选修8语法
外研版高中英语选修8单元语法
外研版高中英语选修8单元语法篇一：(人教版必修1-选修8)高中英语各单元知识点及占分比归纳必修二必修三选修八篇二：人教版高中英语必修一至选修八各单元的语法条目语法目录篇三：高中外研版英语教材选修8课文Module 1Antarctica:the last continent1______________________________Antarctica is the coldest place on Earth. It’s also the driest. With annual rainfall close to zero, Antarctica is technically a desert. Covering about 14 million square kilometres around the South Pole, it is the fifth largest continent in the world. A high mountain range, the Trans-Antarctic range, runs from east to west, cutting the continent in two. There are volcanoes too, but they are not very active. Antarctica holds 90% of the world’s ice, and most of its fresh water (70%) is in a frozen state, of course. 98% of the surface is covered permanently in the icecap. On average it is two kilometres thick, but in some places it reaches a depth of fivekilometres.Strong winds driven by gravity blow from the pole to the coastline, while other winds blow round the coast. It is difficult to imagine a more inhospitable place.2______________________________Yet Antarctica is full of wildlife, which has adapted to its extreme conditions.There are different types of penguins, flying birds, seals, and whales. But the long Antarctic winter night, which lasts for 182 days (the longest period of continuous darkness on earth), as well as the extreme cold and lack of rainfall, means that few types of plants can survive there. Only two types of flowering plants are found, while there are no trees on the large continent. The rest of the plants are made up of mosses, algae and lichen. Some forms of algae have adapted to grow on ice.3______________________________Most of the ice has been there for thousands of years. As a result, it has bee a window on the past, and can give researchers lots of useful information. Gases and minerals, in the form of volcanic dust trapped in the ice, can tell us a lot about what the worlds climate was like in past ages. Antarctic rocks are also very important for research. Most of them are meteorites from outer space. One rock, known us the “Alien” rock, may contain evidence of extra-terrestrial life.Since most Antarctic rocks arc dark in colour, they stand out against the while background and are easy to identify and collect.4______________________________Antarctica was the last continent to be discovered.But more than two thousand years ago Greek geographers believed that there was a large land mass in the south which balanced the land in the north. They called it Anti-Arktikos, or Antarctica: the opposite of Arctic. When Europeans discovered the continent of America in the 15th century, the great age of exploration began. However, progress to the South Pole was slow. Notuntil the late 18th century did the British explorer James Cook cross the Antarctic Circle, but he never saw land. Then in 1895, a Norwegian called Carstens Borchgrevink became the first man to set foot on the Antarctic mainland. The race to the pole had begun. It was finally reached on 11th December, 1911 by the Norwegian Roald Amundsen.5______________________________Today scientists from many countries travel to Antarctica to study its resources. A spirit of international friendship has replaced the rivalry that existed between many of the earlier explorers. In 1961, a treaty signed by 12 countries, including Britain, France, and the USA, made Antarctica the world's biggest nature reserve. The aim of the treaty is to prevent the mercial and military use of the continent.In particular, it aims to keep Antarctica free from nuclear tests and radioactive waste; to promote international scientific projects; and to end arguments about who owns the land. Today countries representing 80% of the world’s population havesigned the treaty. Antarctica has bee perhaps the most successful symbol of man’s effort s to work togetherfor progress and peace.How Failure Became SuccessOn 8th August, 1914,27 men who had replied to an advertisement in The Times boarded a ship leaving for the Antarctic. The name of the ship was the Endurance and the captain was an Irishman called Ernest Shackleton.The aim of the journey was to cross the frozen continent via the South Pole－a journey of 1,800 miles. Shackleton thought the journey would last six months. But when land came into sight, the Endurance became trapped in the ice and began to break up. Shackleton and his men watched the Endurance sink into the icy sea. They then headed north, pulling three lifeboats behind them.After six days, bad weather forced them to give up and the men set up camp on a sheet of ice which began slowly moving across the Antarctic Circle.They survived on the ice for five months. Then, on16th April, 1915,Shackleton saw land. It was Elephant Island－a large rock with nothing growing on it, butmuch better than a floating piece of ice. When they reached the island, Shackleton came up with an idea－it was a risk but he would have to take it. He andfive men would take one of the lifeboats, and sail 800 miles to South Georgia, where there was a permanent camp. They could then return to rescue the rest of the men.It took Shackleton 17 days to reach South Georgia. Unfortunately he landed on the wrong side of the island, and had to walk 36 hours over mountains to reach the camp. The whale hunters at the campcouldn’t believe their eyes when they saw the si x men walking down from the mountains.Shackleton kept his promise. More than three months later, he returned to ElephantIsland to rescue the crew he had been forced to abandon. He had failed to reach the pole－but he had saved the lives of all his men.Wele to the South Poles!South Poles? How many are there?In fact, there are three South Poles: a ceremonial Pole ,which is on the moving glacier, a geographical or true Pole, and a magnetic Pole.which changes its position according to the movement of the Earth.Is it safe?Because the South Pole is a high altitude site, the glare of the sunlight here is very intense. It’s also reflected by the snow, so if you go outside, remember to wear sunglasses and use suncream.If you don’t, there’s a severe risk that you’ll damage your eyesight or get badly sunburnt.Is it cold?Yes! Be very careful out in the open air! The temperature is between minus 21℃ in the summer and minus 78℃ in the winter, and you can bee numb with cold without realising. There’s heavy frost e ven on the warmest summer days, and if it’s quiet you can hear your breath freeze. So if you leave the station, dress warmly and carry dry clothing and a portable radio.Is there anything good about the weather?The air is very pure, and it doesn’t snow ve ry much－only about four millimetres a year. There’s verylittle wind and the sky is usually clear. It’s possibly the calmest place on Earth.What’s it like to live here?Life is quite abnormal. Suise and sunset e once every six months, and in the winter the total absence of daylight can be tiresome, and for some, depressing. We’re totally isolated except for radio andelectronic munications, as no aircraft can fly herefor about eight months.Where do we live?The South Pole scientific station is situated on a platform of ice, 3,000－4,000 metres high, but under only a few millimetres of snow. We have a minimum of 28 peopleliving here in the winter and a maximum of 125 in the summer. The living quarters are modest with few luxuries,but cosy.There’s a forta ble dormitory for sleeping ,the canteen serves great food, and there's a well-stocked library of DVDs and videos. But showers and laundry are limited, because water is very valuable. We discourage you from smoking except in specific areas. Medical assistance is available in case of an emergency.Any other advice?Remember that conventional equipment doesn’t always work as it should do. If you use an electric drill, the power cord will snap. Photography is tricky too, as film is fragile and the camera batter y doesn’t work in the cold.Don’t leave any rubbish, and don’t forget that the ecology of Antarctica is very delicate, so don’t take any souvenirs home with you, and be careful to leave nothing but footprints.Finally, remember that we’re all visitors to t he South Pole. It’s a privilege, not a right to e tothis extraordinary place.TheTravels of MarcoPoloThe year is 1271 AD. Imagine a 17- year-old boy from Venice, Italy, well- educated and trained for life as a rich trader. He sets off with his father and uncle on a 25-year journey to mysterious, distant lands that most people in Europe have never heard of. While on their journey buying and selling spices, silks and jewels, they befriend one of the most powerful men on Earth, Kubla Khan.The boy’s name was Marco Polo and many years later a book about his travels was published which made him famous. Marco Polo told his fantastic stories to a writer named Rustichello who wrote them down for him. This man was well- known for his stories and romantic tales of the legendary English King Arthur, but so many people doubted the reliability of his book The Travels of Marco Polo. However, Chinese historians have found obscure names and facts in the book that could only have been known to someone intimate with the country.Many of Marco’s stories were about China and its people. He told stories about the towns, cities and populations in great detail. He described the amazing things he saw in China such as paper money and black stone that burned (coal). With very littlecontact between China and the West, it is not surprising that people in a rich powerful place like Venice could not believe his stories, nor in the ideaof huge, rich city states inhabited by millions of people. There could surely be no parison with Venice?A general myth has grown up around Marco Polo that he introduced such things as spaghetti and ice cream from China to the West. There is no truth to any of these claims and actually they are not mentioned in Marco Polo’s book.However, Marco Polo’s book is still a unique insight for its age. Most importantly it was a great influence for many future travellers.Christopher Columbus left behind a well- worn copy that he read as inspirationon his own voyages to America.Last Part of Journey for First Women to Cross Antarctica1___________________The first two women to cross the Antarctic continenton foot have begun the last part of their long journey. Liv Arnesen, who is 47 and es from Norway, and Ann Bancroft, who is a 45-year-old from the USA, have been skiing across the ice since 13th November. They have been using sails to help them pull their equipment, which weighs 110 kilos, behind them.2__________________On Sunday they reached the Ross Ice Shelf, 90 daysafter they first left home. The Ross Ice Shelf is aflat piece of floating ice which is bigger than France. There are 750 kilometres of dangerous ice left tocross before they reach McMurdo Station. They must arrive there by 22nd February in order to board the ship which will be waiting for them. If they are late, the ship risks being trapped in the ice.3_________________。
人教新课标必修1至选修8语法精讲专练目录索引
必修1至选修8语法精讲专练目录索引
高一年级上（必修1、2）
Ⅰ. 直接引语和间接引语
Ⅱ. 现在进行时
Ⅲ. 定语从句
Ⅳ. 关系副词when，why，where，“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句Ⅴ. 限制性定语动句和非限制性定语从句
Ⅵ. 一般将来时被动语态的用法小节
Ⅶ. 现在完成时的被动语态构成
Ⅸ. 介词 + 关系代词(which / whom) 引导的定语从句
Ⅷ. 现在进行时的被动语态构成
高一年级上（必修3、4）语法答案
Ⅰ. 情态动词
Ⅱ. 名词性从句
Ⅲ. 主谓一致
Ⅶ. 构词法
Ⅴ. 动词-ing形式作表语、定语和宾语补足语
Ⅵ. 动词-ing形式作状语
Ⅳ.动词-ing形式作主语和宾语
高二年级上（必修5、选修6）语法
Ⅰ. 过去分词作定语和表语
Ⅱ. 过去分词作宾补
Ⅹ. V-ing形式
Ⅳ. 倒装句
Ⅴ. 省略句
Ⅵ. 虚拟语气（1）
Ⅶ. 虚拟语气（2）
Ⅷ. it的用法（1）
Ⅸ. it的用法（2）—强调句型
Ⅲ. 过去分词作定语、状语、补语和表语
高二年级下（选修7、8）语法答案
Ⅰ. 动词不定式
Ⅱ. 动词不定式的被动式
Ⅲ. 动词-ing形式的被动形式
Ⅳ. 限制性定语从句
Ⅸ. 过去分词（2）
Ⅵ. 名词性从句
Ⅶ. 同位语与同位语从句
Ⅷ. 过去分词（1）
Ⅴ. 非限制性定语从句。
人教版高中英语选修8：语法填空(1)
1. “Thirty-five cents,” she saidr_u_d_e_l_y(rude).
（2014）
修饰动词
2.U__n_b_e_li_e_v_ab_l_y(unbelievable), she could remember 200 English words. 单独做状语
3. There must be somethings_e__r_i_o__u__s_ly(serious)
3.名词
1)Teachers must try their best to make most of their _st_u_d_e_n_ts_(student) interested in the subject.
2)Those tests included people of different a_g_e_s_ (age)from 12 to 83.
•2.This cycle _g_o_e_s (go) every day（2015全国卷）
•3.
Books
may
be
__k_e_p_t_
动词时态 (keep)for four weeks.
动词语态
Tips:如果缺谓语，就要根据上下文 语境和意思确定动词的_时______态______、__语___和态____ 数
2. Jane was walking around the department
store. She remembered how difficult __wit as to
choose a suitable Christmas present for her father. (2009)
3. They need each other __b_o_thphysically and
高二英语 人教版选修8 Unit 4 Pygmalion 重点短语句型和语法
Book 8 Unit 4 学习笔记（原创笔记，请同学们在笔记本上抄好笔记，开学检查）必背句型1：1. A man is hiding from the rain l istening to people’s language and watching their reactions. (listeningto…和watching…并列的现在分词作伴随状语。
现在分词在句中作状语时，往往表示一个与谓语动词同时或几乎同时发生的主动行为)类似句型：While watching, he makes notes.他一边观察一边记录。
仿写：He ran out of the house in a hurry, leaving the door unlocked. 他匆忙间跑出房子，没锁门。
2.Now once taught by me, she’d become an upper class lady ...(once taught为省略句，when /while/ until/as/as if/if/once/even if/although/though等从属连词引导状语从句时，如果主从句的主语一致或从句的主语为无意义的it，并且从句谓语动词含有be动词，可以省略从句的主语和be动词。
)类似句型：But, sir, (proudly) once educated to speak properly, that girl could pass herself off in three months as a duchess at an ambassador’s garden party.一旦有人教她说话得体，三个月后，她就可以冒充公爵夫人出席大使举办的花园聚会了。
仿写：Unless invited,I won’t go to her birthday party.除非邀请我，否则我不会去她的生日晚会。
3.But they betray themselves every time they open their mouths. (every time引导时间状语从句，类似的名词性引导词有each/(the) next time/the first time/the last time/the moment/ the instant/ the second/the minute…)仿写：Every time you say to yourself you will play with the cellphone just for 10 minutes, you will be certain to find you want to repeat it one more time. 每次你对自己说你只玩十分钟的手机时，你一定会发现你会还想再玩一次。
人教课标版高中英语选修8 Unit1_Grammar名师教学设计
2.T: From the analysis of the sentence patterns, can you tell me what types of noun clauses are there.
S:Noun clauses are classified as subject clause, object clause, predicative clause and appositive clause.
It happened that…碰巧…
It appears that…似乎…
4It is＋过去分词＋从句
It is reported that…据报道…
It has been proved that…已证实…
It is said that…据说…
it作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
it作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如:
DELC2获取新知识
Step2
Production
（学习
新知）(20mins)
1.Teacher guide Ss to learn the grammar rules of noun clauses.
名词性从句
【概念与分类】在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
It hasn’t been decided whether (if) we shall attend the meeting.
高中英语 选修8 语言点讲解Unit 1 A land of diversity
no distinct major racial
在考试中的成绩不好。
or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures. 人们认为，要不了多久，
that
从句。
_I_t_'_s_b_e_li_e_v_e_d_t_h_a_t___ _te_e_n_a_g_e_r_s_w__it_h_o_u_t___ h_a_v_i_n_g__b_r_ea_k__fa_s_t_w__il_l _ _n_o_t_o_n_l_y_f_a_ll_a_s_l_ee_p__
mind. 3．A signal may be given by means of flags, lights, and guns. 4．If you team up with your classmates, you will surely get the
same work done far better. 5．These teenagers don't know much of the world yet; that's
显然地；显而易见地 14．conductor n．(公车)售票员；列车员；(乐队)指挥→_c_on__d_u_c_t v．
管理 15．slip vi.滑动；滑行；滑跤 n．滑动；滑倒 → slippery adj.滑的 16．punishment n．惩罚；处罚→ punish vt.惩罚；处罚
[语境活用]
多种国籍的混合将会非
_e_a_si_l_y_i_n_c_l_a_ss__, but
常之大，以至于不可能存
concentrate less on
在一种明显的、主要的种
选修八-Unit-2-语法：同位语从句(学生)
13. She heard a terrible noise,____ brought her heart into her mouth.
A. it B. which C. this D. that
14. I can't stand the terrible noise ____ she is crying loudly.
A. which B. whether C. that D. what
9. The nurses are trying their best to reduce the patient's fear ____ he would die of the disease.
A. that B. as C. of which D. which
(3)当when, why, where和how引导同位语从句时，它们为连接副词。虽然它们在从句中充当句子成分，但前面没有与其意义相当的先行词。引导定语从句的when, where, why是关系副词，在它们前面分别有表示时间、地点、原因意义的名词作先行词。
He can answer the question how oxygen is joined with other elements.
I will never forget the day when I worked there.
【真题剖析】
(江西名校信息卷)The moment ________ Leo will neverforget is ________ Mr. Green gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing.
人教版高中英语选修8 语法解析：名词性从句讲解
语法解析：名词性从句讲解在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。
它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
名词性从句是中学阶段的一个重要语法项目，在历年的高考中几乎都涉及到，并且每年的命题各有变化。
分析历届高考试题名词性从句考查的焦点主要有以下六个方面1. 考查名词性从句的语序问题2. 考查引导词that与what的区别3. 考查it在名词性从句中作形式主语或形式宾语的用法4. 考查whether与if的区别5. 考查名词性从句中的疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与no matter+疑问词引导的状语从句的区别6. 考查名词性从句的虚拟语气问题语法要点剖析一、名词性从句主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句，在整个句子中所起的作用，相当于一个名词。
因此，这四种从句通称为名词性从句。
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连接词：that, whether, if （不充当从句的任何成分）连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.连接副词：when, where, how, why1. 主语从句作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。
主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。
that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。
例如：What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。
It is known to us how he became a writer.我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。
人教版高中英语选修8 名师语法：同位语与同位语从句
名师语法：同位语与同位语从句同位语：语法学名词。
指实际语言运用中，两个表示相同的人或事物的语言片段在一起连用时，起解释说明作用的那个语言片段。
比如“周恩来总理是人民热爱的好总理。
”和“我国的首都北京是一座历史名城。
”两个句子中，“总理”和“我国的首都”就是同位语，它们的作用是分别对“周恩来”和“北京”（语法学上叫本位语）加以解释说明。
同位语不同于语法学上的定语，它和本位语之间一定不能加“的”。
同位语是用来对名词（或代词）做进一步解释的。
它可以是单词、短语或从句。
同位语从句是名词从句的一种，置于某些名词之后。
这些名词包括：fact, doubt, idea, news, hope, indication, decision, possibility, assumption, suggestion, question 等。
这类从句通常由that引导，有时也可用what, why, whether, when等引导。
在阅读和翻译的时候，要特别注意的是同位语和它的本位语分割的情况。
这种情况通常是为了保持句子的平衡而出现的。
在翻译的时候，这种分割成分的译法比较灵活，可将其提前，也可不提前，还可以增加“即”，或是用冒号、破折号等分开。
1. At the same time, the American Law Institute——a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight——issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.分析：the American Law Institute后面跟了一个同位语a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight，用破折号隔开了。
人教版高中英语选修八 Unit3 Inventors and inventions-语法篇(教师版)
第6讲Inventors and inventions 语法篇____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________1.掌握动词过去分词的用法和功能；2.可以纯熟运用非谓语中的动词的过去分词。
一. 概述：分词分为如今分词和过去分词。
在句中作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。
(一). 分词的作用：1、作定语（1）单个分词作定语，分词前置。
如：The sleeping boy is my son.The excited people rushed into the building.A lost opportunity never returns.He is a retired worker.（2）分词短语作定语，分词后置；分词修饰不定代词something等要后置；个别分词如give，left等作定语也后置。
如：The girl standing under the tree is my niece.The building built last year is our library.This is the question given.There is nothing interesting.（3）过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
如：Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists2、作表语如今分词作表语多表示主语具有的特征，过去分词作表语多指主语所处的状态。
如：The film is touching.The glass is broken.She looked tired with cooking.He remained standing beside the table.3、作宾语补足语分词和不定式一样，在一些感官动词或使役动词后作宾语补足语。
译林版高中英语选修8学案 语法解读 Unit3
语法解读倒装结构句子按“主语+谓语”的顺序排列，叫自然语序，谓语在前，主语在后，叫倒装语序。
倒装语序又分两种：整个谓语在前，叫完全倒装，部分谓语（情态动词、助动词、连系动词）在前，谓语的主体部分仍在主语之后，叫半倒装或部分倒装。
一、完全倒装在下列情况下，句子需全倒装：1.在there, here引导的句子中，谓语是be, exist等表示状态的不及物动词，如：There is nobody in the classroom.教室里空无一人。
There seems something wrong about it.这事好像有什么问题。
There happened an event last week.上周出了一件事。
There lived a girl named A Qiao long ago.很久以前这儿住了一位叫阿巧的姑娘。
There stands a temple on the top of the mountain.山顶有座庙。
There lies a deep pond at the foot of the hill.山脚下有一口深塘。
There exist different opinions on this question.关于这个问题还有不同意见。
Here are coasts for young people.这儿有年轻人穿的大衣。
Here is a seat for you, Wang Lin.王林，这儿有你的座位。
2.在语气词there, here开头的句子里，谓语动词是come, go等，如：There goes the bell!铃响了！There goes the thief!有贼！Here are the books!给你书！Here comes your husband.你丈夫来了。
如主语是人称代词，则不用倒装，如：There you go again.你又来这一套。
高中英语必修1-选修8必须掌握的语法重难点汇总(全八册)
2.没有掌握被动语态
Unit 3 Computers
语法
现在完成时的被动语态
重点
1.现在完成时的被动语态的结构
2.判断现在完成时
难点
1.没有掌握现在完成时的时间状语
2.与一般现在时、过去时的区别分辨不清
Unit 4 Wildlife protection
语法
现在进行时的被动语态
重点
1.现在进行时的被动语态的结构
Unit 4 Making the news
语法
倒装
重点
完全倒装、部分倒装、标志性的词和短语（否定含义的、only等）
难点
1.完全倒装和部分倒装的混淆
2.没有掌握倒装的结构
Unit 5 First aid
语法
省略
重点
1.常见省略情况，省略主语、动词、宾语、不定式、关系词等。
2.与非谓语动词一起考查
难点
1.连接词选择错误
2.出现it作形式主语的句型，句子成分分析错误
Unit 5 Canada—“The True North
语法
同位语从句
重点
1.常见的中心词(fact, evidence等)
2.常用的连接词that, what等
3.that引导同位语从句和定语从句的区别
难点
1.同位语从句判断错误
2.与定语从句混淆尤其是选用that作连接词时
限制定从和非限定从
重点
1.辨别定从和非限定从
2.that不能用于非限定从
3.as与which引导非限定从的区别
难点
1.关系代词和关系副词的选择
2.分不清关系副词能引导非限定从
Unit 2 The Olympic Games
2020 高二英语 人教版选修8 Unit 1 A land of diversity 重点短语句型
Book 8 Unit 1 学习笔记（原创笔记，请同学们在笔记本上抄好笔记，开学检查）必背句型1：1.Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows.(what引导宾语从句，作介词in的宾语；从句中what充当know的宾语)类似句型：Two centuries later, the Spanish had settled in most parts of South America and along the northwest coast of what we now call the United States. (从句中what充当call的宾语)仿写：I realized that I had been transported into the future of what was still my hometown.比较：My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to where I live.2.However, it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago.(it is likelythat…很有可能……；可与句型sb/sth be likely to do…互换)仿写：It is likely that we will study online at home for one more month.我们很可能得再在家网上学习一个月→ We are likely to study at home for one more month.3.Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men, whose ministry was to teach the Catholicreligion to the natives. (the first/second/…/last + to do)类似句型：The nearest, and therefore the first to arrive, were South Americans and people from the United States.仿写：At 50 I was the first woman to travel (travel) alone to the North Pole.4.That is why today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language. (That’s why+后接结果，意为“那就是……的原因，一般前文已经说明原因)仿写：He is addicted to computer games, and that is why he is left behind others. 他迷恋电脑游戏，这就是他落后于别人的原因。
Thewrittenword-语法讲解英语中的否定(选修八
M8U1 The written word 语法讲解：英语中的否定第一部分：重点讲解I. 否定的种类：否定句是英语中的常用基本句型之一,它用来表示对所表达情况的否认.英语的否定结构形式多种多样,无论在思路上,还是在表达方式上,都与汉语有许多差异.如果只按字面意思翻译,有时会造成误解.因此,在做英译汉和汉译英练习时,一定要认真体会其中的含义,不要望文生义,以防陷入这个可怕的迷宫.按意义分,英语中的否定多种多样.有全部否定、部分否定、多重否定(双重否定). 1）全部否定no, not, never, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither... nor,结构均表示强烈意味的完全否定, 在汉语中体现为"绝对不","没有","远不(非)......","一点也不","根本不......","无论如何也没有......"等.2）部分否定英语中一些含有总括含义的代词、形容词或副词,当用于否定句中时,只否定一部分,而不是完全否定.如all, everybody(everyone), everything, anyone(anybody), anything, anywhere, everywhere, always, quite, both, entirely, altogether等词与not 连用时,在汉语中译为"......不全是......","不都是......","并非全都是......","不总是......"等,而不是按照字面理解为"所有......都不是".All that glitters is not gold.闪闪发光的东西不一定都是金子.(误:所有闪闪发光的都不是金子.)All of us don’t want to go.照字面看来好像是“我们大家都不想去”，而实际上是“并非大家都不想去”，即有人想去，有人不想去。
译林版高中英语选修8学案 语法详解 Unit3
四、语法详解（一）关于倒装将谓语或谓语的一部分放到主语的前面，这种句式就称之为倒装。
倒装又可分为全倒装和半倒装。
将谓语动词完全移到主语之前的称为全倒装；只将助动词、be动词或情态动词放到主语之前的称为半倒装或部分倒装。
请看下面的例句：The teacher came in.（正常语序）老师进来了。
In came the teacher.（完全倒装）老师进来了。
We can learn English well only in this way.（正常语序）通过这种方法我们能学好英语。
Only in this way can we learn English well.（部分倒装）只有用这种方法，我们才能学好英语。
（二）哪些情况下要用倒装1.在以here,there,up,in,out,away,off等表示方位的副词开头的句子里，主语是名词时，句子要用倒装，以示强调；但主语是代词时，主谓不倒装。
如：Away flew the birds.鸟儿飞走了。
Out rushed the children.孩子们冲出去了。
There goes the bell.铃声响了。
2.以only修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句（自身不倒装）位于句首时，常用倒装句。
如：Only when the war was over in 1949 was he able to go to school.只有1949年战争结束后，他才能去上学。
Only in a big city was it possible for him to buy a wheelchair.只有在大城市，他才有可能买一辆轮椅。
Only after I read the text over again did I know its main idea.只有当我再一次读课文，我才能知道它的主要意思。
3.在以as引导的让步状语从句中，谓语动词以后的部分倒装（提到as之前）。
高二英语选修8 Unit 3语法复习：过去分词高考考点解析及专练
高二英语选修8 Unit 3语法复习：过去分词高考考点解析及专练高考题真题：Unless ________ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.A. invitedB. invitingC. being invitedD. having invited此题答案为A，考查过去分词作状语的用法，表示条件，和逻辑主语是被动关系，相当于状语从句Unless you are invited, you should remain silent at the conference。
过去分词主要起形容词或副词的作用，表示“被动、完成”的意义，在句中作定语、表语、补足语、状语等，也可以构成独立主格结构。
选择分词时，关键看分词与其逻辑主语的关系，若是其逻辑主语主动发出的动作，选用现在分词；若是被动动作，则选用过去分词。
高考英语对过去分词的考查主要有以下几个方面：一、考查过去分词作状语过去分词当状语可表示原因、时间、条件、伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
有时过去分词前也可加上连词when，while，once，if，unless，though等。
过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语是句子中的主语，表示被动或完成意义。
例如：1. ________ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the UnitedStates.A. Being foundedB. It was foundedC. FoundedD. Founding2. The research is so designed that once ______ nothing can be done to change it.A. beginsB. begunC. beginningD. having begun3. When ________, the museum will be open to the public next year.A. completedB. completingC. being completedD. to be completed二、考查过去分词作定语过去分词当定语，其逻辑主语是所修饰的名词或代词，表示一个被动或完成的动作，相当于一个被动的定语从句。
高中英语人教新课标版 选修八 Unit 3 Inventors and inventions 语法：
3. If they are given a few more months, scientists will find out effective medicine.
Dressed in protective clothing for hours, Dr. Chen was all wet.
原因状语
Rewrite the underlined sentences with the –ed form.
3. If they are given a few more months, scientists will find out effective medicine.
b. Approached in this way, your friendship will soon be repaired.
1. Who was disappointed in sentence(a)? What is approached in sentence(b)?
2. Why is -ed used instead of -ing here?
小结： 过去分 词短语 作状语， 句子更 加简洁、 紧凑。
Rewrite the underlined sentences with the –ed form.
1. When he was told of the epidemic, Zhong Nanshan headed to Wuhan immediately.
轻视，看不起
Read the plot summary and choose the correct form of the words.
选修8_Unit3_Learning_about_Language_及语法复习
new plant variety is not a _______ invention valid
as it is a result of adjusting growth scientifically.
但要注意不及物动词的过去分词常表示 “完成”的动作, 而不表示“被动”意义。如:
boiled water (开水); fallen leaves (落叶)
the risen sun (升起的太阳)等。
The tall man is a returned student．
高个子的那个人是个归国留学生。
5) Mr. Smith, ____ of the speech, started A to read a ____ novel. (2003 北京春) A. tired, boring B. tiring, bored
C. tired, bored
D. tiring, boring
二、动词-ed形式作表语
When I first applied for a patent I was very
puzzled by the _______. I had produced a new criteria
type of lily. I was amazed when my application
was ________ refused. The patent officer abruptly
Grammar
动词-ed形式作定语
动词-ed形式作表语
动词-ed形式作宾语补足语
一、动词-ed形式作定语
过去分词作定语往往与被修饰的词靠得很紧,
人教高中英语选修八学案讲义：Unit5 Meeting your ancestors-语法篇(学生)
第10讲Meeting your ancestors 语法篇____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________1.掌握现在完成进行时的用法；2.能够区分现在完成时与现在完成进行时。
现在完成进行时（1）结构由“have/has been+动词的现在分词”构成，表示从过去某时开始，一直持续到现在的动作，可能刚刚停止，也可能还在继续进行。
例如：We have been looking for you for an hour.我们找了你一个小时。
（动作刚停止）She has been teaching English since she graduated.她毕业后一直在教英语。
(动作还在继续进行)We have been going over maths these days.我们这些天一直在复习数学。
（动作还在继续进行）（2）有时现在完成进行时不是指某动作一直在不停的进行，而是表示一直到说话时为止的一段时间内一再重复的动作，常常带有感情色彩。
例如：She has been saying that 20 times. 这话她已经说了20遍了。
He has been calling on her several times this week. 他这个星期几次来看他。
We have been having a lot of rain recently. 最近雨水很多。
（3）有时现在完成进行时表示刚才或近来发生的动作，也可表示知道说话时为止的一段时间内发生的动作，这一动做到说话时已经结束，而且一般不再继续下去；这种用法主要表示某一动作所产生的结果或对现在的影响。
人教版高中英语选修8-语法专练
语法专练1.(2011 全国卷 II,15) The island,to the mainland by a bridge, iseasy to go to.A. joiningB. to joinC. joinedD. havingjoined2. （2011 北京卷 ,25 ）It ’s important for the figures regularly.A. to be updatedB. to have been updatedC. to updateD. tohave updated3.（2011 天津卷 ,12 ）______ into English, the sentence was found tohave an entirely different word order.A. TranslatingB. TranslatedC. To translateD. Havingtranslated4.（ 2011 上海春招 ,36 ）______ in 1955, Disneyland in California is regarded by many as the original fun park.A. OpenedB. Having openedC. OpeningD. Being opened5. （2011 上海春招 ,40 ）Harrison Ford is thought to be one of the few movie stars ______ as a carpenter before.A. to workB. to be workingC. to have workedD. to have been working6.（ 2011 福建卷 ,23 ）Tsinghua University, in 1911, is hometo a great number of outstanding figures.A. foundB. foundingC. foundedD. to be founded7.(2011 浙江卷 ,14) Even the best writers sometimes find themselves ____for words.A. loseB. lostC. to loseD. having lost8.(2011 浙江卷 ,19) If they win the final tonight, the team are going totour around the city_______by their enthusiastic supporters.A. being cheeredB. be cheeresdC. to be cheeredD. were cheered9. （2011 四川卷 ,16 ）an important role in a new movie, Andyhas a chance to become famous.offer10.（ 2011 重庆卷 ,33 ） Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside thebed to keep himself ________ of his own dreams.A. remindingB. to remindC. remindedD. remind11（.2011 陕西卷 ,14 ）Claire had her luggage an hour before her plane left.check12.（ 2011 湖南卷 ,23 ） The players ______from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game .A selectingB to seleceC selectedD having selected13.（ 10 上海 33）Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps herwith her stories.A. amusedB. amusingC. to amuseD. to be amusedcolleagues14.（ 10 上海 40）Thai is the only way we can imagine the overuse of water instudents' bathrooms.A. reducingB. to reduceC. reducedD. reduce15. （ 10 湖南 30）So far nobody has claimed the money A. discoveredC. discovering in the library.B. to be discoveredD. having discovered16. （ 10 江西 32）There were many talented actors out there just waiting ______.A. to discoverB. to be discoveredC. discoveredD. being discovered17.（10 四川 4）A great number of students said they were forced to practise the piano.A. to questionB. to be questionedC. questionedD. questioning18. （10 全国 I 27 ）showed her students some old maps ______ from the library.A. to borrowB. to be borrowedC. borrowedD. borrowing19.（ 10 陕西 16）_____ from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees .A. SeenB. SeeingC. Having seenD. To see20. （10 全国 II 11 ）Though_________to see us, A. urprising B. as surprised the professor gave us a warm welcome.C. urprised D being surprised21.（ 10 辽宁 35）Alexander tried to get his work _______in the medical circles.A. to recognizeB. recognizingC. recognizeD. recognized22.（ 10 北京 25）I'm calling to enquire about the position in yesterday's China Daily.A. advertisedB. to be advertisedC. advertisingD. having advertised参照答案1.答案 C分析：观察非谓语动词。
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选修8Unite 1 语法：复习名词性从句名词性从句是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功能同名词一样。
一．主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it 代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。
而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。
被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。
例如：It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.It is in the morning that the murder took place.It is John that broke the window.2. 用it 作形式主语的结构(1) It is ＋名词＋从句It is a fact that …事实是…It is an honor that …非常荣幸It is common knowledge that …是常识(2) it is ＋形容词＋从句It is natural that…很自然…It is strange that…奇怪的是…(3) it is ＋不及物动词＋从句It seems that…似乎…It happened that…碰巧…(4) it ＋过去分词＋从句It is reported that…据报道…It has been proved that…已证实…3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况(1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
(it is uncertain if he will leave for Beijing tomorrow. )(2) It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前。
例如：It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right)That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong)(3) It happens…, It occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。
例如：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right)That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong)(4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。
例如：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. (right)Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. (wrong)(5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。
例如：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right)Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong)4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语、宾语、表语，而that 则不然。
例如：1) What you said yesterday is right.2) That she is still alive is a consolation.二．宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。
1. 作动词的宾语(1) 由that引导的宾语从句（that 通常可以省略）,例如：I heard that he joined the army.但下列几种情况that 就不能省：He said (that) he couldn’t tell you right away and that you wouldn’t understandEveryone could see what was happening and that Tom was really shocked.We don’t doubt, in any case, that he keeps his word.He is a good student except that he is careless. (She was lucky in that she had friends to help her.)(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如：1) She did not know what had happened.2) I wonder whether you can change this note for me.(3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。
例如：She told me that she would accept my invitation.2. 作介词的宾语例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.3. 作形容词的宾语例如：I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。
也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。
4. It 可以作为形式宾语It 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语，而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。
例如：We heard it that she would get married next month.5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。
这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。
例如：I admire their winning the match. (right)I admire that they won the match. (wrong)6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句”结构中，常见的有envy, order, accuse,refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。
例如：He impressed the manager as an honest man. (right)He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (wrong)7. 否定的转移若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。
例如：I don’t think this dress fits you well.（我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。
）三．表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。
可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。
引导表语从句的that常可省略。
另外，常用的还有the reason is that…和It is because 等结构。
例如：1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people.3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四．同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
1. 同位语从句的功能同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2. 同位语在句子中的位置同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。
例如：He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时可以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。
(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。
例如：1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。