剑桥雅思4Test2passage2阅读答案解析

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剑桥雅思4test2reading2阅读全文解析

剑桥雅思4test2reading2阅读全文解析剑桥雅思4test2reading2阅读全文解析分享给大家。

本篇阅读内容讲述的是医学的科技类的文章，所以理解起来有一定的难度，对于一开始备考雅思阅读的烤鸭们来说可能就会感觉很受挫，但是只要大家认真分析，弄得词汇，还是会发现这类题还是有一定的攻克技巧的。

首先，我们一起来认识一下本文的一些生词和高频词，这里有比较详细的词汇注解，大家在做题的时候可以参考一下。

1. alternative二者择其一，另类的 ;alternative medicine另类医学，另类疗法2. Therapies治疗3. Acupuncture针刺疗法4. Orthodox正统的，传统的5. loath勉强，不情愿6. Prescribe规定，开处方7. hand in glove合作，勾结，亲密的8. herbal草药的，草本的 9. remedies补救措施，10. turnover流通量，营业额11. scientifically系统地，合乎科学地 12. Disenchantment醒悟，清醒，不抱幻想13. empirically以经验为主的 14.eroded侵蚀，消弱 15.chiropractor按摩师，脊椎指压治疗师, naturopath理疗家，自然治疗医师, osteopath整骨医生, acupuncturist 针灸医生，herbalist草药医生 16. Clientele客户，委托人 17. exodus大批离去 18. Concurs同意，一致19. bottom line要点，关键之处 20. musculo-skeletal肌肉骨骼 21. respiratory呼吸的，与呼吸有关的22. chronic慢性的，长期的 22. adjunct附属的，附属物了解了词汇大关，小编觉得就不得不说说长难句的分析。

下面小编为大家带来了3个相对比较有难度的句子进行分析，一起来看看吧：1.Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr. Paul Laver a lecturer in Public Heath at the University of Sydney.难句类型：主系表结构(现在完成时态)+介词短语(in having……)做后置定语修饰主语，+插入语(according to……)难词注解：conservative保守的难句翻译：悉尼大学公共健康系博士Paul Laver在一次演讲中说到，澳大利亚不管是在自然医学和另类疗法中都持有非常保守的态度，因此它在西方国家中是与众不同的。

剑桥雅思4Test2passage2阅读答案解析

剑桥雅思4Test2passage2阅读答案解析－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－虽然剑桥雅思已经出到了剑11，但是剑桥雅思4还是很有参考价值，今天雅思给大家带来了：剑桥雅思4Test2passage2阅读答案解析。

相应的原文及翻译，请点击：剑桥雅思4Test2阅读passage2原文+译文：澳大利亚的另类疗法。

更多解析，请点击：剑桥雅思4解析。

剑4下载，请点击：passage1部分查看，请点击：剑桥雅思4Test2阅读passage1原文+译文：语言的消失剑桥雅思4Test2passage1阅读答案解析剑桥雅思4Test2passage2阅读答案解析Question 14答案：C关键词：Western定位原文：第1段第1句“Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr Paul Laver, a lecturer in Public Health at the University of Sydney.”解题思路：A答案说澳大利亚医生与制药公司关系紧密，属于完全未提及型答案。

B答案认为澳大利亚医生总是和其他医师一同工作，与文中所说的事实恰好相反。

D答案说澳大利亚医生会开出另类处方，这也是不正确的。

只有C答案与文章叙述相符。

Question 15答案：B关键词：Americans定位原文：第1段倒数第1句“Americans made more visits to alternative therapists than to orthodox doctors in 1990, and each year they spend about $US 12 billion on therapies that have not been scientifically tested.”解题思路：文中这句话说1990年美国人去看另类疗法医师的次数比去看传统医生的次数还多。

剑桥雅思4-8册阅读真题分析汇总

8.2DG的作用机理和相关解释
1-5段落信息配对
14-18 List of Headings
28-32 Y/N/NG
28.N；29.Y；30.Y；31.NG；32.Y
6-9 Y/N/NG
6.Y
7.NG最高级
8.NG
9.N
19-24 Y/N/NG
19.N
20.NG比较
21.N；22.Y；23.NG；24.Y
家喻户晓
gram试验
2.试验方案
3.试验过程及目的
4.精神科医生对试验结果的预测
5.结果与预测的差异
6.对差异的解释
7.另一种解释
8.相关结论
环境论者认为目前世界所面临的问题
1-3多选
14-19段落从属配对
27-32 Y/N/NG
27.Y；28. NG；29. F与原文相反
30. NG；31. Y；32. N
2)擦鞋合作社
3)青年创业计划
4.经验教训
5.结论
1-4单选
14-17 List of Headings
27-31 List of Headings
5-8填表
18-21简答
32-36填表
9-12 Y/N/NG
9.N绝对化any
10.NG未提及
11. N绝对化only one
12. Y
22-26Summary（无词库）
40选结论
剑4 TEST 2
P1
P2
P3
语言的消失
澳大利亚的替代疗法
玩耍是件严肃的事
1.通过例子指明少数民族语言的危机
2.少数民族语言正面临灭顶之灾
3.语言灭绝的关键是使用者的年龄
4.信任危机导致语言灭绝

(完整版)剑桥雅思真题4Test2阅读词汇汇总,推荐文档

C4T2 Reading Passage 1: Lost for Words第一段globalisation n.全球化sprawl v.散布commercial adj.商业的linguist n.语言学家evolution n.进化第二段rely v.依靠，依赖far from　远非，远不止第六段vanish v.消亡，消失intimately adv.紧密地generation n.一代人bind v.捆绑diversity n.多样性preserve v.保护，保存shrink v.萎缩shift v.改变，切换dominating adj.主导的deprive…of…　剥夺…的…evolutionary adj.进化的mounting adj.不断增长的extinction n.灭绝physiological adj.生理学的rebound v.回升perception n.理解，感知第三段第七段be peppered with　表面充满despite prep.尽管endanger v.濒危identity n.身份，身份认同critically adv.关键地prediction n.预测第四段ancestral adj.祖先的，祖辈的reject v.抛弃dominant adj.主导的crisis n.危机bilingualism//n.双语制community n.社会，团体erosion n.腐蚀，破坏wealthy adj.富有的rekindle v.重新燃起alongside prep.在…周围approach n.方法induce v.促使，导致，劝诱apprentice n.学徒第五段indigenous adj.土著的voluntary adj.自发的weave v.编织minority n.少数exclusively adv.专有地，专门地ban v.禁止sufficiently adv.足够地，充分地discourage v.不鼓励fluent adj.流利promote v.提升transmit v.传递unity n.团结，同一，一致第八段former adj.之前的，前任的revive v.复活policy n.政策essential adj.重要的，关键的deadly adj.致命的lead…to…　导致…做…C4T2 Reading Passage 2: Alternative Medicine in Australia斜体字段第三段alternative adj.另类的resist v.抗拒therapy n.疗法criticise v.批评acupuncture n.针灸incentive n.刺激healing art n.医术practitioner n.从业者regulate v.调整clientele n.客户struggle v.斗争第四段第一段chronic adj.慢性的conservative adj.保守的relief n.减轻（痛苦）attitude n.态度holistic adj.全面的lecturer n.讲师concerned adj.关怀的loath adj.不情愿的impersonal adj.没人情味的orthodox adj.正统的manner n.方式herbal n.草药exodus n.大批离去turnover n.总营业额inadequacy n.不足pharmaceutical n.药品mainstream n.主流第二段admit v.承认disenchantment n.觉醒preventative adj.可预防的steadily adv.稳步地第五段prior to prep.在…之前digestive adj.消化系统的consultation n.咨询respiratory adj.呼吸系统的medically　有医疗资质的maintenance n.保养qualifieddisillusioned adj.醒悟的第六段sceptical adj.怀疑的complementary adj.补充的empirical adj.经验主义的adjunct n.附属物consequence n.结果conventional adj.传统的C4T2 Reading Passage 3: Play is a Serious BusinessA段E段engross v.吸引playfulness n.贪玩make-believe adj.虚假的converse n.相反的事物cub n.幼兽stimuli n.刺激物kitten n.幼猫F段tease v.戏耍，戏弄timing n.时机string n.线clue n.线索carefree adj.无忧无虑devote v.投入exuberant adj.丰富多彩的associated with　与…有关juvenile n.青少年brief adj.简短的seal n.海狮modify v.修改，修饰pup n.小狗ease n.容易，轻松predator n.捕食者，食肉动物infant n.婴儿approach v.靠近absorb v.吸收cavort v.腾跃intense adj.密集的B段peak v.达到峰值hiccup n.打嗝G段mammal n.哺乳动物activate v.激活，启动indulge v.沉溺，纵容coyote n.山狗unique adj.独特的variable adj.可变的wag v.摇摆unpredictable adj.不可预期的superficially adv.表面上地kaleidoscope n.万花筒resemble v.与…相似context n.上下文，环境earnest adj.认真的aggression n.进攻socialise v.社会化reproduction n.繁殖respiratory adj.呼吸系统的stimulation n.刺激endurance n.耐力H段C段involve v.包括，牵扯，涉及permanent adj.永久的cognitive n.认知的optimum adj.最佳的assessment n.评价suckle v.哺乳reciprocity n.互利互惠decline v.衰落，下降flexibility n.灵活性D段back up v.支持hypothesis n.假说bout n.一场，一回合manoeuvre n.策略，专门技巧nerve cell n.神经细胞inspection n.洞察，审视enhance v.加强interpretation n.解释I段ecologist n.生态学家component n.组成部分predatory adj.捕食的exam-oriented n.应试的。

剑桥雅思4 Text2-task2(修改)

Happiness is of the greatest importance and the most sense in the whole life, which each of us spend all the lives pursuing willingly. Furthermore, it is common deemed that different people believe different types of happiness. While some grasp that material world, which means possession of wealth and good welfare of family is the only standard to measure a happy life, others may hold the view that relationships and quality of health condition need to be taken into consideration when thinking about happiness. In addition to the points above, there is a easily accepted belief that happiness is just a nice feeling and only the very person can feel it of his own.Obviously, happiness is difficult to define based on a variety of life goals,. However, there are still some factors remarkably essential to what extent we are achieving happiness.Initial stage, we are supposed to have an ability to keep a clear perspective inlife, from which we know what we want and what we give up. This is what wecall self-knowledge, telling us what and what not to chase endlessly. On the one hand, problems at work , misunderstanding in friendships and violence at home are all barriers to the paths of achieving happiness. On the other hand, such as courage, persistence and creation, those good qualities all make a contribution in the pursuit, and so do the factors including higher salary ,healthy families ,peaceful environment, etc.Besides, happiness is not determined by the so-called success or failure.(举例) For example, sometimes, if you fall in business and you are sad very much, then take it easy .it just means you are not successful ,not mean you lose the opportunity to be happy. Just go on and work hard. Confidence, like self-awareness, is also important. Although it is difficult to do, it is worthwhile to try it .In short, “All roads lead to Rome.” Go and find your exclusive happiness.。

剑桥雅思4阅读解析-Test4

READING PASSAGE 1文章结构体主裁题说明文如何提高运动员的成绩段落概括第一段第二段第三段第四段第五段第六段第七段第八段第九段人类的运动成绩一直在不断提高。

基因对提高成绩的影响。

合理训练方法的重要性。

肌肉增强训练的简要介绍。

营养的重要性。

针对性训练的作用。

生物力学对运动成绩的影响。

运动员自身的创造性。

我们对运动的理解还很浅显。

本节考查词汇第一段 steady hurl massive endurance explosive marathon [ [ [ [ [ [ ] 第二段 performance genetics invoke [ [ [ ] ] ] n. n. v. 表现基因学调用，使用 ] ] ] ] ] adj. v. adj. n. adj. n. 稳定的投掷巨大的耐力爆发性的马拉松adage appreciably complement[ [ ’ [] ] ] 第三段n. adv. v.谚语，格言略微，一点点补充，互补identify duplicate[ [] ] 第四段v. v.确认（身份），找出复制sprinter devoted to interval brief[]n. v. n. adj.短跑运动员致力于间歇短暂的，简洁的[ [ ]]第五段 nutrition deficiency injury [ [ [ ] 第六段 focused training apply [ [ ] 第七段 methodology digitize dimension take-off 第八段 [ [ [ ] ] ] n. v. n. n. 方法把…数字化维度起飞，起跑 ] n. v. 针对性训练应用 ] ] n. n. n. 营养营养不良受伤contradiction instantly dub flop unorthodox complex cushion pit foam[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ ] ] 第九段 ] ] ] ] ] ]]n. adv. v. n. adj. adj. n. n. n.矛盾，抵触立即命名跳跃不正统的复杂垫子坑泡沫humble vexing issue mundane fundamental[ [ [ [ [ ]]v. adj. n. adj. adj.使相形见拙令人惊讶的问题世俗的基本的，基础的] ] ]考题精解Questions 1-6 『题型』T/F/NG 『解析』 1. 定位词/关键字原文重现第一段首句 Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records,…. records/date from/ about 1900参考译文题解答案 2. 定位词/关键字原文重现题解答案 3. 定位词/关键字原文重现参考译文题解从国际运动联合会在二十世纪初开始记录运动成绩到现在…. 原文中，since 相当于题干中 date from，early twentieth century 相当于 about 1900， record 则在题干中原形重现。

雅思4阅读答案

篇一：雅思4阅读答案篇二：雅思4阅读答案暂无评价|0人阅读|0次下载|雅思剑桥系列之剑四阅读答案 summary 这本书出的特别好，希望大家回去好好钻研下看完说谢谢谢谢 test1 p1 ngmegpjb p2 taste buds baleen forward downward freshwater dolphins water the lower frequencies bowhead humperback sense of touch the freshwater dolphins airborne flying fish clear open waters acoustic sence p3 ccaeca pairs shapes sighted sighted deep blind similar test2p1 isolation economic globalization cultural identity traditional skill ebdcb p2cb emotional/emotionalproblems headache/headches general ill health p3 hfahjb acf(任意) bgeda test3 p1 adcc sudan india bycycles shoe shine/ shoe shine collection life skills thetectonic plates magma ring of fire for 600 years water/the water/ocean/the ocean lava/magma/molten rock westen india explodes gases p3 decdf (the)linguist(acts) foreign languages the poor quality non-verbal behaviour/acial expression camera frequency of usage particular linguistic feature size intuitions test4 p1 geneticspower injuries training adb p2 decd oral histories humanistic study historical discipline scientist p3 ngng 雅思剑桥系列之剑四阅读答案阅读,系列,雅思,剑桥雅思,剑4剑,4阅读,雅思剑桥4,阅读答案,雅思阅读,剑桥系列篇四：雅思4阅读答案answer key listening test 1 1. shopping / variety of shopping 2. guided tours 3. more than 12 / over 12 4. notice board 5. 13th february 6. tower of london 7. bristol 8. american museum 9. student newspaper 10. yentob 11. coal, firewood 12. local craftsmen 13. 160 14. woodside 15. ticket office 16. gift shop 17. (main) workshop 18. showroom 19. cafe 20. cottages 21. a 22. c 23. e 24. b 25. g 26. f 27. c 28. d 29. a 30. b 31. cities / environment 32. windy 33. humid 34. shady / shaded 35. dangerous 36. ... answer key listening test 1 1. shopping / variety of shopping 2. guided tours 3. more than 12 / over 12 4. notice board 5. 13th february 6. tower of london 7. bristol 8. american museum 9. student newspaper 10. yentob 11. coal, firewood 12. local craftsmen 13. 160 14. woodside 15. ticket office 16. gift shop 17. (main) workshop 18. showroom 19. cafe 20. cottages 21. a 22. c 23. e 24. b 25. g 26. f 27. c 28. d 29. a 30. b 31. cities / environment 32. windy 33. humid 34. shady / shaded 35. dangerous 36. leaves 37. ground 38. considerably reduce / decrease / filter 39. low 40. space / room ielts 4 test 2 1. c 2. c 3. b 4. b 5. a 6. cathedral 7. markets 8. gardens 9. art gallery 10. climb the tower / see the view 11. c 12. b 13. a 14. c 15. b 16. c 17. a 18. b 19. b 20. a 21. collecting data / gathering data / data collection 22. 1,500 23. 5 24. 3,000 – 4,000 25. b 26. c 27. mehta 28. survey / research 29. london university / london university press 30. 1988 31. c 32. a 33. mass media / media 34. academic circles / academics / researchers 35. specialist knowledge / specialized knowledge 36. unaware 37. individual customers / individual consumers / individuals 38. illegal profit / illegal profits 39. d 40. e test 3 1. 1-1/2 years 2. forest / forrest 3. academic 4. thursday 5. b 6. b 7. a 8. deposit 9. monthly 10. telephone / phone 11. c 12. a 13. c 14. b 15. lighting / lights / light 16. adult / adults 17. (at/the) studio theatre / studio theater 18. the whole family / all the family / families 19. (in) city gardens / the city gardens / outdoors 20. young children /younger children / children 21. a 22. b 23. c 24. a 25. b 26. a 27. c 28. b 29. b 30. b 31. questionnaire 32. approximately 2,000 / about 2,000 33. education 34. halls of residence / living quarters 35. traffic, parking 36. lecture rooms / lecture halls / lecture theatres / lecture theaters 37. (choice of / room for) facilities 38. d, f 39. b 40. a, c test 4 1. college dining room 2. office staff 3. students 4. 10th december 5. coffee break / coffee breaks 6. 6 7. set of dictionaries / dictionaries / a good dictionary 8. tapes 9. photos / photographs 10. speech 11. b 12. a 13. a 14. a 15. b 16. 180 17. nearest station 18. local history 19. 690 20. walking club / local walking club 21. 20 balloons 22. units of measurement / measurements / measurement units 23. rock salt / salt 24. crystals 25. string / pieces of string 26. (ordinary/white) light 27. h 28. b 29. e 30. c 31. 795 32. tail 33. floor / bed / bottom 34. sense of smell 35. a 36. a 37. b 38. b 39. b 40. e test 1 academic reading reading passage 1, questions 1-14 1：f 2：f 3：ng 4：t 5：f 6：ng 7：t 8：ng 9 ：m 10：e 11：g 12：p 13：j 14：b reading passage 2, questions 15-26 15：taste buds, 16：baleen, 17：forward, downward, 18：fresh water dolphins, 19：water, 20：the lower frequencies, 21：bowhead, humpback 22：sense of touch 23：freshwater dolphins 24：airborne flying fish 25：clear open water 26：sense of hearing answer key reading passage 3, questions 27-40 27：b 28：c 29：a 30：e 31：c 32：d 33：pairs 34：words 35：sighted 36：sighted(用两次) 37：deep 38：blind 39：similar 40：b answer key test 2 answer key test 3 acdemic reading answer key test 4篇五：雅思4阅读答案摘要：剑桥雅思4阅读译文含解析答案。

雅思培训丨雅思阅读选择题解析

雅思培训丨雅思阅读选择题解析朗阁雅思培训中心孙亚楠在雅思阅读考试中，选择题可以说是一个让考生倍感亲切的题型，因为在国内的各种英语考试中选择题占了相当大的比例。

雅思阅读中选择题分为两类：单选题，即四选一；多选题，即选项数为5个以上，选出的答案为2个及以上的题目。

对于多选题，题目要求中有明确的说明要选的正确答案有几个，并且每一个正确答案算一道题目。

一、出题特点（1）细节型题目。

选择题除了位于题目末尾的全篇主旨题和title题考查考生对全文大意的理解外，主要考查的是考生对细节信息的定位和理解，也就是说，考生根据题干信息在原文中找到相关信息，只要精读该部分信息即可确定答案。

（2）顺序原则。

选择题的题目基本遵循顺序原则，因此可以从最好定位的那道题入手，进而推出相邻题目的位置。

（3）多选题答案相对集中。

综观雅思阅读真题，不难发现绝大多数多选题的答案都是集中出现的，一般集中在几段之内，考生只要定位到一道题的答案，剩下的题目一定就在附近。

因此多选题其实比单选题简单，基本上可以做到一次定位全部确定。

（4）同义转换仍是考点。

在选择题中，绝大多数选项和原文都存在着同义转换的关系，如surprised对应be taken aback, to represent movement对应to show motion, domestic buildings对应dwellings, shape对应round/square等，这便增加了选择的难度。

（5）选项干扰性强。

众所周知，做选择题的一个很重要的方法就是排除法，即排除干扰选项，但是这个排除的过程却不容易，很多考生常常在排除剩下的两个答案时，犹豫不决，很难做出正确的选择。

二、做题方法Step 1.阅读题目要求，看是单选还是多选，如是多选，选几项，还要注意多选题的每一个正确选项占用一个题号，在誊写答题纸的时候要注意。

Step 2.阅读题干，标出定位词。

对于定位词而言，考生应当首选形式上较为特殊的一些词，如专有名词（人名、地名等），时间/数字，特殊标点符号（如引号，连字符等），货币符号，长难单词，如果题干中并未出现以上特殊词汇，则选择题干中的名词/名词短语和动词。

剑桥雅思4.test2.passage3 阅读详解

TEST 2PASSAGE 3Q 27 – 32题型：Matching这种寻找哪一段包含所提供信息的题目，基本需要通篇阅读，每读一段，大致概括大意，然后逐个看选项，看有没有符合的。

27.出题点：By allowing link-ups between brain areas that might not normally communicate with each other, play may enhance creativity.直译：玩游戏可能会让一般并无交流的脑部区域进行联系，并通过这一途径提高创造力。

解析：题干说玩游戏所造成的大脑间不同一般的交流是有利的，与H段中这一句话表达的意思一致，因此是H。

28.出题点：If you plot the amount of time a juvenile devotes to play each day over the course of its development, you discover a pattern typically associated with a ‘sensitive period’—a brief development window during which the brain can actually be modified in ways that are not possible earlier or later in life.直译：如果你将一只幼兽在成长过程中每天用于玩的时间都划分出来，你就会发现这个图大多与敏感期有关，敏感期是一个之前和之后都不可能再有的短暂的发育期，在这期间里大脑可以被修改。

解析：题干中recording how much time young animals spend playing记录幼兽用于玩游戏的时间。

这与F段中的这句话是一个意思。

并且在这句话之后，F段还进行了解释，解释记录这些时间背后隐藏的信息，即insights，所洞悉到的信息。

剑桥雅思4阅读解析-Test2

READING PASSAGE 1文章结构体主裁题说明文语言的消亡和拯救措施段落概括第一段第二段第三段第四段第五段第六段第七段第八段纳瓦霍语正在消亡。

其他语种也濒临消亡。

语言消亡的原因。

人们拒绝使用民族语言的原因。

来自外界的因素。

语言和文化的关系。

语言和文化的关联可以挽救很多语言。

语言的保存可以使语言起死回生。

本节考查词汇第一段 sprawl linguist far from vanish generation diversity shrink dominating evolutionary extinction rebound be peppered with endanger critically reject [] [] 第二段 v. n. 散布语言学家远非，远不止 v. n. n. v. adj. adj. n. v. 消亡，消失一代人多样性萎缩主导的进化的灭绝回升表面充满 v. adv. v.1[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] 第三段 [] [] [] 第四段 []濒危关键地抛弃crisis community wealthy alongside induce[] [] [] [] [] 第五段n. n. adj. prep. v.危机社会，团体富有的在…周围促使，导致，劝诱自发的少数禁止不鼓励提升团结，同一，一致之前的，前任的政策致命的全球化商业的进化依靠，依赖紧密地捆绑保护，保存改变，切换剥夺…的… 不断增长的生理学的理解，感知尽管身份，身份认同预测祖先的，祖辈的主导的voluntary minority ban discourage promote unity former policy deadly globalisation commercial evolution rely intimately bind preserve shift deprive…of… mounting physiological perception despite identity prediction ancestral dominant [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []  [] [] 第六段 [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] 第七段 [] [] [] [] []2adj. [] n. v. v. v. n. adj. n. adj. n. adj. v. adv. v. v. v. adj. adj. n. prep. n. n. adj. adj.[] n.bilingualism// erosion rekindle approach apprentice indigenous weave exclusively sufficiently fluent transmit revive essential lead…to…[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] 第八段 [] [] []n. n. v. n. n. adj. v. adv. adv. adj. v. v. adj.双语制腐蚀，破坏重新燃起方法学徒土著的编织专有地，专门地足够地，充分地流利传递复活重要的，关键的导致…做…考题精解Questions 1-4 『题型』SUMMARY 『解析』题号 1 关键词 as a result of/ variety 原文定位第三段首句答案：isolation。

IELTS 4 TEST2 READING PASSAGE2

IELTS 4 TEST2 READING PASSAGE2loath[ləuθ] adj. 勉强的；不情愿的（等于loth）loathIf you are loath to do something, you do not want to do it.She is loath to give up her hard-earned liberty.The new finance minister seems loth to cut income tax.ADJ-GRADED: v-link ADJ to-inf also loth.= reluctantpretender[pri'tendə, pri:-] n. 冒牌者；妄求者；妄提要求者pretender pretendersA pretender to a position is someone who claims the right to that position, and whose claim is disputed by others....the Comte de Paris, pretender to the French throne.N-COUNT: usu N to n, adj Nremedy['remidi] vt.补救；治疗；纠正n. 补救；治疗；赔偿1remedy remediesA remedy is a successful way of dealing with a problem.The remedy lies in the hands of the government....a remedy for economic ills.N-COUNT2remedy remediesA remedy is something that is intended to cure you when you are ill or in pain.There are many different kinds of natural remedies to help overcome winter infections.N-COUNT3remedy remedies remedying remediedIf you remedy something that is wrong or harmful, you correct it or improve it.A great deal has been done internally to remedy the situation.VBpharmaceutical[,fɑ:mə'sju:tikəl] adj. 制药（学）的n. 药物1pharmaceuticalPharmaceutical means connected with the industrial production of medicine....a Swiss pharmaceutical company...ADJ: ADJ n2pharmaceutical pharmaceuticalsPharmaceuticals are medicines.Antibiotics were of no use, neither were other pharmaceuticals.N-PLURALdisenchantment[,disin'tʃa:ntmənt] n. 醒悟，清醒；不抱幻想disenchantmentDisenchantment is the feeling of being disappointed with something, and no longer believing that it is good or worthwhile.There's growing disenchantment with the Government.N-UNCOUNT: oft N with n= disillusionmentchiropractor['kaiərə,præktə] n. 脊椎指压治疗者；脊椎按摩师chiropractor chiropractorsA chiropractor is a person who treats injuries by chiropractic.N-COUNTosteopath['ɔstiəpæθ] n. 整骨疗法家osteopath osteopathsAn osteopath is a person who treats painful conditions or illnesses by pressing and moving parts of the patient's body.N-COUNTherbalist['ɔstiəpæθ] n. 整骨疗法家herbalist herbalistsA herbalist is a person who grows or sells herbs that are used in medicine.N-COUNTconsultation[,kɔnsəl'teiʃən] n. 咨询；磋商；[临床] 会诊；讨论会1consultation consultationsA consultation is a meeting which is held to discuss something. Consultation is discussion about something.Next week he'll be in Florida for consultations with President Mitterrand.The plans were drawn up in consultation with the World Health Organisation.The strike was called in protest at the government's lack of consultation with the unions.N-VAR2consultation consultationsA consultation with a doctor or other expert is a meeting with them to discuss a particular problem and get their advice. Consultation is the process of getting advice from a doctor or other expert. (mainly BRIT)A personal diet plan is devised after a consultation with a nutritionist....fees paid for consultation and advice in tax matters.N-VAR3consultation consultationsA consultation is a meeting where several doctors discuss a patient and his or her condition and treatment. (AM)N-COUNT4consultationConsultation of a book or other source of information is looking at it in order to find out certain facts.With such excellent studies available for consultation, it should be easy to avoid the pitfalls.N-UNCOUNT5consultationA consultation paper or document is a document containing ideas for changes in the law. It is published by the government or by an organization, so that people can discuss it and give their opinions on it. (mainly BRIT)The Government proposed a common retirement age of 63 in a consultation paper published yesterday.ADJ: ADJ ndisillusion[,disi'lju:ʒən] vt.使醒悟；使不再抱幻想n. 幻灭；醒悟1disillusion disillusions disillusioning disillusionedIf a person or thing disillusions you, they make you realize that something is not as good as you thought.I'd hate to be the one to disillusion him.He said he had been bitterly disillusioned by his country's failure to change into a democracy.VB2disillusionDisillusion is the same as disillusionment.There is disillusion with established political parties.N-UNCOUNT: also N in plsceptical['skeptikəl] adj. 怀疑的；怀疑论的；习惯怀疑的scepticalIf you are sceptical about something, you have doubts about it.Other archaeologists are sceptical about his findings....scientists who are sceptical of global warming and its alleged consequences...The party has always had a cautious and sceptical attitude to Europe.ADJ-GRADED: oft v-link ADJ about/of n (AM) skeptical= dubious? scepticallyI looked at him skeptically, sure he was exaggerating.`What's your point?' demanded the old man sceptically.ADV-GRADED: ADV after v= dubiouslyempirical adj. 经验主义的，完全根据经验的empiricalEmpirical evidence or study relies on practical experience rather than theories.There is no empirical evidence to support his thesis.ADJ: usu ADJ n? empirically...empirically based research...They approached this part of their task empirically.ADV: usu ADV adj/-ed, ADV after vincentive[in'sentiv] n. 动机；刺激adj. 激励的；刺激的incentive incentivesIf something is an incentive to do something, it encourages you to do it.There is little or no incentive to adopt such measures.Many companies in Britain are keen on the idea of tax incentives for R&D.N-VAR: oft N to-inf= inducementpractitioner[præk'tiʃənə] n. 开业者，从业者practitioner practitionersDoctors are sometimes referred to as practitioners or medical practitioners. (FORMAL)N-COUNTSee also GP.holistic[həu'listik] adj. 整体的；全盘的holisticHolistic means based on the principles of holism. (FORMAL)...practitioners of holistic medicine.ADJ: usu ADJ ninadequacy[in'ædikwəsi] n. 不适当，不充分；不完全；不十分1inadequacy inadequaciesThe inadequacy of something is the fact that there is not enough of it, or that it is not good enough....the inadequacy of the water supply...The inadequacies of the current system have already been recognised.This man drank rather heavily in an effort to come to terms with his own inadequacies.N-VAR: oft the N of n= insufficiency * adequacy2inadequacyIf someone has feelings of inadequacy, they feel that they do not have the qualities and abilities necessary to do something or to cope with life in general.The feeling of inadequacy was overpowering....his deep-seated sense of inadequacy.N-UNCOUNTdigestive[di'dʒestiv, dai-] adj. 消化的；助消化的n. 助消化药1digestiveYou can describe things that are related to the digestion of food as digestive....digestive juices that normally work on breaking down our food...Peppermint oil is very good for regulating digestive disorders.ADJ: ADJ n2digestive digestivesA digestive or a digestive biscuit is a type of biscuit made from wholemeal flour. (BRIT, TRADEMARK)N-COUNTrespiratory['respərətəri, ri'spaiə-] adj. 呼吸的respiratoryRespiratory means relating to breathing. (MEDICAL)...people with severe respiratory problems...If you smoke then the whole respiratory system is constantly under attack.ADJ: ADJ nprescribe[pris'kraib] vi. 规定；开药方vt.规定；开处方1prescribe prescribes prescribing prescribedIf a doctor prescribes medicine or treatment for you, he or she tells you what medicine or treatment to have.Our doctor diagnosed a throat infection and prescribed antibiotic and junior aspirin.She took twice the prescribed dose of sleeping tablets.The law allows doctors to prescribe contraception to the under 16s.VB2prescribe prescribes prescribing prescribedIf a person or set of laws or rules prescribes an action or duty, they state that it must be carried out. (FORMAL)...article II of the constitution, which prescribes the method of electing a president...Alliott told Singleton he was passing the sentence prescribed by law.VBconsult[kɔn'sʌlt, 'kɔnsʌlt] vt.查阅；商量；向…请教vi. 请教；商议；当顾问1consult consults consulting consultedIf you consult an expert or someone senior to you or consult with them, you ask them for their opinion and advice about what you should do or their permission to do something.Consult your doctor about how much exercise you should attempt.He needed to consult with an attorney.If you are in any doubt, consult a financial adviser.VB2consult consults consulting consultedIf a person or group of people consults with other people or consults them, they talk and exchange ideas and opinions about what they might decide to do.After consulting with her daughter and manager she decided to take on the part, on her terms.The two countries will have to consult their allies.The umpires consulted quickly.V-RECIP3consult consults consulting consultedIf you consult a book or a map, you look in it or look at it in order to find some information.Consult the chart on page 44 for the correct cooking times.He had to consult a pocket dictionary.VB。

剑桥雅思阅读Passage解析

剑桥雅思阅读真题答案：Question 1—6：H、C、B、I、D、AQuestion 7—10：two decades、crowd(noise)、invisible(disabilities/disability)、invisible(disabilities/disability)Question 11—12：A、CPassage1整体分析体裁说明文题材科技应用主题青少年的听力障碍及应对措施段落概括A 段引出话题，并概要性介绍新西兰卫生部对本国青少年听力障碍的相关研究数据。

B 段教室噪音是教师和学生最关注的问题。

C 段相关国际机构也开始关注噪音在传统教学中对孩子的影响。

D 段听力障碍的几种常见病症E 段自闭症的典型特征及其对孩子学习上的影响F 段注意力不集中症的典型特征及其对孩子学习上的影响G 段隐形听力障碍儿童在学习环境中的受关注度愈加不够。

H 段新西兰政府应对儿童听力障碍的新举措。

I 段其他国家的类似效仿措施考题精解Questions 1-6题型：段落信息配对题MATCHING解析：该题型是雅思阅读中的五星级难题，即乱序，出题思路点也很繁杂；所以尽管它通常为文章之后的第一个题型，但是在解答阅读套题时，建议考生最后再解决它。

Questions 7-10题型：简答题SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS解析：该题型是雅思阅读中的传统题型，属于顺序题型，多考查原文细节，难度系数中等。

Questions 11 and 12题型：多选题MULTIPLE CHOICE解析：该题型是雅思阅读中选择题中的非常考题型，通常可以归为顺序题型方向，多考查原文细节，难度系数中等。

Question 13题型：单选题MULTIPLE CHOICE解析：该题型是雅思阅读中选择题中的常考题型，属于典型的顺序题型，多考查原文细节，难度系数中等。

剑9阅读难句解析1. While the detrimental effects of noise in classroom situations are not limited to children experiencing disability, those with a disability that affects their processing of speech and verbal communication could be extremely vulnerable.解析：while引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管，即使”；句中的are not limited to意为“不局限于”；experiencing disability是动名词短语作后置定语，修饰children；with a disability是介词短语作后置定语，修饰代词those；that引导定语从句，修饰先行词disability。

剑桥雅思4 Test4 阅读解析 Passage2

雅思为各位考生推荐复习材料-剑4 Test4 阅读解析 Passage2,相应的译文，请点击：剑4 T4 阅读译文 P2-考古学的本质和目的。

Question 14答案：YES关键词：creativity, investigative work定位原文：第1段第1句“Archaeology is partly the discovery of the treasures of the past, partly the careful work of the scientific analyst, partly the exercise of the creative imagination.”解题思路：题目说考古学既包括创新也包括认真的分析调査工作。

原文：考古学部分是对过去财富的发现，部分是科学分析的严谨工作，部分是创造性想像的练习，因此答案为TURE。

Question 15答案：NOT GIVEN关键词：ancient languages定位原文：无解题思路：题目说考古学家必须能够翻译古代语言文本。

原文没有提及题目的内容，因此答案为NOT GIVEN。

Question 16答案：NO关键词：movies定位原文：第2段最后一句“However far from reality such portrayals are, they capture the essential truth that archaeology is an exciting quest—the quest for knowledge about ourselves and our past.”解题思路：题目说电影为考古学家的工作提供了真实的画面。

原文的表述是：相反，这些描述(指上句所说的电影)和现实差距甚远(far from reality such portrayals are)，因此很明显答案应为FALSE。

Question 17答案：YES关键词：anthropolo?gist定位原文：第4段第1句至第3句“Anthropology, at its broadest, … from other societies.”解题思路：题目说人类学家从不止一个角度来定义文化。

剑桥雅思4Test4阅读译文Passage2

剑桥雅思4Test4阅读译文Passage2雅思为各位考生推荐复习材料-剑 4 T4 阅读译文 P2-考古学的本质和目的,本单元其他相关译文，请点击：剑4 T4 阅读译文 P1-人类的运动极限没有尽头。

Passage2参考译文THE NATURE AND AIMS OF ARCHAEOLOGY考古学的本质和目的Archaeology is partly the discovery of the treasures of the past, partly the careful work of the scientific analyst, partly the exercise of the creative imagination. It is toiling in the sun on an excavation in the Middle East, it is working with living Inuit in the snows of Alaska, and it is investigating the sewers of Roman Britain. But it is also the painstaking task of interpretation, so that we come to understand what these things mean for the human story. And it is the conservation of the world’s cultural heritage against looting and careless harm.考古学部分是对过去财富的发现，部分是科学分析的严谨工作，部分是创造性想像的练习。

同时也是在阳光下辛苦地在中东挖掘，在雪中的阿拉斯加和因纽特人一起工作，研究罗马大不列颠的下水道。

但是它也是辛苦解释工作，以使我们理解在人类历史中这些东西代表了什么。

剑桥雅思阅读4（test2）原文翻译及答案解析

剑桥雅思阅读4(test2)原文翻译及答案解析雅思阅读是块难啃的硬骨头，需要我们做更多的题目才能得心应手。

下面小编给大家分享一下剑桥雅思阅读4test2原文翻译及答案解析，希望可以帮助到大家。

剑桥雅思阅读4原文(test2)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Lost for wordsMany minority languages are on the danger listIn the Native American Navajo nation, which sprawls across four states in the American south-west, the native language is dying. Most of its speakers are middle-aged or elderly. Although many students take classes in Navajo, the schools are run in English. Street signs, supermarket goods and even their own newspaper are all in English. Not surprisingly, linguists doubt that any native speakers of Navajo will remain in a hundred years’time.Navajo is far from alone. Half the world’s 6,800 languages are likely to vanish within two generations —that’s one language lost every ten days. Never before has the planet’s linguistic diversity shrunk at such a pace. ‘At the moment, we are heading for about three or four languages dominating the world,’says Mark Pagel, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Reading. ‘It’s a mass extinction, and whether we will ever rebound from the loss is difficult to know.’Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few people. Only 250 languages have more than a million speakers, and at least 3,000have fewer than 2,500. It is not necessarily these small languages that are about to disappear. Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers. What makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they are. If it is spoken by children it is relatively safe. The critically endangered languages are those that are only spoken by the elderly, according to Michael Krauss, director of the Alassk Native Language Center, in Fairbanks.Why do people reject the language of their parents? It begins with a crisis of confidence, when a small community finds itself alongside a larger, wealthier society, says Nicholas Ostler, of Britain’s Foundation for Endangered Languages, in Bath. ‘People lose faith in their culture,’ he says. ‘When the next generation reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old traditions.’The change is not always voluntary. Quite often, governments try to kill off a minority language by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in schools, all to promote national unity. The former US policy of running Indian reservation schools in English, for example, effectively put languages such as Navajo on the danger list. But Salikoko Mufwene, who chairs the Linguistics department at the University of Chicago, argues that the deadliest weapon is not government policy but economic globalisation. ‘Native Americans have not lost pride in their language, but they have had to adapt to socio-economic pressures,’he says. ‘They cannot refuse to speak English if most commercial activity is in English.’ But are languages worth saving? At the very least, there is a loss of data for the study of languages and their evolution, which relies on comparisons between languages, both living and dead. When an unwrittenand unrecorded language disappears, it is lost to science.Language is also intimately bound up with culture, so it may be difficult to preserve one without the other. ‘If a person shifts from Navajo to English, they lose something,’ Mufwene says. ‘Moreover, the loss of diversity may also deprive us of different ways of looking at the world,’says Pagel. There is mounting evidence that learning a language produces physiological changes in the brain. ‘Your brain and mine are different from the brain of someone who speaks French, for instance,’ Pagel says, and this could affect our thoughts and perceptions. ‘The patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of our community.’So despite linguists’best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next century. But a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direst predictions from coming true. ‘The key to fostering diversity is for people to learn their ancestral tongue, as well as the dominant language,’ says Doug Whalen, founder and president of the Endangered Language Fund in New Haven, Connecticut. ‘Most of these languages will not survive without a large degree of bilingualism,’ he says. In New Zealand, classes for children have slowed the erosion of Maori and rekindled interest in the language. A similar approach in Hawaii has produced about 8,000 new speakers of Polynesian languages in the past few years. In California, ‘apprentice’programmes have provided life support to several indigenous languages. Volunteer ‘apprentices’ pair up with one of the last living speakers of a Native American tongue to learn a traditional skill such as basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered language. After about 300 hours of training they are generally sufficiently fluent to transmit the language to the nextgeneration. But Mufwene says that preventing a language dying out is not the same as giving it new life by using it every day. ‘Preserving a language is more like preserving fruits in a jar,’he says.However, preservation can bring a language back from the dead. There are examples of languages that have survived in written form and then been revived by later generations. But a written form is essential for this, so the mere possibility of revival has led many speakers of endangered languages to develop systems of writing where none existed before.Questions 1-4Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.There are currently approximately 6,800 languages in the world. This great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical 1…… . But in today’s world, factors such as government initiatives and 2……are contributing to a huge decrease in the number of languages. One factor which may help to ensure that some endangered languages do not die out completely is people’s increasing appreciation of their 3…… . This has been encouraged through programmes of language classes for children and through ‘apprentice’schemes, in which the endangered language is used as the medium of instruction to teach people a 4……. Some speakers of endangered languages have even produced writing systems in order to help secure the survival of their mother tongue.’Questions 5-9Look at the following statements (Questions 5-9) and the listof people in the box below. Match each statement with the correct person A-E.Write the appropriate letter A-E in boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.5 Endangered languages cannot be saved unless people learn to speak more than one language.6 Saving languages from extinction is not in itself a satisfactory goal.7 The way we think may be determined by our language.8 Young people often reject the established way of life in their community.9 A change of language may mean a loss of traditional culture.A Michael KraussB Salikoko MufweneC Nicholas OstlerD Mark PagelE Doug WhalenQuestions 10-13Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this10 The Navajo Language will die out because it currently has too few speakers.11 A large number of native speakers fail to guarantee thesurvival of a language.12 National governments could do more to protect endangered languages.13 The loss of linguistic diversity is inevitable.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE IN AUSTRALIAThe first students to study alternative medicine at university level in Australia began their four-year, full-time course at the University of Technology, Sydney, in early 1994. Their course covered, among other therapies, acupuncture. The theory they learnt is based on the traditional Chinese explanation of this ancient healing art: that it can regulate the flow of ‘Qi’or energy through pathways in the body. This course reflects how far some alternative therapies have come in their struggle for acceptance by the medical establishment.Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr Paul Laver, a lecturer in Public Health at the University of Sydney. ‘We’ve had a tradition of doctors being fairly powerful and I guess they are pretty loath to allow any pretenders to their position to come into it.’In many other industrialised countries, orthodox and alternative medicine have worked ‘hand in glove’for years. In Europe, only orthodox doctors can prescribe herbal medicine. In Germany, plant remedies account for 10% of the national turnover of pharmaceuticals. Americans made more visits to alternative therapists than to orthodox doctors in 1990, and each year they spend about $US 12 billion on therapies that have not beenscientifically tested.Disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alternative therapies in Australia climb steadily during the past 20 years. In a 1983 national health survey, 1.9% of people said they had contacted a chiropractor, naturopath, osteopath, acupuncturist or herbalist in the two weeks prior to the survey. By 1990, this figure had risen to 2.6% of the population. The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey represented about an eighth of the total number of consultations with medically qualified personnel covered by the survey, according to Dr Laver and colleagues writing in the Australian Journal of Public Health in 1993. ‘A better educated and less accepting public has become disillusioned with the experts in general, and increasingly sceptical about science and empirically based knowledge,’ they said. ‘The high standing of professionals, including doctors, has been eroded as a consequence.’Rather than resisting or criticising this trend, increasing numbers of Australian doctors, particularly younger ones, are forming group practices with alternative therapists or taking courses themselves, particularly in acupuncture and herbalism. Part of the incentive was financial, Dr Laver said. ‘The bottom line is that most general practitioners are business people. If they see potential clientele going elsewhere, they might want to be able to offer a similar service.’In 1993, Dr Laver and his colleagues published a survey of 289 Sydney people who attended eight alternative therapists’practices in Sydney. These practices offered a wide range of alternative therapies from 25 therapists. Those surveyed had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine hadbeen able to provide little relief. They commented that they liked the holistic approach of their alternative therapists and the friendly, concerned and detailed attention they had received. The cold, impersonal manner of orthodox doctors featured in the survey. An increasing exodus from their clinics, coupled with this and a number of other relevant surveys carried out in Australia, all pointing to orthodox doctors’inadequacies, have led mainstream doctors themselves to begin to admit they could learn from the personal style of alternative therapists. Dr Patrick Store, President of the Royal College of General Practitioners, concurs that orthodox doctors could learn a lot about bedside manner and advising patients on preventative health from alternative therapists.According to the Australian Journal of Public Health, 18% of patients visiting alternative therapists do so because they suffer from musculo-skeletal complaints; 12% suffer from digestive problems, which is only 1% more than those suffering from emotional problems. Those suffering from respiratory complaints represent 7% of their patients, and candida sufferers represent an equal percentage. Headache sufferers and those complaining of general ill health represent 6% and 5% of patients respectively, and a further 4% see therapists for general health maintenance.The survey suggested that complementary medicine is probably a better term than alternative medicine. Alternative medicine appears to be an adjunct, sought in times of disenchantment when conventional medicine seems not to offer the answer.Questions 14 and 15Choose the correct letter, A, B C or D.Write your answers in boxes 14 and 15 on your answer sheet.14 Traditionally, how have Australian doctors differed from doctors in many Western countries?A They have worked closely with pharmaceutical companies.B They have often worked alongside other therapists.C They have been reluctant to accept alternative therapists.D They have regularly prescribed alternative remedies.15 In 1990, AmericansA were prescribed more herbal medicines than in previous years.B consulted alternative therapists more often than doctors.C spent more on natural therapies than orthodox medicines.D made more complaints about doctors than in previous years.Questions 16-23Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 16-23 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the views of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this16 Australians have been turning to alternative therapies in increasing numbers over the past 20 years.17 Between 1983 and 1990 the numbers of patients visiting alternative therapists rose to include a further 8% of the population.18 The 1990 survey related to 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists.19 In the past, Australians had a higher opinion of doctorsthan they do today.20 Some Australian doctors are retraining in alternative therapies.21 Alternative therapists earn higher salaries than doctors.22 The 1993 Sydney survey involved 289 patients who visited alternative therapists for acupuncture treatment.23 All the patients in the 1993 Sydney survey had long-term medical complaints.Questions 24-26Complete the vertical axis on the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 2 for answer.Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.READING PASSAGE 3You should ,spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 belowPLAY IS A SERIOUS BUSINESSDoes play help develop bigger, better brains?Bryant Furlow investigatesA Playing is a serious business. Children engrossed in a make-believe world, fox cubs play-fighting or kittens teasing a ball of string aren’t just having fun. Play may look like a carefree and exuberant way to pass the time before the hard work of adulthood comes along, but there’s much more to it than that. For a start, play can even cost animals their lives. Eighty per cent of deaths among juvenile fur seals occur because playing pups fail to spot predators approaching. It is also extremely expensive in terms of energy. Playful young animals use around two or three per cent of their energy cavorting, and in children that figure can be closer to fifteen per cent. ‘Even two or three per cent is huge,’says John Byers of Idaho University. ‘You just don’t find animals wasting energy like that,’he adds. There must be a reason.B But if play is not simply a developmental hiccup, as biologists once thought, why did it evolve? The latest idea suggests that play has evolved to build big brains. In other words, playing makes you intelligent. Playfulness, it seems, is common only among mammals, although a few of the larger-brained birds also indulge. Animals at play often use unique signs —tail-wagging in dogs, for example —to indicate that activity superficially resembling adult behaviour is not really in earnest.A popular explanation of play has been that it helps juveniles develop the skills they will need to hunt, mate and socialise as adults. Another has been that it allows young animals to get in shape for adult life by improving their respiratory endurance. Both these ideas have been questioned in recent years.C Take the exercise theory. If play evolved to build muscle or as a kind of endurance training, then you would expect to see permanent benefits. But Byers points out that the benefits of increased exercise disappear rapidly after training stops, so any improvement in endurance resulting from juvenile play would be lost by adulthood. ‘If the function of play was to get into shape,’says Byers, ‘the optimum time for playing would depend on when it was most advantageous for the young of a particular species to do so. But it doesn’t work like that.’ Across species, play tends to peak about halfway through the suckling stage and then decline.D Then there’s the skills-training hypothesis. At first glance, playing animals do appear to be practising the complex manoeuvres they will need in adulthood. But a closer inspectionreveals this interpretation as too simplistic. In one study, behavioural ecologist Tim Caro, from the University of California, looked at the predatory play of kittens and their predatory behaviour when they reached adulthood. He found that the way the cats played had no significant effect on their hunting prowess in later life.E Earlier this year, Sergio Pellis of Lethbridge University, Canada, reported that there is a strong positive link between brain size and playfulness among mammals in general. Comparing measurements for fifteen orders of mammal, he and his team found larger brains (for a given body size) are linked to greater playfulness. The converse was also found to be true. Robert Barton of Durham University believes that, because large brains are more sensitive to developmental stimuli than smaller brains, they require more play to help mould them for adulthood. ‘I concluded it’s to do with learning, and with the importance of environmental data to the brain during development,’he says.F According to Byers, the timing of the playful stage in young animals provides an important clue to what’s going on. If you plot the amount of time a juvenile devotes to play each day over the course of its development, you discover a pattern typically associated with a ‘sensitive period’—a brief development window during which the brain can actually be modified in ways that are not possible earlier or later in life. Think of the relative ease with which young children — but not infants or adults —absorb language. Other researchers have found that play in cats, rats and mice is at its most intense just as this ‘window of opportunity’ reaches its peak.G ‘People have not paid enough attention to the amountof the brain activated by play,’ says Marc Bekoff from Colorado University. Bekoff studied coyote pups at play and found that the kind of behaviour involved was markedly more variable and unpredictable than that of adults. Such behaviour activates many different parts of the brain, he reasons. Bekoff likens it to a behavioural kaleidoscope, with animals at play jumping rapidly between activities. ‘They use behaviour from a lot of different contexts —predation, aggression, reproduction,’he says. ‘Their developing brain is getting all sorts of stimulation.’H Not only is more of the brain involved in play than was suspected, but it also seems to activate higher cognitive processes. ‘There’s enormous cognitive involvement in play,’says Bekoff. He points out that play often involves complex assessments of playmates, ideas of reciprocity and the use of specialised signals and rules. He believes that play creates a brain that has greater behavioural flexibility and improved potential for learning later in life. The idea is backed up by the work of Stephen Siviy of Gettysburg College. Siviy studied how bouts of play affected the brain’s levels of a particular chemical associated with the stimulation and growth of nerve cells. He was surprised by the extent of the activation. ‘Play just lights everything up,’he says. By allowing link-ups between brain areas that might not normally communicate with each other, play may enhance creativity.I What might further experimentation suggest about the way children are raised in many societies today? We already know that rat pups denied the chance to play grow smaller brain components and fail to develop the ability to apply social rules when they interact with their peers. With schooling beginning earlier and becoming increasingly exam-orientated, play is likelyto get even less of a look-in. Who knows what the result of that will be?Questions 27-32Reading Passage 3 had nine paragraphs labeled A-I.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-I in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.27 the way play causes unusual connections in the brain which are beneficial28 insights from recording how much time young animals spend playing29 a description of the physical hazards that can accompany play30 a description of the mental activities which are exercised and developed during play31 the possible effects that a reduction in play opportunities will have on humans32 the classes of animals for which play is importantQuestions 33-35Choose THREE letters A-F.Write your answers in boxes 33-35 on your answer sheet.The list below gives some ways of regarding play.Which THREE ways are mentioned by the writer of the text?A a rehearsal for later adult activitiesB a method animals use to prove themselves to their peer groupC an activity intended to build up strength for adulthoodD a means of communicating feelingsE a defensive strategyF an activity assisting organ growthQuestions 36-40Look at the following researchers (Questions 36-40) and the list of findings below.Match each researcher with the correct finding.Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.36 Robert Barton37 Marc Bekoff38 John Byers39 Sergio Pellis40 Stephen SiviyList of FindingsA There is a link between a specific substance in the brain and playing.B Play provides input concerning physical surroundings.C Varieties of play can be matched to different stages of evolutionary history.D There is a tendency for mammals with smaller brains to play less.E Play is not a form of fitness training for the future.F Some species of larger-brained birds engage in play.G A wide range of activities are combined during play.H Play is a method of teaching survival techniques.剑桥雅思阅读4原文参考译文(test2)Passage 1参考译文Lost for wordsMany minority languages are on the danger list语言的消失——许多少数民族语言濒临灭绝In the Native American Navajo nation, which sprawls across four states in the American south-west, the native language is dying. Most of its speakers are middle-aged or elderly. Although many students take classes in Navajo, the schools are run in English. Street signs, supermarket goods and even their own newspaper are all in English. Not surprisingly, linguists doubt that any native speakers of Navajo will remain in a hundred years’time.对于居住在美国西南部四州的那瓦霍人来讲，他们的语言正在遭遇灭顶之灾。

雅思Test 4 Passage 2 阅读译文

Theories of Accident Causation in the Workplace工伤事故因果关系论A Herbert Heinrich, a pioneer in workplace safety philosophy, originally suggested that workplace accidents followed a sequence of five contributing causes, and he used the image of a set of dominos to illustrate the cause and effect chain reaction that was central to his theory. Heinrich maintained that eliminating one contributing cause, like taking away one domino from the row, would prevent the chain from collapsing.赫伯特.海因里希是工业安全学的先驱。

他率先认为工伤事故是紧随五大原因序链之后发生的，并通过一组骨牌模型阐释了这种因果连锁反应。

该反应是他理论的核心。

海因里希表示，剔除其中任何一个因素，比如说从排列中抽掉一张骨牌，都能防止整个骨牌列倒塌。

B His original theory was published in 1931 and has since been updated and modified. In the original theory, which was later extended, the end result, or final domino in the series, was injury or damage. He stated that the immediate cause of this was an accident in the workplace. As would be expected from the 1930s worldview, Heinrich was inclined to place the blame for accidents fairly and squarely on the shoulders of the workers. A workplace accident, in his theory, was immediately attributable to unsafe acts. Although he did acknowledge that these unsafe acts might take place in a hazardous situation, he stated that these situations were generally created by, and the responsibility of, the workers. He labelled this factor as 'fault of person'. Heinrich suggested that 'fault of person' had its roots in the workers' ancestry, or genetic factors, combined with the social environment they lived or worked in.他最初的理论于1931年出版，之后不断得以补充和修改。

剑桥雅思4口语test2

剑桥雅思4口语test2Part1Food and CookingQ: What kinds of food do you like to eat?Chinese food/ Western Food/ Italian Food/ Japanese Food / Korean FoodFast food/ Fine Dining 快餐/慢餐Gourmet food 美食Dessert 甜点Ice cream 冰激凌Vegetarian food 素食主义者meat eater 吃肉的人Q: What kind of new food would you like to try? Why?Ethnic food 民族风味菜Mexican food / Indian food: spicy and hot, lots of curry 麻辣咖喱多Authentic French food: liver paste, snail 鹅肝蜗牛Exotic food 山珍海味Q: Do you lik、、、、、、、e cooking?Cooking is the most enjoyable item on the list of all housework.It’s the most creative and relaxing thing to do at home.If you’re imaginative enough, you can come up with different recipes by combining a variety of ingredients.Cooking can be totally inspirational.And when you’re peeling a potato, cutting up vegetables, or preparing meat youcan temporarily forget all your problems at work, with yourfriends or in study.Cooking a nice meal for your family is an excellent way of saying, “Mom, Dad, I love you.”The memory will be made, and affection expressed.Q: What was the last meal you cooked?Chinese foodsweet and sour pork 锅包肉kung-pao Chicken 宫保鸡丁coco-cola chicken wings 可乐鸡翅salad, pasta, sandwich, French friesQ: Do you prefer home-cooked food or food from restaurants?At restaurant:Convenient / easy/ just sit there, look at the menu, order/ Background music / service is always good / time effective/Specialty food/ environment is good/ better dining experienceHome:Cost-effective/ clean and hygienic/ relaxing/ no interference Bond with family membersPart2Describe an interest or hobby that you haveYou should say:How you became interested in itHow long you have been doing itWhy you enjoy itAnd explain what benefits you get from this interest or hobbyBlogging is the interest or hobby that I really enjoy and have been doing it very passionately for the last 2-3 years. A blog isbasically the short form of 'weblog' and it lets the blogger write on topics he/she likes. It is very similar to a website and the blog posts I write is open for anyone to read using the internet. This blog is not collaborated with anyone at the moment.Currently, I am updating it alone but I have a plan to share this with some of my friends who also has interests in writing and blogging.The blog I am maintaining has lots of importance both for me and for the intended readers. For me, the blog helps me improving my writing skill as it requires lots of content writing, helps me exploring of relevant topics that improve my knowledge and to upload the images I take with my camera. Sometimes I write on how-to and tutorials which are helpful for people looking for it. Sometimes I write on books I read, movies I watch or about new things I learn and that helps me observing those in a different perspective. People can comment on the articles I add and thus I have got many others in my blog who shares similar interests that I have. Thus the importance of my blog immense to me and I maintain my blog with utmost passion and fervour.For writing blog posts I need to explore different topics and thus this habit helps me increase my knowledge on different topics.Part3剑桥雅思4Test2口语Part3范文-hobby主题1. Do you think having a hobby is g ood for people’s social life? In what way?题目分析兴趣爱好可以成为两个人沟通的桥梁，人们往往通过共同的兴趣爱好聚集在一起。

剑桥雅思真题4阅读及翻译Word

剑4T1P1Tropical RainforestsAdults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. For example, one graphic illustration to which children might readily relate is the estimate that rainforests are being destroyed at a rate equivalent to one thousand football fields every forty minutes - about the duration of a normal classroom period. In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage, it is likely that children will have formed ideas about rainforests - what and where they are, why they are important, what endangers them - independent of any formal tuition. It is also possible that some of these ideas will be mistaken.Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about ‘pure' curriculum science. These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous，more robust but also accessible to modification. These ideas may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media. Sometimes this information may be erroneous. It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to re-express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers.Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rainforests, little formal information is available about children’s ideas in this area. The aim of the present study is to start to provide such information, to help teachers design their educational strategies to build upon correct ideas and to displace misconceptions and to plan programmes in environmental studies in their schools.The study surveys children’s scientific knowledge and attitudes to rainforests. Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions. The most frequent responses to the first question were descriptions which are self-evident from the term "rainforest". Some children described them as damp, wet or hot. The second question concerned the geographical location of rainforests. The commonest responses were continents or countries：Africa (given by 43% of children), South America (30%), Brazil (25%). Some children also gave more general locations, such as being near the Equator.Responses to question three concerned the importance of rainforests. The dominant idea, raised by 64% of the pupils, was that rainforests provide animals with habitats. Fewer students responded chat rainforests provide plant habitats, and even fewer mentioned the indigenous populations of rainforests. More girls (70%) than boys (60%) raised die idea of rainforest as animal habitats.Similarly, but at a lower level, more girls (13%) than boys (5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats. These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’ viewsabout the use and conservation of rainforests, in which girls were shown to be more sympathetic to animals and expressed views which seem to place an intrinsic value on non-human animal life.The fourth question concerned the causes of the destruction of rainforests. Perhaps encouragingly, more than half of the pupils (59%) identified chat it is human activities which are destroying rainforests, some personalising the responsibility by the use of terms such as "we are". About 18% of the pupils referred specifically to logging activity.One misconception, expressed by some 10% of the pupils, was chat acid rain is responsible for rainforest destruction；A similar proportion said chat pollution is destroying rainforests. Here, children are confusing rainforest destruction with damage to the forests of Western Europe by these factors. While two fifths of the students provided the information that the rainforests provide oxygen, in some cases this response also embraced. The misconception that rainforest destruction would reduce atmospheric oxygen, making the atmosphere incompatible with human life on Earth.In answer to the final question about the importance of rainforest conservation, the majority of children simply said that we need rainforests to survive. Only a few of the pupils (6%) mentioned that rainforest destruction may contribute to global warming. This is surprising considering the high level of media coverage on this issue. Some children expressed the idea that the conservation of rainforests is not important.The results of this study suggest that certain ideas predominate in the thinking of children about rainforests. Pupils’ responses indicate some misconceptions in basic scientific knowledge of rain forests’ ecosystems such as their ideas about rainforests as habitats for animals, plants and humans and the relationship between climatic change and destruction of rainforests.Pupils did not volunteer ideas that suggested that they appreciated the complexity of causes of rainforest destruction. In other words, they gave no indication of an appreciation of either the range of ways in which rainforests are important or the complex social, economic and political factors which drive the activities which are destroying the rainforests. One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children seem to acquire the ability to appreciate, value and evaluate conflicting views. Environmental education offers an arena in which these skills can be developed, which is essential for these children as future decision-makers.无论大人还是孩子都经常会遇到这样的报道，那就是热带雨林正在以惊人的速度消失。