托福TPO27阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析
tpo27托福范文
托福TPO27指的是什么呢？1。
原句讲了两个重点，一是人口估计不准，二是U这个地方的居民能自给自足。
A选项的前半正确，但后半句说不依靠农业明显是错的，不选；B说不确定是否能feed，跟原文相反，不选；C选项不但因果关系有问题，而且原因说不能feed他们自己，也与原文相反，不选；正确答案D，重点说的是能support他们自己，尽管没有说人口估计不准，但原文的转折重点体现在后半句，所以正确答案是D 2。
surpass超过，不懂的可以拆分，至少有pass，应该与超过有关，而选项中与超过有关的只有B，就算不认识也可以通过前缀ex-表明XX之外，说明与“过”有关。
A在XXX之前，C挑战D比XX持久都不沾边儿 3。
EXCEPT题，排除法。
A的permanent settlement做关键词定位至第二句，A正确，不选；B的self-sufficient自给自足作为形容词很难在原文中找到，但第一题简化句子题的那个句子中有这个信息，所以这个选项正确，不选；C的other larger settlement没讲，错，选；D选项同样出现在句子简化题的句子当中，正确，不选4。
intact未受破坏的，完整的，所以正确答案是C的undamaged。
原词in前缀表示否定，tact表示接触，碰。
代入原文，原文讲由于一些不明的原因，很多bowl被抛弃了，仍然是XXX状态，在整个近东地区发现了若干只，A没卖出去D没画上都不沾边，B没使用代入是说得通的，但原词没有unused的意思，不能选 5。
以beveled-rim bowls和专有名词做关键词定位至第五句，原句讲早期的一个考古学遗址上发现了这个style，特别具有这一过程的特点，被称为beveled-rim bowl，但仅凭此句无法选出答案，于是向下，下一句说由于是用mold做的，因此只有数目不多的standard size，所以正确答案是D。
B说形状和装饰变化很大，C说各具特色，这都不是mold能够完成的，因此与D相反，都错；A的discard原文有讲到，但原文也明确说不知道什么原因，所以unpopular错 6。
新托福TPO27阅读原文及译文(三)
新托福TPO27阅读原文(一)：Crafts in the Ancient Near EastTPO27-1：Crafts in the Ancient Near EastSome of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq, in the fourth millennium B.C.E. In the second half of the millennium, in the south around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied by permanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became a real urban center surrounded by a set of secondary settlements. While population estimates are notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could be reached with a daily commute. But Uruk’s dominant size in the entire region, far surpassing that of other settlements, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it was the first city in human history.The vast majority of its population remained active in agriculture, even those people living within the city itself. But a small segment of the urban society started to specialize in nonagricultural tasks as a result of the city’s role as a regional center. Within the productive sector, there was a growth of a variety of specialist craftspeople. Early in the Uruk period, the use of undecorated utilitarian pottery was probably the result of specialized mass production. In an early fourth-millennium level of the Eanna archaeological site at Uruk, a pottery style appears that is most characteristic of this process, the so-called beveled-rim bowl. It is a rather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; hence, in only a limited number of standard sizes. For some unknown reason, many were discarded, often still intact, and thousands have been found all over the Near East. The beveled-rim bowl is one of the most telling diagnostic finds for identifying an Uruk-period site. Of importance is the fact that it was produced rapidly in large amounts, most likely by specialists in a central location.A variety of documentation indicates that certain goods, once made by a family member as one of many duties, were later made by skilled artisans. Certain images depict groups of people, most likely women, involved in weaving textiles, an activitywe know from later third-millennium texts to have been vital in the economy and to have been centrally administered. Also, a specialized metal-producing workshop may have been excavated in a small area at Uruk. It contained a number of channels lined by a sequence of holes, about 50 centimeters deep, all showing burn marks and filled with ashes. This has been interpreted as the remains of a workshop where molten metal was scooped up from the channel and poured into molds in the holes. Some type of mass production by specialists were involved here.Objects themselves suggest that they were the work of skilled professionals. In the late Uruk period(3500-3100 B.C.E.), there first appeared a type of object that remained characteristic for Mesopotamia throughout its entire history: the cylinder seal. This was a small cylinder, usually no more than 3 centimeters high and 2 centimeters in diameter, of shell, bone, faience (a glassy type of stoneware), or various types of stones, on which a scene was carved into the surface. When rolled over a soft material----primarily the clay of bullae (round seals), tablets, or clay lumps attached to boxes, jars, or door bolts----the scene would appear in relief, easily legible. The technological knowledge needed to carved it was far superior to that for stamp seals, which had happened in the early Neolithic period (approximately 10,000-5000 B.C.E.). From the first appearance of cylinder seals, the carved scenes could be highly elaborate and refined, indicating the work of specialist stone-cutters. Similarly, the late Uruk period shows the first monumental art, relief, and statuary in the round, made with a degree of mastery that only a professional could have produced.TPO27-1译文：古代近东的工匠一些最早的人类文明是在公元前四千年前的南美索不达米亚出现的，现在这片区域处于南伊拉克。
托福TPO28阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析
托福TPO28阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO28阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Early Saharan pastoralists早期撒哈拉牧民The Sahara is a highly diverse,albeit dry,region that has undergone major climatic changes since 10,000 B.C.As recently as 6000 B.C.,the southern frontier of the desert was far to the north of where it is now arid plains.This was a landscape where antelope of all kinds abounded—along with Bos primigenius,a kind of oxen that has become extinct.The areas that are now desert were,like all arid regions,very susceptible to cycles of higher and lower levels of rainfall,resulting in major,sudden changes in distributions of plants and animals.The people who hunted the sparse desert animals responded to drought by managing the wild resources they hunted and gathered,especially wild oxen,which had to have regular water supplies to survive.尽管干旱，撒哈拉的物种极其多样，并自公元前10,000年前开始已经历了数次重大气候变迁。
托福阅读TPO27-2 The Formation of Volcanic Islands
The Formation of Volcanic IslandsEarth’s surface is not made up of a single sheet of rock that forms a crust but rather a number of “tectonic plates” that fit closely, like the pieces of a giant jigsaw puzzle. Some plates carry islands or continents others form the seafloor. All are slowly moving because the plates float on a denser semi-liquid mantle, the layer between the crust and Earth’s core. The plates have edges that are spreading ri dges (where two plates are moving apart and new seafloor is being created), subduction zones (where two plates collide and one plunges beneath the other), or transform faults (where two plates neither converge nor diverge but merely move past one another). It is at the boundaries between plates that most of Earth’s volcanism and earthquake activity occur.Generally speaking, the interiors of plates are geologically uneventful. However, there are exceptions. A glance at a map of the Pacific Ocean reveals that there are many islands far out at sea that are actually volcanoes----many no longer active, some overgrown with coral----that originated from activity at points in the interior of the Pacific Plate that forms the Pacific seafloor.How can volcanic activity occur so far from a plate boundary? The Hawaiian Islands provide a very instructive answer. Like many other island groups, they form a chain. The Hawaiian Islands Chain extends northwest from the island of Hawaii. In the 1840s American geologist James Daly observed that the different Hawaii islands seem to share a similar geologic evolution but are progressively more eroded, and therefore probable older, toward the northwest. Then in 1963, in the early days of the development of the theory of plate tectonics. Canadian geophysicist Tuzo Wilson realized that this age progression could result if the islands were formed on a surface plate moving over a fixed volcanic source in the interior. Wilson suggested that the long chain of volcanoes stretching northwest from Hawaii is simply the surface expression of a long-lived volcanic source located beneath the tectonic plate in the mantle. Today’s most northwest island would have been the first to form. They as the plate moved slowly northwest, new volcanic islands would have forms as the plate moved over the volcanic source. The most recent island, Hawaii, would be at the end of the chain and is now over the volcanic source.Although this idea was not immediately accepted, the dating of lavas in the Hawaii (and other) chains showed that their ages increase away from the presently active volcano, just as Daly had suggested. Wilson’s analysis of these data is now a central part of plate tectonics. Most volcanoes that occur in the interiors of plates are believed to be produced by mantle plumes, columns of molten rock that rise from deep within the mantle. A volcano remains an active “hot spot” as long as it is over the plume. The plumes apparently originate at great depths, perhaps as deep as the boundary between the core and the mantle, and many have been active for a very long time. The oldest volcanoes in the Hawaii hot-spot trail have ages close to 80 million years. Other islands, including Tahiti and Easter Islands in the pacific, Reunion and Mauritius in the In dia Ocean, and indeed most of the large islands in the world’s oceans, owe their existence to mantle plumes.The oceanic volcanic islands and their hot-spot trails are thus especially useful for geologist because they record the past locations of the plate over a fixed source. They therefore permit the reconstruction of the process of seafloor spreading, and consequently of the geography of continents and of ocean basins in the past. For example, given the current position of the Pacific Plate, Hawaii is above the Pacific Ocean hot spot. So the position of The Pacific Plate 50 million years ago can be determined by moving it such that a 50-million-year-oil volcano in the hot-spot trail sits at the location of Hawaii today. However because the ocean basins really are short-lived features on geologic times scale, reconstruction the world’s geography by backtracking along the hot-spot trail works only for the last 5 percent or so of geologic time.Paragraph 1: Earth’s surface is not made up of a single shee t of rock that forms a crust but rather a number of “tectonic plates” that fit closely, like the pieces of a gain jigsaw puzzle. Some plates carry islands or continents, others form the seafloor. All are slowly moving because the plates float on a denser sem-iliquid mantle, the layer between the crust and Earth’s core. The plates have edges that are spreading ridgescollide and one plunges beneath the other), or transform faults (where two plates nor diverge but merely move past one another). It is at the boundaries between plates that most of Earth’s volcanism and earthquake activity occur.1.The author mentions “spreading ridges”, “subduction zones”, and “transform faults” in order toO illustrate that the boundaries of tectonic plates are neat, thin linesO explain why some tectonic plates carry islands or continents while others form the seafloorO explain the complex nature of the edges of tectonic platesO provide examples of areas of tectonic plates where little geologic action occursO expandO formO riseO move closer3.which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information O Volcanic activity is responsible for the formation of the Pacific seafloor in the interior of the Pacific Plate.O Many volcanoes in the Pacific Ocean are no longer active and have become islands that supportcoral.O There are many islands in the Pacific Ocean that originated as volcanoes in the interior of the Pacific Plate.O The map of the Pacific Ocean reveals fewer volcanic islands than there truly are because many are no longer active and some are completely overgrown with coral.volcanic activity occur so far from a plate boundary? The Hawaiian islandsChain extends northwest from the island of Hawaii. In the 1840s American geologist James Daly observed that the different Hawaii islands seem to share a similar geologic evolution but are progressively moreand therefore probable older, toward the northwest. Then in 1963, in the early days of the development of the theory of plate tectonics. Canadian geophysicist Tuzo Wilson realized that this age progression could result if the islands were formed on a surface plate moving over a fixed volcanic source in the interior. Wilson suggested that the long chain of volcanoes stretching northwest from Hawaii is simply the surface expression of a long-lived volcanic source located beneath the tectonic plate in the mantle. Today’s most northwest island would have been the first to form. They as the plate moved slowly northwest, new volcanic islands would have forms as the plate moved over the volcanic source. The most recent island, Hawaii, would be at the end of the chain and is now over the volcanic source.O clearO detailedO informativeO familiarO worm downO scatteredO developedO deserted6.In paragraph 3, what is the relationship between the scientific contribution of James Daly and Tuzo Wilson?O Wilson provided an explanation for the observations made by Daly.O Wilson challenged the theory proposed by Daly.O Wilson found numerous examples of island chains that supported Daly’s theory.O Wilson popularized the explanation of volcanic island formation formulated by Daly.Paragraph 4: Although this idea was not immediately accepted, the dating of lavas in the Hawaii (and other) chains showed that their ages increase away from the presently active volcano, just as Daly had suggested. Wilson’s analysis of these data is now a central part of plate tectonics. Most volcanoes thatoccur in the interiors of plates are believed to be produced by mantle plumes, columns of molten rock that rise from deep within the mantle. A volcano remains an active “hot spot” as long as it is over t he plume. The plumes apparently originate at great depths, perhaps as deep as the boundary between the core and the mantle, and many have been active for a very long time. The oldest volcanoes in the Hawaii hot-spot trail have ages close to 80 million years. Other islands, including Tahiti and Easter Islands in the pacific, Reunion and Mauritius in the India Ocean, and indeed most of the large islands in the world’s oceans, owe their existence to mantle plumes.7.Why does the author provide the informatio n that “the dating of lavas in the Hawaii (and other) chains showed that their ages increase away from the presently active volcano”?O To point out differences between the Hawaii island chain and other volcanic island chainsO To question the idea that all the islands in an island chain have been formed by volcanic activity O To explain why Wilson hypothesis was initially difficult to acceptO To provide evidence in support of Daly’s and Wilson’s ideas about how the Hawaii islands were formed8.According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of mantle plumesO They exist close to the surface of tectonic plates.O They cause most of the volcanic activity that occurs in the interiors of plates.O They are rarely active for long period of time.O They get increasingly older away from the present hot spots.Paragraph 5: The oceanic volcanic islands and their hot-spot trails are thus especially useful for geologist because they record the past locations of the plate over a fixed source. They therefore permit thePacific Ocean hot spot. So the position of The Pacific Plate 50 million years ago can be determined by moving it such that a 50-million-year-oil volcano in the hot-spot trail sits at the location of Hawaii today. However because the ocean basins really are short-lived features on geologic times scale, reconstruction the world’s geography by backtracking along the hot-spot trail works only for the last 5 percent or so of geologic time.9.According to paragraph 5, volcanic islands help geologists toO reconstruct past geographyO detect changes in mantle plumesO measure the rigidity of tectonic platesO explain why the seafloor spreads10.What can be inferred about the Pacific Plate from paragraph 5?O The hot spots on the Pacific Plate are much older than the ones located on the other tectonic plates.O Most of the volcanic sources beneath the Pacific Plate have become extinct.O The Pacific Plate has moved a distance equal to the length of the Hawaiian Island chain in the past 80 million years.O The Pacific Plate is located above fewer mantle plumes than other plates are.O originalO idealO relativeO present12.According to paragraph 5, why are geologists unable to trace back the entire geologic of continents from hot-spot trails?O Hot spots have existed for only about 5 percent of geologic time.O Hawaii did not exist 50 millions years ago.O Oceanic basins that contained old hot-spot trails disappeared a long time ago.O Hot-spot trails can be reconstructed only for island chains.Paragraph 3: How can volcanic activity occur so far from a plate boundary? The Hawaiian islands provide a very instructive answer. ■Like many other island groups, they form a chain. ■The Hawaiian Islands Chain extends northwest from the island of Hawaii. ■In the 1840s American geologist James Daly observed that the different Hawaii islands seem to share a similar geologic evolution but are progressively more eroded, and therefore probable older, toward the northwest. ■Then in 1963, in the early days of the development of the theory of plate tectonics. Canadian geophysicist Tuzo Wilson realized that this age progression could result if the islands were formed on a surface plate moving over a fixed volcanic source in the interior. Wilson suggested that the long chain of volcanoes stretching northwest from Hawaii is simply the surface expression of a long-lived volcanic source located beneath the tectonic plate in the mantle. Today’s most northwest island would have been the first to form. They as the plate moved slowly northwest, new volcanic islands would have forms as the plate moved over the volcanic source. The most recent island, Hawaii, would be at the end of the chain and is now over the volcanic source.13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.This pattern remained unexplained for a long time.Where would the sentence best fit?14 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Although volcanic activity is concentrated on the edge of tectonic plates, such activity can occur in the interiors of plates as well.Answer Choices●●●O Our understanding of islands comes from Daly’s and Wilson’s observations of the Hawaiian Islands, which was later confirmed by plate-tectonic theory.O The hot-spot trails formed by volcanic island chains indicate the positions of tectonic plates as for back as the present ocean basins have existed.O Whereas volcanic islands formed by mantle plumes are typically small, most of the world’s largest islands are formed at the edges of tectonic plates.O It has only recently been discovered that tectonic plates are closely fitting rather than loosely constructed, as geologist previously believed.O Volcanic island chains such as the Hawaiian Islands form in the interior of a tectonic plate as the plate moves over a fixed volcanic source in the mantle.O The Pacific Plate has existed for as long as the Hawaiian Islands have existed, namely for more than 80 million years.参考答案1.○32.○43.○34.○35.○16.○17.○48.○29.○110.○311.○412.○313.○414. Our understanding of islands comes…Whereas volcanic islands…It has only recently been…。
托福TPO27听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO27听力Conversation2文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO27听力Conversation2文本 Narrator: Listen to part of a conversation between a student and the professor of his history of technology class. Student: Would it be okay to focus on something related to agriculture? Professor: Sure, farming technology is fine, as long as it’s pre-modern. But this isn’t a long per, so are you going to need to pick a specific area of pre-modern agriculture, like irrigation or food crops of ancient Greece. Student: I am actually interested in hydroponics. Professor: Hydroponics. Growing plants in water instead of soil. Student: Well, not in pure water, in water that has the proper mix of nutrients. Professor: OK. But is it a pre-modern technology? I mean, hydroponics isn’t really my specialty but from the research I have read, we are talking the nineteenth century, maybe the seventeenth century if you really stretch it. Student: Oh? But the Aztec civilization back in the thirteenth century in basically where Mexico city is today … An article I read said the Aztecs were using hydroponics in something they called … I have got the word right here, um, Chinampas. Professor: Chinampas, the so-called floating gardens. Student: Exactly. So yeah the chinampas, the article said very clearly these floating gardens are proof that the Aztec invented hydroponic farming. Professor: Well, chinampas are artificial islands built up in shallow lakes. Islands made from packed earth and weeds and uh, material from the bottom of the lake.They may have appeared to be floating in the water, but in fact they reach all the way to the bottom of the lake. So the primary growing medium, what the plants draw nutrients from, is actually soil, not water. Student: So the article was wrong about that? Too bad, it seems like a great topic, but I guess… Professor: Wait a minute. Just because chinampas were not technically hydroponic doesn’t mean this couldn’t be an appropriate topic for your paper. Chinampas werestill a great pre-modern technological achievement. I mean, they enabled the Aztecs to grow plenty of food in an area without much available farmland. Student: But I wondered why the author wrote that chinampas were hydroponic. Professor: Well it’s pretty common for writers to generalize, say use a term like hydroponics to describe other types of agriculture.Personally, I would never say hydroponic except for plants growing in liquid. The crops on chinampas definitely benefited from the water surrounding them. But… hydroponic… Student: OK. So I will go with chinampas but leave out with the hydroponics part. Professor: Actually, there’s an important lesson here. We should pay attention to what happened in history but also how historical events are presented. Why, for example, would writers use a word like hydroponics so casually? Student: I guess ‘cause it’s a popular topic people want to read about? Professor: Or to help modern-day readers to understand something historical, maybe these writers think a familiar frame of reference is needed. Student: Well that article was in a popular magazine, not a scholarly journal for historians. Professor: OK. But historians sometimes do the same thing. Student: So I guess then that all historians might not describe chinampas in quite the same way either. Professor: Good point. Why not look into that too? And include it along with your description and analysis. 托福TPO27听力Conversation2题目 1.Why has the student come to see the professor? A. To find out her reaction to a paper he recently submitte. B. To point out a factual error in an article the class was assigned to read. C. To ask about the suitability of a topic he wants to write about. D. To ask about the difference between chinampas and hydroponics.。
托福TPO口语27文本+范文+解析
小编给考生们带来了托福TPO27口语文本，希望大家多做题，多积累、多研究，有针对性的规划考试。
托福口语TPO27 Task1(题目+解析+范文):A popular actor, musician, or artist托福TPO27口语task1题目 Question:Talk about a popular actor, musician, or artistwhose work you do notadmire.Explain why you donot like this person’s work. Use specific detailsandreasons in your response.托福TPO27口语task1范文：I’d like to talk about a Taiwanese pop singer. Thereare lots of rap partsin his songs, and this is one ofthe main reasons why I don’t like him—that I’mnot abig fan of rap music. For most of the time I don’tunderstand what he istrying to say in his songs.They simply don’t make sense to me. The other thingis that he likes to show off a lot. I mean,he boasts a lot and he is tootalkative for me to appreciate his personality. There's this onetime that Iwatched a ceremony he hosted, he almost talked the whole time, which wasevenkind of embarrassing for his partner.托福口语TPO27 Task2(题目+解析+范文):Choose a university托福口语task2题目Question:Do you agree or disagree with the followingstatement? Parents should beinvolved in theprocess of helping their children to choose auniversity. Usespecific reasons and details in yourresponse.托福口语task2范文:As for me, I think though parents should be involved when kids are choosinga university, they should not decide which university their kid attends.Firstly, kids have their own preference and interests. I mean, by the time when they're about to attend college, they've grown into an adult, and they know how to make choices. So parents can't decide whether they attend a small college or a big one, or whether they attend college near their hometown or in a city far away from home. Secondly, kids are more likely to enjoy the life in the college they selected on their own, which is actually a good thing for their future.托福口语TPO27 Task3(听力+解析+范文):Switch to Electronic TextbooksReading Part:Switch to Electronic TextbooksThe university will begin switching from traditional-bound textbooks to electronic textbooks early nextyear. University students will be able to download thecontent of their required textbooks to a reading device and read the material directly from thedevice’sscreen. While the cost of the device is around $200, it is a one-timeexpense.Considering the rising cost of textbooks, students will save money in the long run sincepurchasing electronic books for their classes is much less expensive than buying regulartextbooks.Furthermore, the university believes the device will be an effective study aidbecause it is simple to operate and offers features such as highlighting of textandnote-taking.听力原文：Now listen to two students discussing the article.(woman) Oh, no, did you see this?(man) Yeah, why? You don’t like the idea?。
托福阅读真题第27套
第27套BirdsongParagraph1Birdsong is the classic example of how genes(hereditary information)and environment both have a crucial role to play in the behavioral development of animals. Since the pioneering work of W.H.Thorpe on chaffinches(a common European bird), many species have been studied,and it has become clear both that learning plays an important role for all species and also that there are constraints on what they are able to learn.1.The word“pioneering”in the passage is closet in meaning torecentfamousoriginalcontroversialParagraph2Thorpe was able to show that learning from others was involved in chaffinch birds through a series of experiments on hand-reared chicks(young birds).As in most other species,only the males sing.Thorpe found that,if he raised young males in total isolation from all others,the song they produced was quite different from that of a normal adult.It was about the right length and in the correct frequency range.It was also split up into a series of notes as it should be.But these notes lacked the detailed structure found in wild birds,nor was the song split up into distinct phrases as it usually is.This suggested that song development requires some social ter experiments in which researchers played recordings of songs to young birds showed just how precise this influence was:many of them would learn the exact pattern of the recording they had heard.A remarkable feature here was that birds were able to copy precisely songs that they only heard in the first few weeks of life,yet they did not sing themselves until about eight months old.They are thus able to store a memory of the sound within their brain and then match their own output to their recollection of it when they mature.2.The word“distinct”in the passage is closet in meaning toshortsimpleseparatesimilar3.According to paragraph2,all of the following are characteristics of the songs ofthe young chaffinches in Thorpe’s experiment EXCEPT:They were not identical to the songs of normal adult chaffinches.They lacked the complex form of the songs of wild chaffinches.They were as long as the songs of normal adult chaffinches.They were clearly different from each other.4.According to paragraph2,researchers discovered which of the following byplaying recordings of songs to chaffinches?Chaffinches could no longer be taught to reproduce sounds after the first few weeks of life.Chaffinches could not reproduce songs with exactly the same patterns of recorded songs.Chaffinches at the age of eight months could recall and reproduce a song that they heard in the first few weeks of life.Chaffinches that learned a song from recordings in the first few weeks of life were later unable to copy the sounds of mature chaffinches.5.All of the following are mentioned in paragraph2as characteristics of wildchaffinches EXCEPT:They are able to copy songs very precisely.Their song development requires interaction with other chaffinches.Their songs are not as well-structured as the songs of other birds.It is the males of the species that do the singing.Paragraph3Young chaffinches normally learn only chaffinch song,though Thorpe found they could be trained to sing the song of a tree pipit(another type of bird),which is very similar to that of their own species.In general,however,the constraints on learning which birds have ensure that they only learn songs appropriate to the species to which they themselves belong.These constraints may be in their brain’s circuitry,the young bird hatching with a rough idea of the sounds that it should copy.The crude song of a bird reared in isolation gives some clues as to what this rough idea may be:the length, the frequency range and the breaking up into notes are all aspects of chaffinch song shared between normal birds and those reared in isolation.In other cases the constraints are more social,young birds only being prepared to learn from individuals with whom they have social interactions.Thus,in a number of species,it has been found that they will not copy from recordings,but will do so from a live tutor.In some cases this may occur when they are young birds,but in others the main learning period is when they set up their territories and interact with neighbors for the first time,enabling them to match their neighbor’s songs and so countering with them. Whatever the nature of the learning rules in a particular species,there is no doubt that they are effective;it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing a song which is not typical of its own species despite the many different songs which often occur in a small patch of woodland.6.The word“enabling”in the passage is closet in meaning toallowingchallengingforcingpreparing7.It can be inferred from paragraph3that one of the functions of songs in birds is to bring together birds living in groups with birds living in isolationhelp young birds distinguish other young birds from adultsmake possible interactions between birds of different specieshelp birds to establish territories8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.Songs produced by chaffinches reared in isolation are cruder than the songs of wild birds.The song of a bird reared in isolation suggests which aspects of chaffinch song may be inborn.Comparing the crude songs of chaffinches reared in isolation to the songs of wild chaffinches suggests differences as well as similarities.Studying the song aspects of chaffinches reared in isolation,researchers have gained a better understanding of the songs produced by wild birds.9.According to paragraph3,in some species,young birds do not copy songs fromrecordings becausethey learn to sing only by live interactions with other birdstheir ability to learn from recordings occurs later in lifethey can only learn the songs of the birds living in their area of woodlandthey can only learn songs from other birds of their own species10.Why does the author mention that it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing asong which is not typical of its own species?To explain why a variety of different bird songs are often heard in a relatively small areaTo argue that social constraints have a greater impact upon learning than do genetic constraintsTo provide an example of how the process of learning rules varies from one species to anotherTo illustrate how effective the different constraints upon learning are in young birdsParagraph4However,not all birds show the same learning pattern as do chaffinches.There are some species which produce normal sounds even if deaf,so that they cannot hear their own efforts,much less copy those of others.The cooing of doves and the crowing ofcocks are examples here.In other cases,such as parrots and hill mynahs,birds can be trained to copy a huge variety of sounds,though those they learn in the wild are usually more restricted.The amazing capability of mynahs has apparently arisen simply because birds in an area learn a small number of their calls from each other, males from males and females from females,and these calls are highly varied in structure.The ability to master them has led the birds,incidentally,to be capable of saying“hello”and mimicking a wide variety of other sounds.11.The word“restricted”in the passage is closet in meaning toimportantpopularlimitedaccurate12.According to paragraph4,why are mynahs able to learn to make a wide variety ofsounds?They have the ability to imitate any sound that they are exposed to.The frequency with which mynahs travel from one small area to another exposes them to a wide variety of sounds.They are exposed in the wild to calls that are very different from each other.An acute sense of hearing allows them to listen to and copy many different sounds.13.Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence can beadded to the passage.Are these constraints genetic,environmental,or both?Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square[■]to add the sentence to the passage.Paragraph3Young chaffinches normally learn only chaffinch song,though Thorpe found they could be trained to sing the song of a tree pipit(another type of bird),which is very similar to that of their own species.■In general,however,the constraints on learning which birds have ensure that they only learn songs appropriate to the species to which they themselves belong.■These constraints may be in their brain’s circuitry,the young bird hatching with a rough idea of the sounds that it should copy.■The crude song of a bird reared in isolation gives some clues as to what this rough idea may be: the length,the frequency range and the breaking up into notes are all aspects of chaffinch song shared between normal birds and those reared in isolation.■In other cases the constraints are more social,young birds only being prepared to learn from individuals with whom they have social interactions.Thus,in a number of species,it has been found that they will not copy from recordings,but will do so from a livetutor.In some cases this may occur when they are young birds,but in others the main learning period is when they set up their territories and interact with neighbors for the first time,enabling them to match their neighbor’s songs and so countersing with them.Whatever the nature of the learning rules in a particular species,there is no doubt that they are effective;it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing a song which is not typical of its own species despite the many different songs which often occur in a small patch of woodland.14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.A.Although only male chaffinches are able to sing in the wild,Thorpe found that he could teach hand-reared females to copy songs from recordings and live tutors.B.Chaffinches reared in isolation produce songs that differ significantly from those of normal birds,suggesting that some social influence is important for learning a song precisely.C.Birds vary a great deal with respect to both the variety of sounds they are able to learn and the conditions that must be present for them to be able to learn their species’song.D.Chaffinches that are exposed only to other bird species for the first few weeks of their life are likely to learn the songs of those species instead of the chaffinch song.E.Researchers believe that both the circuitry or a bird’s brain and its interactions with other birds of the same species may prevent birds from learning the songs of other species.F.The ability of deaf birds to produce their normal species’song suggests that genes play a much greater role than environment in determining the behavior of most bird species.The Role of DiapauseParagraph1If conditions within an organism’s environment occasionally or regularly become harsh,it may be advantageous for an organism to have a resistant stage built into the life cycle.In such a life history strategy,the organism suspends any growth, reproduction,or other activities for a period of time so that they may occur at a later, more hospitable time.This genetically determined resting stage,characterized by the cessation of development and protein synthesis and suppression of the metabolic rate, is called diapause.Many other kinds of resting stages,with different levels of suppression of physiological activities,are known.Some of these resistant stages can be extremely long-lived.In one case,seeds of the arctic lupine,a member of the pea family recovered from ancient lemming burrows in the Arctic,germinated in threedays even though they were carbon-dated at more than10,000years old!1.According to paragraph1,why do some organisms have a resting stage during their life cycle?A.To recover from injuries suffered during harsh conditionsB.To devote all of their energy to a period of growth and reproductionC.To wait for local conditions to become favorable for important life eventsD.To prepare to move to a different environment if conditions become harsh2.Why does the author mention“seeds of the arctic lupine”？A.To argue that members of the pea family are extremely resistant to cold temperaturesB.To provide information about what ancient lemmings ate during their long resting periodsC.To provide an example of an organism with a resting stage that has many different levels of suppression of physiological activities.D.To support the claim that some resting stages last an extremely long time Paragraph2Unfavorable conditions that are relatively predictable probably pose a simpler problem for organisms than do unpredictable conditions.Adaptations to the regular change of seasons in the temperate and polar regions may be relatively simple.For example,many seeds require a period of stratification,exposure to low temperatures for some minimum period,before they will germinate.This is a simple adaptation to ensure that germination occurs following the winter conditions rather than immediately prior to their onset.In contrast,unfavorable conditions that occur unpredictably pose considerable problems for organisms.In fact,unpredictability is probably a greater problem than is the severity of the unfavorable period.How can organisms cope with the unpredictable onset of good or poor conditions?3.According to paragraph2,why do many seeds require a period of stratification?A.To slowly build up a tolerance for lower and lower temperaturesB.To guarantee that the seeds grow after and not beforeC.To make sure that the seeds can deal with unpredictable conditionsD.To give the seeds enough time to germinate before winter begins4.The word“severity”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.lengthB.harshnessC.unexpectednesspletenessParagraph3Many adaptations to this general problem are based on a resting stage that awaitsfavorable conditions.We will consider two examples from the vertebrates.The first is the red kangaroo.This marsupial inhabits the deserts of central Australia where the onset of rains and the resulting sudden growth of vegetation are extremely unpredictable.Obviously,it is advantageous for a kangaroo female to produce young at a time when plant productivity is sufficient to support her offspring.For such a relatively large mammal,however,gestation(the period of development during pregnancy)is so long that if a female waited to mate and carry the young until after the rains came,the favorable period might be past.The kangaroo’s life history adaptation to this problem involves the use of embryonic diapause during gestation (development in the uterus).(第三段未直接出题，但主旨题可能考到里面的选项)Paragraph4After a31-day gestation period,the female gives birth to a tiny helplessyoung typical of marsupials.The newborn crawls into the mother’s pouch and attaches to a teat where it continues to grow and develop.After235days it leaves the pouch but remains with the mother and obtains milk from her.Two days after giving birth,the female mates again.The fertilized egg enters a204-day period of diapause during which it remains in the uterus but does not attach.It then implants,and31days later,birth of the second young occurs.Note that the first young leaves the pouch at just this time.Again,the female mates,fertilization occurs,and another diapause follows.The eventual result is that at any one time,the female has three young at various stages of development one in diapause,one in the pouch,and one outside the pouch.Among other benefits,this allows her to freeze the development of an embryo during times of drought and food shortage until the offspring in the pouch is able to leave.5.According to paragraph4,all of the following statements are true about the young offspring of the red kangaroo EXCEPT:A.After birth,a newborn crawls into the mother’s pouch where it grows and develops.B.After a young kangaroo leaves its mother’s pouch,it still needs its mother’s milk.C.A mother usually gives birth to three baby kangaroos at the same time.D.A baby kangaroo spends235days in the mother’s pouch after its birth.6.Paragraph4supports all of the following statements about the red kangaroo of central Australia EXCEPT:A.A female kangaroo mates again shortly after her newborn enters her pouch.B.During diapause,a young kangaroo stays in the female’s pouch and growth of a second fertilized egg inside the uterus is delayed.C.A female kangaroo can freeze the development of her young at each stage of their development.D.The adaptation of diapause enables female kangaroos to ensure the survival of theiryoung during periods of environmental stress.7.What is the main purpose of paragraph4in the passage?A.To give the details of an adaptation mentioned in paragraph3B.To describe an adaptation different from the one explained in paragraph3C.To introduce an adaptation that is described in detail in paragraph5D.To discuss an adaptation that is not as successful as the one discussed in paragraph 5Paragraph5A similar strategy-accelerated development combined with a resting stage-has also allowed amphibians to inhabit deserts.The spadefoot toads,such as Couch’s spadefoot toad,inhabit some of the most severe deserts in North America.Adults of this species burrow deeply into the substrate where it is cooler and perhaps more moist.Here they enter into a resting state in which they are covered with a protective layer of dead skin.When it rains,the adults emerge and congregate to mate at temporary ponds.Development is greatly accelerated:the eggs hatch within48hours, and the tadpoles change into toads at16-18days.Consequently,they can complete the life cycle during the brief window of favorable conditions,then return to the resistant resting stage to await the next rainfall.Resting stages thus comprise a series of adaptations that allow the species to avoid the most difficult conditions for life.8.The word“congregate“in the passage is closest in meaning toA.beginB.gatherC.hurryD.Expect9.The word“Consequently“in the passage is closest in meaning toA.EventuallyB.In additionC.As a resultD.However10.The word“comprise”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.consist ofB.bring aboutC.are similar toD.take the place of11.According to paragraph5,how do amphibians such as spadefoot toad survive the severe heat conditions in the North American deserts?A.They dig down into the ground and go into a resistant resting state.B.They remain in the ponds that develop after it has rained.C.They lose their outer layer of skin.D.Their eggs lie dormant until the desert air becomes cooler and more moist.12.According to paragraph5,which of the following occurs during the life cycle of the spadefoot toad?A.The female’s’eggs hatch under the surface of the desert.B.The adults mate during the dry period.C.The newborn grows into an adult before unfavorable conditions.D.The newborn enters a resting stage before it becomes an adult.13.Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit?Such adaptations to predictable conditions can also be made by animals,such as by hibernating during the coldest months.Unfavorable conditions that are relatively predictable probably pose a simpler problem for organisms than do unpredictable conditions.Adaptations to the regular change of seasons in the temperate and polar regions may be relatively simple.For example,many seeds require a period of stratification,exposure to low temperatures for some minimum period,before they will germinate.■This is a simple adaptation to ensure that germination occurs following the winter conditions rather than immediately prior to their onset.■In contrast,unfavorable conditions that occur unpredictably pose considerable problems for organisms.■In fact,unpredictability is probably a greater problem than is the severity of the unfavorable period.■How can organisms cope with the unpredictable onset of good or poor conditions?14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because the express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth2points.Some organisms adapt to periodic harsh conditions by building a resistant stage,or diapause,into their life cycle.A.The diapause stage evolved very early and is most common in species that first appeared more than10,000years ago.B.Unpredictable conditions are more problematic for organisms than are fairly predictable changes such as the seasons.C.The female red kangaroo adapts to unfavorable conditions by delaying the development of her fertilized egg until an embryo would be able to move into the pouch.D.Some seeds may germinate in three days even if they have been exposed to very low temperatures for a long time.E.Some marsupials can care for three newborns in their pouch at the same time,allowing the young to leave the pouch only when conditions are favorable for their growth.F.Some amphibians adapt to desert life by combining accelerated development with resting stages deep underground.第三篇The Plow and the Horse in Medieval Europe同2015年混编第一套中的第二篇1.Birdsong答案：CCDCC,ADBAD,CCB（BCE）2.The Role of Diapause答案：1.C2.D3.B4.B5.C6.C7.A8.B9.C10.A11.A 12.C13.B14.B C F。
托福阅读真题第27套
第27套BirdsongParagraph1Birdsong is the classic example of how genes(hereditary information)and environment both have a crucial role to play in the behavioral development of animals. Since the pioneering work of W.H.Thorpe on chaffinches(a common European bird), many species have been studied,and it has become clear both that learning plays an important role for all species and also that there are constraints on what they are able to learn.1.The word“pioneering”in the passage is closet in meaning torecentfamousoriginalcontroversialParagraph2Thorpe was able to show that learning from others was involved in chaffinch birds through a series of experiments on hand-reared chicks(young birds).As in most other species,only the males sing.Thorpe found that,if he raised young males in total isolation from all others,the song they produced was quite different from that of a normal adult.It was about the right length and in the correct frequency range.It was also split up into a series of notes as it should be.But these notes lacked the detailed structure found in wild birds,nor was the song split up into distinct phrases as it usually is.This suggested that song development requires some social ter experiments in which researchers played recordings of songs to young birds showed just how precise this influence was:many of them would learn the exact pattern of the recording they had heard.A remarkable feature here was that birds were able to copy precisely songs that they only heard in the first few weeks of life,yet they did not sing themselves until about eight months old.They are thus able to store a memory of the sound within their brain and then match their own output to their recollection of it when they mature.2.The word“distinct”in the passage is closet in meaning toshortsimpleseparatesimilar3.According to paragraph2,all of the following are characteristics of the songs ofthe young chaffinches in Thorpe’s experiment EXCEPT:They were not identical to the songs of normal adult chaffinches.They lacked the complex form of the songs of wild chaffinches.They were as long as the songs of normal adult chaffinches.They were clearly different from each other.4.According to paragraph2,researchers discovered which of the following byplaying recordings of songs to chaffinches?Chaffinches could no longer be taught to reproduce sounds after the first few weeks of life.Chaffinches could not reproduce songs with exactly the same patterns of recorded songs.Chaffinches at the age of eight months could recall and reproduce a song that they heard in the first few weeks of life.Chaffinches that learned a song from recordings in the first few weeks of life were later unable to copy the sounds of mature chaffinches.5.All of the following are mentioned in paragraph2as characteristics of wildchaffinches EXCEPT:They are able to copy songs very precisely.Their song development requires interaction with other chaffinches.Their songs are not as well-structured as the songs of other birds.It is the males of the species that do the singing.Paragraph3Young chaffinches normally learn only chaffinch song,though Thorpe found they could be trained to sing the song of a tree pipit(another type of bird),which is very similar to that of their own species.In general,however,the constraints on learning which birds have ensure that they only learn songs appropriate to the species to which they themselves belong.These constraints may be in their brain’s circuitry,the young bird hatching with a rough idea of the sounds that it should copy.The crude song of a bird reared in isolation gives some clues as to what this rough idea may be:the length, the frequency range and the breaking up into notes are all aspects of chaffinch song shared between normal birds and those reared in isolation.In other cases the constraints are more social,young birds only being prepared to learn from individuals with whom they have social interactions.Thus,in a number of species,it has been found that they will not copy from recordings,but will do so from a live tutor.In some cases this may occur when they are young birds,but in others the main learning period is when they set up their territories and interact with neighbors for the first time,enabling them to match their neighbor’s songs and so countering with them. Whatever the nature of the learning rules in a particular species,there is no doubt that they are effective;it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing a song which is not typical of its own species despite the many different songs which often occur in a small patch of woodland.6.The word“enabling”in the passage is closet in meaning toallowingchallengingforcingpreparing7.It can be inferred from paragraph3that one of the functions of songs in birds is to bring together birds living in groups with birds living in isolationhelp young birds distinguish other young birds from adultsmake possible interactions between birds of different specieshelp birds to establish territories8.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.Songs produced by chaffinches reared in isolation are cruder than the songs of wild birds.The song of a bird reared in isolation suggests which aspects of chaffinch song may be inborn.Comparing the crude songs of chaffinches reared in isolation to the songs of wild chaffinches suggests differences as well as similarities.Studying the song aspects of chaffinches reared in isolation,researchers have gained a better understanding of the songs produced by wild birds.9.According to paragraph3,in some species,young birds do not copy songs fromrecordings becausethey learn to sing only by live interactions with other birdstheir ability to learn from recordings occurs later in lifethey can only learn the songs of the birds living in their area of woodlandthey can only learn songs from other birds of their own species10.Why does the author mention that it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing asong which is not typical of its own species?To explain why a variety of different bird songs are often heard in a relatively small areaTo argue that social constraints have a greater impact upon learning than do genetic constraintsTo provide an example of how the process of learning rules varies from one species to anotherTo illustrate how effective the different constraints upon learning are in young birdsParagraph4However,not all birds show the same learning pattern as do chaffinches.There are some species which produce normal sounds even if deaf,so that they cannot hear their own efforts,much less copy those of others.The cooing of doves and the crowing ofcocks are examples here.In other cases,such as parrots and hill mynahs,birds can be trained to copy a huge variety of sounds,though those they learn in the wild are usually more restricted.The amazing capability of mynahs has apparently arisen simply because birds in an area learn a small number of their calls from each other, males from males and females from females,and these calls are highly varied in structure.The ability to master them has led the birds,incidentally,to be capable of saying“hello”and mimicking a wide variety of other sounds.11.The word“restricted”in the passage is closet in meaning toimportantpopularlimitedaccurate12.According to paragraph4,why are mynahs able to learn to make a wide variety ofsounds?They have the ability to imitate any sound that they are exposed to.The frequency with which mynahs travel from one small area to another exposes them to a wide variety of sounds.They are exposed in the wild to calls that are very different from each other.An acute sense of hearing allows them to listen to and copy many different sounds.13.Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence can beadded to the passage.Are these constraints genetic,environmental,or both?Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square[■]to add the sentence to the passage.Paragraph3Young chaffinches normally learn only chaffinch song,though Thorpe found they could be trained to sing the song of a tree pipit(another type of bird),which is very similar to that of their own species.■In general,however,the constraints on learning which birds have ensure that they only learn songs appropriate to the species to which they themselves belong.■These constraints may be in their brain’s circuitry,the young bird hatching with a rough idea of the sounds that it should copy.■The crude song of a bird reared in isolation gives some clues as to what this rough idea may be: the length,the frequency range and the breaking up into notes are all aspects of chaffinch song shared between normal birds and those reared in isolation.■In other cases the constraints are more social,young birds only being prepared to learn from individuals with whom they have social interactions.Thus,in a number of species,it has been found that they will not copy from recordings,but will do so from a livetutor.In some cases this may occur when they are young birds,but in others the main learning period is when they set up their territories and interact with neighbors for the first time,enabling them to match their neighbor’s songs and so countersing with them.Whatever the nature of the learning rules in a particular species,there is no doubt that they are effective;it is very unusual to hear a wild bird singing a song which is not typical of its own species despite the many different songs which often occur in a small patch of woodland.14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.A.Although only male chaffinches are able to sing in the wild,Thorpe found that he could teach hand-reared females to copy songs from recordings and live tutors.B.Chaffinches reared in isolation produce songs that differ significantly from those of normal birds,suggesting that some social influence is important for learning a song precisely.C.Birds vary a great deal with respect to both the variety of sounds they are able to learn and the conditions that must be present for them to be able to learn their species’song.D.Chaffinches that are exposed only to other bird species for the first few weeks of their life are likely to learn the songs of those species instead of the chaffinch song.E.Researchers believe that both the circuitry or a bird’s brain and its interactions with other birds of the same species may prevent birds from learning the songs of other species.F.The ability of deaf birds to produce their normal species’song suggests that genes play a much greater role than environment in determining the behavior of most bird species.The Role of DiapauseParagraph1If conditions within an organism’s environment occasionally or regularly become harsh,it may be advantageous for an organism to have a resistant stage built into the life cycle.In such a life history strategy,the organism suspends any growth, reproduction,or other activities for a period of time so that they may occur at a later, more hospitable time.This genetically determined resting stage,characterized by the cessation of development and protein synthesis and suppression of the metabolic rate, is called diapause.Many other kinds of resting stages,with different levels of suppression of physiological activities,are known.Some of these resistant stages can be extremely long-lived.In one case,seeds of the arctic lupine,a member of the pea family recovered from ancient lemming burrows in the Arctic,germinated in threedays even though they were carbon-dated at more than10,000years old!1.According to paragraph1,why do some organisms have a resting stage during their life cycle?A.To recover from injuries suffered during harsh conditionsB.To devote all of their energy to a period of growth and reproductionC.To wait for local conditions to become favorable for important life eventsD.To prepare to move to a different environment if conditions become harsh2.Why does the author mention“seeds of the arctic lupine”？A.To argue that members of the pea family are extremely resistant to cold temperaturesB.To provide information about what ancient lemmings ate during their long resting periodsC.To provide an example of an organism with a resting stage that has many different levels of suppression of physiological activities.D.To support the claim that some resting stages last an extremely long time Paragraph2Unfavorable conditions that are relatively predictable probably pose a simpler problem for organisms than do unpredictable conditions.Adaptations to the regular change of seasons in the temperate and polar regions may be relatively simple.For example,many seeds require a period of stratification,exposure to low temperatures for some minimum period,before they will germinate.This is a simple adaptation to ensure that germination occurs following the winter conditions rather than immediately prior to their onset.In contrast,unfavorable conditions that occur unpredictably pose considerable problems for organisms.In fact,unpredictability is probably a greater problem than is the severity of the unfavorable period.How can organisms cope with the unpredictable onset of good or poor conditions?3.According to paragraph2,why do many seeds require a period of stratification?A.To slowly build up a tolerance for lower and lower temperaturesB.To guarantee that the seeds grow after and not beforeC.To make sure that the seeds can deal with unpredictable conditionsD.To give the seeds enough time to germinate before winter begins4.The word“severity”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.lengthB.harshnessC.unexpectednesspletenessParagraph3Many adaptations to this general problem are based on a resting stage that awaitsfavorable conditions.We will consider two examples from the vertebrates.The first is the red kangaroo.This marsupial inhabits the deserts of central Australia where the onset of rains and the resulting sudden growth of vegetation are extremely unpredictable.Obviously,it is advantageous for a kangaroo female to produce young at a time when plant productivity is sufficient to support her offspring.For such a relatively large mammal,however,gestation(the period of development during pregnancy)is so long that if a female waited to mate and carry the young until after the rains came,the favorable period might be past.The kangaroo’s life history adaptation to this problem involves the use of embryonic diapause during gestation (development in the uterus).(第三段未直接出题，但主旨题可能考到里面的选项)Paragraph4After a31-day gestation period,the female gives birth to a tiny helplessyoung typical of marsupials.The newborn crawls into the mother’s pouch and attaches to a teat where it continues to grow and develop.After235days it leaves the pouch but remains with the mother and obtains milk from her.Two days after giving birth,the female mates again.The fertilized egg enters a204-day period of diapause during which it remains in the uterus but does not attach.It then implants,and31days later,birth of the second young occurs.Note that the first young leaves the pouch at just this time.Again,the female mates,fertilization occurs,and another diapause follows.The eventual result is that at any one time,the female has three young at various stages of development one in diapause,one in the pouch,and one outside the pouch.Among other benefits,this allows her to freeze the development of an embryo during times of drought and food shortage until the offspring in the pouch is able to leave.5.According to paragraph4,all of the following statements are true about the young offspring of the red kangaroo EXCEPT:A.After birth,a newborn crawls into the mother’s pouch where it grows and develops.B.After a young kangaroo leaves its mother’s pouch,it still needs its mother’s milk.C.A mother usually gives birth to three baby kangaroos at the same time.D.A baby kangaroo spends235days in the mother’s pouch after its birth.6.Paragraph4supports all of the following statements about the red kangaroo of central Australia EXCEPT:A.A female kangaroo mates again shortly after her newborn enters her pouch.B.During diapause,a young kangaroo stays in the female’s pouch and growth of a second fertilized egg inside the uterus is delayed.C.A female kangaroo can freeze the development of her young at each stage of their development.D.The adaptation of diapause enables female kangaroos to ensure the survival of theiryoung during periods of environmental stress.7.What is the main purpose of paragraph4in the passage?A.To give the details of an adaptation mentioned in paragraph3B.To describe an adaptation different from the one explained in paragraph3C.To introduce an adaptation that is described in detail in paragraph5D.To discuss an adaptation that is not as successful as the one discussed in paragraph 5Paragraph5A similar strategy-accelerated development combined with a resting stage-has also allowed amphibians to inhabit deserts.The spadefoot toads,such as Couch’s spadefoot toad,inhabit some of the most severe deserts in North America.Adults of this species burrow deeply into the substrate where it is cooler and perhaps more moist.Here they enter into a resting state in which they are covered with a protective layer of dead skin.When it rains,the adults emerge and congregate to mate at temporary ponds.Development is greatly accelerated:the eggs hatch within48hours, and the tadpoles change into toads at16-18days.Consequently,they can complete the life cycle during the brief window of favorable conditions,then return to the resistant resting stage to await the next rainfall.Resting stages thus comprise a series of adaptations that allow the species to avoid the most difficult conditions for life.8.The word“congregate“in the passage is closest in meaning toA.beginB.gatherC.hurryD.Expect9.The word“Consequently“in the passage is closest in meaning toA.EventuallyB.In additionC.As a resultD.However10.The word“comprise”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.consist ofB.bring aboutC.are similar toD.take the place of11.According to paragraph5,how do amphibians such as spadefoot toad survive the severe heat conditions in the North American deserts?A.They dig down into the ground and go into a resistant resting state.B.They remain in the ponds that develop after it has rained.C.They lose their outer layer of skin.D.Their eggs lie dormant until the desert air becomes cooler and more moist.12.According to paragraph5,which of the following occurs during the life cycle of the spadefoot toad?A.The female’s’eggs hatch under the surface of the desert.B.The adults mate during the dry period.C.The newborn grows into an adult before unfavorable conditions.D.The newborn enters a resting stage before it becomes an adult.13.Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit?Such adaptations to predictable conditions can also be made by animals,such as by hibernating during the coldest months.Unfavorable conditions that are relatively predictable probably pose a simpler problem for organisms than do unpredictable conditions.Adaptations to the regular change of seasons in the temperate and polar regions may be relatively simple.For example,many seeds require a period of stratification,exposure to low temperatures for some minimum period,before they will germinate.■This is a simple adaptation to ensure that germination occurs following the winter conditions rather than immediately prior to their onset.■In contrast,unfavorable conditions that occur unpredictably pose considerable problems for organisms.■In fact,unpredictability is probably a greater problem than is the severity of the unfavorable period.■How can organisms cope with the unpredictable onset of good or poor conditions?14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because the express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth2points.Some organisms adapt to periodic harsh conditions by building a resistant stage,or diapause,into their life cycle.A.The diapause stage evolved very early and is most common in species that first appeared more than10,000years ago.B.Unpredictable conditions are more problematic for organisms than are fairly predictable changes such as the seasons.C.The female red kangaroo adapts to unfavorable conditions by delaying the development of her fertilized egg until an embryo would be able to move into the pouch.D.Some seeds may germinate in three days even if they have been exposed to very low temperatures for a long time.E.Some marsupials can care for three newborns in their pouch at the same time,allowing the young to leave the pouch only when conditions are favorable for their growth.F.Some amphibians adapt to desert life by combining accelerated development with resting stages deep underground.第三篇The Plow and the Horse in Medieval Europe同2015年混编第一套中的第二篇1.Birdsong答案：CCDCC,ADBAD,CCB（BCE）2.The Role of Diapause答案：1.C2.D3.B4.B5.C6.C7.A8.B9.C10.A11.A 12.C13.B14.B C F。
TPO27 R-2 原文翻译
TPO27 R-2The Formation of Volcanic Islands地球的表面并不是由形成外壳的单层岩石组成的，而是许多的地壳版面严密的组合在一起的，就像是一个巨大拼图的拼图块。
一些板块承载着岛屿或是大陆，其余的组成了海底平面。
这些都在缓慢的移动，因为这些板块是漂浮在密度更大的半液态地幔上的，地幔位于地壳和地核之间。
板块的边缘是扩张脊（两个版块分离，新的海底形成的地方），俯冲带（两板块碰撞，一个投入到了另一个下面），或者是转换断层（两板块既不集合于一点也不偏离，但只是互相错过）。
板块边界是地球上的火山爆发和地震的高发地。
总的来说，板块内部从地质学角度上来说是比较平静的。
但是，也有例外。
扫一眼太平洋的地图就能知道那里有许多在大海深处的岛屿，他们其实都是火山，其中有许多已经不活动了，一些长满了珊瑚，这些火山都是起源于当时太平洋板块内部的地质活动，因而形成了太平洋的海底。
为什么火山活动可以发生在离板块边缘这么远的地方呢？夏威夷群岛提供了一个非常有启发性的回答。
就像其他的群岛一样，他们形成了一个链条。
夏威夷群岛链从夏威夷岛向西北扩张。
在十八世纪40年代，地理学家James Daly观察到不同的夏威夷岛屿看起来经历了相似的演变过程，但有一些被慢慢地腐蚀的更多，所以往西北方向可能更老一些。
在1963年，在大陆板块理论的早期发展时期，加拿大的地质学家Tuzo Wilson意识到年轮的增加会引起形成在板块表面的岛屿移动到一个板块内部的固定火山的源头。
Wilson解释说，火山的长链从夏威夷向西北延伸只是一个长时间存于板块下，地幔中的火山源头。
最新的岛屿，夏威夷岛，应该是在链条的最后，现在应该在火山源头上。
虽然这个理论并没有被很快接受，夏威夷和其他群岛岩浆的日期表明了他们的年龄都从活跃的火山开始依次增加，正如Daly所说。
Wilson对数据的分析已经成为了板块构造论的中心部分了。
大多数的发生在板块内部的火山爆发都是由地幔柱，从地幔深处涌出的熔岩柱体。
托福模拟试卷27(题后含答案及解析)
托福模拟试卷27(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Listening Comprehension 3. Reading Comprehension 4. SPEAKING 5. WRITINGSection One：Listening Comprehension听力原文：Sarah Hi, Bob.Bob Hi, Sarah.Sarah How is your history paper coming?Bob Not so great.Sarah Why? What happened? I thought you were almost finished last night.Bob Well, the paper is written, but it is not typed yet.Sarah Didn’t you have time?Bob No. Because all the computers at the computer center are taken. I have no choice, just wait, wait and wait. And it is due this afternoon. I don’t know what I’m gonna do.Sarah The same thing happened to me a few weeks ago on an economics project. Every time I went to the center, all the computers were being used. And I have a lot of graphs and charts that had to be done on the computer. Because I have to finish my homework on time, I ended up doing them by hand.Bob There are so few computers for all the students here.Sarah Yes, I agree.Bob And they are always breaking down too.Sarah I know. But another problem is that they close so early. Around 9:30.Bob I know. I came back last night at about 9:15 thinking the crowd might have thinned up by then. A guy at the door told me they were going to close in a few minutes. I couldn’t believe it!Sarah We should try to do something about this.Bob I’ll go along with you on this point.Sarah Why don’t we write a letter to the campus newspaper about that problem?Bob I think we should write directly to the dean. You know, we could explain the problem and make an official request that the school add more computers and that the computer rooms stay open longer.Sarah Maybe it would be a good idea to get other students’ signatures. I am sure a lot of others feel the same way we do. And that would carry more weight.Bob That is true. Do you want to get together to write the letter tonight?Sarah Sure. But I have a study group meeting at 7:30.Bob OK. Let’s meet earlier in the dining hall at 6:30. It shouldn’t take us long to write. We can start collecting signatures tomorrow at lunch.Sarah See you then. Good luck with your paper.Bob See you.Narrator Listen to a conversation between two students. Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer.1．What problem does the man have?A．He found the computer center closed early.B．He has not finished his paper yet.C．He had to stay up late typing his paper.D．His computer is not workin正确答案：B解析：本题为要点题，要求考生通过理解分散在听力材料中的关键词汇、词组和事实，对所获取的信息进行综合分析，从而确定听力材料的要点。
托福TPO27综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO27×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄ+ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄ+Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO27×ÛºÏд×÷ÔĶÁÔ-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡The little ice age was a period of unusually cold temperature in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900CE. There were unusually harsh winters, and glaciers grew larger in many areas. Scientist have long wondered what caused the Little Ice Age. Several possible causes have been proposed. First, the cooling may have been caused by disrupting of ocean currents. Before the Little Ice Age, there was a period of unusually warm weather during which glaciers melted. These melted glaciers sent a large amount of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream, a large ocean current that strongly affects Earth's climate. Some scientists believe that this freshwater was enough to temporarily disrupt the Gulf Stream. Such a disruption could have caused the Little Ice Age. Second, volcanic eruption could have caused the Little Ice Age. When volcanoes erupt, they send dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas into the atmosphere. These clouds, which can spread over great areas, block some sunlight from reaching Earth's surface. This can decrease the global temperatures. Scientists know of several volcanic eruption that took place during the Little Ice Age. Third, substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate. For a variety of reason(disease, warfare, social disruption), the human population just before the Little Ice Age and during the early part of it was lower than it had been in a long time. Forest trees started growing on fields that were no longer used for agriculture. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, they decrease the greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm. With more forest trees carbon dioxide, earth became cooler.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO27×ÛºÏд×÷ÌýÁ¦Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡Unfortunately, the arguments of the reading passage are a little out of date. Scientists now have new information that shows that none of the ideas the reading passage discusses could account for the Little Ice Age.First, about the Gulf Stream. Scientists now know that disrupting the Gulf Stream would cause cooling only in Europe and North America, but the Little Ice Age also affected the Southern hemisphere, in places like New Zealand and Southern Africa for example. Since the disruption of the Gulf Stream cannot explain why these southern areas became colder, it cannot explain the Little Ice Age.Second, the volcanoes theory. It's true that if volcanic eruptions put enough dust into the atmosphere the result can be a cooler climate. But large amounts of volcanic dust in the atmosphere would have also produced striking visual effect that people would have noticed at the time, for example, dramatically colorful Sunsets or snow being grey or brown instead of white. But there are almost no reports of anything like that routinely happening during the Little Ice Age. So it seems that the volcanic eruptions during that period were simply not strong enough to release the large amounts of dust needed to lower global temperatures.Third, about forestson farmland stopping the warming greenhouse effect by removing carbon dioxide. There just was not enough time for this effect to work. The human population grew back to previous levels fairly quickly, which meant that forests were soon being cut down again to clear fields for the crops needed to fed the growing population. As a result, we know that the forests mentioned in the reading passage were not there long enough to cause the long¡ªterm global cooling of the climate.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO27×ÛºÏд×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ1£º¡¡¡¡In the reading passage, the author claims that the cause of the Little Ice Age was due to three main reasons. The lecturer, however, reputes the writer¡¯s opinion one by one with strong arguments. Firstly, the passage argues that the Gulf Stream formed in the previous warm period was responsible for the appearance of the unexpected Little Ice Age. Yet, the speaker argues that the so-called Gulf Stream only contributed to the cooling weather in Northern hemisphere while Little Ice Age took place all over the world. Thus, global Little Ice Age cannot be Next, according to the reading material, dust and sulfur gas caused by volcanic eruptions would block sunlight, and resulted in Little Ice Age. he lecturer, however, holds that volcanic eruptions should have led to other visual phenomena than cooling weather, like colorful sunsets or grey snow. But unfortunately none of them were reported. Once taken this into consideration, volcanic eruptions seems not strong enough to release the large amounts of dusts needed to lower global temperatures. Last but not least, the writer states that the substantial decrease in human population may cause the unusual Little Ice Age. Again the speaker argues.¡¡¡¡Íи£TPO27×ÛºÏд×÷Âú·Ö·¶ÎÄ2£º¡¡¡¡The reading passage proposes 3 possible causes of little ice age, but all the explanations are refuted by the professor in the lecture. F irst, according to the reading passage, the disruption of Gulf Stream may have caused the little ice age. However, in the lecture, the professor argues that the disruption can only effect Europe and North America. But the ice age also effected south hemisphere like New Zealand and South Africa. Since the disruption cannot explain why it get cooler in south hemisphere, it cannot fully explain the little ice age. S econd, the professor also refutes the reading passage that volcano caused the ice age. As the professor puts, large amount of dust produced by volcano would have produced striking visual effect that people would have noticed at that time, such as colorful sunsets. Since there are no reports of such visual effects at the time, the volcanic eruptions during that period were not strong enough to cause ice age. Third, contrary to the reading that due to human population decrease, the growth of forest trees contributed to little ice age by removing carbon dioxide, the professor points out that there is not enough time for this effect to work. The professor argues that the human population grew back quickly to the previous level and lots of trees were cut down for the crops to feed the growing population. Therefore, there is not enough time for the forest to。
托福TPO27综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文【雷哥托福】
托福TPO27综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文雷哥托福小托君给大家分享TPO1-33综合作文部分的阅读和听力文本全集与综合作文的满分作文，以及满分作文的解析。
如果自己的托福综合作文分数如果可以很给力的话，就已经搞定了15分的分数，可以极大地缓解托福独立作文的压力。
做托福TPO模考之后，可以根据这里面的听力的文本，来检验自己的听力内容是否抓的足够好，尤其是要看写的够不够全！很多时候，我们的综合作文之所以分低，就是因为听力写的不全！TPO27 综合写作听力+阅读原文ReadingThe little ice age was a period of unusually cold temperature in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900CE. There were unusually harsh winters, and glaciers grew larger in many areas. Scientist have long wondered what caused the Little Ice Age. Several possible causes have been proposed.First, the cooling may have been caused by disrupting of ocean currents. Before the Little Ice Age, there was a period of unusually warm weather during which glaciers melted. These melted glaciers sent a large amount of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream, a large ocean current that strongly affects Earth's climate. Some scientists believe that this freshwater was enough to temporarily disrupt the Gulf Stream. Such a disruption could have caused the Little Ice Age.Second, volcanic eruption could have caused the Little Ice Age. When volcanoes erupt, they send dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas into the atmosphere. These clouds, which can spread over great areas, block some sunlight from reaching Earth's surface. This can decrease the global temperatures. Scientists know of several volcanic eruption that took place during the Little Ice Age.Third, substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate. For a variety of reason(disease, warfare, social disruption), the human population just before the Little Ice Age and during the early part of it waslower than it had been in a long time. Forest trees started growing on fields that were no longer used for agriculture. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, they decrease the greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm. With more forest trees carbon dioxide, earth became cooler.ListeningUnfortunately，the arguments of the reading passage are a little out of date．Scientists now have new information that shows that none of the ideas the reading passage discusses could account for the Little Ice Age．First，about the Gulf Stream．Scientists now know that disrupting the Gulf Stream would cause cooling only in Europe and North America，but the Little Ice Age also affected the Southern hemisphere，in places like New Zealand and Southern Africa for example．Since the disruption of the Gulf Stream cannot explain why these southern areas became colder，it cannot explain the Little Ice Age．Second．the volcanoes theory．1t’s true that if volcanic eruptions put enough dust into the atmosphere．the result can be a cooler climate．But large amounts of volcanic dust in the atmosphere would have also produced striking visual effect that people would have noticed at the time．For example．Dramatically colorful Sunsets or snow being grey or brown instead of white．But there are almost no reports of anything like that routinely happening during the Little Ice Age．So it seems that the volcanic eruptions during that period were simply not strong enough to release the large amounts of dust needed to lower global temperatures．Third, about forests on farmland stopping the warming greenhouse effect by removing carbon dioxide．There just was not enough time for this effect to work．The human population grew back to previous levels fairly quickly，which meant that forests were soon being cut down again to clear fields for the crops needed to feed the growing population．As a result，we know that the forests mentioned in the reading passage were not there long enough to cause the long—term global cooling of the climate．由于篇幅有限，托福综合写作满分范文，在雷哥托福微信公众号获取。
TPO27第二篇 (文章+问题)The Formation of Volcanic Islands
The Formation of Volcanic IslandsEarth’s surface is not made up of a single sheet of rock that forms a crust but rather a number of “tectonic plates” that fit closely, like the pieces of a giant jigsaw puzzle. Some plates carry islands or continents, others form the seafloor. All are slowly moving because the plates float on a denser semiliquid mantle, the layer between the crust and Earth’s core. The plates have edges that are spreading ridges (where two plates are moving apart and new seafloor is being created), subduction zones(where two plates collide and one plunges beneath the other),or transform faults(where two plates neither converge nor diverge but merely move past one another).It is at the boundaries between plates that most of Earth’s volcanism and earthquake activity oc cur.Generally speaking, the interiors of plates are geologically uneventful. However, there are exceptions. A glance at a map of the Pacific Ocean reveals that there are many islands far out at sea that are actually volcanoes—many no longer active, some overgrown with coral—that originated from activity at points in the interior of the Pacific Plate that forms the Pacific seafloor.How can volcanic activity occur so far from a plate boundary? The Hawaiian Islands provide a very instructive answer.■Like many other island groups, they from a chain. ■The Hawaiian Islands Chain extends northwest from the island of Hawaii. ■In the 1840s American geologist James Daly observed that the different Hawaii Islands seem to share a similar geologic evolution but are progressively more eroded, and therefore probably older, toward the northwest. ■Then in 1963, in the early days of the development of the theory of plate tectonics, Canadian geophysicist Tuzo Wilson realized that this age progression could result if the islands were formed on a surface plate moving over a fixed volcanic source in the interior. Wilson suggested that the long chain of volcanoes stretching northwest from Hawaii is simply the surface expression of a long-lived volcanic source located beneath the tectonic plate in the mantle. Today’s most northwest island would have been the first to form. Then, as the plate moved slowly northwest, new volcanic islands would have forms as the plate moved over the volcanic source. The most recent island, Hawaii, would be at the end of the chain and is now over the volcanic source.Although this idea was not immediately accepted, the dating of lavas in the Hawaii (and other) chains showed that their ages increase away from the presently active volcano, just as Daly had suggested. Wilson’s analysis of these data is now a central part of plate tectonics. Most volcanoes that occur in the interiors of plates are believed to be produced by mantle plumes, columns of molten rock that rise from deep within the mantle. A volc ano remains an active “hot spot” as long as it is over the plume. The plumes apparently originate at great depths, perhaps as deep as the boundary between the core and the mantle, and many have been active for a very long time. The oldest volcanoes in the Hawaii hot-spot trail have ages close to 80 million years. Other islands, including Tahiti and Easter Islands in the Pacific, Reunion and Mauritius in the Indian Ocean, an indeed most of the large islands in the world’s oceans, owe their existence to mantl e plumes.The oceanic volcanic islands and their hot-spot trails are thus especially useful for geologistsbecause they record the past locations of the plate over a fixed source. They therefore permit the reconstruction of the process of seafloor spreading, and consequently of the geography of continents and of ocean basins in the past. For example, given the current position of the Pacific Plate, Hawaii is above the Pacific Ocean hot spot. So the position of the Pacific Plate 50 million years ago can be determined by moving it such that a 50-million-year-old volcano in the hot-spot trail sits at the location of Hawaii today. However, because the ocean basins really are short-lived features on geologic times scales, reconstructing the world’s geography by backtracking along the hot-spot trail works only for the last 5 percent or so of geologic time.。
托福阅读真题及答案 PASSAGE 2
托福阅读真题及答案 PASSAGE 2选择出guo学习的人数越来越多，参加无疑是进入国外大学的一块敲门砖。
以下是网的关于托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE 2，供大家练习备考。
The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports, and precipitates many chemical pounds and is constantly modifying the face of the Earth.Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agentof continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic work. This immense polarized work channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea level.The rate at which a molecule of water passes though the cycle is not random but is a measure of the relative sizeof the various reservoirs. If we define residence time asthe average time for a water molecule to pass through oneof the three reservoirs — atmosphere, continent, and ocean— we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand yearsin the ocean. This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water transport on the continents.A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.1. The word "modifying" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) changing(B) traveling(C) describing(D) destroying2. The word "which" in line 5 refers to(A) clouds(B) oceans(C) continents(D) pounds3. Aording to the passage , clouds are primarily formed by water(A) precipitating onto the ground(B) changing from a solid to a liquid state(C) evaporating from the oceans(D) being carried by wind4. The passage suggests that the purpose of the "hydrographic work" (line 8) is to(A) determine the size of molecules of water(B) prevent soil erosion caused by flooding(C) move water from the Earth's surface to the oceans(D) regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers5. What determines the rate at which a molecule of water moves through the cycle, as discussed in the third paragraph?(A) The potential energy contained in water(B) The effects of atmospheric pressure on chemical pounds(C) The amounts of rainfall that fall on the continents(D) The relative size of the water storage areas6. The word "rapidity" in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) significance(B) method(C) swiftness(D) reliability7. The word "they" in line 24 refers to(A) insoluble ions(B) soluble ions(C) soils(D) continents8. All of the following are example of soluble ions EXCEPT(A) magnesium(B) iron(C) potassium(D) calcium9. The word "efficiency" in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) relationship(B) growth(C) influence(D) effectiveness。
托福阅读真题第278篇ElementsofLife（答案文章最后）
托福阅读真题第278篇ElementsofLife（答案文章最后）Elements of LifeThe creation of life requires a set of chemical elements for making the components of cells. Life on Earth uses about 25 of the 92 naturally occurring chemical elements, although just 4 of these elements oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen make up about 96 percent of the mass of living organisms. Thus, a first requirement for life might be the presence of most or all of the elements used by life.Interestingly, this requirement can probably be met by almost any world. Scientists have determined that all chemical elements in the universe besides hydrogen and helium (and a trace amount of lithium) were produced by stars. These are known as heavy elements because they are heavier than hydrogen and helium. lthough all of these heavy elements are quite rare compared to hydrogen and helium, they are found just about everywhere.Heavy elements are continually being manufactured by stars and released into space by stellar deaths, so their amount compared to hydrogen and helium gradually rises with time. Heavy elements make up about 2 percent of the chemical content (by mass) of our solar system; the other 98 percent is hydrogen and helium. In some very old star systems, which formed before many heavy elements were produced, the heavy-element share may be less than 0.1 percent. Nevertheless, every star system studied has at least some amount of all the elements used by life. Moreover, when planetesimals small, solid objects formed in the early solar system that may accumulate to become planets condense within a forming star system, they areinevitably made from heavy elements because the more common hydrogen and helium remain gaseous. Thus, planetesimals everywhere should contain the elements needed for life, which means that objects built from planetesimals planets, moons, asteroids, and comets also contain these elements. The nature of solar-system formation explains why Earth contains all the elements needed for life, and it is why we expect these elements to be present on other worlds throughout our solar system, galaxy, and universe.Note that this argument does not change, even if we allow for life very different from life on Earth. Life on Earth is carbon based, and most biologists believe that life elsewhere is likely to be carbon based as well. However, we cannot absolutely rule out the possibility of life with another chemical basis, such as silicon or nitrogen. The set of elements (or their relative proportions) used by life based on some other element might be somewhat different from that used by carbon-based life on Earth. ut the elements are still products of stars and would still be present in planetesimals everywhere. No matter what kinds of life we are looking for, we are likely to find the necessary elements on almost every planet, moon, asteroid, and comet in the universe.somewhat stricter requirement is the presence of these elements in molecules that can be used as ready-made building blocks for life, just as early Earth probably had an organic soup of amino acids and other complex molecules. Earth's organic molecules likely came from some combination of three sources: chemical reactions in the atmosphere, chemical reactions near deep-sea vents in the oceans, and molecules carried to Earth by asteroids and comets. The first two sources can occur only on worlds with atmospheres or oceans, respectively. ut the thirdsource should have brought similar molecules to nearly all worlds in our solar system.Studies of meteorites and comets suggest that organic molecules are widespread among both asteroids and comets. ecause each body in the solar system was repeatedly struck by asteroids and comets during the period known as the heavy bombardment (about 4 billion years ago), each body should have received at least some organic molecules. However, these molecules tend to be destroyed by solar radiation on surfaces unprotected by atmospheres. Moreover, while these molecules might stay intact beneath the surface (as they evidently do on asteroids and comets), they probably cannot react with each other unless some kind of liquid or gas is available to move them about. Thus, if we limit our search to worlds on which organic molecules are likely to be involved in chemical reactions, we can probably rule out any world that lacks both an atmosphere and a surface or subsurface liquid medium, such as water.1►The creation of life requires a set of chemical elements for making the components of cells. Life on Earth uses about 25 of the 92 naturally occurring chemical elements, although just 4 of these elements oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen make up about 96 percent of the mass of living organisms. Thus, a first requirement for life might be the presence of most or all of the elements used by life.►Interestingly, this requirement can probably be met by almost any world. Scientists have determined that all chemical elements in the universe besides hydrogen and helium (and a trace amount of lithium) were produced by stars. These are known as heavy elements because they are heavier thanhydrogen and helium. lthough all of these heavy elements are quite rare compared to hydrogen and helium, they are found just about everywhere.2►Heavy elements are continually being manufactured by stars and released into space by stellar deaths, so their amount compared to hydrogen and helium gradually rises with time. Heavy elements make up about 2 percent of the chemical content (by mass) of our solar system; the other 98 percent is hydrogen and helium. In some very old star systems, which formed before many heavy elements were produced, the heavy-element share may be less than 0.1 percent. Nevertheless, every star system studied has at least some amount of all the elements used by life. Moreover, when planetesimals small, solid objects formed in the early solar system that may accumulate to become planets condense within a forming star system, they are inevitably made from heavy elements because the more common hydrogen and helium remain gaseous. Thus, planetesimals everywhere should contain the elements needed for life, which means that objects built from planetesimals planets, moons, asteroids, and comets also contain these elements. The nature of solar-system formation explains why Earth contains all the elements needed for life, and it is why we expect these elements to be present on other worlds throughout our solar system, galaxy, and universe.3►Heavy elements are continually being manufactured by stars and released into space by stellar deaths, so their amount compared to hydrogen and helium gradually rises with time. Heavy elements make up about 2 percent of the chemicalcontent (by mass) of our solar system; the other 98 percent is hydrogen and helium. In some very old star systems, which formed before many heavy elements were produced, the heavy-element share may be less than 0.1 percent. Nevertheless, every star system studied has at least some amount of all the elements used by life. Moreover, when planetesimals small, solid objects formed in the early solar system that may accumulate to become planets condense within a forming star system, they are inevitably made from heavy elements because the more common hydrogen and helium remain gaseous. Thus, planetesimals everywhere should contain the elements needed for life, which means that objects built from planetesimals planets, moons, asteroids, and comets also contain these elements. The nature of solar-system formation explains why Earth contains all the elements needed for life, and it is why we expect these elements to be present on other worlds throughout our solar system, galaxy, and universe.4►Heavy elements are continually being manufactured by stars and released into space by stellar deaths, so their amount compared to hydrogen and helium gradually rises with time. Heavy elements make up about 2 percent of the chemical content (by mass) of our solar system; the other 98 percent is hydrogen and helium. In some very old star systems, which formed before many heavy elements were produced, the heavy-element share may be less than 0.1 percent. Nevertheless, every star system studied has at least some amount of all the elements used by life. Moreover, when planetesimals small, solid objects formed in the early solar system that may accumulate to become planets condense within a forming star system, they areinevitably made from heavy elements because the more common hydrogen and helium remain gaseous.Thus, planetesimals everywhere should contain the elements needed for life, which means that objects built from planetesimals planets, moons, asteroids, and comets also contain these elements. The nature of solar-system formation explains why Earth contains all the elements needed for life, and it is why we expect these elements to be present on other worlds throughout our solar system, galaxy, and universe.5►Note that this argument does not change, even if we allow for life very different from life on Earth. Life on Earth is carbon based, and most biologists believe that life elsewhere is likely to be carbon based as well. However, we cannot absolutely rule out the possibility of life with another chemical basis, such as silicon or nitrogen. The set of elements (or their relative proportions) used by life based on some other element might be somewhat different from that used by carbon-based life on Earth. ut the elements are still products of stars and would still be present in planetesimals everywhere. No matter what kinds of life we are looking for, we are likely to find the necessary elements on almost every planet, moon, asteroid, and comet in the universe.6►somewhat stricter requirement is the presence of these elements in molecules that can be used as ready-made building blocks for life, just as early Earth probably had an organic soup of amino acids and other complex molecules. Earth's organic molecules likely came from some combination of three sources: chemical reactions in the atmosphere, chemical reactions near deep-sea vents in the oceans, and molecules carried to Earth byasteroids and comets. The first two sources can occur only on worlds with atmospheres or oceans, respectively. ut the third source should have brought similar molecules to nearly all worlds in our solar system.78►Studies of meteorites and comets suggest that organic molecules are widespread among both asteroids and comets. ecause each body in the solar system was repeatedly struck by asteroids and comets during the period known as the heavy bombardment (about 4 billion years ago), each body should have received at least some organic molecules. However, these molecules tend to be destroyed by solar radiation on surfaces unprotected by atmospheres. Moreover, while these molecules might stay intact beneath the surface (as they evidently do on asteroids and comets), they probably cannot react with each other unless some kind of liquid or gas is available to move them about. Thus, if we limit our search to worlds on which organic molecules are likely to be involved in chemical reactions, we can probably rule out any world that lacks both an atmosphere and a surface or subsurface liquid medium, such as water.9⬛The creation of life requires a set of chemical elements for making the components of cells.⬛Life on Earth uses about 25 of the 92 naturally occurring chemical elements, although just 4 of these elements oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen make up about 96 percent of the mass of living organisms. Thus, a first requirement for life might be the presence of most or all of the elements used by life.Interestingly, this requirement can probably be met by almost any world. Scientists have determined that all chemical elements in the universe besides hydrogen and helium (and a trace amount of lithium) were produced by stars. These are known as heavy elements because they are heavier than hydrogen and helium. lthough all of these heavy elements are quite rare compared to hydrogen and helium, they are found just about everywhere.Heavy elements are continually being manufactured by stars and released into space by stellar deaths, so their amount compared to hydrogen and helium gradually rises with time. Heavy elements make up about 2 percent of the chemical content (by mass) of our solar system; the other 98 percent is hydrogen and helium. In some very old star systems, which formed before many heavy elements were produced, the heavy-element share may be less than 0.1 percent. Nevertheless, every star system studied has at least some amount of all the elements used by life. Moreover, when planetesimals small, solid objects formed in the early solar system that may accumulate to become planets condense within a forming star system, they are inevitably made from heavy elements because the more common hydrogen and helium remain gaseous. Thus, planetesimals everywhere should contain the elements needed for life, which means that objects built from planetesimals planets, moons, asteroids, and comets also contain these elements. The nature of solar-system formation explains why Earth contains all the elements needed for life, and it is why we expect these elements to be present on other worlds throughout our solar system, galaxy, and universe.⬛Note that this argument does not change, even if we allowfor life very different from life on Earth.⬛Life on Earth is carbon based, and most biologists believe that life elsewhere is likely to be carbon based as well. However, we cannot absolutely rule out the possibility of life with another chemical basis, such as silicon or nitrogen. The set of elements (or their relative proportions) used by life based on some other element might be somewhat different from that used by carbon-based life on Earth. ut the elements are still products of stars and would still be present in planetesimals everywhere. No matter what kinds of life we are looking for, we are likely to find the necessary elements on almost every planet, moon, asteroid, and comet in the universe.10。
tpo阅读26第2篇第2题
TPO阅读26第2篇第2题题目要求阅读文章后，回答以下问题：The passage suggests that one of the main reasons why the development of means other than whales for producing oil for lamps was slow was primarily that:A、different forms of oil were not as efficient for producing light as whale oilB、manufacturers were not willing to invest in new technologyC、many potential substitutes for whale oil already had established marketsD、the supply of whales was more than sufficient to meet the demand for oil答案解析该题询问了为什么除鲸外的其他生产石油灯台的方法发展缓慢的原因。
文章提到，尽管有其他可用的灯油替代品，但它们一直没有能够与鲸油竞争。
所以，推断出正确答案是A：不同的油形式并不像鲸油那样高效产生光亮。
正文解析本文主要介绍了在19世纪的时候，随着人们使用油灯以及精心设计的灯泡技术，石油作为照明燃料逐渐开始取代鲸油。
然而，正如题目所指的，为什么石油取代鲸油的发展比较缓慢呢？本文将详细分析出发点并回答此问题。
第一段：文章首先介绍了鲸油在照明领域的重要性以及随着灯泡技术发展，人们开始探索其他燃料的目的。
然后，文章指出鲸油独一无二的属性，这些属性使其在照明方面具有重要意义。
例如，鲸油有独特的鲸蜡，这使得它的燃烧时间更长，并且产生更亮的光。
这使得鲸油成为照明领域的首选燃料。
第二段：然而，随着时间的推移，鲸油供应的问题逐渐浮出水面。
27日托福阅读考试真题回忆及解析
27日托福阅读考试真题回忆及解析2月27日的托福阅读考试虽已结束，但随之而来的3月份的考试马上就要开始，不知道参加这次考试的诸位是否做好迎战准备了呢?为了给诸位备考生出一份力，小编特意准备了2016年2月27日的托福阅读真题及解析，希望可以对大家有所帮助!更多托福阅读机经，尽在天道教育!托福真题回顾是记录每次考试的路标，每次的托福考试都会有题目是重复之前考试的原题，所以，大家可以通过分析考过的题目，来提高自己的托福成绩。
2月27日的托福阅读考试结束了，小编准备了当天的托福阅读真题。
正在备考的大家快来看一下。
希望接下来的托福阅读机经可以帮到大家!第一篇：印刷术的发展Printing的发展源于两方面：paper production和manuscripts。
造纸术由中国经阿拉伯传到欧洲。
纸张的制造含有更大的价值，却也使得纸张更加便宜。
后面讲了纸张制作的方法，之后讲了这个技术传到了德国，法兰克福成为一个有名的book fair。
活字印刷术对知识传播与交流发挥着重要的作用。
第二篇：海洋和大气的形成地球的atmosphere和ocean的形成原因，内外两部分因素：outgassing(诸如火山喷发)和岩石遇热后流出的水分;彗星撞击地球带来的物质。
第一段主要是引题，之前地球基本是液体，后来慢慢固化。
然后说海洋和大气层可能是一起形成的，但是有反驳观点说温度太高。
后来又说整个水的循环大概一百万年循环一次，地下水其实比海洋水要多。
最后一段说的是会有地下水慢慢出来变成海洋水，但是科学家并不知道到底地下水有没有循环过。
第三篇：大型动物的灭绝动物灭绝率高有两个可能的因素：第一点说可能是因为气候的变化，但是有反驳说有的动物都能迁徙到适合的地方，为什么有的就没走呢?举了一个例子;第二点说可能是人类的捕杀，但是有证据表明人类比较少啊居住也很分散，而且大多证据都是小型动物没有大型动物，也举了个例子。
最后一段就是比较经典的说其实可能两种因素都有，综合考虑可能是共同作用的结果。
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为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO27阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
The Formation of Volcanic I Earth’s surface is not made up of a single sheetof rock that forms a crust but rather a number of“tectonic plates”that fit closely,like the pieces of agiant jigsaw puzzle.Some plates carry islands orcontinents others form the seafloor.All are slowly moving because the plates float on a densersemi-liquid mantle,the layer between the crust and Earth’s core.The plates have edges thatare spreading ridges(where two plates are moving apart and new seafloor is being created),subduction zones(where two plates collide and one plunges beneath the other),or transformfaults(where two plates neither converge nor diverge but merely move past one another).Itis at the boundaries between plates that most of Earth’s volcanism and earthquake activityoccur. 地球的外壳并不是由单块岩石形成的，而是许多的“构造板块”严密的组合在一起的，就像是一个巨大的拼图。
一些板块承载着岛屿或是大陆，其它的则形成海底。
所有板块都在缓慢移动，因为它们都漂浮在密度更大的半液态的介于地壳和地核之间的地幔上。
板块的边缘是扩张脊(两个板块分离，新的海底形成的地方)，俯冲带(两板块碰撞，一个倾入到另一个下面)，或者是形成断层(两板块既不聚集也不分散，但只是互相错位)。
板块边界是地球上的火山和地震的高发地。
Generally speaking,the interiors of plates are geologically uneventful.However,there areexceptions.A glance at a map of the Pacific Ocean reveals that there are many islands far outat sea that are actually volcanoes----many no longer active,some overgrown with coral----thatoriginated from activity at points in the interior of the Pacific Plate that forms the Pacificseafloor. 一般地，板块内部在地质上是平静的，但也有例外。
扫一眼太平洋的地图就知道那里有许多在大海深处的岛屿，它们其实都是火山，其中有许多已经不活动了，一些长满了珊瑚。
这些火山都起源于当时太平洋板块内部一些部位在形成太平洋海底时的地质活动。
How can volcanic activity occur so far from a plate boundary?The Hawaiian Islandsprovide a very instructive answer.Like many other island groups,they form a chain.TheHawaiian Islands Chain extends northwest from the island of Hawaii.In the 1840s Americangeologist James Daly observed that the different Hawaii islands seem to share a similar geologicevolution but are progressively more eroded,and therefore probable older,toward thenorthwest.Then in 1963,in the early days of the development of the theory of plate tectonics.Canadian geophysicist Tuzo Wilson realized that this age progression could result if the islandswere formed on a surface plate moving over a fixed volcanic source in the interior.Wilsonsuggested that the long chain of volcanoes stretching northwest from Hawaii is simply thesurface expression of a long-lived volcanic source located beneath the tectonic plate in themantle.Today’s mostnorthwest island would have been the first to form.They as the platemoved slowly northwest,new volcanic islands would have forms as the plate moved over thevolcanic source.The most recent island,Hawaii,would be at the end of the chain and is nowover the volcanic source. 为什么火山活动发生在离板块边缘这么远的地方呢?夏威夷群岛提供了一个非常有启发性的答案。
就像其它的群岛一样，它们形成了一个岛链。
夏威夷群岛链从夏威夷岛向西北扩张。
在十八世纪40年代，地质学家James Daly观察到不同的夏威夷岛屿看起来经历了相似的演变过程，但它们所受腐蚀一个比一个严重，所以越往西北方向的岛屿形成时间可能越早。
1963年，在大陆板块理论的早期，加拿大的地质学家Tuzo Wilson意识到岛屿年龄的增加可能是因为这些岛屿是板块表面从一个板块内部的固定火山源上方移动的结果。
Wilson解释说，夏威夷向西北延伸的火山长链只是一个长期存于板块下、地幔中的火山源在板块表面的表现。
现今最靠西北的岛屿可能是最先形成的。
它们随着板块向西北移动。
新的火山会随着板块的移动在火山源处形成。
最年轻的岛屿，夏威夷岛，应该是在岛链的末端，现在应该在火山源上。
Although this idea was not immediately accepted,the dating of lavas in the Hawaii(andother)chains showed that their ages increase away from the presently active volcano,just asDaly had suggested.Wilson’s analysis of these data is now a central part of plate tectonics.Most volcanoes that occur in the interiors of plates are believed to be produced by mantleplumes,columns of molten rock that rise from deep within the mantle.A volcano remains anactive“hot spot”as long as it is over the plume.The plumes apparently originate at greatdepths,perhaps as deep as the boundary between the core and the mantle,and many havebeen active for a very long time.The oldest volcanoes in the Hawaii hot-spot trail have agesclose to 80 million years.Other islands,including Tahiti and Easter Islands in the pacific,Reunion and Mauritius in the India Ocean,and indeed most of the large islands in the world’soceans,owe their existence to mantle plumes. 虽然这个理论并没有被很快接受，夏威夷和其它群岛岩浆的年龄测试表明了它们的年龄都从活跃的火山开始依次增加，正如Daly所说。
Wilson对数据的分析已经成为了板块构造论的核心部分。
大多的发生在板块内部的火山爆发都是由地幔柱造成的;地幔柱是从地幔深处涌出的熔岩柱体。
只要火山在一个地幔柱上面，它就是一个活动的“热点”。
地幔柱很显然是起源于很深的地方，很可能位于地核和地幔的交界处，并且已经活跃了很久。
由夏威夷热点形成的最老的火山已经有近8千万年的时间了。
其它的岛屿，包括太平洋的塔希提岛和东部群岛，印度洋留尼汪岛和毛里求斯群岛，实际上，多数世界上大洋中大岛都是由地幔柱的扩展形成的。
The oceanic volcanic islands and their hot-spot trails are thus especially useful forgeologist because they record the past locations of the plate over a fixed source.They thereforepermit the reconstruction of the process of seafloor spreading,and consequently of thegeography of continents and of ocean basins in the past.For example,given the currentposition of the Pacific Plate,Hawaii is above the Pacific Ocean hot spot.So the position of ThePacific Plate 50 million years ago can be determined by moving it such that a 50-million-year-oil volcano in the hot-spot。