英国概况History
British_history_2英语国家概况英国历史相关-2022年学习资料
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The Glorious Revolution of 1688-L7yw1e心s0J-By SaDEreN FE6.2002
The Rise of the British Empire-The industrial revolut on-The chartist movement-The workshop of the world-Th colonial expansion-ogi tuogd-By SaDEreN-F-E0.2002
2.1 Religious Reformation-Reasons-2 religious camps:C tholic-and Protestant-Immediate cause:Henry VIII's-di orce-Act of Supremacy-Henry VIII-only supreme head of the church of England"-In essence,the Reformation was a political movement in a-religious guise-alyogi bwog -By SaDEreN-F-E0.2002
James l-Lalyogine tuege-By SaDer9NFKE6.2002
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
The Divine Right of Kings-●-James I was a firm believ r in the-Divine Right of Kings.He thought of his righ -to rule as God-given,which should not be-challenged y anyone,and he preferred no-Parliament at all.-alyog bwogd-By SaDEreN-F-E0.2002
英国概况
1) The House of Lords
The House of Lords currently consists of two very different types of member, the Lords Temporal(世俗议员) and Lords Spiritual(神职议 员). Lords Temporal include appointed members--life peers(终身贵族) and ninety-two remaining hereditary peers(世袭贵族)，elected from among, and by, the holders of title which previously gave a seat in the House of Lords. The Lords Spiritual represent the Archbishops(大教主) and most senior Bishops(主教) of the church of England.
4．Political Parties
The UK is a multi-party system（多党制） and since the 1920s, the two largest political parties have been the Conservative Party(保守党) and the Labor Party（工党） The Liberal Democrats(自由民主党), a party formed by the merger of the former Liberal Party自由党 and Social Democratic Party 社会民主党in 1988, is the third largest party in the British parliament. It is not enough to form a government, but enough to have a big impact on which of the other two parties does so. The leader of the party that wins the most seats is asked to form a government and the leader becomes the Prime Minister and selects his or her cabinet. (在选举中，赢得多数选票的政党的领导人成为首相，并且 选举自己的内阁阁员)
百科知识（英国）
百科知识（英国）⼈⽂知识部分Great Britain（⼆）⼀.英国简史(Brief History of U.K.)1.古代不列颠(Ancient Britain)在不列颠群岛(Britain)上很早就有⼈类活动。
约公元前3世纪，伊⽐利亚⼈(Iberians)从欧洲⼤陆来到⼤不列颠岛东南部定居。
约700年以后，居住在欧洲西部的凯尔特⼈(Celts)不断移⼊不列颠群岛。
2.罗马⼈统治下的英国(Roman Britain)公元前55年和前54年，凯撒(Julius Caesar)两度率罗马军进攻⼤不列颠，被不列颠⼈击退。
公元43年，罗马皇帝克劳狄⼀世(Emperor Claudius)率军进攻不列颠，并将其变为罗马帝国(Roman Empire)的⾏省。
为阻⽌北⽅凯尔特⼈南下，公元122年，罗马⼈在⼤不列颠岛北部修建了⼀条横贯东西，全长118公⽴的长城，史称哈德良长城。
在罗马⼈统治的东南地区，罗马⼈(Romans)和凯尔特⼈(Celts)上层抢占部落的共有⼟地，建⽴起奴⾪制⼤⽥庄，使得凯尔特⼈或战俘称为奴⾪。
公元3到4世纪，随着奴⾪反抗⽃争的加剧，罗马帝国逐渐衰落。
4世纪中叶前后，不列颠反抗罗马统治的⽃争也渐趋激化。
公元407年，罗马驻军全部撤离不列颠，罗马队不列颠的统治即告结束。
3.盎格鲁-撒克逊时代(Anglo-Saxons)罗马⼈撤离后，5世纪中期，⼤批⽇⽿曼⼈(Germans)经由北欧⼊侵⼤不列颠群岛，⼊侵者包括盎格鲁⼈(Anglo)，撒克逊⼈(Saxons)，朱特⼈(Jutes)等，⼊侵过程延续了⼀个半世纪。
经过长期混居，逐渐形成现今英格兰⼈的祖先。
6世纪末，基督教(Christianity)传⼊英国。
597年，罗马教皇格列⾼利⼀世(Pope Gregory)派修⼠奥古斯丁(St. Augustine)到英格兰传教。
到7世纪下半叶，英格兰全境基本上都皈依了罗马基督教。
7世纪初，⼊侵者先后建⽴起7个强国：东部和东北部盎格鲁⼈的麦西亚(Mercia)，诺森波利亚(Northumbria)和东盎格鲁利亚(East Anglia)，南部撒克逊⼈的威塞克斯(Wessex)，埃塞克斯(Essex)和苏赛克斯(Sussex)，东南部朱特⼈的肯特(Kent)，合称"七王国"(Heptarchy)。
英语国家概况：英国的形成历史
英语国家概况:英国的形成历史英国，全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)，本土位于欧洲大陆西北面的不列颠群岛，被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围。
下面是店铺整理的英语国家概况:英国的形成历史，欢迎大家阅读!The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381)英国的形成(公元1066-1381)I. Norman Rule (1066-1381)诺曼统治(公元1066-1381)1. William's Rule (1066-1087)威廉一世的统治(公元1066-1087)England's feudalism under the rule of William theConqueror 在威廉统治下的英国封建制度①Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established.②According to this system, the King owned all the land personally.③William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military serviceand a proportion of the land's produce.④These estates were scattered f ar and wide over the country, so that those who held themcould not easily combine to rebel the king.⑤The barons, who had become William's tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lessernobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services.⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs.⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take theoath of allegiance，not only totheir immediate lord, but also to the king.①在威廉统治下，英国的封建制度得到完全确立。
英国介绍(修订版)
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地理
地理
英国位于欧洲大陆西北
部，由大不列颠岛和爱
尔兰岛北部及周边岛屿
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组成
英国地形多样，有山地、
高原、河流、湖泊和沼
泽等
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英国的气候属于温带海 洋性气候，全年温和湿 润，四季寒暑变化不大
英国国土面积约为
24.41万平方公里(包
1
括内陆水域)，由英格 兰、苏格兰、威尔士和
北爱尔兰四个构成国组
成
主要山脉有奔宁山脉和 哈德良山脉
此外，英国也是北大西洋公约 组织(NATO)的重要成员国之一， 与美国和其他盟友保持紧密的 军事和政治合作关系
作为联合国安全理事会的常任 理事国之一，英国在全球事务 中拥有重要的投票权和影响力
在欧洲事务中，英国也是欧盟 的重要成员国之一，参与了许 多欧盟的倡议和项目
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总结
总结
英国是一个具有深厚 历史和文化底蕴的国 家，其政治、经济、 文化和社会发展都处
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此 外 ， 英 国a还a有a 许 多 古 老 的 城 堡 和 宫 殿
如温莎城堡、白金汉宫等以及美丽的海
滨城市如布莱顿、利物浦等
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除 此 之 外 ，a还a有a 许 多 世 界 著 名 的 博 物 馆
和艺术馆如大英博物馆、国家画廊等
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教育
教育
英国的教育体系在全球范围内 享有盛誉，其高等教育机构如 剑桥大学、牛津大学等是世界
于世界领先地位
01
作为一个高度发达的 现代化国家，英国将 继续在全球事务中发
挥重要的作用
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无论是在教育、科技、 文化还是政治领域， 英国都将继续对世界
产生深远的影响
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British_History 1 英语国家概况 英国历史相关
Stonehenge
It is the most famous prehistoric monument in Britain and is situated on Salisbury Plain in the county of Wiltshire. The Iberians began building Stonehenge about 5,000 years ago, dragging each
• In the ninth century they conquered and settled the extreme north and west of Scotland, and also some coastal regions of Ireland.
• Their conquest of England was halted when they were defeated by King Alfred of the Saxon kingdom of Wessex. This resulted in an agreement in 878 which divided England between Wessex in the south and west, and the “Danelaw” in the north and east.
Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy (七国时代)
• The seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy, having occupied the lowland zones. – Jutes invasion: In 449, the Jutish chief became the king of Kent; – Anglo-Saxon Conquest: • Saxon : Essex, Sussex, Wessex; • Angles: East Anglia, Northumbria, Mercia ;
英语国家概况英国历史
Chapter Two History England in 878 A Brief History of the UKChapter Two History—A Brief History of the UK Elizabeth I A Brief History of the UK Objectives Starter Teaching Points Lesson Review Case Study Supplementary ReadingChapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK Objectives Acquire a general idea about the British history. Learn about the major stages and important figures in British history. Find out the influences of British history on other English speaking countries.Chapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK Starter Tell about the following pictures and the special period related to them.Chapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK What a b cChapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK Stonehenge One of the wonders of the world which is believed to have been built from 4000 BC to 2000 BC. Now as a world heritage site Stonehenge and all its surroundings remain powerful witnesses to the once great civilizations of the Stone and Bronze Ages. Map showing the location of StonehengeChapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK Shakespeares Globe Theatre A theatre in London associated with William Shakespeare. It was built in 1599 by Shakespeares playing company the Lord Chamberlains Men and was destroyed by fire on June 29 1613. A second Globe Theatre was rebuilt on the same site by June 1614 and closed in 1642. Interior of the modern reconstructionExterior of the modern reproduction of the GlobeChapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK King Arthur A legendary figure in the 5th century AD in British history. According to the legend Arthur gathered a company of knights who sat together at Arthur‘s castle. He created the famous ―round table‖ at which all would have equal right to be the king sense of democracy. H e united the British and with his magical sword Excalibur drove the Saxons back. adanno dominiin the year of our lord from Greek The Lady of the Lake gives Excalibur to King Arthur Statue of King ArthurChapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK Teaching Points A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE UKChapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK Pre-reading: Give a brief introduction of the historic periods of the UK by referring to the following chart. Pre-Celtic Period Celtic Age and Roman Invasion 1500BC-410AD Anglo-Saxon Britain Viking raids维京海盗突袭）and Norman invasion 410-1066 Norman Rule 1066-1381 Transition to the Modern Age 1455-1688 Rise and Fall of the British Empire 1688-1945Chapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK Historic Time Major Incidents Periods Roman Period 43—410 Christianity was brought to Britain Norman Rule 1066—1381 Magna Carta Black Death Transition to 1455—1688 The War of Roses English Renaissance Modern Age Rise of British 1688—1900 Industrial Revolution Colonial Expansion Empire Fall of British WWI WWII 1914—1945 Empire Great DepressionChapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK Pre-Celtic Period Celtic Age and Roman Invasion 1500BC －410AD The first Celtic tribes the Gaels（苏格兰高地的居民）came to the British Isles between 800 and 700 BC. Two centuries later the Brythons（居住在不列颠的凯尔特人）or ancient Britons came from whom the country was called Britain. British-recorded history begins with the Roman invasion in 43AD under Claudius I Since then England and Wales had been a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years.Chapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK Pushing into Scotland The Romans built a gigantic wall Hadrian‗s Wall to control the frontier，the northwestern boundary of the Roman Empire. The Romans also brought the new religion Christianity to Britain. The location of Hadrians Wall Hadrians WallChapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK When the Roman Empire came under the repeated attacks from the Picts皮克特人）and Scots and the invasion of the Germanic Saxontribes the Roman army pulled out of Britain in 410 AD leading to the swift breakdown of Roman civilization. It is said that in the 5th century AD King Arthur united Britain and drove the Saxons out of the country with his magical sword Excalibur. King ArthurChapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK Anglo-Saxon Britain Viking raids and Norman invasion 410 －1066 Invaders of three Teutonic（日耳曼条顿人）tribes came to Britain in the mid-5th century. –firstly the Jutes（fishing and farming from southern Denmark in the mid-5th century –the Saxonsusers of short sword from northern Germany from the end of 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century –the Anglesnorthern Germany who came in the second half of the 6th century and who were to give their name to the English people. English the language of the Angles replace the old celtic and the country became known as England meaning the land of UKChapter Two History— A Brief History of the the Angles Alfred the Great By 850AD the country was under sustained attacks from Norwegian Viking raids. The Saxon king Alfred the Great also known as ―Father of the British Navy‖ gradually pushed the Vikings northwards and eventually into the sea. By 955 Alfred‘s grandson Ethelred ruled over Eadred a united England and the government became centralized.Chapter Two History—A Brief History of the UK Viking invasions renewed till 1066 when King Harold marched north and won a victory over the Vikings. On October 1066 William of Normandy known as ―William the Conqueror‖ defeated Harold‘s army and crowned himself William I in London on Christmas Day 1066 becoming the first Norman king of William the Conqueror England.Chapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK This period can be characterised as a transition from a tribal to feudal society. TheAnglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. The names Tuesday Wednesday Thursday and Friday respectively derive from their gods. — Tiu—god of war — Woden—king of heaven — Thor—god of storms — Freya—goddess of peace Christianity almost disappeared until 597 when Pope Gregory I of Roman came to England and began to convert the heathen 异教徒）English to Christianity. Pope Gregory IChapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK Norman Rule 1066 －1381 Under William the Conqueror the feudal system was completely established. — He confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. — He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. — Relations with the Continents were opened. — Norman French culture language manners Priory Church and architecture were introduced. — The church was kept completely under the control of the king. — The Norman culture flowered on the English soil. — Monasteries formed the new cultural centers. Monastic CommunityChapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK Economic administrative and legal reforms from Henry II the first king of the House of Plantagenet: —abolishing the annual land tax —strengthening the king‘s Court and extending its judicial work —reforming certain abuses in Church Henry II government by restricting the power of the archbishopChapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK。
英国历史的英语介绍带翻译
通过对英国历史的英语介绍，我们可以理解这个国家的文化和传统的形成过程。对于学习英国文化和了解世界历史的人来说，深入了解英国历史是非常有价值的。无论是古罗马时期、盎格鲁-撒克逊时期、诺曼底征服时期，还是宪法发展和工业革命，这些重要的时期和事件塑造了英国的现代社会和文化面貌。
二、盎格鲁-撒克逊时期 Anglo-Saxon Period
5世纪至11世纪是盎格鲁-撒克逊时期。在这一时期，来自日耳曼地区的盎格鲁-撒克逊人占领了不列颠，并建立了七主要王国。这段时期见证了英国基督教的传入，以及英语作为主要语言的形成。盎格鲁-撒克逊文化对英国文化产生了深远的影响，英国的传统节日和习俗中仍可以看到其痕迹。
五、工业革命 Industrial Revolution
18世纪的英国经历了工业革命，这次革命对英国和世界产生了深远的影响。领导着全球工业变革的英国通过发明和创新推动了工业化进程，从而带动了经济繁荣。工业革命改变了英国社会结构，也引发了许多社会问题。然而，这段时期同时也催生了现代科学、技术和制度的重大进步。
英国概况
英国概况一．概况（Introduction）国名：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国（The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland），简称联合王国（United Kingdom），或者英国（Britain）。
国旗（National Flag）：米字旗国徽（National Emblem）：国徽中心有一枚盾，盾面的左上角和右下角分别有三只红底金狮，象征着英格兰，右上角是象征着苏格兰的三只金底红狮，左下角的竖琴（harp）则象征着爱尔兰。
盾左边是一支头戴王冠的狮子，象征英格兰，而右侧的独角兽（unicorn）则象征着苏格兰。
国歌（National Anthem）：《天佑女王》（God Save the Queen），如果在位君王是男性，则改为（God Save the King）。
国庆日（National Day）：英王的生日即为国庆日。
国花（National Flower）：玫瑰花（Rose）首都（Capital）：伦敦（London），英国的第一大城市和第一大港口，欧洲最大的都会之一。
同时它也是世界三大金融中心之一。
（纽约，伦敦，东京）语言（Languages）：官方用语为英语。
此外英国各个地区还有自己的通用语言：威尔士语（Welsh），爱尔兰语（Irish），苏格兰语（Scots）等等。
行政区域（Administrative Region）：分为四个部分：英格兰（England），威尔士（Wales），苏格兰（Scotland）和北爱尔兰（Northern Ireland）。
伦敦又被称作为“大伦敦”（Greater London），它辖有32个独立的城区（London Boroughs）和一个“金融城”（City of London）。
二．英国地理（Geography）1.英国简介（Brief introduction to Britain）英国由大不列颠岛（Britain）和北爱尔兰（Northern Ireland）组成，其中大不列颠岛由英格兰（England）、苏格兰（Scotland）和威尔士（Wales）三个部分组成。
英国简介-精品文档
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水资源管理
英国的水资源管理面临着压力， 政府正在努力改善水质和提高水 资源利用效率。
自然保护区
英国拥有许多自然保护区，保护 其丰富的生物多样性。其中最著 名的是苏格兰的高地地区，那里 有丰富的野生动植物种群。
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英国简介
汇报人： 日期:
目 录
• 地理与历史 • 政治与经济 • 文化与教育 • 社会与生活 • 旅游与环境
01
地理与历史
地理
地理位置
英国位于欧洲大陆西北部，大不 列颠群岛中最大的岛屿，北边是 挪威海和北海，东边是波罗的海
，南边与法国隔海相望。
地理特点
英国地形主要由平原和丘陵组成， 地势北高南低，河流大多流向北海 。
二战后，英国逐渐失去了世界霸主的地位 ，但仍然是世界上最发达的国家之一。
02
政治与经济
政治体制
01
02
03
04
君主立宪制
英国实行君主立宪制，国王或 女王为国家元首，统而不治。
议会制度
英国议会由上议院和下议院组 成，是英国政治的核心机构。
政府与内阁
政府由首相领导，内阁是英国 政治决策的核心机构。
司法机构
气候特点
英国主要属于温带海洋性气候，四 季分明，雨水充沛。
历史
早期历史
中世纪
英国有着悠久的早期历史，曾是罗马帝国 的领土，后来成为盎格鲁撒克逊人的故乡 。
在欧洲中世纪时期，英国经历了多个王朝 的更迭，包括盎格鲁撒克逊王朝、诺曼底 王朝等。
近代史
现代英国
17世纪英国革命后，英国逐渐成为君主立 宪制的国家，并在19世纪和20世纪初成为 世界上最强大的国家之一。
高二历史西方国家知识点：英国
高二历史西方国家知识点：英国概述英国是一个位于欧洲西北部的岛国，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个地区组成。
英国以其悠久的历史、文化和对世界政治、经济的影响力而闻名于世。
历史背景在公元前5世纪左右，英国岛上居住着凯尔特人。
公元43年，罗马帝国入侵并征服了英国，持续了近400年。
罗马帝国衰落后，盎格鲁-撒克逊人（Angles、Saxons和Jutes）开始迁入英国。
9世纪时，丹麦人也开始征服英国。
在11世纪时，诺曼底公爵威廉征服了英国，建立了诺曼底王朝，成为英国第一位诺曼国王。
英国帝国的崛起英国的帝国崛起始于16世纪。
经过著名的航海家哥伦布的探险，英国海军开始扩展其势力范围，并建立了殖民地。
17世纪时，英国成为世界上第一个工业化国家。
英国工业革命18世纪末到19世纪初，英国经历了一次工业革命。
这场革命彻底改变了英国的经济、社会和政治面貌。
工业化促进了城市化，提高了生产效率，加速了商品生产和贸易发展。
其中的关键因素包括煤炭和铁路的发展，以及著名的发明家和创业家如詹姆斯·瓦特（蒸汽机）和乔治·斯蒂芬森（蒸汽火车）的贡献。
英国的政治制度英国的政治制度是一个君主立宪制，国家元首是君主（目前是女王伊丽莎白二世），而政府事务由首相领导。
英国议会是英国政治的核心，由下议院和上议院组成。
下议院由全国选举产生的议员组成，上议院包括由君主任命的贵族和选举产生的主教。
英国的文化与文学英国拥有丰富多样的文化遗产和文学作品。
莎士比亚、乔叟和狄更斯等作家的作品被广泛翻译和阅读。
英国音乐和剧院也享誉世界，如贝多芬的交响乐和莎士比亚戏剧的演出。
英国的科学和发明英国在科学和发明方面也有重要贡献。
牛顿的引力理论和达尔文的进化论都是英国科学的里程碑。
英国还发明了许多实用的物品，如蒸汽机、电灯、电话、电视和计算机。
英国的帝国衰落20世纪初，随着其他国家的实力崛起，英国的帝国势力开始衰落。
两次世界大战对英国经济和社会造成了巨大冲击。
British_History 1 英语国家概况 英国历史相关
5. The Romans left behind on Britain three things of value, they are ______, the _________ and _______, especially ________.
• The Romans remained in Britain from 43 BC to 410 AD, almost four hundred years (four centuries). They imposed their own way of life and culture. And they brought Christianity to England.
III. Anglo-Saxon Britain & Danish Invasion
450, 3 Teutonic groups, Heptarchy, King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table
Viking Britain, 793, King Alfred, the Great
Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy (七国时代)
• The seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy, having occupied the lowland zones. – Jutes invasion: In 449, the Jutish chief became the king of Kent; – Anglo-Saxon Conquest: • Saxon : Essex, Sussex, Wessex; • Angles: East Anglia, Northumbria, Mercia ;
英国历史简介Intro to EuroAm UK History
• different linguistic influences
• information that may help us better understand that culture’s taboos, stereotypes, etc. • about what that culture’s “common knowledge” is
• English people have mixed ancestry and now have an ethnically diverse population
• Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland have all tried to rebel against England throughout history (unsuccessfully) but now have their own quasi-independent parliaments and parliamentary presence in English parliament
Northern Ireland: History cont./Points to Remember
• Northeastern Ireland developed a population where the majority saw themselves as British subjects, and Northern Ireland partitioned off from Ireland and became part of UK • Northern Irish minority (ethnically Irish and religiously Catholic) saw themselves as different than British (ethnically Anglo-Saxon/Norman and religiously Protestant) and did not want to be part of UK • Political unrest has dominated since, with bloody conflict coming from both sides • “Great hatred, little room” - W.B. Yeats
英国历史英文介绍简短
英国历史英文介绍简短The history of the United Kingdom is long and complex, stretching back thousands of years. It is a story of invasions, conquests, and migrations, of kings and queens, of wars and revolutions, and of the development of a unique and diverse culture.The earliest inhabitants of the British Isles were the Celts, who arrived around 500 BC. They were followed by the Romans, who invaded in 43 AD and ruled for nearly 400 years. In the 5th century, the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes arrived from northern Europe and established the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Wales.In 1066, the Normans invaded England and brought with them a new language, culture, and government. This period saw the development of the English language and the establishment of the monarchy. In the 16th century, England began to expand its empire, colonizing North America, India, and other parts of the world.The 18th century saw the Industrial Revolution, which transformed the country and made it one of the most powerful nations in the world. In the 19th century, the British Empire reached its peak, ruling over a quarter of the world’s population.The 20th century saw two world wars, the decline of the British Empire, and the emergence of the United Kingdom as amodern, democratic nation. Today, the UK is a member of the European Union and a major player in world affairs. Its history is a fascinating and complex one, and its culture is unique and diverse.。
英语国家概况英国历史
引言概述英国是一个拥有悠久历史和丰富文化的英语国家，位于欧洲大陆西北部，是世界上五个英语国家之一（其他四个分别是美国、加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰）。
英国是一个由四个国家组成的联合王国，包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。
本文将重点介绍英国的历史概况，从不同的时期、事件和人物来探讨英国历史的发展轨迹。
正文内容一、古代历史1.不列颠时期：介绍不列颠岛上原始民族的聚居，包括凯尔特人和罗马人的入侵等重要事件。
2.盎格鲁-撒克逊时期：讲述盎格鲁-撒克逊部落的入侵和建立英格兰王国的过程，以及统一英格兰的重要国王。
3.维京时期：探讨维京人的海上势力和对英国的影响，特别是他们在诺曼底登陆中的角色。
二、中世纪历史1.诺曼底征服：介绍威廉一世成为英格兰国王，建立诺曼底王朝的历史背景和影响。
2.骑士精神和十字军东征：探讨中世纪欧洲的骑士精神和十字军东征对英格兰的影响，以及英格兰维持外交平衡的策略。
3.玫瑰战争：讲述兰开斯特家族和约克家族之间的争斗，以及亨利七世的登基结束了这场战争。
三、近代历史1.英国帝国扩张：探讨英国帝国的形成和扩张过程，包括殖民地的建立、工业革命对英国的影响以及英国对全球贸易的控制。
2.工业革命和城市化：介绍英国在18世纪和19世纪的工业革命，以及城市化进程对社会结构和经济发展的影响。
3.英国政治制度的演变：探讨英国政治制度的演变，包括君主立宪制度的建立、议会的权力扩大以及普选权的实现。
四、现代历史1.两次世界大战：讲述英国在两次世界大战中的角色和贡献，特别是在二战中与纳粹德国的斗争。
2.工党和保守党执政：探讨英国工党和保守党在近代的执政经历和政策变化。
3.英国加入欧盟和脱欧：介绍英国加入欧盟的历史背景和对英国的影响，以及脱欧公投和英国脱欧的过程。
五、现代英国文化与社会1.英国皇室：介绍英国皇室的历史和现状，以及对英国文化和社会的影响。
2.英国文学和艺术：探讨英国文学和艺术的发展，包括莎士比亚、狄更斯等重要作家和艺术家的作品对全球文化的影响。
abriefhistoryofBritain英国历史简述（精选五篇）
abriefhistoryofBritain英国历史简述（精选五篇）第一篇：a brief history of Britain 英国历史简述A Brief History of Britainby Pam BarrettWhen French and British construction workers met beneath the English Channel in 1990, Britain became linked to Continental Europe for the first time in 7,000 years.For it was then, when the last Ice Age ended, that melting ice flooded the low-lying lands, creating the English Channel and the North Sea and turning Britain into an island.This fact of being “set apart” was one of the two seemingly contradictory factors which would affect every aspect of the country’s subsequent history.The other was a genius for absorbing every invader and immigrant, creating a mongrel breed whose energies would establish an empire incorporating a quarter of the population of the planet.Early settlers: Stone Age people arrived, probably from the Iberian peninsula, in around 3000 BC.They lived by farming but left few traces.The most dramatic ancient monument is Stonehenge in Wiltshire, built during the next 1,000 years.How and why it was built was a mystery, but it must have had religious and political significance.The Beaker people, named after their pottery, were next to arrive.But a more importance wave of immigration, in 700 BC, was that of the Celts from eastern and central Europe.The ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Welsh and the Irish, they left behind a rich legacy of intricate and beautiful metalwork.The Romans: British recorded history began when Julius Caesar first crossed the English Channel in 55 BC.Roman rule continued for nearly 400 years, failing to subjugate only Scottish tribes, whose raiding parties were contained by Emperor Hadrian who built adefended wall right across the north of England.Eventually, threatened by barbarians at the gates of Rome, they abandoned Britain, leaving behind them a network of towns, mostly walled, a superb road system, and a new religion, Christianity.The next wave of invaders from central Europe – Angles, Saxons and Jutes – gradually pushed the native Celts west into Wales and north into Scotland.Anglo-Saxon dominance, too, lasted for four centuries, though it did not extend to Scotland, where a separate kingdom was forged by the Picts and the Scots.Although the Anglo-Saxons were a ferocious bunch, constantly squabbling, they laid the foundations of the English state, dividing the country into shires and devising an effective farming system.Their Teutonic religion, worshipping gods such as Woden and Thor, eclipsed Christianity until, at the end of the 6th century, the monk Augustine(once heard to remark “O Lord, make me chaste, but not yet”)converted the kings and the nobles.Monasteries sprang up, becoming places of learning.Treasures contained in the monasteries were a lure for the Vikings, whose ruthless raids from across the North Sea began in the 9th century.Initially they were defeated at sea by Alfred the Great, founder of the British Navy, but eventually they too were assimilated.Canute, the Danish leader, became king of Britain.The Norman Conquest: Links with Normandy, the part of France settled by the Vikings, were strong, and in 1066 William, Duke of Normandy, claimed the English throne.His triumph at the battle of Hastings decisively changed English history.As W.C.Sellar and R.J.Yeatman put it in their classic humorous history 1066 And All That: “The Norman Conquest was a Good Thing, as from this time onwards England stopped being conquered and thus was able to become top nation.”William parceled out the land to barons in return for their loyalty, and the barons parceled out land in turn to lesser nobles in return for goods and services.At the bottom were the peasants, whose feudal status resembled slavery – hence the potency of the Robin Hood legend, celebrating the Nottingham outlaw who stole from the rich to give to the poor.Although much of the Norman kings’ energies were devoted to protecting their borders, there was a great flowering of Norman culture, producing many erudite historians and scholars.In 1167 Oxford University was founded.Thanks to the influence of William Shakespeare’s history plays, much of the next period of English history is popularly remembered through his view of the shifting alliances of the Plantagenet and Tudor kings who ruled from 1154 to 1547.During this period of conflict and disease –the Black Death alone killed nearly half the population in 1348-49 –the royal succession was by no means assured.Power struggles propelled to the throne those who could command the greatest military backing from the majority of the rival barons, a process vividly illustrated by the Wars of Roses, the tussles between the House of Lancaster and York between 1455 and 1485.Frequent strife with France(including the intermittent Hundred Years’ War from 1337 to 1453)dominated international relationships.Internally, Wales was subjugated by 1288, though Scottish independence was recognized when Robert Bruce defeated English forces at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314.Britain’s most famous king, Henry VIII, is remembered not only for his six wives(two of whom he had beheaded)but also for bringing about the Reformation, making England a Protestant rather than a Catholic countr y.His quarrel centred on the Pope’s refusal to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, who couldnot oblige him with a male heir.Doctrinal differences aside, however, Henry capitalized on a growing distaste for the church’s excessive privilege and wealt h, and was thus able to get away with seizing enough monastic lands and property to finance his rule.Under Henry, Wales was formally united with England in 1536.The Age of Elizabeth: England entered its Golden Age under Elizabeth I, Henry’s daughter by Ann e Boleyn.The Elizabethan Age has a swashbuckling ring to it: the Virgin Queen and her dashing courtiers;the defeat of the Spanish Armada;Sir Walter Raleigh’s discovery of tobacco in Virginia;Sir Francis Drake’s circumnavigation of the world.Poetry, plays a nd pageantry flourished during her 45-year reign.When Elizabeth, the “Virgin Queen”, died without an heir, the throne passed to James VI of Scotland, who became James I of England, inaugurating the Stuart dynasty and effectively joining together the two kingdoms.The Stuart period was one of conflict between Crown and Parliament.James I, a staunch believer in the Divine Right of Kings, would have preferred no Parliament at all, and Charles I dissolved Parliament and initiated an 11-year period of absolute rule.The upshot was a civil war from 1622 to 1649;Charles lost and was beheaded.A period of republicanism followed, under the rule of Oliver Cromwell, but after his death the monarchy was restored and prospered under Charles II.His brother, who succeeded him as James II, was less circumspect and tried to restore absolute monarchy and the Catholic religion.The newly emerging political parties, growing in confidence, forced him to flee and invited his daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, Prince William of Orang e, to take the throne.This “Glorious Revolution”, although bloodless, was nonetheless a revolution and paved the way for Parliament’s permanent dominance overthe Crown.In 1707 an Act of Union united England and Scotland, although Scotland was allowed to retain its own Church and legislature.Many Scots felt that the union was bulldozed through by English politicians’ intent on improving their international trade prospects, and Scottish pressure to unravel the union is still a political issue.Political pragmatism triumphed again in 1714 when, a reliable Protestant monarch being needed in a hurry, a search through the family tree came up with George I of Hanover in Germany.Although he spoke no English and had little interest in his subjects, he founded a dynasty which was to span 115 years and encompass an expanding empire and an industrial revolution.The age of empire: Despite the loss of its American colonies in 1783, Britain’s trade-driven adventurism was undiminished, giving it control of West Africa and India, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, some Caribbean island, and Australia and New Zealand.At home, farmers embraced more efficient and profitable methods, which led to the eviction of many peasant farmers who either emigrated to the New World, carrying with them a resentment that would bequeathed to future generations, or left the land to find work in the towns, which rapidly became overcrowded.This combination of landowners with surplus capital to invest and laborers in search of a living was one reason why British became the first country to industrialize.Political stability helped too, as did the security of being an island, natural resources, good trade arrangements and a native genius for inventing things.The Scottish inventor James Watt modified and improved the steam engine in the 1770s, opening the way for the efficient powering of trains, ships and factory machinery.The invention of the Spinning Jenny and the power loom created mass production in textiles.The smelting ofiron with coke, instead of charcoal, hugely increased the production of iron.A massive building program of railways, roads and canals created a new class of industrialist, whose fortunes rivaled those of the aristocracy.But it also created abominable working conditions in mines and factories, conditions which led to the slow and painful development of trade unionism.Political reforms, seized elsewhere in Europe by revolution, came gradually in Britain.Parliamentary seats were distributed more fairly among the growing new towns, but voting was still based on property ownership and universal suffrage didn’t come until 1918(and even then was scarcely universal since it excluded women under 30).The problem that dominated parliamentary debate during this period was the intractable Irish Question.The resentment over centuries of British rule in Ireland bubbled to the surface after the potato famines of the mid-1840s, when about 20 percent of Ireland’s population died of starvation and more than a million people emigrated to escape a similar fate.Demands for Irish independence grew but they were demands which many English politicians, conscious of the security problems of having an independent and possibly none-too-friendly neighbor to their west, were reluctant to grant.As with today’s IRA campai gn, the debate had a backdrop of violence.T oday, however, the Victorian Age is remembered as a time of exuberant self-confidence, symbolized by the building in London of the Crystal Palace to showcase Britain’s industrial and technical achievements in the Great Exhibition of 1851.But many of London’s inhabitants might well have wondered when they would benefit from all these accomplishments.For them, the squalor and crime which Charles Dickens portrayed so evocatively in his novels were all too real.Working-class lifeimproved considerably during the last quarter of the 19th century.Many homes had gas lighting and streets were cleaned by the new municipal councils.A new police force contained crime.The music hall provided inexpensive entertainment in towns.Bicycles became a common method of transport, and a trip by train to seaside resorts was for many a highlight of summer.In London, trains in the world’s first underground railway began puffing their way through smoke-filled tunnels between Paddington and Farrington in 1863.Art and drama flourished.By the time of Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee in 1897, the country was feeling quite pleased with itself.Britannia ruled the waves, and anything seemed possible.The 20th century: But all good things come to an end.The Boer War of 1900 ended in victory for the British in South Africa but damaged its international reputation.France, Germany and America were becoming powerful competitors for world markets.The newly united German state was flexing its military muscles.The Edwardian era of the early 20th century, seemingly an idyllic time, was built on shifting sands.Dragged into World War I by a complex web of international alliances, Britain faced unimaginable carnage in which more than a million of its young men died.Social unrest at the end of the war, though less devastating than in the defeated Germany, gave more power to women(who had shouldered a heavy burden while the men were at war)and led to a General Strike by dissatisfied workers in 1926.The Irish Question was partly answered with the creation of an independent Irish free State, but six Protestant-dominated counties in the north stayed under UK rule – a time bomb which exploded in 1969.The shock waves from the 1929 New York Stock Market crash plunged Britain into depression, throwing millionsout of work, especially in the industrial areas of northern England, south Wales and Clydeside in Scotland.The monarchy was rocked by crisis in 1936 when Edward VIII, who had just become king, decided to marry the twice-divorced Mrs Wallis Simpson.His family, the church and the government opposed the match, forcing him to abdicate.His brother, a reluctant George VI, restored the monarchy’s popularity, not least through the support which he and his wife Elizabeth(later the Queen Mother)gave to their subjects during the German air raids of World War II.Although Britain’s island status saved it from invasion, this war involved civilians in an unprecedented way.Cities like Coventry were devastated by bombing and the Blitz radically changed the face of London for the first time since the Great Fire of 1666.Many children were sent to live in the countryside.Most social inequalities were set aside during the war and, when peace returned in 1945, voters turned to the Labour party in hope that it could develop an even greater egalitarianism.It laid the basis of a welfare state, providing free medical care for everyone as well as financial help for the old, the sick and the unemployed.But the war had left Britain broke.While Germany and Japan rebuilt their industries almost from scratch, helped by international aid, Britain was left to patch together a severely damaged economy.It could no longer sustain an empire, and gradually its colonies became independent.Many former subjects, especially from the Caribbean and the Indian sub-continent, settled in Britain, raising fears of racial conflict that, despite some serious tensions, were never(quite)fulfilled.As the austere 1950s gave way to the ’60s, things started to look up.New universities were built, a motorway network launched, and a reinvigorated culture promoted by a group of writersdubbed “the angry young men”.Much of the explosion of new talent came from the north of England: actors like Albert Finney, playwrights like Alan Sillitoe, and pop groups galore, led by the Beatles.The swinging Sixties, powered by a newly affluent youth, had arrived.Britain’s heavy industry might be in trouble, but in fashion and pop music it led the world.The good times died in the 1970s as inflation and unemployment soared and labour unrest led to endless strikes.Joining the European Community in 1973 seemed to produce few obvious economic benefits and revenues from North Sea oil were quickly spent rather than invested.Margaret Thatcher came to power in 1979 promising tough new policies.Her popularity quickly faded, but was revived in 1982 by the Falklands War when an invading Argentinean force was beaten off the South Atlantic islands, remnants of the old empire.Although she went on to win two further elections convincingly, by 1990 her popularity, always firmer abroad than at home, was so shaky that her party, fearing that she would not win them the next election, replaced her with a less combative leader, John Major.He duly won the 1992 election, but a reinvigorated Labour Party under T ony Blair won in 1997.The overall problems did not change, though.The economy remained weak, distrust of the European Community did not abate, nationalism simmered in Wales and Scotland, the conflict in Northern Ireland dra gged on, and the Royal Family’s private life continued to obsess the tabloid press.It was business as usual, in fact – which, in a country obsessed by continuity, was immensely reassuring.第二篇：材料学的历史简述姓名：何莞晨学号：2014012075材料学的历史简述1.按材料划分的时代生活离不开材料，人类的一切生产活动所需的工具都建立在合适的材料的基础上。
uk history英国历史(英语国家概况)
– The Battle of Waterloo – The Battle of Trafalgar
中弹阵亡。
1815 1805，英军在这场海战中击败了拿破仑的
法国西班牙联合舰队,法国海军司令被俘虏,英国海军司令纳尔逊海军上将
• The Industrial Revolution
Bloody Mary
Elizabeth Ⅰ
Tudor Dynasty • Henry Ⅶ 1485--1509 • Henry Ⅷ 1509--1547 • Edward Ⅵ 1547--1553 • Mary 1553-1558 • Elizabeth Ⅰ 1558—1603
Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ
Back
The Black Death
• 3 plagues
• 在1348年，一场瘟疫 或者黑死病通过从亚 洲来的商人来到欧洲， 并被在那些商人的商 船里的老鼠传播开来。 黑死病在1348年到 1353年这短短的五年 时间里夺去了欧洲大 陆近三分之一的人口。
The 16th Century
• The Wars of the Roses • A New Monarchy • The Reformation Movement / Protestant Movement Bloody Mary The Reign of Queen Elizabeth I)
Return
The Crusades 十字军东征
• A series of wars (from 11th to 14th centuries) in which armies from all over Europe tried to snatch the “Holy Land” (i.e. Palestine, where Jesus Christ once lived) from the “Infidels”异教徒；不 信正统宗教者 (i.e. the Back Muslims).
英国历史简介briefintroductionofenglishhistory
The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066)I.Early Settlers （5000BC-55BC）The IberiansThe Beaker FolkThe CeltsII.Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation.III.The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes. The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449. Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany, established their kingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.IV．Viking and Danish invasionsThe invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. Theybecame a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex.Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.He founded a strong fleet and is known as “the father of the British navy”. He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great.”V．The Norman Conquest (1066)The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.The Shaping of the Nation （1066-1381）Norman Rule （1066-1381）William's Rule （1066-1087）King Henry II and his reformsThe Great CharterThe origins of the English ParliamentThe Hundred Years' War（The Hundred Years‘ War refers to the war between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic. The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy in France， while the French kings coveted this large slice. The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders， which were the importer of English wool， but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides， England's desire to stop France from giving aid to Scots and a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes.The English being driven out of France is regarded as a blessing for both countries. If the English had remained in France， the superior size and wealth of France would have hindered the development of a separate English national identity， while France was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory.）The Black DeathThe Black Death is the modern name given to the deadly epidemic disease spread by rat fleas across Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England in the summer of 1348. It reducedEngland's population from four million to two million by the end of the 14th century.The Peasant Uprising of 1381Armed villagers and townsmen of Kent and Essex， led by Wat Tyler and Jack Straw， moved on London in June， 1381. The king was forced to accept their demands. Most of the rebels dispersed and went home， while Tyler and other leaders stayed on for more rights. Tyler was killed at a meeting with the king.The uprising was brutally suppressed， but it had far-reaching significance in English history. First， it directed against the rich clergy， lawyers and the landowners. Second， it dealt a telling blow to villeinage， and third， a new class of yeomen farmers emerged，paving the way to the development of capitalism.Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1688)The Wars of RoseThe name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster， symbolized by the read rose， and that of York， symbolized by the white， from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor，descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars， English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.The English ReformationHenry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church. There were three main causes： a desire for change and reform in the church had been growing for many years and now，encouraged by the success of Martin Luther， many people believed its time had come； the privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented； and Henry needed money.Elizabeth I （1558-1603）The English RenaissanceThe Civil WarsBecause of the absolute rule of Charles， the confrontation between Charles I and the parliament developed into the civil war. The war began on August 22，1642 and ended in 1651. Charles I was condemned to death.The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution. It has been seen as a conflict between the parliament and the King， and a conflict between economic interests of the Crown. The economic interests of the urban middle classed coincided with their religious （ Puritan） ideology while the Crown‘s traditional economic interests correspondingly allied with Anglican religious belief. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.The RestorationWhen Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son，Richard， the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell's generals George Monck， occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late King's son to return from his exile in France as King Charles II. It was called the Restoration.The Glorious Revolution of 1688In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe， was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II， and appealed to a Protestant king， William of Orange， to invade and take theEnglish throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth， with no bloodshed， nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies. On Nov. 5，1605， a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the House of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gun-powder in the cellars. The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws. The long-term result has been an annual celebration on Nov. 5， when a bonfire is lit to turn a guy and a firework display is arranged.The Rise and Fall of the British Empire（1688-1990）Whigs and Tories originated with the Glorious Revolution（1688）. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th CenturyDuring the late 18th and early 19th centuries， the “open-field” system ended when the Enclosure Act was passed. The movement lasted for centuries.The Industrial Revolution （1780-1830）The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.The Chartist Movement （1836-1848）Parliamentary reformsThree Reform BillsBetween 1832 and 1884 three Reform Bills were passed.The Reform Act of 1832The Reform Act of 1832 （also called the “Greater Charter of 1832）abolished ”rotten boroughs“， and redistributed parliamentary seats more fairly among the growing tows. It also gave the vote to many householders and tenant‘s， based on the value of their property.A People‘s CharterThere was widespread dissatisfaction with the Reform Act of 1832 and the New Poor Law. In 1836， a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men‘s Association. They drew up a charter of political demands （a People’s Charter） in 1838， with the intention of presenting it to Parliament. It had six points：（1）the vote for all adult males；（2）voting by secretballot；（3）equal electoral districts；（4）abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament；（5）payment of members of Parliament；（6）annual Parliaments， with a General Election every June.Trade Unions and the Labor PartyColonial Expansion: The growth of dominionsEnglish colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. Encouraged by Britain‘s control of the seas， especially by the rising tide of emigration， British colonialists stepped up their expansion to Canada， Australia， and New Zealand， in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries. By 1900， Britain had built up a big empire， “on which the sun never set”。
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The Mayflower, which transported 201 Pilgrims to the New World. During the first winter at Plymouth, about half of the Pilgrims died.
The 13 Original Colonies
US declaration Independence
The Declaration Stated: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.”
Emancipation Proclamation
It freed the slaves only in states that have seceded from the Union. It did not free slaves in border states. 1863 Emancipation = freedom
The Boston Massacre March 5, 1770. Throwing snowballs near the Boston Customs House. British soldiers fired into the crowd. Four civilians were killed.
“Supreme Law of the Land” The structure of the government The rights of the American people No law can contradict it. No person or government is exempt from following it.
The Constitutional Convention May, 1787 Delegates from all states except Rhode Island met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. George Washington was unanimously elected presiding officer.
The Place Where the First Shot Was Fired
Second Continental Congress
May
10, 1775. The Continental Army was founded. George Washington was elected commander-in-chief.
IV. The American Civil War(1661-1665)
The Civil War: Union v.s. Confederacy
Confederate
Union
Cause No. 1 Election of Lincoln
Election of Lincoln. Southern States felt they were bullied by the North when he was elected.
Other 17 Amendments The 15th Amendment gave the right to vote to all male Americans, regardless of race, in 1870. The 19th Amendment expanded those rights to women in 1920. Only one amendment, Amendment 18 was ever repealed by 21st Amendment.
III. The Revolutionary Period
Conflicts Between the Colonies and England The Stamp Act (1765) The Boston Massacre (1770) The Boston Tea Party (1770)
The Stamp Act 1.1765 2.The first direct tax. 3.“No Taxation without Representation.” 4. It was repealed in 1766.
Christopher Columbus (c. 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) a navigator, colonizer, and explorer from the Republic of Genoa, in northwestern Italy.
II. The Colonial Period
Gettysburg – Turning Point
Gettysburg is the largest battle in the history of the Western hemisphere. Over 100, 000 people died in 3 days. It was the last time the South invaded the North.
Common Sense
A pamphlet by Thomas Paine. January, 1776 It argued for independence from British rule.
War Broke Out
April 18, 1775 2,000 soldiers to confiscate munitions at Concord. The first shots were fired at Lexington, Massachusetts.
In 1620, a group of Puritans came to America. On Sep.16, they set off from Plymouth, England on a ship called the Mayflower. Before they set foot on the new land, they signed the Mayflower Compact, in which they promised to obey the rules and laws of the colony. The first English colony in the America was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in1607. Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America.
The War Begins - the Firing on Fort Sumter
The Progress of Secession
The Union: blue (free), yellow (slave); The Confederacy: brown *territories in light shades
First Continental Congress September 5, 1774 Philadelphia. All except Georgia. Expressed colonial grievances. Only radicals demanded independence.
The Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson. Defined the rights of the people of the independent states. On July 4, 1776, it was approved. The birth of America.
Cause No. 2: Abolitionism
Harriet Beecher Stowe
So this is the lady who started the Civil War. -- Abraham Lincoln
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Sold 300,000 copies in the first year. 2 million in a decade!
Bill of Rights The first ten amendments. Guarantee the right of the people. They were introduced by James Madison to the First United States Congress in 1789 as a series of legislative articles, and came into effect as Constitutional Amendments on December 15, 1791, through the process of ratification by three-fourths of the States.