语言学第二次作业

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东师15秋《英语语言学》在线作业2

英语语言学15秋在线作业2一、单选题（共 20 道试题，共 60 分。

）V1. The language used to talk about language is called ______.A. metalanguageB. artificial languageC. natural languageD. language满分：3 分2. ______ is a term widely used to refer to varieties according to use in sociolinguistics.A. RegisterB. DialectC. TenorD. Variety满分：3 分3. In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain _____ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four满分：3 分4. Some young people have （brunch ）quite often. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）A. DerivationB. BlendingC. BackformationD. Acronym满分：3 分5. I like to have （brunch）quite often. （为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）A. ConversionB. BackformationC. BlendingD. Compounding满分：3 分6. 1. ______ is an official document that determines the content and principles of teaching and learning authoritatively.A. A syllabusB. A textbookC. An educational planD. A test满分：3 分7. impossible （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）A. DerivationB. ConversionC. BackformationD. Blending满分：3 分8. classroom （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）A. ConversionB. BackformationC. BlendingD. Compounding满分：3 分9. The pioneering investigation carried out by William Labov in New York City in 1966 was to test ______ among different groups of speakers.A. sociolectsB. registersC. regional dialectsD. accents满分：3 分10. ______ is/are used in a community most widely.A. SociolectsB. regional dialectsC. The standard varietyD. Registers满分：3 分11. _____ is concerned with subject-matter and the purpose of communications.A. TenorB. RegisterC. ModeD. Field满分：3 分12. ______ is a minimal pair.A. moon/noonB. foot/foodC. she/sheetD. sea/sea满分：3 分13. What kind of pre-sequence is A’s first utterance in the following discourse? A: Do you have a rubber? B: Yes. A: May I use it? B: Here you are.A. Pre-invitationB. Pre-requestC. Pre-announcementD. Pre-apology满分：3 分14. Watt （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法）A. Sound ReduplicationB. CoinageC. EponymD. Clipping满分：3 分15. The smallest distinctive linguistic unit that can contrast words in meaning and in form is called a ________.A. phonemeB. phoneC. morphemeD. morph满分：3 分16. The lexical sense relation between flour and flower is __________.A. synonymyB. antonymC. polysemyD. homonymy满分：3 分17. The word “multinationality” has ______ morphemes.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 5满分：3 分18. The process that puts an existing word of one class into another class is ______.A. ConversionB. AbbreviationC. EponymsD. Blending满分：3 分19. refers to the process through which people use language to classify the world around and inside them.A. ApproachB. CategorizationC. PrototypeD. Cognition满分：3 分20. Smog is a ___________ word.A. derivedB. clippedC. blendedD. compound满分：3 分二、判断题（共 20 道试题，共 40 分。

《语言学概论》课程第2次作业

《语言学概论》课程第2次作业《语言学概论》课程第 2次作业I. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.1. Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords2. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal3. ________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D. /b/4. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of asequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar5. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in thesame environments and theycan distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair6. The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative7. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintainingthe highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle8. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or morephonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features9. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, acollection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme10. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophonesII. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.1. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.2. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.3. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.4. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.5. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.6. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.7. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.8. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.9. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.10. Not all the back vowels are rounded vowels.11. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.12. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.III. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. _______ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.2. The four sounds /p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e., they are all _______ sounds.3. The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called _______ rules.4. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called _________ transcription.5. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as _________.6. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the _______ cavity and the nasal cavity.7. Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and _________ stress.8. are added to letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone can possibly do.9. ________ studies the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves, the physical means by which sounds aretransmitted through the air from one person to another.10. ________ is the smallest linguistic unit.IV. 请听《夏洛特烦恼》里的粤语歌曲《咱们屯里的人儿》，再听赵本山的同名歌曲。

语言学概论第二次作业第三章语音

语言学概论第二次作业第三章语音一、名词解释（10分，每小题1分）1．语音由人的发音器官发出来的代表一定意义的声音。

2．音节音节是音位和音位组合起来构成的最小的语音结构单位。

3．音素从语音的自然属性角度划分出来的最小语音单位。

4．音标音标是记录音素的标写符号。

5．元音发音时，气流通过口腔不受任何阻碍而发出来的音素。

6．辅音发音时，气流通过口腔要受某个部位阻碍而发出来的音素。

7．发音部位发辅音时，气流在口腔受阻的部位就是发音部位。

8．发音方法发辅音时，形成和解除阻碍的方式就是发音方法。

9．音位音位是具体语言中具有区别词的语音形式作用的最小语音单位。

10．音位变体音位变体就是同一个音位的不同的变异形式，是音位在特定语音环境中的具体体现或具体代表。

11.自由变体一个音位包含多个变体,各个变体出现需要一定条件,这样的音位变体就是自由变体二、填空（9分，每空0.5分）1．语音的（发音）、（传递）、（感知）三个环节，分别对应于语音的生理、物理、心理三个方面的属性。

2．语音同其它声音一样，也具有（音高）、（音重）、（音长）、（音质）四个要素。

3．人类的发音器官可分为（动力）、（发音体）、（共鸣腔）三大部分。

4．在发音器官中，唇、舌头、软腭、小舌、声带等是能够活动的，叫做（主动）发音器官，上齿、齿龈、硬腭等是不能活动的，叫做（被动）发音器官。

5．根据发音特点，音素可以分为（元音）和（辅音）两类，例如汉语音节中的声母，主要就是由（辅音）充当的。

6．每个元音的音质是由（舌位前后）、（舌位高低）、（圆唇与否）三个方面的因素决定的。

三、判断正误（8分，每小题0.5分）1．语音的最小单位是音节。

（×）2．男子声音和女子声音的差别主要是发音是音重不同。

（×）3．儿童的声音和成人的声音差别是音长不同。

（×）4．发音时，声带是否振动，气流是否强，都能形成不同的音素。

（×）5．音素[x]的发音特点是舌面后清檫音。

第二次语言学作业058杨晓宇

第二次语言学作业
058杨晓宇
1.名词解释：
屈折语:屈折语为综合语之一种。

黏着语亦为有词形变化的综合语，但屈折语和黏着语之间的分别在于屈折语的词素趋向连在一起，较为难以分割，意即屈折语的一个词缀经常同时表达多种意思，而黏着语的一个词缀一般倾向于只表达单一种的意思。

语法范畴:把不同的形式所表示的同一语法意义进行归类所得出的类，就是语法范畴。

语法的递归性:语法的递归性指的是反复地使用构成句法关系的有限的几种句法规则，不断地进行同功能替换，以构成复杂的短语或句子。

2. 人类语言按照形态学分类法来划分，一般认为可以分出
孤立语、屈折语、黏着语和多式综合语。

汉语属于孤立语，
日语属于黏着语。

3. 分析下列短语的结构类型。

防止感冒：述宾
认真学习：偏正
科学技术：偏正
很好看：状中
来了客人：述宾
学累了：述补
many people：偏正
work hard：述补
fear everything：述宾
4. “学习外语”和“外语学习”的语法意义有什么不同？语法手段是什么？
答：
语法意义的不同语法手段
学习外语述宾关系用词序来表达语法意义
外语学习偏正结构中的定中关系。

语言学第二次作业

The second assignmentExercise 7 on Page 967. I n the following sentence, the phrase “in the car” could be used (i) to show where the biting took place or (ii) to specify that it was the man in the car that was bitten. How would the tree diagrams for (i) and (ii) differ?The dog bit the man in the car.Exercise 2 < (2) (3) (4)>2.E xplain the semantic ambiguity of the following sentences by providing two or more sentences that paraphrase the multiple meanings. Examples：she can’t bear children can mean either she can’t give birth to children or she can’t tolerate children.(2) I s he really that kind?(3) W e bought her dog biscuits.(4) He saw that gasoline can explode.Exercise 55.S ome of the sets of terms below form semantic field. For each set :(1) I dentify the words that do not belong to the same semantic field as the others in the set.(2)I dentify the supe r ordinate term of the remaining semantic field, if there is one (it may be a word in the set) (3) Determine whether some terms are less marked than others, and justify your claim.a. acquire , buy , collect , hoard , win , inherit , stealb. whisper , talk , narrate , tell ,report , harangue ,scribble ,instruct , briefc. road , path , barn , way , street , freeway . avenue, thoroughfare , interstate , methodd. stench , smell , reek , aroma , bouquet , odoriferous , perfume , fragrance , scent , olfactory.。

东师《英语语言学》18秋在线作业2(满分)

(单选题) 1: （Tick- tuck）is the sound by a clock（为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）A: Sound ReduplicationB: CoinageC: EponymD: Clipping正确答案:(单选题) 2: __________ is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.A: StressB: PitchC: ToneD: Intonation正确答案:(单选题) 3: What maxis of the cooperative principle does the following dialogue flout? A: How do you like the film? B: Well, the music is very nice.A: QualityB: QuantityC: RelationD: Manner正确答案:(单选题) 4: A minimal distinctive linguistic unit is a__________.A: morphemeB: wordC: phonemeD: allophones正确答案:(单选题) 5: Every syllable has a(n) ____, which is usually a vowel.A: nucleusB: onsetC: codeD: rhyme正确答案:(单选题) 6: My father has passed away is ________ in formality.A: frozenB: formalC: consultativeD: casual正确答案:(单选题) 7: Smog is a ___________ word.A: derivedB: clippedC: blendedD: compound正确答案:(单选题) 8: ____ is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words. A: MorphologyB: SyntaxC: LexiconD: Morpheme正确答案:(单选题) 9: “John explained the theory” is a ___________ process according to Halliday.D: behavioral正确答案:(单选题) 10: The followings are all features of language except __________.A: dualityB: productivityC: changeabilityD: displacement正确答案:(判断题) 1: The lexical sense relation between flour and flower is polysemy.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 2: According to Halliday, the ideational function is the function of language that people use as medium to get along in a community.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 3: The sentence “The woman can’t bear children” is structurally ambiguous.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 4: A word is a minimal distinctive linguistic unit.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 5: Voiced refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 6: Duality is one of the features of language.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 7: The theory of prototypes, solves the logical problem by a notion of degree of membership.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 8: Metaphor is an essential element in our categorization of the world and our thinking process.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 9: A natural language is a mixed language which has become the mother tongue of a speech community.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 10: Words like male and female are gradable antonyms.A: 错误world around and inside them.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 12: Textual function does not belong to the language metafunctions illustrated by M.A.K. Halliday.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 13: Mental processes are processes of sensing.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 14: Stress, tone, and intonation are all suprasegmental features.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 15: All the fricatives have the characteristic of.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 16: According to referential content, deixis can be put into person deixis, place deixis, time deixis and discourse deixis.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 17: The syllabic unit made up by the onset and nucleus is called a rhyme.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 18: The smallest distinctive linguistic unit that can contrast words in meaning and in form is called a phoneme.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 19: The ideational function is realized by the transitivity system of language.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 20: Nativist theories are those that attempt to explain acquisition on the basis of assuming an innate biological endowment that makes learning possible.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 21: Sandwich is a common noun originating from the fourth Earl of Sandwich, who put his food between two slices of bread so that he could eat while gambling.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 22: The most widely found suprasegmental features are stress, intonation, tone and正确答案:(判断题) 23: A test is an official document that authoritatively determines the content and principles of teaching and learning.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 24: Language testing is a complex activity which is guided by linguistic and psychological theories.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 25: The study of speech sounds is called Phonology.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 26: The word “multinationality” has 2 morphemes.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 27: The experiential function (sometimes also referred to as ideational function) is realized by the transitivity system of language.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 28: Bilingualism exists in the Quebec Province, Canada.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 29: Words stand not only in relation to the world but also to human mind.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 30: Interpersonal function does not belong to the language metafunctions illustrated by M.A.K. Halliday.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(单选题) 1: （Tick- tuck）is the sound by a clock（为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法）A: Sound ReduplicationB: CoinageC: EponymD: Clipping正确答案:(单选题) 2: __________ is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.A: StressB: PitchC: ToneD: Intonation正确答案:(单选题) 3: What maxis of the cooperative principle does the following dialogue flout? A: HowC: RelationD: Manner正确答案:(单选题) 4: A minimal distinctive linguistic unit is a__________.A: morphemeB: wordC: phonemeD: allophones正确答案:(单选题) 5: Every syllable has a(n) ____, which is usually a vowel.A: nucleusB: onsetC: codeD: rhyme正确答案:(单选题) 6: My father has passed away is ________ in formality.A: frozenB: formalC: consultativeD: casual正确答案:(单选题) 7: Smog is a ___________ word.A: derivedB: clippedC: blendedD: compound正确答案:(单选题) 8: ____ is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words. A: MorphologyB: SyntaxC: LexiconD: Morpheme正确答案:(单选题) 9: “John explained the theory” is a ___________ process according to Halliday.A: materialB: mentalC: verbalD: behavioral正确答案:(单选题) 10: The followings are all features of language except __________.A: dualityB: productivityC: changeabilityD: displacement正确答案:(判断题) 1: The lexical sense relation between flour and flower is polysemy.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 2: According to Halliday, the ideational function is the function of language that正确答案:(判断题) 3: The sentence “The woman can’t bear children” is structurally ambiguous.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 4: A word is a minimal distinctive linguistic unit.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 5: Voiced refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 6: Duality is one of the features of language.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 7: The theory of prototypes, solves the logical problem by a notion of degree of membership.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 8: Metaphor is an essential element in our categorization of the world and our thinking process.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 9: A natural language is a mixed language which has become the mother tongue of a speech community.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 10: Words like male and female are gradable antonyms.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 11: Cognition refers to the process by which people use language to classify the world around and inside them.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 12: Textual function does not belong to the language metafunctions illustrated by M.A.K. Halliday.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 13: Mental processes are processes of sensing.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:正确答案:(判断题) 15: All the fricatives have the characteristic of.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:(判断题) 16: According to referential content, deixis can be put into person deixis, place deixis, time deixis and discourse deixis.A: 错误B: 正确正确答案:。

语言学概论第二次作业

第二次作业一、填空题1、语音的发音、传递、感知三个环节，分别对应于语音的（）（）（）三个方面的属性。

2、语音同其它声音一样，也具有（）（）（）（）四个要素。

3、口腔中最为灵活的发音器官是（）4、从自然属性角度划分出来的最小语音单位是（）。

5、根据发音特点，音素可以分为（）和（）两类。

6、每个元音的音质是由（）（）（）三个方面的因素决定的。

7、辅音的发音特点是主要由（）和（）两个方面决定的。

8、[t]—[t h]的区别性特征表现为（）对立。

9、语音中具有区别词的语音形式作用的最小单位是（）。

10、一个音位通常是归纳几个音素的结果，那么，属于同一音位的几个音素叫（）。

11、一般把具有辨义作用的音高、音强、音长形成的音位分别叫做（）（）（）。

12、（）是听觉上能够自然辨别出来的最小语音单位，它也是语音中最小的（）单位。

13、汉语的音节通常可以分为（）、（）和（）三部分，其中韵母又分（）、（）、（）三部分，声母和韵母是由（）音位构成的，声调由超音质音位的（）构成的。

14、常见的语流音变主要有（）（）（）（）四种。

15、我们在念“老虎”时，通常要把“老”念成类似阳平，这种变化叫做（）。

二、分析题1、根据发音特点描述，分别写出相对应的元音或辅音（国际音标）。

①舌面后半低圆唇元音②舌面前半高不圆唇元音③舌面前低不圆唇元音④舌面后高圆唇元音⑤舌面前高圆唇元音⑥舌面后半高不圆唇元音⑦双唇不送气清塞音⑧舌尖中浊鼻音⑨舌根清擦音⑩舌尖前送气清塞擦音2、分析下列各组音素的区别特征。

[p h]－[p] [f]－[v] [ɻ]－[ʂ] [n]－[l] [x]—[ɕ][y]－[i] [y]－[u] [o]－[ɤ] [ɿ]—[ʅ] [ŋ]—[n]3、画出元音舌位图，用国际音标标出八个基本元音并分析其发音条件。

三、名词解释1、音质2、音素3、音位4、音位变体5、条件变体6、自由变体7、超音质音位8、区别性特征9、语流音变10、非音质音位五、问答题1、与其他声音相比，语音的突出特点是什么？2、在没有看见人的情况下，为什么我们能分辨出是男子说话还是妇女说话？是大人说话还是小孩说话来呢？3、造成不同音质的原因有哪些？4、简述音位、音素的关系？5、划分和归并音位的基本原则是什么？6、举例说明语音的同化与异化、弱化与脱落。

语言学第二章作业

语⾔学第⼆章作业Unit 2 The Sounds of EnglishI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1 Of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recentlythe most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics2. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.3 sound(p)in the word “spit” is an inspirited stop4. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.5 super segmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of unitslarger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence6. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting onesound for another result in a change of meaning.7 The airstream provided by the lungs has undergo a number of modification to acquirethe quality of a speech sound8. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segmentwhich occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.9 Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and donot contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce different word, but merely a different pronunciation10. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.11. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence oftwo or more phonemic segments.12. [i:] and [i] are allophones of the same phoneme.13. Not all English phonemes have allophones.Note: /N/ and /j/ occur in one single position and therefore do not have allophones.14. The same set of vowels is used in all languages.15. All syllables must contain at least one vowel.Note: Some syllables may contain no vowels. They may, instead, employ some syllabic consonant, as in people and muscle.16. The marking of word stress is arbitrary for the most part in English.17. English is a tone language.Note: Chinese is a tone language.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1 When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the wordin isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.2 A _________ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing thesounds of speech3 P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particularlanguage and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.4 speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound.There movements have an effect on the a__________ coming from the lungs5 The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three importantcavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.6 Consonant sounds can be either v ________ or v________, while all vowel sounds arev__________7 T_______ is pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibrationof the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.8 The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the t _________and the lips9 Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds ofStress: word stress and s_________ stress. III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:10p ____________ is the smallest linguisticIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1 Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A [z] B[w] C[b] D[v]2 Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords3 The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal4 which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A [if:] B[u] C [e] D[i:]5 __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/6 The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a featureof a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar7 Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to beA. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair8 Pitch variation is known as ________when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A intonationB toneC pronunciationD voice9 The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodentals fricative10 which branch of phonetics concern the production of speech sounds?A caustic phoneticsB articulatory phoneticsC auditory phoneticsD neither of themIV. Define the terms below:1. Free variation2. Allophone3 International Phonetic Alphabet4 intonation5. sonority scale6 phonemic contrast7 minimal pair8 rounded vowelV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex amples for illustration if necessary:1 what is stress in a word? For words of more than one syllable, how are they pronounced?2 What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?3. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.4. What does speech sounds for human being?5 In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?6. A phoneme can be further analyzed into a set of distinctive features. For example, /p/ is defined as composed of such distinctive features as[plosive]+[bi-labial]+[breathed] because each of them can distinguish /p/ from some other phonemes. However, the property of aspiration contained in the allophone [ph] does not distinguish meaning and therefore is not a distinctive feature in this case.ASK:(1) What distinctive feature makes /f/ and /v/ different?(2) Can you specify the distinctive features for the following phonemes?(a) /F/ (b) /k/ (c) /n/7. Some phonetic transcriptions below are English words, some are not existing words but are possible words or nonsense words, and others are definitely “foreign” or impossible because they violate English sequential constraints. Specify each of the a-e cases as illustrated.Word Possible Foreign ReasonExample:[pa:k] park[tif] √[lkib] √ Initial [l] must precede a vowel.a. [?a:f]b. [ski:]c.[knait]d.[meij]e.[blaft]8. Collect some data to show that English advertisements, newspaper headlines, English songs, and presidential addressee sometimes make use of alliteration and rhyming.Unit 2 The Sounds of EnglishAnswer:I.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1F 2F 3T 4F 5T 6T 7T 8F 9T 10 T 11 T 12F 13 T 14 T 15.F 16. F 17.F 18. FII.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1 intonation 2articulatory 3 Phonology4 airstream5 oral 6voiced; voiceless;voiced7 tone 8 tongue 9 sentence10 phonemesIII.There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement1 B 2.C 3.A 4 B 5.B 6 D 7A 8A 9D 10 BIV. Define the terms below:1 free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units ofmeaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with oth e r morphemes.2 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments are called the allophones of that phoneme.3 International phonetic alphabet: t is a standardized and internationally accepted systemof phonetic transcription.4 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather thanthe word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.5 sonority scale:the sonority scale works in the combination of consonant .the degreeof sonority of different classes of sound affects their possible positions in the syllable. vowels are the most sonorous ones and approximants, nasals and fricatives follow vowels. stops are the least sonorous ones6phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes.If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.7 minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for onesound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.8 rounded vowel: one of the criteria used in the classification of vowels is the shapeof the lips. If a vowel is pronounced with the lips rounded, then the vowel in question is a rounded vowelV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex amples for illustration if necessary:1what is stress in a word? For words of more than one syllable, how are they pronounced?Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable, for words of more than one syllable, one is more stressed than the other .the more stressed syllable is the primary wile the less stressed syllable is known as the secondary stress 2. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.3 Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import andimport. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun anda phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the Englishcompounds, is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is aparticular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.2) The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives , adverbs,etc are pronouncedWith greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.” for example. To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.3)English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When spokenin different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings.Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is astraight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes aquestion of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.4. What does speech sounds for human being?Human being are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of there sounds have become units in the language sysem, there units are called speech sounds for human being5 In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme , or not?A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substitutingone sound for other results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.6. (1) What distinctive feature makes /f/ and /v/ different?[voiced](2) Can you specify the distinctive features for the following phonemes?(a) /F/ [fricative] + [voiceless] + [palatal](b) /k/ [velar]+[voiceless]+[plosive](c) /n/ [nasal]+[voiced] +[alveolar]7. Some phonetic transcriptions below are English words, some are not existing wordsbut are possible words or nonsense words, and others are definitely “foreign”or impossible because they violate English sequential constraints. Specify each of the a-e cases as illustrated.Word Possible Foreign ReasonExample:[pa:k][tif][lkib]a. [?a:f] √ [N] must occur after a vowel.b. [ski:] skic.[knait] √d.[meij] √ [j] must occur initially before avowel.e.[blaft] √8. Collect some data to show that English advertisements, newspaper headlines, English songs, and presidential addressee sometimes make use of alliteration and rhyming. OmitCopyright (C) 2009 南京农业⼤学外国。

《语言学》第二次作业

第二次作业第三章语音一、名词解释（10分，每小题1分）1．音素是语音的最小单位，它是人类语言从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位。

2．元音是呼出气流不受口腔部位器官阻碍的音。

3．辅音是呼出气流受口腔部位器官阻碍的音。

4．音位变体音位变体就是同一个音位的不同的变异形式，是音位在特定语音环境中的具体体现或具体代表。

5．发音部位发音部位就是口腔中形成阻碍阻挡气流冲出来的部位。

二、填空（17分，每空1分）1．语音的发音、传递、感知三个环节，分别对应于语音的生理、物理、心理三个方面的属性。

2．语音同其它声音一样，也具有音高、音重、音长和音质四个要素。

3．人类的发音器官可分为动力部分、发音体、共鸣器三大部分。

4．在发音器官中，唇、舌头、软腭、小舌、声带等是能够活动的，叫做主动发音器官。

5．根据发音特点，音素可以分为元音和辅音两类，例如汉语音节中的声母，主要就是由辅音充当的。

6．每个元音的音质是由舌位的前后、舌位的高低、嘴唇的圆展三个方面的因素决定的。

三、单项选择题（13分，每小题1分）解题说明：每题只有一个答案是正确的，请将正确答案的题号填入空中。

1．从自然属性角度划分出来的最小语音单位是（C ）。

A．元音B．辅音C．音素D．音位2．汉语拼音方案是以（C ）字母为基础制订的。

A．英语B．法语C．拉丁D．希腊3．汉语拼音中的ü、c、h，国际音标分别写作（ B ）。

A．u c h B．y ts‘ x C．u ch h D．x y k4.下列说法，（ A ）是正确的。

A．音高具有区别意义的作用。

B．妇女的声带比男子要厚。

C．汉语中音长具有区别意义的作用。

D．汉语“天”、“空”两个音节的音高不同。

5．下列说法，只有（ D ）正确。

A．振幅越大，声音就越弱。

B．振幅越大，声音就越长。

C．频率越多，声音就越低。

D．频率越多，声音就越高。

6．对发音器官功能的描述，（ B ）是正确的。

A．声带在发音中的作用是次要的。

20春福建师范大学《语言学概论》在线作业二标准答案

20春福建师范大学《语言学概论》在线作业二标准答案福师《语言学概论》在线作业二-0006试卷总分:100 得分:100一、单选题 (共 10 道试题,共 20 分)1.在各个语系中，（）是研究的最充分、最深入的一个语系。

A.汉藏语系B.印欧语系C.南亚语系D.高加索语系答案:B2.普通话中的“好”用国际音标记为（）。

A.[ hɑo ]B.[ xɑu ]C.[ hɑu ]D.[ xɑo ]答案:B3.元音和辅音的本质区别在于：A.发音时气流是否受阻B.紧张与否C.气流强弱D.舌位高低答案:A4.语言中，（）是发展速度最快的部分。

A.一般词汇B.语音C.语法D.基本词汇答案:A5.与“看电影”相同组合类型的短语是（）。

A.看一本B.看一回C.看一次D.看一遍答案:A6.现代语言学建立于十九世纪初，以（）的产生为标志。

A.结构主义语言学B.转换-生成语言学C.历史比较语言学D.共时语言学答案:C7.“闻”的音节如何拼写？（）A.wen--w u e nB.wen--w e nC.wen--u e nD.wen--w u e i n.答案:C8.研究某个具体语言的语音，即研究某一种语言或某一种方言的语音情况的的语音学是：A.普通语音学B.专语语音学C.历史语音学D.实验语音学答案:B9.组合规则的发展主要表现为：A.形态的改变B.语法范畴的消长C.词类的发展D.语序的变化答案:D10.下列选项中属于偏正式的是：A.眼花B.脸红C.地震D.雪白答案:D二、多选题 (共 22 道试题,共 44 分)11.世界上一些古老的文字最后都被拼音文字所代替，而我们的汉字却保存了下来，有其原因，主要在于汉字与汉语特点相适应，表现在：A.适应于汉语语素单音节、音少义多的特点B.适应于记录古今汉语C.便于方言区的书写交际D.汉语比英语优越答案:ABC12.语法的特性：A.抽象性B.生成性C.稳固性D.民族性与普遍性答案:ABCD13.下列对音节的说法不正确的是（）。

[答案][福建师范大学]2020秋《现代语言学》在线作业二

答案在最后1.According to (), language determines the framework of speaker’s perception and thought.A.Sapir-Whorf HypothesisB.Positivist theorye theoryD.Speech Acts theory2.() is the first stressed syllable in the tone-unit.A.pre-headB.headC.nuclear tailD.nucleus3.() is the study of speech, focusing specially on the relation between discourse and its contexts.A.PragmaticsB.Discourse analysisC.DialectologyD.Morphology4.The transformational generative grammar was proposed by ().A.Noam ChomskyB.JacobsonC.HalidayD.Nida5.() refers to the primary and commonly accepted meaning of linguistic forms.A.Lexical meaningB.Sentential meaningC.Utterance meaningD.Literal meaning6.() is a concretisation of the biological and sociological aspects of arbitrariness and non-arbitrariness of language.A.ArbitrarinessB.Genetic-cultural transmissionC.Non-arbitrarinessD.Duality7.() refers to the perceived regularity of prominent units in speech.A.LoudnessB.RhythmC.TempoD.Tone8.The locutionary act () refers to the act of saying something meaningful in a particular language.A.illocutionary actB.locutionary actC.perlocutionary act9.() are a group of words and expressions that refer to the personal, temporal or spatial characteristics of the context within which a text is produced.A.NounsB.AdjectivesC.VerbsD.Deictics10.() the main source of energy for speaking, initiating the airflow for speech, hence pulmonic airstream mechanism.A.MouthB.HeartC.NoseD.Lung11.() refers to the sameness in meaning between two or more words.A.SynonymyB.PolysemyC.HomonymyD.Antonymy12.A () is one that may be used to distinguish one speech sound from another.A.perfomationB.featureC.distinctive featureD.function13.Phonemes in contrast are differentiated and related by their ().A.perfomationB.featureC.functionD.distinctive featurenguage has () that distinguish it from other semiotic systems used by humans and animals.A.functionB.design featuresC.importanceD.performance15.() reference refers to the reference where the presupposed occurs in the text before the word or expression that is presupposing.A.ExophoricB.AnaphoricC.EndophoricD.Cataphoric16.() is the science that studies how speech sounds are used in language to convey meanings.A.PhoneticsB.PhonologyC.MorphologyD.Dialectology17.The locutionary act () refers to the act of saying something meaningful in a particular language.A.illocutionary actB.locutionary actC.perlocutionary act18.() refers to the perceived regularity of prominent units in speech.A.LoudnessB.RhythmC.TempoD.Tone19.() is the study of the relation between language and mind, especially language acquisition and learning, and language comprehension and prod uction.A.PragmaticsB.PhonologyC.DialectologyD.Psycholinguistics20.Which h of the following disciplines doesn’t belong to micro-linguistics? ()A.PhoneticsB.PhonologyC.MorphologyD.Dialectology21.A () is one that may be used to distinguish one speech sound from another.A.perfomationB.featureC.distinctive featureD.function22.The phones that can be grouped together as variants of one phoneme have to be () similar.A.phoneticallyB.phonologicallyC.soundD.seem23.() of language refers to the property of language in having the structure of two levels.A.ArbitrarinessB.Genetic-cultural transmissionC.Non-arbitrarinessD.Duality24.() refers to the speed of speech.A.LoudnessB.StressC.TempoD.Tone25.Productivity is characterised by the feature of ().A.ArbitrarinessB.Genetic-cultural transmissionC.Non-arbitrarinessD.Duality26.Duality is a concretisation of arbitrariness and non-arbitrariness of language. ()A.错误B.正确27.The same conjunction may indicate different cohesive relation in different contexts. ()A.错误B.正确28.A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. ()A.错误B.正确29.Duality makes it possible for second/foreign language learning. ()A.错误B.正确30.An inflectional morpheme does not change the grammatical class of the word. ()A.错误B.正确31.A constituent structure rule is one that governs selecting from the lexicon a lexical item and inserting it into a terminal node of a constituent structure as its daughter. ()A.错误B.正确32.Affixation changes the grammatical class of the word. ()A.错误B.正确33.The implementation of lexical insertion rules need to be subject to no restrictions. ()A.错误B.正确nguage is entirely arbitrary. ()B.正确35.Cataphoric reference refers to the reference where the presupposed occurs in the text after the word or expression that is presupposing. ()A.错误B.正确36.Grammatical morpheme must be a bound morpheme. ()A.错误B.正确37.When a node directly descends from another, without any other nodes intervening, the hierarchical relationship between them is called immediate domination. ()A.错误B.正确38.Sometimes bound morphemes can be used by themselves. ()A.错误B.正确39.Oral cavity is the place where oral, nasal and nasalised oral sounds are shaped. ()A.错误B.正确40.Reference relates linguistic forms to some other related linguistic forms. ()A.错误B.正确41.Affix hopping refers to the bound morphemes in the verb group hop backward to join the following member in the verb group. ()B.正确42.A language is an isolating language if its morphemes are all bound morphemes. ()A.错误B.正确43.Consonants all involve the vibration of the vocal folds. ()A.错误B.正确44.Inflection means forming a new word by adding an element such as an affix. ()A.错误B.正确45.Inflectional morpheme may be a free morpheme. ()A.错误B.正确pared to phonetics, phonology is more concerned with the organisation of speech sounds in relation to the conveyance of meaning. ()A.错误B.正确47.Different language make use of the same set of speech sounds. ()A.错误B.正确48.The distinctive feature of place of articulation alone can make necessary distinction between some consonants. ()A.错误B.正确49.Discourse analysis is more concerned with conventional implicatures than conversational ones. ()A.错误B.正确50.Traditional notional grammar is a bottom-up approach. ()A.错误B.正确以下为答案：[1.答案：A][2.答案：B][3.答案：B][4.答案：A][5.答案：D][6.答案：B][7.答案：B][8.答案：B][9.答案：D][10.答案：D][11.答案：A][12.答案：C][13.答案：D][14.答案：B][15.答案：B][16.答案：B][17.答案：B][18.答案：B][19.答案：D][20.答案：D][21.答案：C][22.答案：A][23.答案：D][24.答案：C][25.答案：A][26.答案：B][27.答案：B][28.答案：A][29.答案：A][30.答案：B][31.答案：A][32.答案：A][33.答案：A][34.答案：A][35.答案：B][36.答案：A][37.答案：B][38.答案：A][39.答案：B][40.答案：A][41.答案：B][42.答案：A][43.答案：A][44.答案：A][45.答案：A][46.答案：B][47.答案：A][48.答案：A][49.答案：A][50.答案：B]。

20春【福建师范】《现代语言学》在线作业二-2(答案资料)

【奥鹏】-[福建师范大学]福师《现代语言学》在线作业二试卷总分:100 得分:100第1题,( ) is the study of the various aspects of the relation between language on the one hand and speakers and society on the other.A、PragmaticsB、SociolinguisticsC、SyntaxD、Semantics正确答案:B第2题,（）refers to the juxtaposition of two elements which are semantically in opposition (or complementary) to each otherA、CollocationB、ReiterationC、Lexical cohesionD、Coherence正确答案:A第3题,( )of language refers to the property of language in having the structure of two levels.A、ArbitrarinessB、Genetic-cultural transmissionC、Non-arbitrarinessD、Duality正确答案:D第4题,( ) refers to the perceived regularity of prominent units in speech.A、LoudnessB、RhythmC、TempoD、Tone正确答案:B第5题,In the tree diagram ( ) is the point from which two or more lines descend.A、NodeB、Initial nodeC、BranchingD、Intermediate node正确答案:C第6题,'（）is a morphological variant of morpheme.A、AllomorphB、WordC、SegmentD、Morph正确答案:第7题,( ) is the science that studies soundsA、PhoneticsB、PhonologyC、MorphologyD、Dialectology正确答案:A第8题,( ) are a group of words and expressions that refer to the personal, temporal or spatial characteristics of the context within which a text is produced.A、NounsB、AdjectivesC、VerbsD、Deictics正确答案:D第9题,（）is a morphological variant of morpheme.A、AllomorphB、WordC、SegmentD、Morph正确答案:A第10题,( ) is a minimal unit which is formally composed of meaningless linguistic symbols at the lower level of the languageA、PhonemeB、StressC、TempoD、Morpheme正确答案:D第11题,() refers to the sameness in meaning between two or more words.A、SynonymyB、PolysemyC、HomonymyD、Antonymy正确答案:A第12题,( ) is the study of speech, focusing specially on the relation between discourse and its contexts.A、PragmaticsB、Discourse analysisC、DialectologyD、Morphology正确答案:B第13题,'The locutionary act ( ) refers to the act of saying something meaningful in a particular languageA、illocutionary actB、locutionary actC、perlocutionary act正确答案:第14题,The locutionary act ( ) refers to the act of saying something meaningful in a particular languageA、illocutionary actB、locutionary actC、perlocutionary act正确答案:B第15题,( ) refers to the speed of speech.A、LoudnessB、StressC、TempoD、Tone正确答案:C第16题,( ) morpheme is a morpheme that contributes to the lexical meaning of the word.A、FunctionalB、LexicalC、GrammaticalD、Performative正确答案:B第17题,Which of the following disciplines doen't belong to micro-linguistics?A、PhoneticsB、PhonologyC、MorphologyD、Dialectology正确答案:第18题,'( ) refers to the perceived regularity of prominent units in speech.A、LoudnessB、RhythmC、TempoD、Tone正确答案:第19题,( )of language refers to the property of language in having the structure of two levels.A、ArbitrarinessB、Genetic-cultural transmissionC、Non-arbitrarinessD、Duality正确答案:D第20题,( ) is the first stressed syllable in the tone-unit.A、pre-headB、headC、nuclear tailD、nucleus正确答案:B第21题,( ) is the study of the relation between language and mind, especially language acquisition and learning, and language comprehension and prod uction.A、PragmaticsB、PhonologyC、DialectologyD、Psycholinguistics正确答案:D第22题,A ( ) is one that may be used to distinguish one speech sound from another.A、perfomationB、featureC、distinctive featureD、function正确答案:C第23题,Collocation (p.261) refers to the juxtaposition of two elements which are semantically in opposition (or complementary) to each otherA、CollocationB、ReiterationC、Lexical cohesionD、Coherence正确答案:A第24题,( ) is a minimal unit which is formally composed of meaningless linguistic symbols at the lower level of the languageA、PhonemeB、StressC、TempoD、Morpheme正确答案:D第25题,The phones that can be grouped together as variants of one phoneme have to be ( ) similarA、phoneticallyB、phonologicallyC、soundD、seem正确答案:A第26题,Phonemics intends to find out the sound system functioning in individual languages .A、错误B、正确正确答案:A第27题,Distinctive feature theories use the same set of distinctive features for classifying both consonants and vowels.A、错误B、正确正确答案:B第28题,Illocutionary force refers to the power that is conventionally associated with the expressions used in the locutionary act and that enables the speaker to execute the intended act through what he/she says.A、错误B、正确正确答案:B第29题,'Duality makes it possible for second/foreign language learningA、错误B、正确正确答案:第30题,Phoneme is a group of sounds that are phonetically similar and show certain characteristic patterns of distribution in the language under consideration .A、错误B、正确正确答案:B第31题,Sentence is a unit in semantics and its meaning is formed on the principle of compositionality.A、错误B、正确正确答案:第32题,A language is an isolating language if its morphemes are all bound morphemesA、错误B、正确正确答案:A第33题,Endocentric compounding means the meaning of the compound cannot be inferred from the meanings of its componential free morphemes.A、错误B、正确正确答案:A第34题,An inflectional morpheme does not change the grammatical class of the word.A、错误B、正确正确答案:B第35题,Reference relates linguistic forms to some other related linguistic formsA、错误B、正确正确答案:A第36题,'Grammatical morpheme must be a bound morpheme.A、错误B、正确正确答案:第37题,Surface structure refers to the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence .A、错误B、正确正确答案:A第38题,Diachronic linguistics focuses on a particular phase in its development.A、错误B、正确正确答案:A第39题,The position of the nucleus in a tone-unit is usually dependent on the intention that the speaker has in mind for the utterance .A、错误B、正确正确答案:B第40题,Cohesionrefers to the linguistic property of units larger than the morphemeto bind together in construction, or the relations of meaning that exist within the text and that define it as a text.A、错误B、正确正确答案:B第41题,'English is a tone language.A、错误B、正确正确答案:第42题,Inflectional morpheme may be a free morpheme.A、错误B、正确正确答案:A第43题,Transformation rules don't have to follow a set order.A、错误B、正确正确答案:第44题,The arbitrariness of the relationship between the linguistic symbol and its referent distinguishes human language from animals’ languages.A、错误B、正确正确答案:B第45题,Derivational morpheme may be a free morpheme.A、错误B、正确正确答案:B第46题,'Affix hopping refers to the bound morphemes in the verb group hop backward to join the following member in the verb group .A、错误B、正确正确答案:第47题,'The position of the nucleus in a tone-unit is usually dependent on the intention that the speaker has in mind for the utterance .A、错误B、正确正确答案:第48题,Consonants all involve the vibration of the vocal foldsA、错误B、正确正确答案:第49题,When a node directly descends from another, without any other nodes intervening, the hierarchical relationship between them is called immediate domination.A、错误B、正确正确答案:B第50题,'Transformation rules don't have to follow a set order.A、错误B、正确正确答案:。

语言学题库及答案

汉语言文学专业语言学概论作业解析（1）第一次作业导言、第一章、第二章一、名词解释（10分，每小题2分）1、历史语言学从纵的方面研究某一语言发展的历史，观察其演变轨迹的语言学。

2、语言语言是人类最重要的交际工具，同时也是思维工具。

3、符号符号，就是指代某种事物的标记，记号，它是由一个社会的全体成员共同约定用来表示某种意义的标记和记号。

4、语言的二层性语言是由一定的单位按照一定的层级组成的，可分为音位层和符号层，其音位层和符号层我们合称为语言的二层性。

5、社会现象指那些与人类共同体的一切活动——产生、存在和发展密切联系的现象。

二、填空（20分，每空1分）1、结构主义语言学包括（哥本哈根学派）、（布拉格学派）、（美国描写主义学派）三大学派。

2、（历史比较）语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。

3、人的大脑分为左右半球，大脑的（左）半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性（直观思维）。

4、一个符号，如果没有（内容），就失去了存在的必要，如果没有（形式），我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。

5、用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的意义，完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员（约定俗成）。

6、语言符号具有（任意性）和（线条性）特点。

7、语言的底层是一套（音位），上层是符号和符号的（序列），可以分为若干级，第一级是（语素）、第二级是（词）、第三级是（句子）。

8、语言系统中的所有符号，既可以同别的符号组合，又可以被别的符号替换，符号之间的这两种关系是（组合关系）和（聚合关系）。

9、（组合关系）是指符号与符号相互之间在功能上的联系，（聚合关系）是指符号在性质上的归类。

三、判断正误（正确的打钩，错误的打叉）（20分，每小题2分）1、文字是人类最重要的交际工具。

（×）注：语言．．是人类最重要的交际工具。

2、地主阶级和农民阶级之间没有共同语言，这说明语言有阶级性的。

（×）注：语言是没有．．阶级性的。

(完整word版)语言学练习二第2次作业 Microsoft Word 文档

烟台南山学院2015—2016学年第一学期《英语语言学练习》二(课程代码：11120210专业：英语学习层次：本科年级：2014级)(第二次作业针对第一、二章。

试题总分100分。

本次练习只有多选题。

)一、单项选择（共40题，每小题2.5分，满分100分)Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. （2.5%×40=100%）（答题时请按照本答卷上的题号标注，每5个一行。

）1. The study of language at one point of time is a _A______ study.A. synchronicB. historicC. diachronicD. descriptive11. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be C .A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. descriptiveD. psycholinguisticnguage is a system of arbitrary _D________ symbols used for human communication.A. culturalB. conventionalC. decodedD. vocal19. Of all the speech organs, the _C_______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords20. Chomsky uses the term __D______ to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. competenceC. paroleD. Performance33. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop?AA. [p]B. [m]C. [b]D. [t]37.What kind of function does the sentence “How do you do?” have ?BA. DirectiveB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Evocative40.The branch of linguistics that studies meaning of language in context is called __C_______.A. semanticsB. sociolinguisticsC. pragmaticsD. psycholinguistics41. Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, but they differ in that ____A___ .A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took apsychological point of viewB. Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took asociological point of viewC. Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomsky took a semanticpoint of viewD. Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmaticpoint of viewnguage is a system of ___D______ vocal symbols used for human communication.A. unnaturalB. artificialC. superficialD. arbitrary44. A(n) ___C_____ is a phonological unit of distinctive value. It is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. allophoneC. phonemeD. sound51. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human _B_________.A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community52. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? AA. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang53.The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is____C______.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. Performative54. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say “碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?CA. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational55. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?CA. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness56. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?—A nice day, isn’t it?— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.BA. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal57. ______A___ refers to the actual realization of the ideal languageuser’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole58. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists here and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of ___C_______.A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD. duality59. _______A__ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB. Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics60. _______C___ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics61. Pitch variation is known as ____A______ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice62. Conventionally a ____C______ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme64. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as ___A_______.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula65. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as ________A__ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering66. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called ___D_______.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones67. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?BA. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above68. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?AA. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]69. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?BA. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]70. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?BA. V oicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant122. All syllables contain a _A_______.A. nucleusB. codaC. onsetD. stem123. The categories of consonant are NOT established on the basis of ______C__. A. manners of articulation B. place of articulationC. narrow transcriptionD. voicing124. In syllable, a vowel often serves as ____A____.A. peak or nucleusB. onsetC. codaD. morph129. According to F. De Saussure, _C_______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. language 130. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?AA. /n/B. /m/C. /b/D. /p/140. The consonant /s/ in the word “smile” can be described as: ____A____.A. voiceless oral alveolar fricativeB. voiceless nasal bilabial liquidC. voiced oral alveolar plosiveD. voiced oral bilabial fricative141. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human _B________. A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community 143.Saussure took a(n) ________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.AA. sociological... PsychologicalB. psychological... SociologicalC. applied... PragmaticD. semantic... Linguistic145. ____C____ deal with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic geographyB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics146. Which of the following is not a minimal pair?AA. /li:f/ /fi:l/B. /sip/ /zip/C. /sai/ /sei/D. /keit/ /feit/。

语言学chapter2课后练习答案

Chapter 2Revision exercises reference1.What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one isprimary and why?Refer to section 2.1The two major media of communication are speech and writing. Of the two, speech is considered primary for the following reasons: 1) from the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always a later invention. 2) In everyday communication, speech conveys a greater amount of information than writing. 3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later as part of formal education.2.What is voicing and how is it caused?Refer to section 2.2.2 (1)V oicing is a phonetic feature of some speech sounds. It is caused by the vibration of the speaker's vocal cords when he produces a certain sound. If a sound bears this feature, it is voiced. If such a feature is absent in the pronunciation of a sound, it is voiceless. All vowels in English are voiced; and some consonants in English are voiced such as [d] and [v] while others are voiceless such as [p] and [s].3.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcriptiondiffer.Both broad and narrow transcriptions are ways to transcribe speech sounds, i.e.ways of using written symbols to represent speech sounds. In broad transcription, only the letter symbols are used, and the principle is to use one letter for onesound, such as [P] and [I]. In narrow transcription, a set of symbols calleddiacritics are added to the letter symbols to show the finer differences between similar sounds, such as[P h] and [ɫ].4.How are the English consonants classified?As in the pronunciation of consonants the air stream coming from the lungs is somehow obstructed, it is possible and also necessary to classify them in terms of manner of articulation and place of articulation. In terms of manner of obstruction, the consonants are classified into the following groups: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals and glides. In terms of place of obstruction, the consonants are classified into the following groups: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal.5.What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?To classify the English vowels, the following criteria can be applied: position of the tongue, openness of the mouth, length of the vowels, and the shape of the lips.According to the position of the tongue, the vowels are classified into front, central and back vowels; according to the openness of the mouth, the vowels are classified into close, semi-close, semi-open, and open vowels; and according to the length of the vowels, they are classified into long vowels and short vowels;and according to the shape of the lips, and the vowels are classified into rounded and unrounded vowels.6.Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:1)voiced palatal affricate--- [dʒ]2)voiceless labiodental fricative---[f]3)voiced alveolar stop---[d]4)front, close, short---[i]5)back ,semi-open, long ---[ɔ:]6)voiceless bilabial stop---[p]Given the phonetic features of each of the following sounds:1)[d]---voiced alveolar stop2)[l]---voiced alveolar liquid3)[tʃ]---voiceless palatal/alveolar affricate4)[w]---voiced bilabial glide5)[u]---back,close,short(rounded)6)[æ]---front,short,open(unrounded)7.How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do youthink will be more interested in the difference between, say, [l]and[ɫ], [pʰ]and[P],a phonetician or a phonologist? Why?Refer to section 2.3.1Though both dealing with speech sounds, phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study in that the former focuses on the speech sounds themselves, their ways of pronunciation, their differences, their classifications, etc., while the latter focuses on the sound system of particular languages and the role sounds play in conveying meaning. Therefore, a phonetician will be more interested in the difference between two sounds.8.What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophonesrelated to a phoneme?Refer to section 2.3.2A phone is simply a speech sound, every actual sound we use or hear inmeaningful linguistic communication. For example, in pronouncing the two words “feel” and “leaf”, we actually use or hear four phones:[f][i:][l]and[~l].A phone differs from a phoneme in that the former is an actual sound we hear andit is the unit of study in phonetics, and the latter is not an audible sound, but an abstract entity, a collection of phonetic features, used as a unit of study in phonology. Take the “feel” and “leaf” example again. While four phones are used or heard in the pronunciation of these two words, only three phonemes are involved, i.e. /f/ /i: / and /l/.A phoneme, though as an abstract entity, is realized as different phones indifferent phonetic contexts. All these different phones are called the allophones of the same one phoneme. For example, the aspirated [pʰ] and the unaspirated [p] are allophones of the same phoneme/p/.9.Explain with examples the sequential rules, the assimilation rule, and thedeletion rule.Sequential rules are rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. For exam ple, why “klib” is a permissible combination of the four sounds in English and why “kbli” is not can only be accounted for by a sequential rule.The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example, the actual pronunciation of the letter “n” in the word “ incorrect” is not the alveolar [n] but the velar nasal [ŋ] is a manifestation of the assimilation rule at work.The deletion tells us when a sound is deleted although it is orthographically represented. For example, in the pronunciation of such words as sign, design, and paradigm, there is no [g] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letterg. But in their corresponding noun forms signature, designation and paradigmatic,the [g] represented by the letter g is pronounced.10.What are Suprasegmental features? How do the major Suprasegmentalfeatures of English function in conveying meaning?Suprasegmental features refer to those phonological features occurring above the sound segment level. The major Suprasegmental features in English are stress and intonation. The shift of word stress may change the part of speech of words of the same spelling, such as “'progress n.” and “pro'gress v.” , and different stress may cause difference in the meaning of some compound nouns and noun phrases with the same components, such as “'hotdog” and “hot 'dog”. Stressing words that are normally unstressed in a sentence may convey some extra meaning by the speaker.For exam ple, by stressing the pronoun “my” in the sentence “He is driving 'my car” the speaker is emphasizing the fact that the car he is driving is no one else`s but the speaker`s.The three often-used intonations in English are the falling tone, the rising tone, and the fall-rise tone. The basic role they each play is that the falling tone states a fact, the rising tone raises a question, and the fall-raise tone implies some meaning not literally expressed. For example, the same sentence “That`s not the book he w ants” said in the three different intonations convey three different meanings.Supplementary ExercisesI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguishmeaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.2. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.3.English is a tone language while Chinese is not.4.In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.5.In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amountof information conveyed.6.Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds whicha speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.7.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat,the mouth and the chest.8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.9.English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of thetongue that is raised the highest.10.According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can beclassified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.11.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.12.Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or morephonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:13. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.14.The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e., they are all b_______sounds.15.S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.16.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____rules.17.P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language andhow sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.18.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: wordstress and s_________ stress.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:19.Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords20.__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D. /b/21.Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they candistinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair22. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highestposition.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle23.Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemicsegments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. Suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features24.A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection ofdistinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme。

语言学作业2试题及答案

语言学作业2试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的最小意义单位是：A. 音节B. 语素C. 词D. 句子答案：B2. 下列哪一项不是语言的社会功能？A. 交际工具B. 思维工具C. 娱乐工具D. 传承文化答案：C3. 语言的音位系统是由以下哪个因素决定的？A. 个人习惯B. 社会约定C. 物理属性D. 心理因素答案：B4. 语言的词汇量在不同语言中：A. 完全相同B. 差异不大C. 差异很大D. 无法比较答案：C5. 语言的语法规则是：A. 随意的B. 固定的C. 可变的D. 无规则的答案：B6. 语言的演变主要受以下哪个因素的影响？A. 社会变迁B. 个人偏好C. 技术进步D. 政治制度答案：A7. 语言的方言差异主要表现在：A. 语音B. 词汇C. 语法D. 所有选项答案：D8. 双语现象是指：A. 一个人使用两种语言B. 一个地区使用两种语言C. 一个国家使用两种语言D. 一个民族使用两种语言答案：A9. 语言的标准化通常包括：A. 语音B. 词汇C. 语法D. 所有选项答案：D10. 语言的交际功能包括：A. 表达思想B. 传递信息C. 建立关系D. 所有选项答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的_______系统是其最核心的部分。

答案：语法2. 语言的_______系统包括词汇和语义。

答案：词汇3. 语言的_______系统是语言的物质外壳。

答案：语音4. 语言的_______功能是指语言在社会交际中的作用。

答案：交际5. 语言的_______功能是指语言在思维过程中的作用。

答案：思维6. 语言的_______功能是指语言在文化传承中的作用。

答案：文化7. 语言的_______功能是指语言在艺术创作中的作用。

答案：艺术8. 语言的_______功能是指语言在法律规范中的作用。

答案：法律9. 语言的_______功能是指语言在教育过程中的作用。

答案：教育10. 语言的_______功能是指语言在科学发展中的作用。

语言学练习二第2次作业MicrosoftWord文档

语⾔学练习⼆第2次作业MicrosoftWord⽂档烟台南⼭学院2015—2016学年第⼀学期《英语语⾔学练习》⼆(课程代码：11120210专业：英语学习层次：本科年级：2014级)(第⼆次作业针对第⼀、⼆章。

试题总分100分。

本次练习只有多选题。

)⼀、单项选择（共40题，每⼩题2.5分，满分100分)Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. （2.5%×40=100%）（答题时请按照本答卷上的题号标注，每5个⼀⾏。

）1. The study of language at one point of time is a _A______ study.A. synchronicB. historicC. diachronicD. descriptive11. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be C .A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. descriptiveD. psycholinguistic/doc/b7a2d7691611cc7931b765ce0508763231127495.html nguage is a system of arbitrary_D________ symbols used for human communication.A. culturalB. conventionalC. decodedD. vocal19. Of all the speech organs, the _C_______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords20. Chomsky uses the term __D______ to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. competenceC. paroleD. Performance33. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop?AA. [p]B. [m]C. [b]D. [t]37.What kind of function does the sentence “How do you do?” have ?BA. DirectiveB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Evocative40.The branch of linguistics that studies meaning of language in context is called __C_______.A. semanticsB. sociolinguisticsC. pragmaticsD. psycholinguistics41. Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, but they differ in that ____A___ .A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took apsychological point of viewB. Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took asociological point of viewC. Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomsky took a semanticpoint of viewD. Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmaticpoint of view/doc/b7a2d7691611cc7931b765ce0508763231127495.html nguage is a system of ___D______ vocal symbols used for human communication.A. unnaturalB. artificialC. superficialD. arbitrary44. A(n) ___C_____ is a phonological unit of distinctive value. It is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. allophoneC. phonemeD. sound51. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human _B_________.A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community52. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? AA. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang53.The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is____C______.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. Performative54. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say “碎碎（岁岁）平安”asa means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?CA. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational55. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?CA. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness56. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?—A nice day, isn’t it?— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.BA. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal57. ______A___ refers to the actual realization of the ideal languageuser’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole58. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists here and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of ___C_______.A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD. duality59. _______A__ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB. Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics60. _______C___ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics61. Pitch variation is known as ____A______ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice62. Conventionally a ____C______ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme64. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as ___A_______.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula65. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as ________A__diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering66. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called ___D_______.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones67. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?BA. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above68. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?AA. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]69. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?BA. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]70. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?BA. V oicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant122. All syllables contain a _A_______.A. nucleusB. codaC. onsetD. stem123. The categories of consonant are NOT established on the basis of ______C__. A. manners of articulation B. place of articulationC. narrow transcriptionD. voicing124. In syllable, a vowel often serves as ____A____.A. peak or nucleusB. onsetC. codaD. morph129. According to F. De Saussure, _C_______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. language 130. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?AA. /n/B. /m/C. /b/D. /p/140. The consonant /s/ in the word “smile” can be described as: ____A____.A. voiceless oral alveolar fricativeB. voiceless nasal bilabial liquidC. voiced oral alveolar plosiveD. voiced oral bilabial fricative141. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human _B________. A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community 143.Saussure took a(n) ________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.AA. sociological... PsychologicalB. psychological... SociologicalC. applied... PragmaticD. semantic... Linguistic145. ____C____ deal with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic geographyB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics146. Which of the following is not a minimal pair?AA. /li:f/ /fi:l/B. /sip/ /zip/C. /sai/ /sei/D. /keit/ /feit/。

语言学作业要点

时：表示动词所反映的动作发生的时间和说话时间的关系。
一般可分为现在时、过去时和将来时。
He works.（现在时，动作与说话同时）
He worked.（过去时，动作在说话前）
He will work . （将来时，动作在说话后）
Hale Waihona Puke • 人称：表示动词与主语名词人称之间的一致关系。 • He plays football every Sunday . （ plays表示主语名词为第三人称）
三、什么是语法意义和语法范畴？
语法意义：通过一类形式或共同功能所获得的意义。语法范畴：根据某些语法意义的共同内容，把语法意义概括为几个基本类别。这种语法意义的类就叫“语法范畴”。
四、举例说明数、格、、人称、时这几种语法范畴。数：通过语法手段表现出的事物的数量。例如：an apple（单数）、 two apples（复数）格：表示短语或句子中词与词相互之间的语法关系。例如：brother’s pen（’s表示了brother和pen 的领属关系）
2、试证明下列音素在汉语普通话中属于不同的音位，或者是同一个音位的不同变体。 [i]－[u] []－[E] • 证明： [i]－[u]在汉语普通话中属于不同的音位。因为在 p 55这个语音环境中， [i]－ [u]能够起到区别意义的作用，如[p i55]（批） [p‘ u55]（扑），说明他们具有对立关系，应该是不同的音位。 • []－[E]在汉语普通话中是同一个音位的不同变体。因为它们在汉语普通话中形成互补分布， []出现在韵尾i前， [E]出现在韵头i、ü后边或者单独出现；假设它们在相同的语音环境出现时不区别意义，如： [ie51](叶） [iE51](叶）；发音又相似，所以它们应该是同一音位的不同变体。

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