建筑电气文献及外文翻译
建筑电气外文文献
Increasing an individual’s quality of life via theirintelligent homeThe hypothesis of this project is: can an individual’s quality of life be increased by integrating ‚intelligent technology‛ into their home environment. This hypothesis is very broad, and hence the researchers will investigate it with regard to various, potentially over-lapping, sub-sections of the population. In particular, the project will focus on sub-sections with health-care needs, because it is believed that these sub-sections will receive the greatest benefit from this enhanced approach to housing. Two research questions flow from this hypothesis: what are the health-care issues that could be improved via ‚intelligent housing‛, and what are the technological issues needing to be solved to allow ‚intelligent housing‛ to be constructed? While a small number of initiatives exist, outside Canada, which claim to investigate this area, none has the global vision of this area. Work tends to be in small areas with only a limited idea of how the individual pieces contribute towards a greater goal. This project has a very strong sense of what it is trying to attempt, and believes that without this global direction the other initiatives will fail to address the large important issues described within various parts of this proposal, and that with the correct global direction the sum of the parts will produce much greater rewards than the individual components. This new field has many parallels with the fieldof business process engineering, where many products fail due to only considering a sub-set of the issues, typically the technology subset. Successful projects and implementations only started flow when people started to realize that a holistic approach was essential. This holistic requirement also applies to the field of ‚smart housing‛; if we genuinely want it to have benefit to the community rather than just technological interest. Having said this, much of the work outlined below is extremely important and contains a great deal of novelty within their individual topics.Health-Care and Supportive housing：To date, there has been little coordinated research on how ‚smart house‛ technologies can assist frail seniors in remaining at home, and/or reduce the costs experienced by their informal caregivers. Thus, the purpose of the proposed research is to determine the usefulness of a variety of residential technologies in helping seniors maintain their independence and in helping caregivers sustain their caring activities.The overall design of the research is to focus on two groups of seniors. The first is seniors who are being discharged from an acute care setting with the potential for reduced ability to remain independent. An example is seniors who have had hip replacement surgery. This group may benefit from technologies that would help them become adapted to their reduced mobility. The second is seniors who have a chronic health problem suchas dementia and who are receiving assistance from an informal caregiver living at a distance. Informal caregivers living at a distance from the cared-for senior are at high risk of caregiver burnout. Monitoring the cared-for senior for health and safety is one of the important tasks done by such caregivers. Devices such as floor sensors (to determine whether the senior has fallen) and access controls to ensure safety from intruders or to indicate elopement by a senior with dementia could reduce caregiver time spent commuting to monitor the senior.For both samples, trials would consist of extended periods of residence within the ‘smart house’. Samples of seniors being discharged from acute care would be recruited from acute care hospitals. Samples of seniors being cared for by informal caregivers at a distance could be recruited through dementia diagnosis clinics or through request from caregivers for respite.Limited amounts of clinical and health service research has been conducted upon seniors (with complex health problems) in controlled environments such as that represented by the ‚smart house‛. For example, it is known that night vision of the aged is poor but there is very little information regarding the optimum level of lighting after wakening or for night activities. Falling is a major issue for older persons; and it results in injuries, disabilities and additional health care costs. For those with dementing illnesses, safety is the key issue during performanceof the activities of daily living (ADL). It is vital for us to be able to monitor where patients would fall during ADL. Patients and caregivers activities would be monitored and data will be collected in the following conditions.Projects would concentrate on sub-populations, with a view to collecting scientific data about their conditions and the impact of technology upon their life styles. For example:-Persons with stable chronic disability following a stroke and their caregivers: to research optimum models, types and location of various sensors for such patients (these patients may have neglect, hemiplegia, aphasia and judgment problems); to research pattern of movements during the ambulation, use of wheel chairs or canes on various type of floor material; to research caregivers support through e-health technology; to monitor frequencies and location of the falls; to evaluate the value of smart appliances for stroke patients and caregivers; to evaluate information and communication technology set up for Tele-homecare; to evaluate technology interface for Tele-homecare staff and clients; to evaluate the most effective way of lighting the various part of the house; to modify or develop new technology to enhance comfort and convenience of stroke patients and caregivers; to evaluate the value of surveillance systems in assisting caregivers.- Persons with Alzheimer’s disease and their caregivers: to evaluate theeffect of smart house (unfamiliar environment) on their ability to conduct self-care with and without prompting; to evaluate their ability to use unfamiliar equipment in the smart house; to evaluate and monitor persons with Alzheimer’s disease movement pattern; to evaluate and monitor falls or wandering; to evaluate the type and model of sensors to monitor patients; to evaluate the effect of wall color for patients and care givers; to evaluate the value of proper lighting.Technology - Ubiquitous Computing：The ubiquitous computing infrastructure is viewed as the backbone of the ‚intelligence‛ within the house. In common with all ubiquitous computing systems, the primary components with this system will be: the array of sensors, the communication infrastructure and the software control (based upon software agents) infrastructure. Again, it is considered essential that this topic is investigated holistically. Sensor design: The focus of research here will be development of (micro)-sensors and sensor arrays using smart materials, e.g. piezoelectric materials, magneto strictive materials and shape memory alloys (SMAs). In particular, SMAs are a class of smart materials that are attractive candidates for sensing and actuating applications primarily because of their extraordinarily high work output/volume ratio compared to other smart materials. SMAs undergo a solid-solid phase transformation when subjected to an appropriate regime of mechanical andthermal load, resulting in a macroscopic change in dimensions and shape; this change is recoverable by reversing the thermo mechanical loading and is known as a one-way shape memory effect. Due to this material feature, SMAs can be used as both a sensor and an actuator. A very recent development is an effort to incorporate SMAs in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) so that these materials can be used as integral parts of micro-sensors and actuators.MEMS are an area of activity where some of the technology is mature enough for possible commercial applications to emerge. Some examples are micro-chemical analyzers, humidity and pressure sensors, MEMS for flow control, synthetic jet actuators and optical MEMS (for the next generation internet). Incorporating SMAs in MEMS is a relatively new effort in the research community; to the best of our knowledge, only one group (Prof. Greg Carman, Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles) has successfully demonstrated the dynamic properties of SMA-based MEMS. Here, the focus will be to harness the sensing and actuation capabilities of smart materials to design and fabricate useful and economically viable micro-sensors and actuators.Communications: Construction and use of an ‚intelligent house‛ offers extensive opportunities to analyze and verify the operation of wireless and wired home-based communication services. While some of these are already widely explored, many of the issues have received little or noattention. It is proposed to investigate the following issues:-Measurement of channel statistics in a residential environment: knowledge of the indoor wireless channel statistics is critical for enabling the design of efficient transmitters and receivers, as well as determining appropriate levels of signal power, data transfer rates, modulation techniques, and error control codes for the wireless links.Interference, channel distortion, and spectral limitations that arises as a result of equipment for the disabled (wheelchairs, IV stands, monitoring equipment, etc.) is of particular interest.-Design, analysis, and verification of enhanced antennas for indoor wireless communications. Indoor wireless communications present the need for compact and rugged antennas. New antenna designs, optimized for desired data rates, frequency of operation, and spatial requirements, could be considered.-Verification and analysis of operation of indoor wireless networks: wireless networking standards for home automation have recently been commercialized. Integration of one or more of these systems into the smart house would provide the opportunity to verify the operation of these systems, examine their limitations, and determine whether the standards are over-designed to meet typical requirements.-Determination of effective communications wiring plans for ‚smart homes.‛: there exist performance/cost tradeoffs regarding wired andwireless infrastructure. Measurement and analysis of various wireless network configurations will allow for determination of appropriate network designs.-Consideration of coordinating indoor communication systems with larger-scale communication systems: indoor wireless networks are local to the vicinity of the residence. There exist broader-scale networks, such as the cellular telephone network, fixed wireless networks, and satellite-based communication networks. The viability and usefulness of compatibility between these services for the purposes of health-care monitoring, the tracking of dementia patients, etc needs to be considered.Software Agents and their Engineering: An embedded-agent can be considered the equivalent of supplying a friendly expert with a product. Embedded-agents for Intelligent Buildings pose a number of challenges both at the level of the design methodology as well as the resulting detailed implementation. Projects in this area will include：-Architectures for large-scale agent systems for human inhabited environment: successful deployment of agent technology in residential/extended care environments requires the design of new architectures for these systems. A suitable architecture should be simple and flexible to provide efficient agent operation in real time.At the same time, it should be hierarchical and rigid to allowenforcement of rules and restrictions ensuring safety of the inhabitants of the building system. These contradictory requirements have to be resolved by designing a new architecture that will be shared by all agents in the system.-Robust Decision and Control Structures for Learning Agents: to achieve life-long learning abilities, the agents need to be equipped with powerful mechanisms for learning and adaptation. Isolated use of some traditional learning systems is not possible due to high-expected lifespan of these agents. We intend to develop hybrid learning systems combining several learning and representation techniques in an emergent fashion. Such systems will apply different approaches based on their own maturity and on the amount of change necessary to adapt to a new situation or learn new behaviors. To cope with high levels of non-determinism (from such sources as interaction with unpredictable human users), robust behaviors will be designed and implemented capable of dealing with different types of uncertainty(e.g. probabilistic and fuzzy uncertainty) using advanced techniquesfor sensory and data fusion, and inference mechanisms based on techniques of computational intelligence.-Automatic modeling of real-world objects, including individual householders: The problems here are: ‚the locating and extracting‛of information essential for representation of personality and habitsof an individual; development of systems that ‚follow and adopt to‛individual’s mood and behavior. The solutions, based on data mining and evolutionary techniques, will utilize: (1) clustering methods, classification tress and association discovery techniques for the classification and partition of important relationships among different attributes for various features belonging to an individual, this is an essential element in finding behavioral patterns of an individual; and (2) neuro-fuzzy and rule-based systems with learning and adaptation capabilities used to develop models of an individual’s characteristics, this is essential for estimation and prediction of potential activities and forward planning.-Investigation of framework characteristics for ubiquitous computing: Consider distributed and internet-based systems, which perhaps have the most in common with ubiquitous computing, here again, the largest impact is not from specific software engineering processes, but is from available software frameworks or ‘toolkits’, which allow the rapid construction and deployment of many of the systems in these areas.Hence, it is proposed that the construction of the ubiquitous computing infrastructure for the ‚smart house‛ should also be utilized as a software engineering study. Researchers would start by visiting the few genuine ubiquitous computing systems in existence today, to try to build up an initial picture of the functionality of the framework.(This approach has obviously parallels with the approach of Gamma, Helm, Johnson and Vlissides deployed for their groundbreaking work on ‚design patterns‛. Unfortunately, in comparison to their work, the sample size here will be extremely small, and hence, additional work will be required to produce reliable answers.) This initial framework will subsequently be used as the basis of the smart house’s software system. Undoubtedly, this initial framework will substantially evolve during the construction of the system, as the requirements of ubiquitous computing environment unfold. It is believed that such close involvement in the construction of a system is a necessary component in producing a truly useful and reliable artifact. By the end of the construction phase, it is expected to produce a stable framework, which can demonstrate that a large number of essential characteristics (or patterns) have been found for ubiquitous computing.-Validation and Verification (V&V) issues for ubiquitous computing: it is hoped that the house will provide a test-bed for investigating validation and verification (V&V) issues for ubiquitous computing. The house will be used as an assessment vehicle to determine which, if any, V&V techniques, tools or approaches are useful within this environment.Further, it is planned to make this trial facility available to researchers worldwide to increase the use of this vehicle. In thelong-term, it is expected that the facilities offered by this infrastructure will evolve into an internationally recognized ‚benchmarking‛ site for V&V activities in ubiquitous computing. Other technological areas：The project also plans to investigate a number of additional areas, such as lighting systems, security systems, heating, ventilation and air conditioning, etc. For example, with regard to energy efficiency, the project currently anticipates undertaking two studies:-The Determination of the effectiveness of insulating shutters: Exterior insulating shutters over time are not effective because of sealing problems. Interior shutters are superior and could be used to help reduce heat losses. However, their movement and positioning needs appropriate control to prevent window breakage due to thermal shock. The initiation of an opening or closing cycle would be based on measured exterior light levels; current internal heating levels;current and expected use of the house by the current inhabitants, etc. - A comparison of energy generation alternatives: The energy use patterns can easily be monitored by instrumenting each appliance.Natural gas and electricity are natural choices for the main energy supply. The conversion of the chemical energy in the fuel to heat space and warm water can be done by conventional means or by use ofa total energy system such as a Volvo Penta system. With this system,the fuel is used to power a small internal combustion engine, which in turn drives a generator for electrical energy production. Waste heat from the coolant and the exhaust are used to heat water for domestic use and space heating. Excess electricity is fed back into the power grid or stored in batteries. At a future date, it is planned to substitute a fuel cell for the total energy system allowing for a direct comparison of the performance of two advanced systems.。
电气工程及其自动化专业外文文献英文文献外文翻译方面
1、 外文原文（复印件）A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerT h e sin gle -ch ip mi c ro co m p u t e r is t h e cu lm in at io n of b ot h t h e d e ve lo p me nt of t h e d ig ita l co m p u t e r a n d t h e i nte g rated c ircu it a rgu ab l y t h e to w mo st s ign if i cant i nve nt i o n s of t h e 20t h c e nt u ry [1].T h ese to w t yp e s of arch ite ct u re are fo u n d in s in gle -ch ip m i cro co m p u te r. S o m e e mp l oy t h e sp l it p ro gra m /d at a m e m o r y of t h e H a r va rd arch ite ct u re , s h o wn in -5A , ot h e rs fo l lo w t h e p h i lo so p hy, wid e l y ad a p ted fo r ge n e ral -p u rp o se co m p u te rs an d m i cro p ro ce ss o rs , of m a kin g n o l o g i ca l d i st in ct i o n b et we e n p ro gra m an d d ata m e m o r y as in t h e P rin c eto n a rch ite ct u re , sh o wn in -5A.In ge n e ra l te r m s a s in g le -ch ip m ic ro co m p u t e r is ch a ra cte r ized b y t h e in co r p o rat io n of all t h e u n its of a co mp u te r into a s in gle d e vi ce , as s h o w n in F i g3-5A-3.-5A-1A Harvard type-5A. A conventional Princeton computerProgrammemory Datamemory CPU Input& Output unitmemoryCPU Input& Output unitResetInterruptsPowerFig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM).RO M is u su a l l y fo r t h e p e r m an e nt , n o n -vo lat i le sto rage of an ap p l i cat io n s p ro g ram .M a ny m i c ro co m p u te rs a n d m i cro co nt ro l le rs are inte n d ed fo r h i gh -vo lu m e ap p l i cat io n s a n d h e n ce t h e e co n o m i cal man u fa c t u re of t h e d e vi ces re q u ires t h at t h e co nt e nts of t h e p ro gra m me mo r y b e co mm i ed p e r m a n e nt l y d u r in g t h e m a n u fa ct u re of c h ip s . C lea rl y, t h i s imp l ies a r i go ro u s ap p ro a ch to ROM co d e d e ve lo p m e nt s in ce ch an ges can n o t b e mad e af te r m an u fa ct u re .T h i s d e ve l o p m e nt p ro ces s m ay i nvo l ve e mu l at i o n u sin g a so p h ist icated d e ve lo p m e nt syste m wit h a h ard wa re e mu l at i o n capab i l it y as we ll as t h e u s e of p o we rf u l sof t war e to o l s.So m e m an u fa ct u re rs p ro vi d e ad d it i o n a l ROM o p t io n s b y in clu d in g in t h e i r ran ge d e v ic es w it h (o r inte n d ed fo r u s e wit h ) u se r p ro g ram m a b le m e mo r y. T h e s im p lest of t h e se i s u su a l l y d e v i ce wh i ch can o p e rat e in a m i cro p ro ce s so r mo d e b y u s in g s o m e of t h e in p u t /o u t p u t l in es as an ad d res s a n d d ata b u s fo r a cc es sin g exte rn a l m e m o r y. T h is t yp e o f d e vi ce can b e h ave f u n ct i o n al l y as t h e s in gle ch ip m i cro co m p u t e r f ro m wh i ch it i s d e ri ved a lb e it wit h re st r icted I/O an d a m o d if ied exte rn a l c ircu it. T h e u s e of t h e se RO M le ss d e vi ces i s co mmo n e ve n in p ro d u ct io n circu i ts wh e re t h e vo lu m e d o e s n ot ju st if y t h e d e ve lo p m e nt co sts of cu sto m o n -ch ip ROM [2];t h e re ca n st i ll b e a si gn if i cant sav in g in I/O an d o t h e r ch ip s co m pared to a External Timing components System clock Timer/ Counter Serial I/O Prarallel I/O RAM ROMCPUco nve nt io n al m i c ro p ro ces so r b ased circ u it. M o re exa ct re p l a ce m e nt fo rRO M d e v ice s can b e o b tain ed in t h e fo rm of va ria nts w it h 'p i g g y-b a c k'E P ROM(E rasab le p ro gramm ab le ROM )s o cket s o r d e v ice s w it h E P ROMin stead of ROM 。
建筑英文文献及翻译
建筑英文文献及翻译第一篇：建筑英文文献及翻译外文原文出处: NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, 2009, Increasing Seismic Safety by Combining Engineering Technologies and Seismological Data, Pages 147-149动力性能对建筑物的破坏引言：建筑物在地震的作用下，和一些薄弱的建筑结构中，动力学性能扮演了一个很重要的角色。
特别是要满足最基本的震动周期，无论是在设计的新建筑，或者是评估已经有的建筑，使他们可以了解地震的影响。
许多标准(例如：欧标，2003；欧标，2006)，建议用简单的表达式来表达一个建筑物的高度和他的基本周期。
这样的表达式被牢记在心，得出标定设计(高尔和乔谱拉人，1997)，从而人为的低估了标准周期。
因为这个原因，他们通常提供比较低的设计标准当与那些把设计基础标准牢记在心的人(例：乔普拉本和高尔，2000)。
当后者从已进行仔细建立的数字模型中得到数值(例：克劳利普和皮诺，2004；普里斯特利权威，2007)。
当数字估计与周围震动测量的实验结果相比较，有大的差异，提供非常低的周期标准(例：纳瓦洛苏达权威，2004)。
一个概述不同的方式比较确切的结果刊登在马西和马里奥(2008)；另外，一个高级的表达式来指定更有说服力的坚固建筑类型，提出了更加准确的结构参数表(建筑高度，开裂，空隙填实，等等)。
联系基础和上层建筑的震动周期可能发生共振的效果。
这个原因对于他们的振动，可能建筑物和土地在非线性运动下受到到破坏，这个必须被重视。
通常，结构工程师和岩土工程师有不同的观点在共振作用和一些变化的地震活动。
结构工程师们认为尽管建筑物和土壤的自振周期和地震周期都非常的接近。
但对于建筑物周期而言，到底是因为结构还是非结构造成的破坏提出了疑问。
电气外文文献-翻译
Circuit breaker断路器Compressed air circuit breaker is a mechanical switch equipment, can be i 空气压缩断路器是一种机械开关设备，能够在n normal and special conditions breaking current (such as short circuit cur 正常和特殊情况下开断电流（比如说短路电流）。
rent). For example, air circuit breaker, oil circuit breaker, interference circ 例如空气断路器、油断路器，干扰电路的导体uit conductor for the application of the safety and reliability of the circuit 干扰电路的导体因该安全可靠的应用于其中，breaker, current in arc from is usually divided into the following grades: a 电流断路器按灭弧远离通常被分为如下等级：ir switch circuit breaker, oil circuit breaker, less oil circuit breaker, compr 空气开关断路器、油断路器、少油断路器、压缩空essed air circuit breaker, a degaussing of isolating switch, six sulfur hexaf 气断路器、具有消磁性质的隔离开关、六氟luoride circuit breaker and vacuum breaker. Their parameters of voltage, 化硫断路器和真空断路器。
他们的参数有电压等级、current, insulation level of breaking capacity, instantaneous voltage off ti 开断容量的电流、绝缘等级开断时间的瞬时电压恢复和me of recovery and a bombing. Breaker plate usually include: 1 the maxi 轰炸时间。
电气工程的外文文献(及翻译)
电气工程的外文文献(及翻译)文献一：Electric power consumption prediction model based on grey theory optimized by genetic algorithms本文介绍了一种基于混合灰色理论与遗传算法优化的电力消耗预测模型。
该模型使用时间序列数据来建立模型，并使用灰色理论来解决数据的不确定性问题。
通过遗传算法的优化，模型能够更好地预测电力消耗，并取得了优异的预测结果。
此模型可以在大规模电力网络中使用，并具有较高的可行性和可靠性。
文献二：Intelligent control for energy-efficient operation of electric motors本文研究了一种智能控制方法，用于电动机的节能运行。
该方法提供了一种更高效的控制策略，使电动机能够在不同负载条件下以较低的功率运行。
该智能控制使用模糊逻辑方法来确定最佳的控制参数，并使用遗传算法来优化参数。
实验结果表明，该智能控制方法可以显著降低电动机的能耗，节省电能。
文献三：Fault diagnosis system for power transformers based on dissolved gas analysis本文介绍了一种基于溶解气体分析的电力变压器故障诊断系统。
通过对变压器油中的气体样品进行分析，可以检测和诊断变压器内部存在的故障类型。
该系统使用人工神经网络模型来对气体分析数据进行处理和分类。
实验结果表明，该系统可以准确地检测和诊断变压器的故障，并有助于实现有效的维护和管理。
文献四：Power quality improvement using series active filter based on iterative learning control technique本文研究了一种基于迭代研究控制技术的串联有源滤波器用于电能质量改善的方法。
建筑电气英文原文
Building ElectricalElectrical construction including two strong design elements include : a part of the transformation and distribution system. power and lighting systems, mine grounding system.In general, building key changeElectrical construction including two strong design elements include : a part of the transformation and distribution system. power and lighting systems, mine grounding system.In general, building key changes include : high-voltage and low-voltage distribution systems, transformers, standby power system. power systems including power distribution and control; indoor and outdoor lighting system include all types of lighting; Lightning Protection System including mine waves penetrated, lightning sensors, grounded,equipotential bonding and local equipotential bonding. Auxiliary equipotential bonding and so on. In such a short span of 20 years, the system has undergone enormous changes in technology and products. Many of the design concept has also undergone tremendous changes. Swichgear such as high pressure system, the first circuit breaker to the oil circuit breakers. After the progressive development of the oil circuit breakers, is not only large in size, but did not fire. Swichgear are larger allocation, we must also set up independently in heir own rooms, occupied a lot of the construction area. Now a vacuum circuit breaker andSF6 circuit breakers, is not only small size but also high-capacity short-circuit. enclosure size is a lot smaller than the original cabinets, circuit breakers without any oil, fire performance greatly improved. with a total of home and other low-voltage equipment in a room, saving both space and convenience of management. The large volume of low-voltage circuit breaker from the past, the development of small to large short-circuit current capacity, the ability to continue to score small in size, stable, which makes the system more secure and reliable, and designed to bring the convenience. Intelligent direction toward another recent low voltage circuit breaker, breaker various parameters can be controlled through the bus industry, Signals transmitted to the computer directly.The emergence of dry-type transformers, electrical design for the building posed a great convenience, Because there is no possibility of transformer oil spills and fires, so that it can be easily installed in the building itself, even go directly to the load center. It also eliminated restrictions on capacity building in the transformer oil, building greater capacity for dry-type transformers can be used. In the designs of the project, on the application of four Taiwan2500kVA dry-type transformers.Used emergency power generators, from the performance and size perspective,there is a lot of progress than in the past. In addition to the use of diesel generators works, as emergency lighting, we use EPS. Allowing a millisecond interruption in the supply of equipment, we can useUPS. Power equipment controlled from a single control to the control relay. Apart from the better performance of various components that are smaller in size and so reduce the volume control box, As a result of the digital technology is more controlled and controlled state control equipment at its best. further the energy saving effect.Lighting Project is a single source from the past, light lamps and the low efficiency of state toward even broader prospects. The light source used in the building are a number of varieties to choose from, toward a luminous efficiency of light, light color, develop in the direction of high color-rendering index, and lampshave been continuously improved its efficiency and allocation-form so that the application of different occasions.for example, the fluorescent lamp ballasts Inductance ballasts from the ordinary inductance ballasts to energy-saving electronic ballasts. but also against the size of the harmonic components, to produce low harmonic electronic ballasts. Many technologies, accessories and lamps, can satisfy the design and design options, and fully meet the varied architecture, Lighting requirements for the various sites. Regardless of the lighting or indoor decorative lighting.Whether or road lighting and outdoor courtyard of the building of light illumination, all of the show lighting technology to the development of the architectural lighting benefits and convenience.Another design used in electrical devices and other equipment, such as co-switching power supply switch of mutual investment. from the traditional production of specialized products,in addition to the conventional power switching meet, also a dual power supply can meet each other electronic equipment investment, greatly increasing the reliability and continuity of supply.Electric power supply cables and wires is widely used products. Look past the wire and cable samples, the species is scarce, and now, introducing various cable, From ordinary to the flame-retardant PVC cables, fire resistance, Low-smoke halogen-free cable-radiation environment; Insulation materials to the mineral insulated from the ordinary; Bus Bus closed to regular insulation, pre-cable, etc. branches. Electrical construction of these technologies are safe, reliable, convenient, providing an effective environmental protection.Targeting special needs of the construction of distribution, some new device has been widely applied. For example, large hospital operating room medical establishments leakage protection, residual current monitoring system.The development of the technology for strong, and it is obvious to the engineering and technical personnel, as well as our own experience. Such a great development for China's construction of electrical construction and laying a good foundation also created the conditions for the construction of safe use of electricityAlong with the deepening of building intelligent technology applications, some of theequipment or system control, The control system has gradually become a professional monitor, and open its construction equipment monitoring and control system communication protocol. reach of the Internet and communications systems. Buildings such as the automatic power control system, using field bus technology data acquisition and processing, centralized control Variable distribution system to reach the remote monitoring, remote control that remote control and remote, unmanned substation achieve. Continuous collection and analysis systems, the necessary advice or warning is given in advance to facilitate the safe operation of the system. Automatic power control system using computer technology, information technology, control technology, sensor technology, communications networking technology,Power electronics technologies, it can basically replace the traditional secondary loop is the wiring simple, reliable performance and easy maintenance. Meanwhile, the energy consumption of buildings in the second major energy-efficient lighting control system will also be paying. professional lighting control systems have been widely used inmany buildings. Lighting control from a single real-time sensors to control the timing control,reduced-control development. In addition, scene control, remote control, and control a variety of flexible control of the scene, to achieve the maximum energy, while also achieving a comfortable lighting systems, functional and humane For example, the late 1980s "compiled by the architectural design of fire safety regulations," GBJl6-87; 1990s, the "civil Lighting Design Standards" GBJl33-90; JGJ/16-92;"civil Electrical Design Standards" "Lighting design standards of industrial enterprises"GB50034-92; "Architectural Design Standards" GB50045-95; "Supply and Distribution System Design Standards" GB50052-95; "l0kV substation design and below" GB50053-94;"Low Voltage Distribution Design Standards" GB50054-95; "Universal design of electricity distribution equipment," GB50055-93; GB50057-94 "Building mine design," and so on. To be followed by the construction of electrical design basis for the construction of electrical taken as olid step toward standardizationIntelligent technology is only a means of building is equipped with intelligent functions,stressing efficiency, low energy consumption. Cleaner, in the true realization of people-centered, under the premise of achieving energy conservation, enhance building's function, protection of the environment and sustainable development goals. Building the implementation of sustainable development from a strategic perspective, ecosystem, emphasis on environmental protection. Sustainable development is an eternal theme. Through years of practice, in a rational and pragmatic attitude, from the actual needs, and practical application of the standards, not blindly follow the one-sided pursuit of a comprehensive and advanced intelligent systems, but technically ahead. The design also done a reasonable investment, the use of different functions. investment and management requirements of the specificsituation,identify advanced, reliability, Economic rationality and the optimal point of this concept now has become the intelligent building industry consensus. Building Intelligent technology,which will enable the construction of all colleges and universities have opened up this technology corresponding professional courses and the development of relevant professional students.Intelligent Building Technology include : construction equipment automatic control system, security system, the car park management system, automatic fire alarm and fire system that communications and computer network systems, integrated wiring system,broadcasting system, cable systems, video conferencing systems and the number of meetings，more than 10 sub-system integration. The first independent from the domestic building intelligent technology to the development of systems integration subsystem.(1)Construction equipment monitoring technology 20th century mainly concentrated monitoring of the 1980s, due to poor reliability, speed slow After the 1990s has been rarely used, and have been replaced by the Distributed Control. In the late 1990s, as computer technology, control technology, network and communications technology development and integration, Monitoring construction equipment technology has been developing rapidly(2)security technology Safety precautions, including CCTV, intrusion alarm, access control (doors), patrolling,cuts more perimeter defense and othersubsystems. Security systems from the initial subsystem independent of each other, to present the linkage between the various subsystems.greatly increased the tight security, reliability and real-time for the people's work, studying and living with a security guarantee. CCTV Surveillance System from analog to digital direction of the past, size of the entire security system is also moving system, digital,integrated direction(3)communication network technology Intelligent Building communications networks, including computer networks, two-way cable TV transmission networks and telephone communications network. The first two intelligent building as a broadband backbone network to focus almost all of its information technology and information resource management Almost all of the users are connected to the station. Before the mid-1990s, in the 20th century, there is a market for all types of networks and users. But in the late 1990s, with reasonable investment Ethernet wiring flexibility, and superior performance, ease of maintenance and use of such advantages, ICT networks gradually in the list. Ethernet transmission rate, from the initial 10Mbps,100Mbps to 1Gbps.10Gbps even higher rate. Intelligent Building Telephone Network (ISDN, xI) SL), currently used for voice communication, also both data and images narrowband data communications,it makes people through communication networks, TV, telephoneconference and other functions. Smart Access technology is the key to building links with the outside, it makes visible the world is becoming smaller and smaller. people's work, life has undergone a drastic change. Intelligent Building Access Network or the Internet, more and more high-bandwidth requirements of the receiving, to meet the increasing demand for user data communications.In the development of the cable network, a wireless network with the flexibility of receiving,entered a rapid development stage. From 2003 through the Study of Polling Strategy Based on the original Route to now, over to 100 megahertz. Mobile Internet access for people with a great convenience, and in many areas with great potential for development. network is becoming the trend(4)integrated wiring technology PDS is intelligent building data, voice and multimedia communications platform. Since the technology into China's market, because of its excellent performance, Intelligent Building to the domestic market, a new concept, new technology, and immediately aroused tremendous repercussions in the construction industry. has been widely used in all types of intelligent building. To meet the network transmission bandwidth and speed the development of new products PDS fresh from the first three lines, Category 5 to 6 lines, or even in advance of the standard seven Cabling System products to meet the demand for gigabit networks. With a transmission rate of the network upgrade, in order to adapt to its fiber network has already been put into the development of the 10G market, The new multi-mode and single-mode fiber transmission medium as a good will be widely used. Copper from five to three over the five,six or even higher categories, from copper wire to fiber optic cable, technology and products continuously updated. Ting fully reflects the rapid development of the intelligent building and the application of new technologies and broad prospects.(5)System Integration Technology Intelligent Building of each subsystem in general linking their respective networks, The operation is expected to complete their work stations, but has not yet reached the sharing of information resources. In order to achieve efficient management, sharing of information resources between the various subsystems, and system integration. In the systems integration process, the choice of platform integration, network structure,The scope of integrated subsystems are different, with different integration models. With computer technology, network technology, control technology, the development of display technology, Building equipment monitoring and control system and other systems linked through computer networks. The resulting construction equipment monitoring system based systems integration mode. There is equality in their respective systems integration, and establish a network management system integration. as a subsystem to lower the scene control network integration and equal manner. Real-time data subsystem, open, industry-standard interface, converted into auniform format stored in the database or server system integration.Integrated network management system to achieve unified management subsystem procedures, monitoring and information exchange Systems integration, in order to achieve agreement on the opening of the linkage between the various subsystems related to the control and information sharing. improved management efficiency, enhance capacity to deal with emergencies, and the purpose of saving energy and manpower savings. This is the construction equipment management system (BMS). System integration is not our aim, but to enhance the building's function and the technical means to improving management efficiency, Integrated content is not the better, but according to the use and management of the needs of the mature technology, the system is reliable and reasonable investment. Efficient management of the premise that demand integration(6)intelligent residential areas 20th century and the 1990s by the international electronic smart residential housing ideas,Intelligent Building Technology gradually spread to residential areas, in the first few economies in the more developed coastal cities has been successful. Intelligent Technology began construction of residential and public buildings to residential quarter, Intelligent building intelligent technology to rapidly extend, which has become an important market for the development of intelligent buildings. From public buildings to residential intelligent intelligent, which is the demand of the market, as well as practical development needs.Intelligent Design Institute is the country will put on an important position in the residential,residential to provide a platform for intelligent, Residential and intelligent design is cutting-edge and challenging area. Residential District intelligent technology development can be categorized into the following areas : system design emphasizes people-oriented design concepts, residents should cater to all levels of convenience, safety and comfort and handling the relationship between advanced and practical relationship Function Deployment and reasonable investment. Security system from a separate Security Subsystem for family and neighborhood Combining the technologies of defense and defense Security system.Broadband Access information communications from a single operator mode for more options, xD-SL broadband access network, a two-way cable network to form district computer network development, Area residents can enjoy the information and communication services from a single broadband Internet service to the district receiving more LAN extension of the kind of value-added services. Automatic monitoring of electrical and mechanical equipment,electrical water table remote copy, audio and video systems, information technology and other property management systems, Area residents to make the living environment and quality of life improved greatly. The application of intelligent home, Area residents make a real life experience to bring the information age to all kinds of convenience and variety of family office, Network concept has become a reality of life.。
建筑电气 英语
Buildings ElectricalAbstract : School Official Cites Use Electrical construction technology, construction technology with the development of electrical technology development and the same time. In particular, with the development of information technology, such as computer technology, control technology, digital technology, display technology Internet technology and modern communication technology, electrical technology to achieve a leap forward in building the development. Since the beginning of reform and opening up, and conduct extensive international technical exchanges, many international advanced new products.Keywords : electrical technology ；buildings；developElectrical construction including two strong design elements include : a part of the transformation and distribution system. power and lighting systems, mine grounding system. In general, building key changes include : high-voltage and low-voltage distribution systems systems, transformers, standby power system. power systems including power distribution and control; indoor and outdoor lighting system include all types of lighting; Lightning Protection System, including mine waves penetrated, lightning sensors, grounded, equipotential bonding and local equipotential bonding. Auxiliary equipotential bonding and so on. In such a short span of 20 years, the system has undergone enormous changes in technology and products. Many of the design concept has also undergone tremendous changes. Swichgear such as high pressure system, the first circuit breaker to the oil circuit breakers. After the progressive development of the oil circuit breakers, is not only large in size, but did not fire. Swichgear are larger allocation, we must also set up independently in their own rooms, occupied a lot of the construction area. Now a vacuum circuit breaker and SF6 circuit breakers, is not only small size but also high-capacity short-circuit. enclosure size is a lot smaller than the original cabinets, circuit breakers without any oil, fire performance greatly improved. with a total of home and other low-voltage equipment in a room, saving both space and convenience of management. The large volume oflow-voltage circuit breaker from the past, the development of small to largeshort-circuit current capacity, the ability to continue to score small in size, stable, which makes the system more secure and reliable, and designed to bring the convenience. Intelligent directiontoward another recent low voltage circuit breaker, breaker various parameters can be controlled through the bus industry, Signals transmitted to the computer directly.The emergence of dry-type transformers, electrical design for the building posed a great convenience, Because there is no possibility of transformer oil spills and fires, so that it can be easily installed in the building itself, even go directly to the load center. It also eliminated restrictions on capacity building in the transformer oil, building greater capacity for dry-type transformers can be used. In the designs of the project, on the application of four Taiwan 2500kV A dry-type transformers.Used emergency power generators, from the performance and size perspective, a lot of progress than in the past. In addition to the use of diesel generators works, as emergency lighting, use EPS. allow for a millisecond interruption in the supply of equipment, can use UPS.Power equipment controlled from a single control to the control relay. Apart from the better performance of various components that are smaller in size and so reduce the volume control box, As a result of the digital technology is more controlled and controlled state control equipment at its best. further the energy saving effect.Lighting Project is a single source from the past, light lamps and the low efficiency of state toward even broader prospects. The light source used in the building are a number of varieties to choose from, toward a luminous efficiency of light, light color, develop in the direction of high color-rendering index, and lamps have been continuously improved its efficiency and allocation-form so that the application of different occasions. Source annex, for example, the fluorescent lamp ballasts Inductance ballasts from the ordinary inductance ballasts to energy-saving electronic ballasts. but also against the size of the harmonic components, to produce low harmonic electronic ballasts. Many technologies, accessories and lamps, can satisfy the design and design options, and fully meet the varied architecture, Lighting requirements for the various sites. Regardless of the lighting or indoor decorative lighting. Whether or road lighting and outdoor courtyard of the building of light illumination, all of the show lighting technology to the development of the architectural lighting benefits and convenience.Another design used in electrical devices and other equipment, such asco-switching power supply switch of mutual investment. from the traditional production of specialized products, inaddition to the conventional power switching meet, also a dual power supply can meet each other electronic equipment investment, in the fourth cycle power within mutual investment products, greatly increasing the reliability and continuity of supply.Electric power supply cables and wires is widely used products. Look past the wire and cable samples, the species is scarce, and now, introducing various cable, From ordinary to theflame-retardant PVC cables, fire resistance, Low-smoke halogen-free cable-radiation environment; Insulation materials to the mineral insulated from the ordinary; Bus Bus closed to regular insulation, pre-cable, etc. branches. Electrical construction of these technologies are safe, reliable, convenient, providing an effective environmental protection.Targeting special needs of the construction of distribution, some new device has been widely applied. For example, large hospital operating room medical establishments leakage protection, residual current monitoring system.The development of the technology for strong, and it is obvious to the engineering and technical personnel, as well as our own experience. Such a great development for China's construction of electrical construction and laying a good foundation also created the conditions for the construction of safe use of electricity.Along with the deepening of building intelligent technology applications, some of the equipment or system control, The control system has gradually become a professional monitor, and open its construction equipment monitoring and control system communication protocol. reach of the Internet and communications systems. Buildings such as the automatic power control system, using fieldbus technology data acquisition and processing, centralized control Variable distribution system to reach the remote monitoring, remote control that remote control and remote, unmanned substation achieve. Continuous collection and analysis systems, the necessary advice or warning is given in advance to facilitate the safe operationof the system. Automatic power control system using computer technology, information technology, control technology, sensor technology, communications networking technology, Power electronics technologies, it can basically replace the traditional secondary loop is the wiring simple, reliable performance and easy maintenance. Meanwhile, the energy consumption of buildings in the second major energy-efficient lighting controlsystem will also be paying. professional lighting control systems have been widely used in many buildings. Lighting control from a single real-time sensors to control the timing control,reduced-control development. In addition, scene control, remote control, and control a variety of flexible control of the scene, to achieve the maximum energy, while also achieving a comfortable lighting systems, functional and humane.For example, the late 1980s "compiled by the architectural design of fire safety regulations," GBJl6-87; 1990s, the "civil Lighting Design Standards" GBJl33-90; JGJ/16-92; "civil Electrical Design Standards" "Lighting design standards of industrial enterprises" GB50034-92; "Architectural Design Standards" GB50045-95; "Supply and Distribution System Design Standards" GB50052-95; "l0kV substation design and below"GB50053-94; "Low V oltage Distribution Design Standards" GB50054-95; "Universal design of electricity distribution equipment," GB50055-93; GB50057-94 "Building mine design," and so on. To be followed by the construction of electrical design basis for the construction of electrical taken a solid step toward standardization.Intelligent technology is only a means of building is equipped with intelligent functions, stressing efficiency, low energy consumption. Cleaner, in the true realization of people-centered, under the premise of achieving energy conservation, enhance building's function, protection of the environment and sustainable development goals. Building the implementation of sustainable development from a strategic perspective, ecosystem, emphasis on environmental protection. Sustainable development is an eternal theme. Through years of practice, in a rational and pragmatic attitude, from the actual needs, and practical application of the standards, not blindly follow theone-sided pursuit of a comprehensive and advanced intelligent systems, but technically ahead. The design also done a reasonable investment, the use of different functions. investment and management requirements of the specific situation, identify advanced, reliability, Economic rationality and the optimal point of this concept now has become the intelligent building industry consensus. Building Intelligent technology, which will enable the construction of all colleges and universities have opened up this technology corresponding professional courses and the development of relevant professional students.Intelligent Building Technology include : construction equipmentautomatic control system, security system, the car park management system, automatic fire alarm and fire system that communications and computer network systems, integrated wiring system, broadcasting system, cable systems, video conferencing systems and the number of meetings, more than 10sub-system integration. The first independent from the domestic building intelligent technology to the development of systems integration subsystem.(1) Construction equipment monitoring technology20th century mainly concentrated monitoring of the 1980s, due to poor reliability, speed slow After the 1990s has been rarely used, and have been replaced by the Distributed Control. In the late 1990s, as computer technology, control technology, network and communications technology development and integration, Monitoring construction equipment technology has been developing rapidly。
建筑电气方面英文论文
Intelligent building lightning protection, earthing,anti-interference【Pick to】picked this paper in view of the defects of traditional lightning protection system, and the way of intelligent buildings, intelligent building should establish the overall lightning protection system was put forward, which include external lightning protection and lightning protection technology.Introduce the specific lightning protection system protection methods.Including power supply, UPS power supply system, terminal power supply, communication network system, telephone lines and special line, LAN lines, satellite receiving day finally reveals the feeder protection and earthing protection system in the development of several new technology of lightning protection of intelligent buildings.【key words 】intelligent building；lightning protection ；grounding shield bondingBefore, today the development of human science and technology has entered the stage of the development of highly informationization, it has brought mankind unprecedented convenient and quick, is one of the most prominent performance in the area of construction in recent years a large number of the construction of intelligent buildings.Intelligent Building (Intell ig ent Building) is developing rapidly in China, has become a new growth point of national economy.Intelligent building is by building Automation BA (BuildingAutomation), Communication since moving CA (Communication Automation), office Automation OA (Of f ice Automation) on the basis Of integrated wiring, through the system integration technology, constitute an integrated management system.Intelligent building for senior or more commonly tall building, including all kinds of electronic equipment, computer and network systems, such as density, high integration, and thus the danger of lightning electromagnetic pulse attacks it also greatly increased, the consequences could make the whole building the system of equipment damage, loss of data and operation error, even paralysis, cause huge economic loss, so how to effectively avoid the damaging effects of lightning is an important subject in the design of intelligent building.Especially therapid development of electronic technology, all kinds of advanced measurement and control, telecommunications and computers is increasingly widely used in electronic products, Especially the development of computer technology and communication technology combination, integration of electronic apparatus and very large scale integration and the development of new network communication technology for the development of the information age has played a great role in promoting and pushing;But on the other hand, there is a widespread low insulation strength the microelectronic devices, poor overvoltage tolerance of Achilles' heel, once the lightning strike, the impact of the surge overvoltage, light led to the suspension of the operations of the electronic system, equipment permanent damage, or interruption of other relevant systems, has been paralyzed caused immeasurable directly and indirectly the huge economic loss and far-reaching influence, for the financial, securities, health care, insurance, aviation, aerospace, defense, and other countries especially important organs, the degree of violation and lightning has more to more serious, the number is becoming more and more frequent.For this, I think for lightning protection, is not only necessary, but is must implement.Second, the defects of traditional lightning protection system1, conventional lightning rod. The principle of lightning rod is thundercloud discharge is close to the ground, the ground electric field distortion, at the top of the lightning rod, the formation of local electric field concentrated space, influence the direction of the discharge, due to lightning is calcuated guide lightning to the needle to put, again through the downlead, grounding device will attract the earth, and the lightning current to protect objects.In principle, the lightning rod is actually lead thunder needle, add one regional lightning probability, have the effect of fire.2, the calculation of protection range of lightning rod protection around the world vary, cable method, calculation methods of curve method, improvement of line method, etc.The above calculation method, have one thing in common, is the needle, the more protection range is wide.BG 50057-9 4 gb adopt IEC recommended "ball" : refers to a certain radius of sphere, on top of a building with connect ShanQi rolled and rolled the ball by building on the ShanQi hold up, then the sphere's arc and the range ofbetween buildings.Long-term practice prove that this is not completely in line with economic theory and practice.Such as high-rise buildings, even if the top mount the lightning rod, but below the top floor will also meet sideswipe ray's attack.The secondary effect of 3, when lightning rods, the lightning rod, lightning attack buildings by downlead will attract the earth, and the lightning current due to the existence of earth resistance, lightning charge can't fast all negative charge neutralization, the earth will inevitably cause local potential rise, causing high induced over-voltage, step and touch voltages and counter and a series of secondary effects.Ac power distribution, and wanted to introduce this kind of high voltage dc machine room, UPS output, the input end is punctured, minicomputer and other network equipment connection is punctured.This counter voltage little number of kv, many tens of thousands of volts, burn out directly with the insulation of the electrical parts, for personal and microelectronic devices caused great threat., therefore, the defect of traditional lightning protection, cannot satisfy the requirement of the intelligent building and its microelectronics equipment lightning protection, it is necessary to adopt a more advanced lightning protection equipment and to provide more effective from the perspective of building the overall lightning protection lightning protection.Three, intelligent building by way of lightningIntelligent building to suffer lightning shock ways mainly have three kinds:(1) direct lightning, lightning hit directly damaged equipment outdoor equipment, intelligent buildings or lightning hit directly overhead cables, cable fusing equipment damage phenomenon, called the lightning strike.(2) the lightning induction, electromagnetic induction and static electric induction is called induction lightning, also known as secondary ray.The damage to the equipment it's not as heavy as direct lightning, but it is much larger than the direct lightning probability of occurrence.(3) ray waves of shooting: intelligent control system of power cable, signal transmission lines or in control room of the metal line when you meet the lightning or thunder and lightning induction thunder electric wave along these metal wire ofshooting in the equipment, potential difference makes equipment damage phenomenon, called the thunder electric wave of shooting.Ray waves of shooting will indirectly by cable transmission to the intelligent building systems and equipment, indirect cause equipment damage.Therefore, we should according to the different role of lightning way considering the lightning protection system of intelligent building as a whole.Fourth, overall lightning protection system of intelligent building1, intelligent building lightning protection necessityConventional lightning protection system using the lightning rod, roof ShanQi, ferrari brother cage based grounding network in lightning protection and grounding, although can protect of intelligent building and its personnel, but for the lightning induction, electromagnetic pulse, surge circuit caused by electronic interference, such as the traditional lightning protection systemHas the following several aspects of the flaw: (1) the lightning hit directly outside the extension in intelligent buildings, power supply and communication cable lightning induced current can be shooting to the building rapidly.(2) large cities switch of the power grid and large power users of start-stop surge.(3) intelligent building electrical equipment (such as air conditioning host, elevator, high-power pump, etc.) as a result of the frequent start-stop surge.(4) power supplies, telecommunications and data lines connected to other buildings or being struck by lightning on the ground and the transmission or induction of electromagnetic pulse and surge current.(5) electrostatic through data line the damage to the equipment ammeter components directly.J through the above analysis of the intelligent building lightning protection technology is increasingly important, and it requires a more comprehensive lightning protection technology.Because cables are gathering in intelligent buildings, equipment, various, complex microelectronic systems, thin and protective ability, in order to ensure the normal running of the system, safety equipment, and special measures must be taken to protect, so the lightning protection of the intelligent building is a rigorous system engineering.So intelligent building lightning protection besides consideringdirect lightning protection measures of building itself, also must attach great importance to ray, also must attach great importance to the lightning electromagnetic compatibility, strengthen and perfect the lightning protection measures of building electronic equipment.IEC on technical file will be defined respectively as "external lightning protection system" and "internal lightning protection system", taking their interface Shared grounding body, shielding, equalizing, bonding technology processing methods, such as, to combine the two effective, forming a relatively independent and unified whole lightning protection system.2, external lightning protection systemThe external lightning protection of intelligent buildings is mainly refers to prevent lightning strike and prevent side stroke, its role is to protect the building itself is not lightning strike.So you must have good common grounding system and the discharge channel.(1) the good common grounding system and the discharge channelA common base earthing body, shall establish a comprehensive common grounding system in intelligent building.Because of various ac and dc equipment is numerous, the intelligent building line, building communication work, security should be protected area, grounding of dc workplace and architecture as a good bar connection, form a complete common grounding system.Avoid potential difference between the grounding line, in order to eliminate the phenomenon of induced overpotential counterattack, ensure the normal operation of electronic equipment.B, sufficient discharge channel and equalizing measuresBuilding of rebar in reinforced concrete is used as the lightning protection downlead, increasing its shunt branch from the roof, reduce the number of lightning current on the conductor, and building profile each corner column rebar should be used.Because mostly for high-rise buildings, intelligent buildings also flanking the thunder prevention measures should be taken, in more than 30 m outside of the building shall be ring beam rebar welding formed equalizing ring connection, and connected to the lightning protection downlead.Make full use of the structure of the pile foundation reinforcement, column reinforcement, the ring beam, roof floor reinforcement, makethem reliable welding, the formation of a good lightning current discharge path.3, internal control systemInternal lightning protection including the lightning protection electric induction, the counter, and lightning protection waves of shooting.Good internal lightning protection can reduce building of lightning current and electromagnetic effect, and can prevent the counter-attack, step and touch voltages and other secondary ray hurt and harm caused by the electromagnetic pulse.The internal lightning protection mainly adopt measures to shield, equipotential connection, etc.(I) the reasonable shieldingIn intelligent building, electromagnetic compatibility measures is very important, in order to avoid the dysfunction of equipment used, to avoid the equipment damage, even a wiring system equipment should be able to prevent internal guide their conduction disturbance and outside interference.These interference produced have a plenty of because the coupling phenomenon between the wires, have a plenty of because of the effect of capacitance or inductance effect.Its main source is ultra high voltage, high power radiated electromagnetic fields, the lightning discharge.These phenomena will be used to send or receive a high transmission efficiency of equipment produce very big interference.So on the equipment and its wiring protection measures must be taken, from interference from various aspects.Shielding and its correct grounding method is the best protection to prevent electromagnetic interference.Equipotential connection: intelligent building in order to ensure produce counter and dangerous step and touch voltages, should enable building floor, wall, and metal pipe, line is in ~ with potential, this should be in the position of each layer of reinforced concrete building embedded with building structure within the equipotential connection to the lightning conductor plate, so that are connected to the earthing trunk.Intelligent building of the equipotential connection including total equipotential connection and local equipotential connection.Five, the new technology of intelligent building lightning protection1, a new generation of unconventional lightning rod technology: with building intelligent level of ascension, lightning protection technology, also Good attention, akind of gradually into the mainstream of unconventional lightning rod in advance to discharge.Lightning rod, it solves the traditional passive flash, secondary lightning effect of serious limitations, received more and more widely used in our country.A new generation of lightning rod no source, no radiation, the energy from lightning before the potential difference between the ground and clouds.It happened in lightning critical point in advance produce an up the forerunner, the formation of a lightning preferred path, overcome the deficiency of the traditional lightning rod passive joint flash, greatly improve the lightning protection scope.2, new network lightning protection device: intelligent building network of electronic devices with a very large scale integrated circuit, its itself easily burned in high voltage, high current situation.So early of lightning rod, lighting protection and power supply prevents thunder can no longer be optimalShould demand.In lightning generates a strong electric field, which leads to the potential of this area is much greater than other areas, and as good conductors of electricity a pair of lines in potential is not equal to easily form induction thunder and lightning, and lightning disturbance.Six, the concludingIntelligent building lightning disturbance is various, and the destructiveness.To discharge, equalizing, grounding, shielding, equipotential connection system integrated overall protective measures, such as can greatly reduce the lightning when the harm of intelligent building and the ministry of information system.With the gradual development of intelligent technology and the expansion of intelligent building in our country of the intelligent building lightning protection technology will also be continuously improved.【References 】[1] Zhou Zhimin, Zhou Jihai, editor JiAiHua electronic information system lightning protection grounding technology. Beijing: people's posts and telecommunications publishing house, 2004[2] is the former, huang yi wu. Intelligent building lightning protection design. Electrical & intelligent building, 2005[3] Cheng Daohai. Lightning protection of intelligent buildings. Energy and the environment, 2 0 0 4[4] Xie Wenlong, Chen, Liu Zuojun. Intelligent building lightning protection design based on electric magnetic compatibility. Journal of tianjin institute of technology, 2002(5) intelligent building design standard "(gb/T5 031 4-2, 000), the state bureau of quality and technical supervision, the ministry of construction jointly issued the People's Republic of China[6] the building lightning protection design specification (GB50057-94), the state bureau of quality and technical supervision, the ministry of construction jointly issued the People's Republic of China。
电气工程高层建筑论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
电气工程高层建筑论文中英文资料外文翻
译文献
本文的主要目标是翻译一些电气工程和高层建筑方面的外文文献。
这些文献分别为：
1. "Application of lateral tuned mass damper to high-rise structure under random wind excitations"，这篇文章主要介绍了侧向调谐质量阻尼器（lateral tuned mass damper）在高层建筑中的应用。
该文通过计算分析和试验研究，得出了调谐阻尼器的结构参数和其对建筑物抗震能力的影响。
2. "Reliability Analysis of Power Supply System in High-rise Building"，这篇文章主要介绍了高层建筑电力供应系统的可靠性分析。
该文分别从电力系统的结构、功能和基本原理入手，阐述了电力系统的可靠性分析方法，并根据有关标准和规范，对高层建筑电力系统的可靠性进行了分析。
3. "Dynamic Analysis on Earthquake Resistance of High-rise Buildings Based on Pushover Method"，该文介绍了基于 Pushover 方
法对高层建筑的抗震性能进行动力学分析。
该方法通过对结构的位移、剪力和弯矩等特性进行预测，可以更加准确地评估高层建筑的抗震性能。
以上三篇文献分别介绍了高层建筑中的电气工程和抗震技术方面的研究成果，对于高层建筑的设计和建造具有一定的参考价值。
建筑类外文文献及中文翻译
forced concrete structure reinforced with anoverviewReinSince the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance.Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency.1、steel mechanical link1.1 radial squeeze linkWill be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linkedCharacteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.Easy and simple to handle, construction fast, save energy and material, comprehensive economy profitable, this method has been already a large amount of application in the project.Applicable scope : Suitable for Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳgrade reinforcing bar (including welding bad reinfor cing bar ) with ribbing of Ф 18- 50mm, connection between the same diameter or different diameters reinforcing bar .1.2must squeeze linkExtruders used in the covers, reinforced axis along the cold metal sleeve squeeze dedicated to insert sleeve Lane two hot rolling steel drums into a highly integrated mechanical linking methods.Characteristic: Easy to operate and joining fast and not having flame homework , can construct for 24 hours , save a large number of reinforcing bars and energy. Applicable scope : Suitable for , set up according to first and second class antidetonation requirement -proof armored concrete structure ФⅡ, Ⅲgrade reinforcing bar with ribbing of hot rolling of 20- 32mm join and construct live.1.3 cone thread connectingUsing cone thread to bear pulled, pressed both effort and self-locking nature, undergo good principles will be reinforced by linking into cone-processing thread at the moment the value of integration into the joints connecting steel bars.Characteristic: Simple , all right preparatory cut of the craft , connecting fast, concentricity is good, have pattern person who restrain from advantage reinforcing bar carbon content.Applicable scope : Suitable for the concrete structure of the industry , civil buil ding and general structures, reinforcing bar diameter is for Фfor the the 16- 40mm one Ⅱ, Ⅲgrade verticality, it is the oblique to or reinforcing bars horizontal join construct live.conclusionsThese are now commonly used to connect steel synthesis methods, which links technology in the United States, Britain, Japan and other countries are widely used. There are different ways to connect their different characteristics and scope of the actual construction of production depending on the specific project choose a suitable method of connecting to achieve both energy conservation and saving time limit for a project ends.钢筋混凝土构造中钢筋连接综述改革开放以来，伴随国民经济旳迅速、持久发展，多种钢筋混凝土建筑构造大量建造，钢筋连接技术得到很大旳发展。
建筑电气数据采集系统设计及故障诊断外文文献翻译
文献出处：Fischer M. The Study on the Design of Building Electrical Data Acquisition System and Fault Diagnosis [J]. Building and Environment, 2015, 5（6）: 241-251.原文The Study on the Design of Building Electrical Data Acquisition System and FaultDiagnosisFischer MAbstractBuilding electrical systems can provide energy, and take the function of distribution power for buildings. It is an integral part of construction engineering. As people demand for work and living environment is getting higher and higher, and the continuous development of information technology, building electrical covered more widely, the content of the system structure is more complicated. Although compared to residential buildings in industrial buildings and other large public and commercial buildings, its electrical system structure is relatively simple, less electricity equipment complexity, but because of its use function, the electric system of residential type building also has its own characteristics and requirements. Once its electrical system failure, will lead to economic loss, disastrous, even safety accidents. So, need to be in fault occurs can rapidly and accurately judge the reason, location and damage degree, to reduce loss, lower maintenance costs.Keywords: Building Electrical; Data Acquisition; Fault Diagnosis; SVM1 IntroductionThe speeding up of urbanization leads to more and more buildings. And building electric serves as an integral part of construction engineering, undertaking to provide power for building, distribution, dynamic role, can be said to be the "engine" of the whole building. Building electrical is the use of electrical technology and electrical equipment, through the building space to create the sound, electricity, light, heat, wet, communication and management of the environment, to make it more suitable human life and the work of a kind of integrated disciplines. The "electric technology" refers to the power, information, and all kinds of intelligent building technology ofintegrated disciplines. Building electric is traditionally divided into two parts, heavy current and weak current. Building power supply, lighting, power, lightning protection and grounding part belong to high voltage, etc. Electricity from the substation, through the step-down 380/220 v output power distribution equipment, bus bar, cable, wire transmission power supply equipment, such as elevators, air conditioning, etc. Among them, the lightning protection system is mainly to prevent building caused by lightning strike damage. Grounding system is divided into protective earthling and work, its role is to ensure that the power system and equipment meet the work requirements, to prevent the occurrence of over voltage, system guarantee personal safety at the same time. Extra Low V oltage part include TV, radio, security, fire control and computer system, etc. Therefore, the related research is becoming more and more brought to the attention of the engineering and research workers. In order to satisfy the people to the requirement of working and living environment is getting higher and higher, and the continuous development of information technology, modern buildings in various equipment and subsystem is also more and more. And all equipment and systems in the buildings depends on electrical systems provide energy and power. And electrical, building covered more widely, the content of the system structure is more complicated. Modern architecture in the electrical system is no longer the only power supply, lighting, grounding, such as simple circuit, it is a use of electrical technology and electrical equipment, through the building space to create the sound, electricity, light, heat, wet, communication and management of the environment, to make it more suitable human life and the work of a comprehensive system.2 Fault diagnoses2.1 The definition of fault diagnosisFault diagnosis is in the continuous development of electronic technology and computer technology of a new technology. Refers to the system in a certain operating conditions to judge the running state and abnormal situation, and the abnormal state of separate parts, and find out the cause of the system function failure. Judge judging fault types at the same time, estimates the fault duration, forecasts the developmenttrend of fault state, and to provide the basis for system failure recovery.2.2 Methods of fault diagnosis and classificationDue to the fault diagnosis technology is based on electronic technology and computer technology, therefore, main show is in engineering with computers as the main body of the intelligent fault diagnosis system, it has three kinds of structure: stand-alone mode, distributed mode and network mode. Currently applied to intelligent fault diagnosis methods mainly include: the diagnosis method based on expert system, based on fuzzy logic diagnosis method, diagnosis method based on neural network, and the diagnosis method based on Multi - Agent, etc.3 The tradition of building electrical maintenance methodNowadays, the concept of building electrical has great development, while building electrical system in the intelligent approximately at the bottom, but it plays a vital role. Once the electrical system malfunction, light cause property damage, or threat to people's personal safety. Can, therefore, the failure occurs rapidly and accurately judge the reason, location and damage degree is very important. With the increasing of modern architectural features, building electrical system of large buildings have not only the power distribution system, including telecommunications, television, fire alarm, the data transmission and some remote monitoring of electrical equipment, and many other subsystems. These systems are connected to each other, and to make electrical system the possibility of failure multiplied. For building electrical failure after processing, at present it is still by means of artificial screening and maintenance. When unable to determine the exact cause of failure, in order to ensure promptly eliminate malfunction, maintenance personnel will all change, may lead to the fault line and device this way of troubleshooting for maintenance personnel's own experience and technology demand is higher, but also caused the increased cost of maintenance. Besides circuit and component aging caused by the failure, because of design changed randomly and non-standard construction procedures, also can cause hidden trouble to the electrical system, eventually leading to failure. Although intelligent fault detection technology in every industry has made considerable development, but the fault detection technology in the field of buildingelectrical rarely study. Investigate its reason, mainly because of building electrical belongs to the low voltage power distribution system, and at the end of the whole grid, neglected. Electrical fault diagnosis in the field of research, on the other hand, more concentrated in large electrical equipment, such as generator, transformer, etc., or the fault diagnosis of complex systems such as power grid, and building electrical systems because of its relatively simple structure, belongs to the engineering field, and therefore not be taken into account.4 The main content of building electrical systemsPower system refers to provide electric energy and transport, the use of electrical energy for the purpose of circuit and its related lines. The power system can also be referred to as the power supply or power transmission and distribution system. Transmission and distribution system is composed of transmission lines and substations and it has connected power plants and users, and provides electricity to the user directly. In building electric, the electric system usually refers to the 10 KV power distribution lines and substations under low voltage distribution network, it will power allocated to all types of users. And more than 10KV high voltage power supply network and power generation system, etc., are not within the scope of "building electric". Building electrical is divided into two most heavy current and weak current. High voltage part mainly includes distribution, dynamic lighting, lightning protection and grounding system, etc. Lightning protection grounding system mainly includes the grounding, lightning protection electricity, lightning protection waves intrusion, auxiliary equipotent connection, local equipotent connection and equipotent connection, etc. Weak current system is mainly used for the transmission of signals. Such as communication systems, public broadcasting system, fire linkage system, security monitoring system, cable TV system, etc. In addition, the modern building is also equipped with intelligent building systems, building all sorts of equipment through computer for unified control and management. In addition, as well as intelligent building systems, thanks to the rapid development of communication technology and automatic control technology, building is developing towards the trend of more and more intelligent. Intelligent building expands the function of thebuilding; improve the comfort and convenience to people in work and life. Building intelligent system will be independent of each other before building subsystem fuses in together, realize the real-time monitoring and remote control of building state. Intelligent building system adopts computer collecting and distributing control mode, namely "decentralized control, centralized management" model. Its controller is usually direct digital controller (DDC), management features carried by the upper machine and its software is responsible for the management, monitoring and management of the whole building. It is generally believed, building automation system, office automation system, security automation system, communication network automation system and fire linkage control system, etc., all belong to the category of intelligent building.5 The characteristics of residential building electrical systemResidential buildings are also known as the residence building. To live is to provide the family use buildings, including ordinary residential, hotel apartments, luxury villas, etc., belong to the category of civil buildings. Compared to residential buildings in industrial buildings and other large public and commercial buildings, the electric system structure is relatively simple, small electric equipment complexity., when the design requirements in compliance with the principles of security, practical, energy saving. Because its usage and function of residential building，electrical system also has its own characteristics and requirements.5.1 Residential load characteristicsElectricity at present stage is still the main body of social power, compared to the power industry. it has the characteristics of periodic peak. In the two periods in the morning and at night, there will be a peak season. During this time, people will use a lot of household electrical appliances and result in an increase in load. Therefore, to ensure that its load bearing capacity of the electrical system, to prevent it’s because of a certain "dot" trigger, lead to the collapse of the entire electrical system. In addition to fire power, emergency lighting, passenger lifts and life water pump load for a secondary load, other electricity are level 3 load.5.2 Distribution circuit design requirementsAccording to "residential building electrical design specification requirements, residential electricity capacity of less than 250KW, collective distribution can be set up. The lighting, electric power, fire and other disaster prevention electricity load should be distribution respectively. Indoor distribution box should be installed at the same time, disconnect phase line and neutral line into line switch, power supply circuit should be installed with short circuit and overload protection electric appliances, and furnish the residual current protective device. Due to some power distribution system in the design or installation quality cannot be guaranteed, can lead to "zero" break fault.” Break zero" refers to the three phases four wire systems, the neutral line N or protection line PEN disconnect or without conduction. If there is a "zero" broken when the three-phase unbalanced load, will appear the phenomenon of under voltage or over voltage, single-phase electric equipment will be damaged because of the voltage deviation is too large.译文建筑电气数据采集系统设计及故障诊断研究Fischer M摘要建筑电气作为建筑工程中不可或缺的一部分，承担着为建筑物提供能源、分配动力的作用。
[住宅小区}配电策画外文文献翻译中英文
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)译文字数：3700多字文献出处：J . [J], 2016, 2(3):14-21英文原文J. l0 a , . , , 't 's , , , a , .: , , ,, : , , . , , , , , , . . 20 , . . , a , , . , a a . , a . , . , . ,, , , , . , ..'s . 2500 ., . ; ; a .a . , . . .a , . , , , .. , .,(), , , , , ., ., () , , , , s , s e . , , .a ., . .a , a , ., , , , . , . () ’s ., , a . , ,., a , n , , ., , .. . , , , . , , , , , . , .. . , ., , , , , .l0 . l0 , , . .. l0 . , a .,l0 . . , ., , . ., . a , , I0 ... l0 a , . , , 't 's . , , , a , . , .., l0 . , ., , . . ,, . ., , , . , l0 .a , , .. .a .a . .. A . ( ) . , . , () . , . .中文译文住宅小区配电设计J摘要电力系统的基本功能是向客户输送电力。
10配电网是将电力供应与用于工业，商业和日常生活中的电力相连接的关键点。
对于电力而言，所有用户都希望以最高的可靠性支付最低的价格，但不要认为它在经济和可靠性的共存方面是自相矛盾的。
为了提高供电网络的可靠性，我们必须增加网络建设的投资成本但是，如果提高网络建设可靠性的成本，但如果减少的损失是在关闭的时候，这种建设的投资将是毫无价值的，小于增加的改善投资通过计算电网投资和停电带来的损失，找出投资与亏损之间最具经济性的平衡点。
外文翻译 建筑电气
February 2012
their sites and set up on individual systems. By running the system through several testing conditions and inputting system parameters/ characteristics, a fault'performance profile can be determined. An FDD system of this kind minimizes the upfi-ont eapital cost to the owner and can be used on a variety of systems. It is prone to operator error, either through incorrect sensor placement or through ineorrect manual input of the system parameters. Also, since it must work on many system types, its accuracy on any one model is not tnaximized. This type of system is only benefieial when a service or maintenance call is scheduled and the maintenance personnel are physically at the unit, where as other FDD systems can monitor continuously with no one onsite. For this reason, we focus only on the two types of FDD that provide continuous monitoring.
电气英文文献+翻译
电气专业本科毕业设计英文翻译学院(部)：电气与信息工程学院专业班级：电气08-6班学生姓名：**指导教师：胡业林教授年月日POWER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMABSTRACTThe basic function of the electric power system is to transport the electric power towards customers. The l0kV electric distribution net is a key point that connects the power supply with the electricity using on the industry, business and daily-life. For the electric power, allcostumers expect to pay the lowest price for the highest reliability, but don't consider that it's self-contradictory in the co-existence of economy and reliable.To improve the reliability of the power supply network, we must increase the investment cost of the network construction But, if the cost that improve the reliability of the network construction, but the investment on this kind of construction would be worthless if the reducing loss is on the power-off is less than the increasing investment on improving the reliability .Thus we find out a balance point to make the most economic,between the investment and the loss by calculating the investment on power net and the loss brought from power-off.KEYWARDS：power supply and distribution,power distribution reliability，reactive compensation,load distributionTEXTThe revolution of electric power system has brought a new big round construction,which is pushing the greater revolution of electric power technique along with the application of new technique and advanced equipment. Especially, the combination of the information technique and electric power technique, to great ex- tent, has improved reliability on electric quality and electric supply. The technical development decreases the cost on electric construction and drives innovation of electric network. On the basis of national and internatio- nal advanced electric knowledge, the dissertation introduces the research hotspot for present electric power sy- etem as following.Firstly, This dissertation introduces the building condition of distribution automation(DA), and brings forward two typical construction modes on DA construction, integrative mode and fission mode .It emphasize the DA structure under the condition of the fission mode and presents the system configuration, the main station scheme, the feeder scheme, the optimized communication scheme etc., which is for DA research reference.Secondly, as for the (DA) trouble measurement, position, isolation and resume, This dissertation analyzes the changes of pressure and current for line problem, gets math equation by educing phase short circuit and problem position under the condition of single-phase and works out equation and several parameter s U& , s I& and e I& table on problem . It brings out optimized isolation and resume plan, realizes auto isolation and network reconstruction, reduces the power off range and time and improves the reliability of electric power supply through problem self- diagnoses and self-analysis. It also introduces software flow and use for problem judgement and sets a model on network reconstruction and computer flow.Thirdly, electricity system state is estimated to be one of the key techniques in DA realization. The dissertation recommends the resolvent of bad measurement data and structure mistake on the ground of describing state estimate way. It also advances a practical test and judging way on topology mistake in state estimate about bad data test and abnormity in state estimate as well as the problem and effect on bad data from state measure to state estimate .As for real time monitor and control problem, the dissertation introduces a new way to solve them by electricity break and exceptional analysis, and the way has been tested in Weifang DA.Fourthly, about the difficulty for building the model of load forecasting, big parameter scatter limit and something concerned, the dissertation introduces some parameters, eg.weather factor, date type and social environment effect based on analysis of routine load forecasting and means. It presents the way for electricity load forecasting founded on neural network(ANN),which has been tested it’s validity by example and made to be good practical effect.Fifthly, concerning the lack of concordant wave on preve nting concordant wave and non-power compensation and non-continuity on compensation, there is a topology structure of PWM main circuit and nonpower theory on active filter the waves technique and builds flat proof on the ground of Saber Designer and proves to be practical. Meanwhile, it analyzes and designs the way of non-power need of electric network tre- nds and decreasing line loss combined with DA, which have been tested its objective economic benefit throu- gh counting example.Sixthly, not only do the dissertation design a way founded on the magrginal electric price fitted to our present national electric power market with regards to future trends of electric power market in China and fair trade under the government surveillance, that is group competitio n in short-term trade under the way of grouped price and quantity harmony, but also puts forward combination arithmetic, math model of trading plan and safty economical restriction. It can solve the original contradiction between medium and long term contract price and short term competitive price with improvement on competitive percentage and cut down the unfair income difference of electric factory, at the same time, it can optimize the electric limit for all electric factories and reduce the total purchase charge of electric power from burthen curve of whole electric market network.The distribution network is an important link among the power system. Its neutral grounding mode and operation connects security and stability of the power system directly. At the same time, the problem about neutral grounding is associated with national conditions, natural environment, device fabrication and operation. For example, the activity situation of the thunder and lightning, insulating structure and the peripheral interference will influence the choice of neutral grounding mode Conversely, neutral grounding mode affects design, operation, debugs and developing. Generally in the system higher in grade in the voltage, the insulating expenses account for more sizable proportion at the total price of the equipment. It is very remarkable to bring the economic benefits by reducing the insulating level. Usually such system adopt the neutral directly grounding and adopt the autoreclosing to guarantee power supply reliability. On the contrary, the system which is lower in the voltage adopts neutral none grounding to raise power supply reliability. So it is an important subject to make use of new- type earth device to apply tothe distribution network under considering the situation in such factors of various fields as power supply reliability, safety factor, over-voltage factor, the choice of relay protection, investment cost, etc.The main work of this paper is to research and choice the neutral grounding mode of the l0kV distribution network. The neutral grounding mode of the l0kV network mainly adopts none grounding, grounding by arc suppressing coil, grounding by reactance grounding and directly grounding. The best grounding mode is confirmed through the technology comparison. It can help the network run in safety and limit the earth electric arc by using auto-tracking compensate device and using the line protection with the detection of the sensitive small ground current. The paper introduces and analyzes the characteristic of all kind of grounding modes about l0kV network at first. With the comparison with technological and economy, the conclusion is drawn that the improved arc suppressing coil grounding mode shows a very big development potential.Then, this paper researches and introduces some operation characteristics of the arc suppressing coil grounding mode of the l0kV distribution network. And then the paper put emphasis on how to extinguish the earth electric arc effectively by utilizing the resonance principle. This paper combines the development of domestic and international technology and innovative achievement, and introduces the computer earth protection and autotracking compensate device. It proves that the improved arc suppressing coil grounding mode have better operation characteristics in power supply reliability, personal security, security of equipment and interference of communication. The application of the arc suppressing coil grounding mode is also researched in this paper.Finally, the paper summarizes this topic research. As a result of the domination of the arc suppressing coil grounding mode, it should be more popularized and applied in the distribution network in the future.The way of thinking, project and conclusions in this thesis have effect on the research to choose the neutral grounding mode not only in I0kV distribution network but also in other power system..The basic function of the electric power system is to transport the electric power towards customers. The l0kV electric distribution net is a key point that connects the power supply with the electricity using on the industry, business and daily-life. For the electric power, all costumers expect to pay the lowest price for the highest reliability, but don't consider that it's self-contradictory in the co-existence of economy and reliable. To improve the reliability of the power supply network, we must increase the investment cost of the network con- struction But, if the cost that improve the reliability of the networkconstruction, but the investment on this kind of construction would be worthless if the reducing loss is on the power-off is less than the increasing investment on improving the reliability .Thus we find out a balance point to make the most economic, between the investment and the loss by calculating the investment on power net and the loss brought from power-off. The thesis analyses on the economic and the reliable of the various line modes, according to the characteristics various line modes existed in the electric distribution net in foshan..First, the thesis introduces as the different line modes in the l0kV electric distribution net and in some foreign countries. Making it clear tow to conduct analyzing on the line mode of the electric distribution net, and telling us how important and necessary that analyses are.Second, it turns to the necessity of calculating the number of optimization subsection, elaborating how it influences on the economy and reliability. Then by building up the calculation mode of the number of optimization subsection it introduces different power supply projects on the different line modes in brief. Third, it carries on the calculation and analyses towards the reliability and economy of the different line modes of electric distribution net, describing drafts according by the calculation. Then it makes analysis and discussion on the number of optimization subsection.At last, the article make conclusion on the economy and reliability of different line modes, as well as, its application situation. Accordion to the actual circumstance, the thesis puts forward the beneficial suggestion on the programming and construction of the l0kV electric distribution net in all areas in foshan. Providing the basic theories and beneficial guideline for the programming design of the lOkV electric distribution net and building up a solid net, reasonable layout, qualified safe and efficiently-worked electric distribution net.References[1] Wencheng Su. Factories power supply [M]. Machinery Industry Publishing House. 1999.9[2] Jiecai Liu. Factories power supply design guidance [M]. Machinery Industry Publishing House.1999.12[3] Power supply and distribution system design specifications[S].China plans Press. 1996[4] Low-voltage distribution design specifications [S].China plans Press. 1996.6供配电系统摘要电力系统的基本功能是向用户输送电能。
建筑电气毕业设计外文翻译及译文
附录一：中文译文消防系统运行可靠性的估计在过去的三年中，美国国家标准技术研究所（NIST）已经在研究开发一种新的加密标准，以确保政府的信息安全。
该组织目前正处于为新的先进加密标准（AES）选择一个或几个算法或数据打乱公式的开放过程的最后阶段，并计划在夏末或秋初作出决定。
此标准内定明年实施。
Richard W. Bukowski：体育，高级工程师，瑟斯堡建筑及消防研究实验室的MST，美国医学博士20899-8642；Edward K. Budnick：体育，巴尔的摩休斯联合公司副总裁，美国医学博士21227-1652；Christopher F. Scheme1，克里斯托弗计划1，巴尔的摩休斯联合公司化学工程师、美国医学博士21227-1652；前言背景资料：为执行特定功能而设计和安装的美国消防计划。
例如，自动喷水灭火系统目的在于控制或扑灭火灾。
为此：自动灭火系统必须长开，即能满足火灾地所需水量达到控制或消灭火灾，火灾探测系统是为了尽早提供火灾预警通报来通知楼内人员安全逃生，并提供消防通知，使其他的消防组成部分开启(例如，特殊灭火系统、排烟系统)。
两种消防系统启动(检测)和(警报)必须达到尽早报警。
建筑防火墙的一般设计目的为：限制火灾蔓延的程度和保持建筑物的结构的完整，以及在火灾发生时保护逃生路线的安全性。
为了做到这一点，特殊的消防系统必须按标准测试及保持特殊消防系统完整性的特点.。
消防系统的组成部分如探测系统、自动灭火系统、防火墙的可靠性，在于提高基于设计基础上的联合演习的细节分析的投入。
在安全系统方面，有几个可靠性要素包括有效和能使用的可靠性，运行可靠性能提供一定程度的概率，即消防系统在需要时运行。
运行可靠性能在特定的火灾情况下利用起特点成功完成起任务的一种检测手段。
前者是系统组成和可靠性的评估，而后者是系统设计适宜性的评估。
这项研究的范围仅限于运行可靠性的评估，其主要原因是在于来自文献资料内容的可靠性。
建筑电气与智能化专业外文献翻译--PCLTA-20简介
外文原文：PCLTA-20 IntroductionThis guide describes the mechanical characteristics and the hardware and software driver installation for the Echelon PCLTA-20 Interface (Models 74401, 74402, 74403, 74404, and 74405) and the Echelon PCLTA-20 Protocol Analyzer Card (included with Model 33100-20). Except where noted, the term “PCLTA-20” used in this guide refers to both cards. Echelon’s PCLTA-20 card is a high-performance LONWORKS® interface for desktop, and embedded personal computers equipped with a 32-bit PCI interface and a compatible operating system. Designed for use in LONWORKS networks that require a PC to monitor, manage, or diagnose the network, the PCLTA-20 card is ideal for industrial control, building automation, and process control applications. The PCLTA-20 card features support for a wide range of transceivers, downloadable memory, a network management interface, and Plug n’ Play capability with Microsoft®Windows 95, 98, Me, NT, and 2000 operating systems. The PCLTA-20 protocol analyzer requires Windows 95 or 98. The four versions of the PCLTA-20 interface with integral twisted pair transceivers support the TP/FT-10 (Model 74401), TP/XF-78 (Model 74402), TP/XF-1250 (Model 74403), and TP-RS485 (Model 74404) channels, respectively. The Model 74405 PCLTA-20/SMX interface and the PCLTA-20 Protocol Analyzer support SMX transceivers, and may therefore be used on a wide range of channels, including Echelon’s TP/FT-10 free topology and PL-10, PL-20, and PL-30 power line channels.The PCLTA-20 card can be used as an LNS Fast Network Interface, a standard LNS network interface, or a LonManager API-compatible interface.The LONWORKS PCLTA-20 Protocol Analyzer provides LONWORKS manufacturers, system integrators, and end-users with a rich set of Windows tools and a PCLTA-20 card for observing, analyzing, and diagnosing the behavior of LONWORKS networks. In addition to providing the network analysis functionality, the PCLTA-20 card included with the protocol analyzer also provides all the functionality of the PCLTA-20 PCI Interface.IntroductionThe PCLTA-20 card provides any PC equipped with a 32-bit PCI interface and compatible Windows operating system with access to a LONWORKS network. Installation software for the PCLTA-20 card is included with the Model 33100-20 LONWORKS PCLTA-20 Protocol Analyzer, the Model 37000 LonMaker Integration Tool, the Model 37200 LNS DDE Server, the Model 34309 LNS Application Developer’s Kit, and the Model 58030-01 Connectivity Starter Kit (which must be purchased separately). The software provides a software-based control panel and a software driver for Microsoft Windows 95, 98, Me, NT, or 2000 operating systems (the PCLTA-20 Protocol Analyzer requires Windows 95 or 98). Installation software also is available on Echelon’s web site at /toolbox. The control panel provides a convenient means of setting and modifying installation parameters, as well as displaying error messages. The adapter supports Windows 95, 98, Me, and 2000 Plug n’ Play operation, simplif ying installation and use.The PCLTA-20 card operates at 10MHz and, depending on the model selected, includes either an integral twisted pair transceiver or an SMX transceiver interface. For models with an integral twisted pair transceiver, the network connection is made via a removable screw terminal block.As shown in figure 1.1 below, the LNS network operating system allows any number of installation, maintenance, monitoring, and control devices to exist in a system and to adapt to network configuration changes automatically. That is, it allows users to reconfigure the system from any user interface device anywhere on the network and ensures that all monitoring and control stations are always up-to-date with respect to the system’s configuration. When used with the appropriate software, the LNS Fast Network Interface functionality of the PCLTA-20 card allows the attached host to tap into the LNS infrastructure as a client or server application.The card also permits the host PC to act as a LONWORKS network device, running application-specific programs while the card handles lower layer functions such as media access control, collision avoidance, and message validationFirmware for the card is downloaded from the host PC.This allows the card to be updated as new versions of the software and firmware are released, without modifying or physically accessing the PCLTA-20 card. This feature extends the useful service life of the card, and minimizes the cost and time associated with software and firmware updates. The card is provided with 32Kbytes of off-chip RAM for use as network and application buffers.AudienceThis manual is intended for developers and end users of LONWORKS systems using the PCLTA-20 card, and for network integrators and end users of the PCLTA-20 Protocol Analyzer.ContentThis manual provides detailed technical specifications on the electrical and mechanical interfaces and operating environment characteristics for the PCLTA-20 card.Related DocumentationThe following Echelon publications are suggested for additional information:•LONWORKS® SMX™ Transceiver Installation Instructions (078-0145-01) •LONWORKS FTT-10A Free Topology Transceiver User’s Guide (078-0156-01) •LONWORKS Junction Box and Wiring Guidelines Application Note (005-0023-01) •LONWORKS TPT Twisted Pair Transc eiver Module User’s Guide (078-0025-01)•LNS for Windows Programmer’s Guide (078-0177-01)•LonManager Protocol Analyzer User’s Guide (078-0121-01)•LonMaker User’s Guide (078-0168-02)•LNS DDE Server User’s Guide (078-0170-01)PCLTA-20 ConfigurationPCLTA-20 configuration is accomplished by using the LONWORKS Plug ‘n Play control panel application. Open the control panel application by selecting the LONWORKS ® Plug ‘n Play icon in the Windows Control Panel.Figure 1.2PCLTA-20 Control Panel and IconThe LONWORKS Plug ‘n Play control panel application is divided into three parts: a device selection area, a general settings area, and a control section. The device selection area contains configuration settings and diagnostic controls that are specific to an individual PCLTA-20 card and its device driver. Thegeneral settings area contains settings for all PCLTA-20 cards used with the PC. The control section contains buttons for accepting or canceling the changes made in the control panel, as well as a Help button.PCLTA-20 InitializationIn most cases, PCLTA-20 initialization occurs automatically upon installation of the card and subsequent power-up of the computer. Manual initialization will be required following software installation to a directory other than c:\lonworks, or following the moving of the PCLTA-20 system images.To manually initialize the PCLTA-20 card, verify that the control panel application’s System Image Path entry is correct, then click the Apply button.An error will be reported if an attempt is made to view the transceiver type before the PCLTA-20 card is initialized. Testing the card with the Diagnostics button, assuggested by the error message, produces the diagnosis: “Image file not found.” In this case, return to the control panel application’s main window and manually initialize the PCLTA-20 card.Device Specific SettingsThe PCLTA-20-specific options consist of five separate controls (figure 3.2). These controls are defined as follows:Figure 1.3 PCLTA-20-specific ControlsDevice SelectedControls which PCLTA-20 card is selected for configuration. The PCCLON1 and PCCLON2 drivers are installed by the installation software. If additional drivers have been manually installed, they also will be available.Automatic Flush CancelFor non-LNS images, this function controls whether the device driver will automatically force the network interface for the selected PCLTA-20 card to leave the post-reset flush state whenever it is reset; an LNS network interface does not and cannot come up in the flush state. The post-reset flush state prevents any inbound or outbound network traffic following a reset. If this box is not checked, it is up to the client application to manage this state. If it is checked, the device driver will automatically allow network traffic to resume. The default is checked.NI ApplicationControls the type of image or application to be used on the PCLTA-20 card. This selection is handled automatically by the protocol analyzer software. For all other applications, a PCLTA-20 card can only hold one image at a time. Loading a new image will replace the currently loaded image. The choices for these images are determined by the image files (.NBI extension) found in the system image path specified under General Settings. Some of the possibilities include the following:•PCL10VNI, the LNS Fast Network Interface image (for use with LNS 3 and newer)•NSIPCLTA, the LNS network interface image (for use with LNS 1 and LNS 2 only)•PCC10L7, the basic network interface application imageTransceiverOpens the PCLTA-20 Transceiver dialog (figure 1.4). Choosing this option will retrieve the transceiver configuration of the selected PCLTA-20 card. If there is no PCLTA-20 card currently installed in a PCI-bus slot, a message appears stating that the operating system has removed, or has not loaded, the PCLTA-20 device driver.Figure 1.4PCLTA-20 Transceiver Dialog BoxThe Transceiver value specifies the transceiver type for the selected PCLTA-20 card. The default transceiver is a TP/FT-10 compatible transceiver. Other standard transceiver configurations, and a custom configuration, may be chosen. The Custom Properties values are not accessible unless the Custom transceiver type is selected: you cannot modify the transceiver type as it is a product of the transceiver ID (XID), however, if the XID is custom then you can modify the fields using the Custom Properties dialog box. If an incorrect transceiver type error is received while modifying the transceiver type, click the Apply button, then proceed to modify the transceiver type.The Custom Properties area contains custom transceiver properties. The information in this area reflects the current configuration within the PCLTA-20 card. It will not change until a transceiver is selected, and then configured using the OK or Apply buttons.When configuring a custom transceiver or adding custom parameters for a standard transceiver, the Custom Properties Raw Data values must be entered as hexadecimal values separated by dashes. Further explanation of Raw Data values can be found in the LonBuilder® User’s Guide.DiagnosticsOpens the PCLTA-20 Diagnostics dialog. For more information, see the section on PCLTA-20 Diagnostics.中文译文：PCLTA - 20简介本指南描述了埃施朗PCLTA - 20接口（型号74401，74402，74403，74404，和74405）的机械特性及硬件和软件驱动程序的安装和埃施朗PCLTA - 20协议分析器卡（包括型号33100-20）。
建筑电气外文文献
提高个人生活质量，通过他们智能家居该项目假设是：可以增加一个人生活质量“智能技术”集成到他们家庭环境。
这个假设是非常广泛，因此，研究人员将调查它考虑到多方面，潜在过度研磨，分节人口。
特别是，该项目将重点放在及卫生保健需求环节，因为它认为，这些子章节将获得最大受益于这种增强方法住房。
两个研究问题流从这一假说：什么是保健，可以改善通过“智能住宅”问题，什么是技术问题需要解决，让“智能住宅”建造？虽然存在少量措施，在加拿大境外，据称这方面调查，没有这方面全球视野。
工作往往是在小范围内各个部分是如何有助于实现更大目标只有有限想法。
这个项目有一个非常强烈责任感，并认为，如果没有这一全球性方向，其他措施将失败，以解决各部分重要问题，而且正确全局方向总和部分会产生更大回报比各个组成部分。
这个新领域及业务流程工程领域，有许多相似之处，很多产品失败原因只考虑一个子集问题，通常是技术子集。
成功项目和实施才开始启动，当人们开始认识到，一个全面方法是至关重要。
这种整体性要求也适用于领域“聪明屋”，如果我们真希望它有利益于社区，而不仅仅是技术兴趣。
话虽如此，下面列出大部分工作是非常重要，在其个人主题包含了大量新奇。
医疗保健和保障性住房：至目前为止，很少有人协调，研究如何“聪明屋”技术可以帮助体弱老人留在家里，或降低成本所经历非正式照顾者。
因此，建议研究目是确定帮助老年人保持自己独立性和帮助照顾者维持他们爱心活动中各种住宅技术实用性。
整体设计研究是集中在两个群体老年人。
首先是老人出院急性护理环境潜在能力下降，保持独立。
一个例子是有髋关节置换手术老年人。
本集团可能会受益于技术，这将有助于他们成为适应他们行动不便。
第二个是老年人有慢性健康问题，如老年痴呆症和接受援助非正式护理员生活在距离。
关心高级生活距离是非正式照顾者在照顾者职业倦怠高风险。
监测关心，高级健康和安全是通过这样照顾者重要任务之一。
如地面传感器和访问控制来确保安全入侵者或指示私奔及老年痴呆症高级设备，可以减少护理员时间花在上下班高级监控。
电气外文文献及翻译---高层建筑供配电系统设计 精品
Power supply system of high-rise building designAbstract: With the continuous development of city size, more and more high-rise buildings, therefore, high-rise building electrical design to the designers had to face. In this paper, an engineering example, describes the electrical design of high-rise buildings and some of the more typical issues of universal significance, combined with the actual practice of an engineering solution to the problem described.Key words: high-rise building; electrical design; distribution; load calculation1 Project OverviewThe commercial complex project, with a total construction area of 405570m2, on the ground floor area of 272330m2, underground construction area of 133240m2, the main height of 99m. Project components are: two office buildings, construction area is 70800m2, 28 layers, the standard story is 3.2m.2 Load Calculation1) Load characteristics: electric load, much larger than the "national civil engineering technical measures" Large 120W/m2 indicators, especially in the electricity load more food, and different types of food and beverage catering different cultural backgrounds also high.2) the uncertainty of a large load, because the commercial real estate rents are often based on market demand, and constantly adjust the nature of the shops, making the load in the dynamic changes.3) There is no specification and technical measures in the different types of commercial projects refer to the detailed parameters of the shops, engineering design load calculation in the lack of data, in most cases to rely on staff with previous experience in engineering design calculations. Load the selection of parameters: for the above problems, the load calculation, the first developer of sales and good communication, to determine the form of layers of the forms and nature of floor area, which is calculated on the basis of electrical load basis; followed to determine parameter index within the unit area of shops is also very important and complex because there is no clear indicator of the specification can refer to; and different levels of economic development between cities is not balanced, power indices are also different; will be in the same city, different regions have different consumer groups .3) the need to factor in the choice: parameters determined, the need for load calculation. Need to factor commonly used method, the calculation will not repeat them. Need to explore is the need for coefficient selection, which in the current specifications, manuals and the "unified technical measures" is also not clear requirements, based on years of design experience that most end shops in the distribution or level within the household distribution box with case Kx generally take a while, in the calculation of the loop route to take 0.7 to 0.8, the distribution transformers in the substation calculations take 0.4 to 0.6.3 substations setLoad calculation based on the results of this project the total installed capacity of transformer 43400Kv.A, after repeated consultations with the power company, respectively, in the project innorthern, central and southern three sections set the three buildings into three power substations, 1 # set 6 sets 2500Kv.A transformer substation, take the northern section of power supply; 2 # 4 1600Kv.A transformer substations located, plus 6 sets 2000Kv.A transformers, take the middle of the power supply, in addition to 5 Taiwan 10Kv.A high-pressure water chillers (total 4000Kv.A); 3 # substation located 2 units plus 2 units 1000Kv.A 2000Kv.A transformers, take the southern section of A, B two office supply. 10Kv power configuration of this project into two points, each at the two 10Kv lines, the power company under the provisions of 10Kv power capacity: maximum load per channel is about to 11000Kv.A, two is the 22000Kv.A, design # 1 , 3 # combination of a substation 10Kv, power line, with a total capacity of 21000Kv.A; 2 # substation transformers and 10Kv, 10Kv chillers sharing a power line, with a total capacity of 22400Kv.A. The design of the substation layout, in addition to meeting regulatory requirements, it also need to consider the high-pressure cabinets, transformers and low voltage power supply cabinet by order of arrangement, especially in low voltage distribution cabinet to feed the cable smooth and easy inspection duty problems are not seriously consider the construction of the cable crossing will cause more long detour, a waste of floor space, and convenient inspections and other issues.4 small fire load power supplyIn the design of large commercial projects often encounter small fire load of electrical equipment and more dispersed distribution, if fed by a substation, a substation will be fed a lot of low-voltage low-current counter circuit breaking capacity circuit breaker and conductor of the dynamic and thermal stability in a certain extent. According to GB50045-1995 "fire protection design of tall buildings," rule "should be used in Fire Equipment dedicated power supply circuit, the power distribution equipment shall be provided with clear signs." Interpretation of the provisions of the power supply circuit means "from the low-voltage main distribution room (including the distribution of electrical room) to last a distribution box, and the general distribution lines should be strictly separated." In this design, the use of methods to increase the level of distribution, that is different from the substation bus segments, respectively, a fire fed a special circuit, set in place two distribution cabinets, distribution cabinets and then the resulting radial allocated to the end of the dual power to vote each box, so that not only meets the specification requirements for dedicated power supply circuit, but also to avoid feeding the substation level of many small current loop.5, the choice of circuit breaker and conductorCommercial real estate projects use the room as the uncertainty in the choice of circuit breakers and conductors must be considered in a certain margin to meet the needs caused by adjustment of the load changes. According to this characteristic, increased use in the design of the plug bus-powered, not only meet the requirements of large carrying capacity, and also allows the flexibility to increase supply and distribution, are reserved in each shaft in the plug-box backup in order to change, according to changes in upper and lower load, to adjust. For example: a bus is responsible for a shaft 1 to 3 layers of power, when a layer due to the change in capacity increases, while the 3-layer capacity is reduced, you can use a spare plug box layer off the 3-layer 1 layer capacity rationing . This level distribution in the substation, select the circuit breaker to choose the setting value when the circuit breaker to adjust to changes at the end to adjust the load setting value; in the bus and the transformer circuit breaker according to the choice of the general framework of values to select . For example: Route certain equipment capacity 530Kv, Kx take 0.7 to calculate current of 704A, select the frame circuit breaker is 1000A, tuning is 800A; currenttransformer for the 1000/50; bus carrying capacity for the 1000A, this road can meet the maximum 1000A current load requirements, even if there is adjustment, power distribution switches and circuit can not make big changes.6 layer distribution box setAccording to the division of layers of fire protection district, respectively numbered as A ~ K layers within the set level shaft for the retail lighting power distribution box, with one on one power supply shops in radial power. Should be noted that the forms of the complex layers of layers of fire partition, does not correspond to the lower, making some of shaft power in charge of the fire district at the same time, also responsible for the power supply adjacent to the fire district. At design time, using the principle of proximity, while also taking into account the burden of the whole trunk load conditions, so that each shaft as far as possible a more balanced load.7 public area distribution box setTaking into account the future needs of the business re-decoration of public areas must be reserved for power. Here the design needs to consider the following points: ①question of how much reserve power, lighting and electricity, which according to GB50034-2004"Architectural Lighting Design Standards" table of Article 6.1.3 and 6.1.8, commercial building lighting power density value, high-end supermarkets, business offices as 20W/m2, under the "decorative lighting included 50% of the total lighting power density calculation" requirements, using the reserved standard 40W/m2. ②In order to facilitate the decoration in each partition set fire lighting in public areas and emergency lighting distribution box distribution box, in order to identify the electrical power distribution decoration cut-off point.③the staircase, storage rooms and other parts of the decoration does not need to do, set the power distribution circuit or a separate distribution box, try not to be reserved from the public area of electricity distribution board fed hardcover out.④control of lighting in public areas, the majority in two ways, namely, C-BUS control system or the BA system, the use of C-BUS has the advantage of more flexible control, each road can be fed out of control, adjustable light control; shortcomings is a higher cost. BA system control advantages of using low cost, simple control; disadvantage is that the exchanges and contacts for the three-phase, three-way control may be related both to open, or both, in the decoration of the contacts required to feed the power supply circuit diverge to avoid failure blackouts.Design of distribution box 8In the commercial real estate design, shop design is often only a meter box, and outlet route back to the needs of the user according to their second design, but the shops are difficult to resolve within the power supply fan coil units, air-conditioning system as a whole can not debug. The project approach is to add a circuit breaker in the meter box for the coil power supply, another way for users to use the second design, as shown below.User distribution box design9 distribution cabinet / box number and distribution circuitsLarge-scale projects are often low voltage distribution cabinet / box number, low-voltage circuits to feed the more often there will be cabinet / box number and line number duplication, resulting in the design and the future looks difficult maintenance and overhaul. The project has three 10Kv substations, 20 transformer, hundreds of low-voltage fed out of the closet, fed the circuit more. Accordance with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the Chinese nationalstandard requirements: ①All the distribution number to be simple and clear, not too box and line numbers are not repeated. ②number to simple and clear, not too long. ③distinction between nature and type of load. ④law was easy to find, make viewer at a glance. Based on the above requirements and on the ground, fire district and the underground construction industry form the different conditions, using two slightly different ways. Essential for the underground garage, uses a single comparison, also relatively fire district neat, according to fire district number, such as AL-BL-1 / 1, AP and APE, the meaning of the letters and numbers: AL on behalf of lighting distribution (AP on behalf of Power distribution box, APE on behalf of the emergency power distribution box); BI on behalf of the basement; 1 / 1 for partition 1, I fire box. Above ground is more complex, more fire district, and on the fire district does not correspond to the lower, according to shaft number is better, such as AL-1-A1, AP, and APE, letters and numbers mean: 1 represents a layer; A1 on behalf of A, No. 1 shaft fed a distribution box. Fed a low-voltage circuits, such as the number of uses: W3-6-AL-1-A1, W3-6) indicates that the route back to power supply transformer 3, 6, feed the power distribution cabinet, AL-1-A1, said the then the first loop of the distribution box for the AL-1-A1 and so on, and so on.10 ConclusionWith more and more complex commercial design projects, designers need to continually improve the design level, designed to make fine. These are only bits of the design in the business lessons learned, and the majority of designers want to communicate高层建筑供配电系统设计摘要：随着城市规模的不断发展，高层建筑越来越多，因此，高层建筑电气设计就成为设计者不得不面对的问题。
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建筑电气电气工程设计包括两个主要的设计方面。
主要是一部分的电能的转换及分配和电力的供配、照明系统、防雷接地系统。
一般来说,建筑主要的变化包括:高压和低压配电系统、变压器、备用电源系统。
电力系统包括配电和控制，室内和室外照明系统包括所有类型的照明，防雷系统包括入侵波防护、闪电传感器、接地、等电位连接和局部等电位连接等。
辅助等电位连接等。
在短短的20年里,系统在技术和产品的面貌发生了翻天覆地的变化。
许多的设计理念也发生了巨大的变化。
开关设备如高压系统的第一个断路器油断路器，后来油断路器的逐步发展,不仅规模大,但是一般都包含油物质。
由于开关设备尺寸较大,我们还必须建立独立的设备房间,占据了大量的建筑面积。
现在真空断路器和六氟化硫断路器,不仅体积小,而且短路容量大，外壳尺寸远小于原来的橱柜，并且断路器没有任何油,防火性能大大提高。
而且断路器和其他低压设备在一个房间里,这样即节省空间又方便管理。
过去大容量的低压断路器,短路电流容量逐渐变大,规模也逐渐变小,而且更加稳定,使系统运行更加安全可靠,为设计带来了方便。
向着智能化低压断路器方向发展,断路器各种参数可以通过总线工业控制,信号直接传输到计算机。
干式变压器的出现,对建筑电气设计带来了极大的方便,因为没有变压器油泄漏和火灾的可能性,以便它可以很容易地安装在建筑本身,甚至直接到负荷中心。
它还消除变压器对油的需求限制,构建大容量设备时可以使用干式变压器。
在实际工程设计中曾应用四个台湾2500kVA 干式变压器。
在使用紧急发电机方面,从性能和尺寸的角度来看,比过去进步很多。
除了使用柴油发电机；应急照明使用EPS备用电源；中断供电在一个毫秒以内的设备,可以使用UPS。
电力设备的控制从单一元件的控制到控制继电器控制变化。
除了更好的性能的各种组件的规模较小,也降低控制箱的规模。
由于数字技术更多的运用于控制能达到最佳的控制状态来控制设备。
进一步提高了节能的效果。
照明系统从过去单一光源、灯具和低效率的状态向更广泛的前景发展。
建筑中使用的光源可供选择的品种数量很多。
光的发光效率和色调在向着高效的方向发展,灯具不断地改进其效率和不同形式的灯具运用于不同场合。
例如,普通的荧光灯镇流器由普通的镇流器向节能型镇流器方向发展。
还对谐波组件的大小进行精简,生产低谐波电子镇流器。
许多措施如配件和灯具的使用,可以满足设计要求,同时能实现不同的体系结构、照明要求的各种场所。
无论照明和室内装饰照明还是道路照明和户外庭院建筑的光照明,所有的都展示了照明技术的发展和建筑照明的好处与便利。
另一个设计使用于电气设备和其他设备,如双电源开关的互投。
与传统的专业生产产品相比,除了传统的功率切换外,双电源还能满足每个其他电子设备的需要,极大地提高供电的可靠性和连续性。
电力电缆和电线是被广泛使用的产品。
过去的电线电缆,种类稀少。
现在引入各种电缆,从普通阻燃PVC电缆到耐火、少烟无卤、防电磁干扰环境的电缆等。
导线材料从普通的矿物绝缘绝缘材料到总线绝缘,高效绝缘等分支机构。
电力建设中这些技术是安全、可靠、方便的,提供了一个有效的环境保护。
针对特殊需求分布、建设的一些新设备得到了广泛的应用。
例如大型医院手术室医疗机构漏电保护、漏电监测系统等。
技术的发展强大在很多地方都有显现如实际工程和技术人员,以及我们自己的经验。
如此巨大的发展为中国的电力建设和电力建设安全使用奠定了良好的基础也创造了条件。
随着建筑智能化技术的深入应用,一些设备、系统控制和控制系统已逐渐成为一个专业性的监控,并具有开放建筑设备监控系统通信协议、互联网和通信系统。
建筑物内如自动功率控制系统,采用现场总线技术的数据采集和处理,集中控制变量分配系统实现远程监控和远程控制以及远程无人变电站的实现。
连续收集和分析系统能提前给出建议或警告,以方便系统的安全运行。
自动功率控制系统利用计算机技术、信息技术、控制技术、传感器技术、通信网络技术、电力电子技术等综合技术,它基本上可以取代传统的二次回路而且接线简单、性能可靠、易于维护。
与此同时,根据建筑的能耗进行的第二次重大节能照明控制系统也会逐步实现。
专业照明控制系统已经广泛应用于许多建筑物。
照明控制由一个实时传感器控制定时控制。
此外,现场控制、远程控制和控制多种灵活的控制现场,达到最大的能量利用,同时实现功能和人性化的舒适的照明系统。
各种建筑标准也相应出台，如1980年代末《标准建筑设计防火规范》GBJ16-87；1990年代《民用建筑照明设计标准》GBJ133-90；《民用建筑电气设计规范》JGJ/ T16 - 92；《工业企业照明设计标准》GB50034 - 92；《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》GB50045 - 95；《供配电系统设计规范》GB50052 - 95；《l0kV及以下变电所设计规范》GB50053 - 94；《低压配电设计规范》GB50054 - 95；《通用用电设备设计规范》GB50055 - 93；《建筑物防雷设计规范》GB50057-94等等。
紧随后的是建筑电气设计基础建设电气设计的标准化。
智能建筑技术只是一种手段，配备智能功能、强调效率、能耗低、更干净,真正实现以人为本。
在实现节能的前提下,提高建筑的功能、环境保护和可持续发展的目标。
构建可持续发展的实现从战略的角度来看,注重环境保护，保持生态系统稳定。
可持续发展是一个永恒的主题，经过多年的实践,在一个理性和务实的态度下,以实际需要和实际应用为标准,不是盲目地追随片面而是追求全面、先进的智能系统,在技术上做到领先。
设计需做了合理的投资,使用不同的功能。
根据投资和管理需求的具体情况来确定先进的、可靠的、经济合理的和最优的方案，这个概念现在已经成为智能建筑行业的共识。
建筑智能技术使所有的学院和大学的建设开辟了这一技术相应的专业课程和促进了相关专业学生的发展。
智能建筑技术包括:建筑设备自动控制系统、安全系统、停车场管理系统、火灾自动报警和消防系统、通信和计算机网络系统、综合布线系统、广播系统、有线电视系统、视频会议系统等,超过10个子系统的集成。
是我国第一个独立于国内建筑智能技术系统集成子系统的开发。
1、20世纪的建筑设备监控系统的发展由1980年代的集中监控开始,由于可靠性差、速度慢，1990年代后已经很少使用,并取代了分布式控制。
在1990年代末,随着计算机技术、控制技术、网络和通信技术开发和集成,监控施工设备技术发展迅速。
2、安全技术和安全措施也逐步发展,包括中央监控、入侵警报、访问控制(门)、巡逻削减等更多的周边防御和其他子系统。
安全系统从最初的子系统相互独立的到各子系统之间相互联系。
大大增加了安全性、可靠性和实时为人们的工作、学习和生活安全保障。
闭路电视监控系统从模拟到数字的方向发展,整个安全系统的规模也在运动数字系统、集成的方向发展。
3、运用通信网络技术的智能建筑通信网络,包括计算机网络、双向有线电视传输网络和电话通讯网络。
前两个智能网络作为一个宽带主干网络把几乎所有的信息技术和信息资源管理的几乎所有的用户连接到一起。
在1990年代中期之前，有一个为所有类型的网络和用户的市场。
但在1990年代末,由于以太网连接的灵活性和优越的性能、易于维护和使用等优点,ICT网络逐渐在列表中。
以太网传输速率,从最初的10Mbps,100Mbps 到1 Gbps,10Gbps甚至更高的利率。
智能建筑电话网络(ISDN,SL)目前用于语音通信、数据和图像的窄带宽数据通信,它让人们通过通信网络、电视、电话会议等功能实现相互交流。
智能访问技术的关键是与外界建立联系,它使世界变得越来越小。
人们的工作、生活发生了剧大的变化。
智能建筑访问网络或互联网,越来越多的高带宽需求的接收,满足日益增长的用户需求数据通信。
在有线电视网络的发展同时,无线网络由于其灵活性,也进入了一个快速发展阶段。
从2003年的基于最初的路线的轮询策略的研究到现在超过100兆赫。
移动互联网正为人们提供很大的方便,并在许多领域发展潜力巨大，网络正在成为趋势。
4、综合布线技术PDS是智能建筑数据、语音和多媒体的通信平台。
综合布线技术进入中国市场以来,因其优异的性能,并且对于智能建筑的国内市场来说是一个新概念、新技术,在建筑业立即引起了巨大的反响。
该技术已广泛应用于所有类型的智能建筑。
为了满足网络传输带宽和新产品的开发速度，PDS引入3线、5线到6线,甚至提高标准到七线系统的产品,以满足千兆网络的需求。
提高网络的传输速率,以适应已经投入10G网络市场的发展。
新的多模和单模光纤传输媒介作为一个很好的材料将被广泛使用。
从铜线、光纤电缆、技术和产品的不断更新，PDS充分反映了智能建筑的快速发展,新技术的应用和广阔的发展前景。
5、智能建筑系统集成技术一般连接各个子网络。
每个子系统的操作预计将完成他们的工作,但尚未达到共享信息资源。
为了实现有效的管理,各个子系统之间的信息资源共享、系统集成。
在系统集成过程中,选择平台集成、网络结构、集成子系统的范围是不同的、集成模型也是不同的。
随着计算机技术、网络技术、控制技术、显示技术的发展,建筑设备监控系统和其他系统通过计算机网络连接。
完成基于建筑设备监控系统的系统集成模式。
平等的在各自的系统集成,建立一个网络管理系统集成。
作为一个子系统可以降低现场控制网络集成。
实时数据子系统、开放、行业标准接口,转换成统一的格式存储在数据库或服务器系统集成。
综合网络管理系统实现统一管理子系统程序、监控和信息交换系统集成,系统集成实现协议的各个子系统之间的联系有关控制和信息共享。
提高管理效率,增强处理突发事件的能力和节约能源的目的、节省人力。
这是建筑设备管理系统(BMS)。
系统集成不是我们的目的,而是为了增强建筑的功能和技术手段,提高管理效率,整合内容不是更好,但根据使用和管理的需要,以及成熟的技术,该系统是可靠和合理的投资。
有效管理的前提是集成的需求。
(6)智能住宅区1990年代国际电子智能住宅提出的理念。
智能建筑技术逐渐蔓延到居民区,在最初几个经济较发达的沿海城市已经成功。
智能技术开始建设居住小区的住宅和公共建筑。
智能建筑智能技术迅速扩展,已成为智能建筑发展的一个重要市场。
公共建筑和住宅智能化,这是市场的需求,也是实际的发展需求。
智能设计研究所将中国住宅将放在一个重要位置,为住宅提供一个智能平台。
住宅的智能设计是先进的和具有挑战性的领域。
住宅小区智能化技术的发展可以分为以下方面:系统设计强调以人为本的设计理念,应该迎合居民所有级别的方便、安全、舒适和处理功能的要求，处理好先进和实用之间的关系和合理的投资。
安全系统从一个单独的安全子系统为家庭和社区结合防御到国防安全的技术体系。
从单个运营商宽带访问信息、通信模式选项、xD-SL宽带接入网络、一个双向有线电视网络,形成地区计算机网络发展。