么是服务贸易（Trade in Services）服务贸易概念首次提出是在1972年9月，经济合作与发展组织（OECD)在《高级专家对贸易和有关问题报告》中服务贸易概念。
1974年，美国在其《1974年贸易法》第301条款中使用了“世界服务贸易”的概念。
简单地讲，服务贸易是指一国居民与他国居民间的服务交易。
包括居民与非居民之间的服务贸易和通过外国附属机构实现的服务贸易两种。
贸易一方向另一方提供服务并获得收入的过程称为服务出口或服务输出，购买他人服务的一方称为服务进口或服务输入。
世界贸易组织（WTO）确定的服务贸易的四种模式，成为服务贸易内涵的权威阐述和各国普遍接受的定义。
模式一：跨境提供Cross-border supply服务的提供者在一成员的领土内向另一成员领土内的消费者提供服务。
如法律咨询服务、工程设计等。
模式二：境外消费Consumption abroad服务的提供者在一成员的领土内向另一成员的消费者提供服务。
如旅游、留学等。
模式三：商业存在Commercial presence一成员的服务提供者在另一成员领土内设立商业机构或专业机构，外国直接投资企业。
模式四：自然人移动Presence of natural persons一成员的服务提供者以自然人身份进入另一成员的领土内提供服务。
如外国专家讲学，劳务人员等。
二、服务贸易的分类：WTO将服务贸易（W/120）分为12个服务部门。
包括：商业服务、通信服务、建筑及相关工程服务、分销服务、教育服务、环境服务、金融服务、与健康相关的服务、旅游和旅行相关服务、娱乐、文化和体育服务、运输服务、其他服务。
这12项服务业又可细分为160多项子服务行业。
三、服务贸易的统计由UN、EU、IMF、OECD、UNCTAD、WTO共同制定的《国际服务贸易统计手册》，形成国际服务贸易统计基本框架。
扩展了传统国际服务贸易统计的范围，服务贸易的统计包括以下二个部分：（1）居民与非居民之间的服务贸易（Balance of Payments 简称BOP ）（2）通过本国境内的外国附属机构所提供的服务贸易（Foreign Affiliates Trade in Services 简称FATS）四、服务贸易与服务业、第三产业的区别（1）服务业和第三产业是境内服务，而服务贸易是跨境服务。
实用国贸英语
英译中Unit 21.the international movement offactors of production 生产要素的国际流动2.cross-border trade 跨境贸易3.exchange transaction restrictions外汇交易限制4.cultural and linguistic differences文化和语言差异5.real estate services 房地产业6.rental leasing services 租赁业7.courier services 捷运快递服务8.audiovisual services 视听服务9.equity ownership 股权所有10.non-life insurance 损害保险Key termsUnit 11.specialization 分工parative advantage 比较优势3.absolute advantage 绝对优势4.opportunity cost 机会成本Unit 21.trade in services 服务贸易2.barriers to trade 贸易壁垒3.liberalization of international tradein services 国际服务贸易自由化Unit 31.trade barriers 贸易壁垒2.trade agreements 贸易协议3.free trade zone 自由贸易4.international banks 国际银行Unit 41.cooperative agreements 合作协议2.upstream activities 上游活动3.downstream activities 下游活动4.equity 股权5.non-equity 非股权Unit 51.cyclical 循环的2.deregulation 管制3.integration 一体化4.investments 投资Unit 61.trade restrictive policy 贸易限制政策2.ecological dumping 生态倾销3.imperfect competitive market 不完全竞争市场4.optimal tariff 最有关税Unit 71.desk research 案头研究2.market intelligence 市场情报3.market share 市场份额4.cashflow forecast 现金流预测Unit 81.cargo 货物2.container 集装箱3.air shipment 空运4.marine transport 海运Unit 91.marine insurance 海上保险2.insurance interest 可保利益3.total loss 全损4.general average 共同海担Unit 2In the early 1970s, the world trading system was being progressively liberalized under the aegis of GATT, with quantitative restrictions being phased out and tariffs being steadily reduced. Despite the shock of steeply higher oil prices and the slowdown in industrial country growth after 1973, most of these developing countries were able to maintain high rates of expansion in their exports of manufactures during the decade of the 1970s.20世纪六、七十年代，在关税和贸易总协定组织的主持下，世界贸易体制逐步自由化，数量限制逐步取消，关税也稳步的降低。
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服务贸易买卖
不是所有的服务可以直接提供给消费者。
许多服务对产品来说只是中间投入品，并且有些是投入到诸如贸易的活动中。
事实上，商品买卖势必是需要把货物从一个国家运至另一个国家，而且提供的运输工具就是一种服务。
在当今世界，其他服务也被贸易商所使用，例如货物保险、贸易融资以及在处理不同国家中的规则时的法律帮助。
因此可以说商品贸易是构成许多服务需求的来源，我称之为服务贸易。
现在这些服务贸易本身并不一定必须要进行交易。
出口商和进口商如果愿意的话可以仅仅和来自他们母国的运输商、保险商、银行及律师做生意。
但是对于贸易商意识到从其他国家提供的服务具有的价值也是自然的，因此在服务贸易中一个人可能更希望尽早的进行贸易而不是为了其他用途进行别的类型的服务行业。
因此在服务贸易中，它和其他类型的服务业的明显区别看起来值得研究。
此外，服务贸易买卖的确有非常特殊的性质从而使它与别的形式的贸易区别开来：对于服务贸易的需求与其他贸易需求相比单独的上升。
这对于我们讨论的比较优势重要吗？
第一个原因就是从某种角度来说比较优势通常是被用来估测封闭条件下的价格。
然而在封闭环境下服务贸易明显没有需求，因此它们的封闭价格也就不存在。
因此我们必须在服务贸易中寻找比较优势的另一种解释，这本身就使得它们很有趣。
一种可能，如果这个服务是由那些具有明显封闭式价格的生产要素所生产的，那么从封闭要素价格条件下最低成本的角度来说就被认为具有比较优势。
甚至可以这样假设，当封闭要素价格被用来生产服务贸易产品时，它绝不会反应出服务贸易需求的上升（及上升的可能性）。
第二个原因是服务贸易与假设相违背，即它经常被应用于贸易理论中，以至于到了比较优势的论证依赖于此假设的程度，它们需要被重新考虑。
问题中的假设就是需求的情况在不同国家间是完全一致的；也就是，在不同国家的消费者在面对相同的价格时对商品的需求程度是一致的。
这种假设有时会用在H-O理论模型上，当假设不是如此时，需求的不同在相关的封闭价格对比中就会被混淆。
但如刚才所提到的，封闭价格并不适用于服务贸易中。
还有最后一个问题就是从表面上它看似乎造成这个问题：服务贸易买卖本身并不好定义。
在商品贸易的进程中，我们并不习惯于用贸易理论来担心商品所有权的易主问题。
但定义服务贸易买卖这本身就可能很有意义。
考虑到，例如，就一个商品被一个国内出口商卖给一个外国的进口商而言，肯定发生了物的转移。
进一步假设运输服务被一个公司所在地在以进口为主的国家所提供。
如果运输被进口公司所购买，那么这个交易就和服务贸易买卖无关。
但如果被出口公司所购买，我们国家就会被认为是这些服务的进口方。
有形产品买卖也就发生了，包括运输服务产品，在两个案例中过程是相同的，但贸易发生次数的记录是相当不同的。
有明显相似的问题——不论什么时候服务贸易被提供，既然商品贸易交换总是分成两个部分两者之一可能是服务的需求方。
所有这些组成的比较优势到底有什么不同呢？有两个令人关注的可能性提议如下：
例如考虑到一个在提供运输服务拥有成本优势的国家。
通过一般的比较成本的争论，一旦贸易被允许，这个国家应该成为一个向世界提供运输服务的净出口国。
假设这个国家距离世界市场有多么遥远，一旦它加入了贸易中，结果是它会成为运输服务不同一般的巨大需求者。
我们可能会发现尽管他拥有成本的比较优势，它仍会成为对于运输服务的进口者。
还需注意到这个国家远离世界市场并不会表现在它关于运输的封闭成本上，相反它似乎有对商品或要素的不同寻常的需求，因为在封闭条件下，对运输的需求是不会在任何市场上展现出来的。
第二个难点就是服务贸易的增长似乎被认为是服务贸易在商品贸易模式下约束的影响。
例如假设，一个国家在一种特殊商品上有比较优势并恰巧需要进行大量的其他的服务贸易，如保险，如果被用来贸易的话。
它本身不需要干扰该国商品的出口，只要所有国家为保险买卖付出相同的价格。
但换种假设，即保险交易不被允许并且该国在提供这些服务上有巨大的比较劣势。
那么它的出口成本，它对自身贸易的保险的需求可能会成为它商品出口的抑制因素。
因此这似乎承认了以商品贸易为模型的服务的存在可能会改变我们我们所说的服务贸易。
实际上，无论如何，服务贸易买卖与比较优势理论通过这些假设之后并没有太多不同。
为了明白这点，我引入如下正式的模型。