北京化工大学考博英语真题及其精解
(完整word版)北京大学博士英语考试试题及解析
Part Two：Structure and Written Expression（20%）Directions:For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably completethe sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet。
11． Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing” for human being is a question thata wide solution.A．admits of B. requires of C. needs of D。
seeks for12．In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control， it is sometimesa bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message.A．accustomed to split and dividedB．accustomed to splitting and dividingC．accustomed to split and dividingD．accustomed to splitting and divided13．Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value。
A。
at itself B。
as itself C。
on itself D。
in itself14． us earlier, your request to the full.A。
北京化工大学考博英语应该怎样复习
北京化工大学考博英语应该怎样复习考博要不要重视单词的背诵呢?有很多同学说为什么要花大力气去背单词呢?我四、六级成绩都在550分左右，我也没刻意去背单词呀。
对，的确存在这样的例子，但是考博英语和四、六级是不同类型的考试，咱们不能把应对四、六级考试的策略强加在考博上，否则你会犯“一刀切”错误，会败得很惨。
实践证明考博背单词这个阶段是不可逾越的。
需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。
一、背单词时要注意以下几方面：第一：释义。
在第一次背单词时，切不可对自己太苛刻，要求自己把词汇书中视力所及的，面面俱到，统统记在脑子里。
我们说那样是不可能的，如果你硬要求自己那样去做，结果只有一种，很可能使你自己感到挫败感，甚至有想放弃的想法。
有的同学说我不都看了，我心里不放心。
单词复习是长期性、循环性的过程，就是在基础阶段也要把大纲词汇以不同形式过3、4遍，所以同学们应该放心，只要你按照老师的要求去做，在临考前大纲要求你掌握的单词你都会复习到的。
第一遍背单词时，你只要把一个单词的基本释义记住就可以了，切忌不可贪多，建议学生去听海天的宫老师的英语课，在课上，宫老师会告诉学生单词的追加释义，即：考博考到的释义。
而且，宫老师还会以不同的形式去测试学生对单词的掌握情况。
第二，发音。
在非英语专业学生当中往往会出现这样一种现象，单词会写但不会读。
其实读写是不分家的，一个单词你都会写了，怎么还不会读呢?按照正常的记忆规则，应该是按照发音规律先会读，然后才能顺利地把单词写出来。
手捧一种单词书去背，很容易使人犯困，如果能顺利地掌握单词的发音，我们就能脱离课本，通过听力背单词。
无论你以何种姿势：躺、卧、站、跑、跳，你都能去记单词。
通过听力背单词，被大多数同学所喜爱，但是前提条件是你得掌握单词的发音，否则这个环节你就没办法进行了。
平时注意发音，考博复试时，你就不会因怕单词读错感到窘迫，而不敢张口了。
北京大学博士英语试题及答案
北京大学博士英语试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分，每题2分）1. The company has been ________ for over a century.A. establishedB. establishingC. to establishD. being established答案：A2. Despite the heavy rain, the match will be held as ________.A. planB. plannedC. planningD. to plan答案：B3. The professor suggested that we ________ a meeting to discuss the issue.A. arrangeB. arrangedC. arrangingD. will arrange答案：A4. The book is worth ________.A. to readB. readC. readingD. being read答案：C5. The problem is too difficult for us ________.A. to solveB. solvingC. solvedD. being solved答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分，每题3分）阅读以下短文，然后回答问题。
The rise of artificial intelligence has brought about significant changes in various industries. Companies are now using AI to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance customer experiences. However, with the rapid advancement of technology, there are concerns about job displacement and privacy issues.6. What is the main focus of the passage?A. The impact of AI on industriesB. The benefits of AIC. The concerns about AID. The advancement of technology答案：A7. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of AI?A. Improved efficiencyB. Reduced costsC. Enhanced customer experiencesD. Increased job opportunities答案：D8. What is the concern associated with AI?A. Job displacementB. Increased efficiencyC. Reduced costsD. Enhanced customer experiences答案：A9. What can be inferred from the passage?A. AI is only used in certain industries.B. AI is a threat to privacy.C. AI is being embraced by companies.D. AI has no benefits.答案：C10. What is the purpose of the passage?A. To promote AIB. To criticize AIC. To inform about AID. To encourage debate about AI答案：C三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）In the past, people used to believe that the world was flat. However, with the discovery of new lands and the development of navigational tools, this belief was gradually __11__.11. A. changedB. alteredC. modifiedD. transformed答案：A12. The explorers' voyages led to a __12__ understanding of the world.A. clearB. distinctC. preciseD. accurate答案：D13. As a result, the concept of a spherical Earth became__13__.A. acceptedB. acknowledgedC. recognizedD. known答案：A14. Today, we take for granted the fact that the Earth is round, but in the past, it was a __14__ idea.A. revolutionaryB. radicalC. groundbreakingD. innovative答案：A15. The __15__ of the Earth's shape has had a profound impact on science and exploration.A. realizationB. perceptionC. understandingD. comprehension答案：A四、翻译（共30分，每题10分）16. 随着互联网的普及，人们获取信息的方式发生了巨大变化。
2015年北化工考博英语预测模拟试题及解析-育明考博
2015年北化工考博英语预测模拟试题及解析词汇部分1. I was speaking to Ann on the phone when suddenly we were_______.A.hung upB.hung backC.cut downD.cut off参考答案：D解析：正确答案选D。
(A) hung up："把……挂起来，挂断电话"。
(B)hung back："犹豫；踌躇不前"。
(C)cut down："砍倒"。
(D)cut off："突然中断，切断，打断"。
(B)、(C)与原句意思较远，应立即排除。
(A)虽可作"挂断电话"解，但是通常指双方通话期间，其中一方把电话挂断。
本句的后半句是"we are---"，显然在双方通话期间，没有任何一方把电话挂断，而是外来因素(如：接线员)把"我们的通话突然中断了。
"(D)符合句意，应填(D)。
2. She wondered if she could have the opportunity to spend _______here so that she could learn more about the city.A.sometimesB.some timeC.sometimeD.some times参考答案：B解析：正确答案选B。
(A) sometimes："有时"。
(B)some time："一些时间"。
(C)sometime："以前的，一度的，前任的"。
(D)some times："在某些场合，不时"。
从句意上看，应填(B)。
全句的意思是：她不知道她是否有机会在此处花一些时间以便使她更多了解这个城市的情况。
（ＰＳ：The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba ;QQ:wu si qi ling liu san ba liu er）3. Ms. Breen has been living in town for only one year, yet she seems to be _______with everyone who comes to the store.A.acceptedB.admittedC.admiredD.acquainted参考答案：D解析：正确答案选D。
北大考博真题英语答案解析
北大考博真题英语答案解析北大考博是中国高等教育领域的重要考试之一，英语是其中的一门科目。
随着竞争的激烈，考生对于北大考博英语真题的解析和答案掌握变得尤为重要。
本文将针对北大考博英语真题进行深入解析，帮助考生更好地准备考试。
首先，我们先来看一道真题，然后对其进行解析。
以下是一道典型的北大考博英语阅读理解题：Passage 1It is tempting, but misleading, to picture the history of African-Ameri-cans hid-den, waiting passively for progress to come. In fact, what we find over and over again in black history is the story of black people shaping their own lives and destinies. At the heart of this struggle has been the quest for education, knowledge, and just treatment— issues that have defined a people fighting for dignity and opportunity.Which of the fol-lowing would be the best title for the passage?A. The Struggles of African-AmericansB. The Importance of EducationC. African-American HistoryD. Resilience and Progress解析：本题是一道主旨题，要求找出这篇文章的最佳标题。
我们可以通过文章的主要内容和观点来选择正确答案。
北京大学博士英语考试试题及解析电子教案
Part Two：Structure and Written Expression（20%）Directions：For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.11．Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question thata wide solution.A．admits of B. requires of C. needs of D.seeks for12．In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message.A．accustomed to split and dividedB．accustomed to splitting and dividingC．accustomed to split and dividingD．accustomed to splitting and divided13．Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value.A. at itselfB. as itselfC. on itselfD. in itself14．us earlier, your request to the full.A.You have contacted…we could comply withB.Had you contacted…we could have complied withC.You had contacted…could we have complied withD.Have you contacted…we could comply with15．The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy.A. discardB. discreetC. discordD. disgorge16. Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious theirpsychology. No one can shield himself such an influence.A. on…by…atB. by…for…inC. from…in…onD. through…with…from17. The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety. Now it appears to create.A. boreB. boredC. boredomD. bordom18. Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz.A. lackedB. lackingC. for lack ofD. lack of19. There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine.A. that have toB. have toC. having toD. has to20. The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it.A. none the worseB. none the betterC. never worseD. never better21. As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color.A. cried out for…cried out forB. cry out for…cry out forC. had cried out for…cried out forD. had cried out for…cry out for22. While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very .A. triggerB. meagerC. vigorD. linger23. Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology.A. as much the Africans are detribalizedB. the Africans are much being detribalizedC. as much as the Africans are being detribalizedD. as much as the Africans are detribalized24. We admire his courage and self-confidence.A. can butB. cannot onlyC. cannot butD. can only but25. In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed tonotice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical.A. inundatingB. imitatingC. immolatingD. insulating26. you promise you will work hard, support you to college.A. If only…will IB. Only…I willC. Only if…will ID. Only if…I will27. It is one of the ironies of Western man that he has never felt invention as a threat to his way of life.A. any concern withB. any concern aboutC. any concern inD. any concern at28. One room schools, with all subjects being taught to all grades at the same time, simplywhen better transportation permits specialized spaces and specialized teaching.A. resolvedB. absolvedC. dissolvedD. solved29. People are living longer and not saving enough, which means they will either have to worklonger, live less in retirement or bailed by the government.A. in…for…upB. for…on…outC. by…in…onD. on…for…out30. The country s deficit that year to a record 1698 billion dollarsA. soaredB. souredC. soredD. sourcedPart Three: Close Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and choose ONE best word for each numbered blank. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.2009 was the worst year for the record labels in a decade31 was 2008, and before that 2007 and 2006. In fact, industry revenues have been 32 for the past 10 years. Digital sales are growing, but not as fast as traditional sales are falling.Maybe that’s because illegal downloads are so easy. People have been 33 intellectual property for centuries, but it used to be a time-consuming way to generate markedly 34 copies. These days, high-quality copies are 35 . According to the Pew Internet project, people use file-sharing software more often than they do iTunes and other legal shops.I’d like to believe, as many of my friends seem to, that this practice won’t do much harm. But even as I’ve heard over the past decade that things weren’t 36 bad, that the music industry was moving to a new, better business model, each year’s numbers have been worse. Maybe it’s time to admit that we may never find a way to 37 consumers who want free entertainment with creators who want to get paid.38 on this problem, the computational neuroscientist Anders Sandberg recently noted that although we have strong instinctive feelings about ownership, intellectual property doesn’t always 39 that framework. The harm done by individual acts of piracy is too small and too abstract.“The nature of intellectual property,”he wrote, “makes it hard to maintain the social and empathic 40 that keep(s) us from taking each other’s things.”31. A. As B. Same C. Thus D. So32. A. stagnating B. declining C. increasing D. stultifying33. A. taking B. robbing C. stealing D. pirating34. A. upgraded B. inferior C. ineffective D. preferable35. A. numerous B. ubiquitous C. accessible D. effortless36. A. so B. this C. that D. much37. A. satisfy B. help C. reconcile D. equate38. A. Based B. Capitalizing C. Reflecting D. Drawing39. A. match up with B. fill in C. fit into D. set up40. A. constraints B. consciousness C. norm D. etiquettePart IV: Reading Comprehension(20%)Directions: Each of the following four passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each question or unfinished statement, four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneCancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its care and management have differed over time, of course, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings. Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crab—so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its pain is like the pinch of a crab’s claw. Premodern cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos). In the second century A．D．, Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of melancholy or black bile, one of the body’s four “humors,”brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances. Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim. Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B．C．concluded: “There is no treatment.”The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until modern times, its mark on the culture has been light. In the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever); “apoplexies”(what we now call strokes and heart attacks); and, most notably in the nineteenth century, “consumption”(tuberculosis). The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind—as it now is. This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modern disease par excellence,”and that Mukherjee calls it “the quintessential product of modernity.”At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease of civilization,” belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness belie ved to be brought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributed cancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral causes. William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth-century text “Domestic Medicine”judged that cancers might be caused by “excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy.”In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality,”and, in some versions, specifically to sexual repression. As Susan Sontag observed, cancer was considered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene. Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort. “It seems unimaginable,”Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize”cancer.41. According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians .A. called cancer the crabB. were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant onesC. found out the cause of cancerD. knew about a lot of malignant tumors42. Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?A. Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancerB. In the past, people did not fear cancerC. Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinementD. Some physicians believed that one s own behavioral mode could lead to cancer43. Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called “the modern disease”?A. Modern cancer care is very effectiveB. There is a lot more cancer nowC. People understand cancer in radically new ways nowD. There is a sharp increase in mortality in modern cancer world44.“Neurasthenia”and diabetes are mentioned because .A. they are as fatal as cancerB. they were considered to be “disease of civilization”C. people dread them very muchD.they are brought by the high pressure of modern life45. As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?A. The care and management of cancer have development over timeB. The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different timesC. Cancer s identity has never changedD. Cancer is the price paid for modern lifePassage TwoIf you happened to be watching NBC on the first Sunday morning in August last summer, you would have seen something curious. There, on the set of Meet the Press, the host, David Gregory, was interviewing a guest who made a forceful case that the U．S．economy had become “very distorted.”In the wake of the recession, this guest explained, high-income individuals, large banks, and major corporations had experienced a “significant recovery”; the rest of the economy, by contrast—including small businesses and “a very significant amount of the labor force”—was stuck and still struggling. What we were seeing, he argued, was not a single economy at all, but rather “fundamentally two separate types of economy,”increasingly distinct and divergent.This diagnosis, though alarming, was hardly unique: drawing attention to the divide between the wealthy and everyone else has long been standard fare on the left. (The idea of “two Americas”was a central theme of John Edwards’s 2004 and 2008 presidential runs.) What made the argument striking in this instance was that it was being offered by none other than the former five-term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan: iconic libertarian, preeminent defender of the free market, and (at least until recently) the nation’s foremost devotee of Ayn Rand. When the high priest of capitalism himself is declaring the growth in economic inequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong.This widening gap between the rich and non-rich has been evident for years. In a 2005 report to investors, for instance, three analysts at Citigroup advised that “the World is dividing into two blocs—the Plutonomy and the rest”.In a plutonomy there is no such animal as “the U．S．consumer”or “the UK consumer”, or indeed “the Russian consumer”. There are rich consumers, few in number, but disproportionate in the gigantic slice of income and consumption they take. There are the rest, the “non-rich”, the multitudinous many, but only accounting for surprisingly small bites of the national pie.Before the recession, it was relatively easy to ignore this concentration of wealth among an elite few. The wondrous inventions of the modern economy—Google, Amazon, the iPhone broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy. And the less-wondrous inventions—particularly the explosion of subprime credit—helped mask the rise of income inequality for many of those whose earnings were stagnant.But the financial crisis and its long, dismal aftermath have changed all that. A multi-billion-dollar bailout and Wall Street’s swift, subsequent reinstatement of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers and other elites rigging the game for their own benefit. And this, in turn, has led to wider-and not unreasonable-fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble.46. According to the passage, the U．S．economy .A. fares quite wellB. has completely recovered from the economic recessionC. has its own problemsD. is lagging behind other industrial economies47. Which of the following statement about today’s super-elite would the passage support?A. Today’s plutocrats are the hereditary eliteB. Today’s super-rich are increasingly a nation unto themselvesC. They are the deserving winners of a tough economic competitionD. They are worried about the social and political consequences of rising income inequality48. What can be said of modern technological innovations?A. They have lifted many people into the middle class.B. They have narrowed the gap between the rich and the non-rich.C. They have led to a rise of income inequality.D. They have benefited the general public.49. The author seems to suggest that the financial crisis and its aftermath .A. have compromised the rich with the non-richB. have enriched the plutocratic eliteC. have put Americans on the alert for too much power the rich possessD. have enlarged the gap between the rich and non-rich50. The primary purpose of the passage is to .A. present the financial imbalance in the U．S．B. display sympathy for the working classC. criticize the super elite of the Unite StatesD. appreciate the merits of the super rich in the U．S．Passage ThreeCharles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is credited with sparking evolution’s revolution in scientific thought, but many observers had pondered evolution before him. It was understanding the idea’s significance and selling it to the public that made Darwin great, according to the Arnold Arboretum’s new director.William Friedman, the Arnold Professor of Organism and Evolutionary Biology who took over as arboretum director Ja n．1, has studied Darwin’s writings as well as those of his predecessors and contemporaries. While Darwin is widely credited as the father of evolution, Friedman said the “historical sketch”that Darwin attached to later printings of his masterpiece was intended to mollify those who demanded credit for their own earlier ideas.The historical sketch grew with each subsequent printing, Friedman told an audience Monday (Ja n．10), until, by the 6th edition, 34 authors were mentioned in it. Scholars now believe that somewhere between 50 and 60 authors had beaten Darwin in their writings about evolution Included was Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, a physician who irritated clergymen with his insistence that life arose from lower forms, specifically mollusks.Friedman’s talk, “A Darwinian Look at Darwin’s Evolutionist Ancestors,”took place at the arboretum’s Hunnewell Building and was the first in a new Director’s Lecture Series.Though others had clearly pondered evolution before Darwin, he wasn’t without originality. Friedman said that Darwin’s thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution was shared by few, most prominently Alfred Wallace, whose writing on the subject after years in the field spurred Darwin’s writing of “On the Origin of Species.”Although the book runs more than 400 pages, Friedman said it was never the book on evolution and natural selection that Darwin intended. In 1856, three years before the book was published, he began work on a detailed tome on natural selection that wouldn’t see publication until 1975.The seminal event in creating “On the Origin of Species”occurred in 1858, when Wallace wrote Darwin detailing Wallace’s ideas of evolution by natural selection. The arrival of Wallace’s ideas galvanized Darwin into writing “On the Origin of Species”as an “abstract”of the ideas he was painstakingly laying out in the larger work.This was a lucky break for Darwin, because it forced him to write his ideas in plain language, which led to a book that was not only revolutionary, despite those who’d tread similar ground before, but that was also very readable.Though others thought about evolution before Darwin, scientific discovery requires more than just an idea. In addition to the concept, discovery requires the understanding of the significance of the idea, something some of the earlier authors clearly did not have—such as the arborist who buried his thoughts on natural selection in the appendix of a book on naval timber. Lastly, scientific discovery demands the ability to convince others of the correctness of an idea. Darwin, through “On the Origin of Species,”was the only thinker of the time who had all three of those traits, Friedman said.“Darwin had the ability to convince others of the correctness of the idea,” Friedman said, adding that even Wallace, whose claim to new thinking on evolution and natural selection was stronger than all the others, paid homage to Darwin by titling his 1889 book on the subject, “Darwinism.”51. According to William Friedman, Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is great in that.A. it was the most studied by later scientistsB. it had significant ideas about evolutionC. it was the first to talk about evolutionD. it was well received by the public52. Friedman believes that Darwin attached a “historical sketch”to later printings of his book in an attempt to .A. credit the ideas about evolution before hisB. claim himself as the father of evolutionC. introduce his grandfather to the readerD. summarize his predecessors work53. In Friedman s view, Darwin s originality lies in .A. his thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolutionB. his sharing ideas about evolution with his contemporariesC. the way he wrote “On the Origin of Species”D. the way he lectured on the ideas of evolution54. We have learned that at first Darwin intended to write his idea in .A. a much larger bookB. a 400page bookC. scientific termsD. plain language55. Scientific discovery requires all the following Expect .A. coming up with a new ideaB. understanding the significance of the ideaC. making claims to the idea by writing booksD. convincing others of the correctness of the idesPassage FourMany adults may think they are getting enough shut-eye, but in a major sleep study almost 80 percent of respondents admitted to not getting their prescribed amount of nightly rest. So, what exactly is the right amount of sleep? Research shows that adults need an average of seven to nine hours of sleep a night for optimal functionality. Read on to see just how much of an impact moderate sleep deprivation can have on your mind and body.By getting less than six hours of sleep a night, you could be putting yourself at risk of high blood pressure. When you sleep, your heart gets a break and is able to slow down for a significant period of time. But cutting back on sleep means your heart has to work overtime without its allotted break. In constantly doing so, your body must accommodate to its new conditions and elevate your overall daily blood pressure. And the heart isn’t the only organ that is overtaxed by a lack of sleeps. The less sleep you get, the less time the brain has to regulate stress hormones, and over time, sleep deprivation could permanently hinder the brain’s ability to regulate these hormones, leading to elevated blood pressure.We all hang around in bed during our bouts of illness. But did you know that skipping out on the bed rest can increase your risk of getting sick? Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also found a direct correlation between “modest”sleep deprivation—less than six hours—and reduced immune response. So try to toughen up your immune system by getting at least seven hours of sleep a night, and maintaining a healthy diet. You’ll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days.During deep REM sleep, your muscles (except those in the eyes) are essentially immobilized in order to keep you from acting out on your dreams. Unfortunately, this effort your body makes to keep you safe while dreaming can sometimes backfire,resulting in sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle, but the body remains in its immobilizing state. This can be quite a frightening sensation because, while your mind is slowly regaining consciousness, it has no control over your body, leaving some with a feeling of powerlessness, fear and panic. Most people experience this eerie phenomena at least once in their lives, but those who are sleep deprived are more likely to have panicked episodes of sleep paralysis that are usually accompanied by hallucinations, as well.For a second, imagine all of your memories are erased; every birthday, summer vacation, even what you did yesterday afternoon is completely lost, because you have no recollection of them. It’s a chilling thought, but that is what a life without sleep would be like. Sleep is essential to the cognitive functions of the brain, and without it, our ability to consolidate memories, learn daily tasks, and make decisions is impaired by a large degree. Research has revealed that REM sleep, or dream-sleep, helps solidify the “fragile”memories the brain creates throughout the day to that they can be easily organized and stored in the mind’s long-term cache.56. According to the passage, what is the meaning of “sleep deprivation”?A. To sleep for an average period of time.B. To sleep deeply without dreaming.C. To sleep less than needed.D. To sleep modestly.57. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?A. When everyone else gets a fever, those with sleep deprivation will be abele to sleep longer.B. When everyone else gets a fever, those who usually have adequate sleep will be alright.C. Only modest sleep deprivation could weaken the immune system.D. Prolonged sleep deprivation will not have impact on the immune system.58. Why is there the so-called “sleep paralysis”?A. It occurs when you are unable to wake up from dreams while you are sleeping.B. It occurs when you brain immobilizes your body in order to keep you from dreaming.C. Because you are usually too frightened to move your body when waking up from deep REM sleep.D. Because your body, immobilized when dreaming, may still be unable to move even when your brain is waking up.59.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?A. Memories are part of the cognitive function of the brain.B. Memories created during the daytime are usually fragile and impaired.C. You are likely to lose your memories of yesterday after a night’s sleep.D. Long term memory cannot be formed without dream-sleep.60. What effects of sleep deprivation on human mind and body are discussed in this passage?A. High blood pressure, a toughened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.B. Blood pressure, immune system, sleep paralysis, and long term memory.C. Blood pressure, immune system, the brain and the body, and memory.D. High blood pressure, a weakened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.Part V: Proofreading (15%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 15 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words ( in brackets )immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answer on the Answer Sheet (2).Examples:eg. 1(61) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (61) begun beganeg. 2(62) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up .Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (62) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3(63) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (63)notWal-Mart announced Thursday afternoon that it would introduce a program nationwide called (61) “Pick Up Today”that allows customers to submit orders online and pick up their items few hours later in their local store. (62) The move is not revolutionary—Sears and Nordstrom, as instance, already have similar programs.(63) Retailers say that tying online and in-store inventory together lets them to sell more products. (64) Nordstrom recently combined its inventory so that if the online stockroom is out of a jacket, a store that has it can ship to the Web customer. (65) Encourage customers to retrieve items they have ordered online in a store increases visits to the stores, which usually increases sales. (66) Best Buy offers both store pickup and “ship to store,”where items are shipped free from a local store. Ace Hardware, J．C．Penney and Wal-Mart itself are among the others offering “ship to store”programs.In Wal-Mart’s program, (67) that is expected to be nationwide by June, customers can select from among 40,000 items online. (68) They will send a text message or e-mail alerting them when the order is ready, which usually takes about four hours.(69) “Not only we see it as a nice convenience for customers, but we also saw it as a way to drive incremental traffic to the stores, and incremental sales,”said Steve Nave, senior vice president and general manager of Walmar t．Com.(70) The program will include about 40000 items likewise electronics, toys, home décor and sporting goods. (71) As of now, it does not include groceries, though M r．Nave did dismiss that possibility.(72) “We’re not ready to talk today about everything that’s going on in grocery,”he said“What we’ve tried to do is (73) focus on those categories where customers are most likely to be willing to make the purchase after they touch it or look at it.(74) This is a convenient play, trying to figure out what are the things that are going to drive more customers into the stores.”Wal-Mart also announced that (75) it was shortened the time customers would have to wait for ship-to-store items, to four to seven days, from seven to 10 days.Part VI: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. Write it nearly on the Answer Sheet (2).In China, minimum wage becomes higher in many places. But people disagree over its benefits and drawbacks. Supporters say it increases the worker’s standard of living, while opponents say it increase unemployment. What do you think?Part II Structure and Written Expression（20%）11.【A】A项admits of“容许，有……的可能”；B项requires of“要求，要求得到”；C项needs of“满足需要”；D项seeks for“寻找，追求，探索”。
北京化工大学学位英语考试真题
北京化工大学学位英语考试真题全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Beijing University of Chemical Technology English Proficiency Test - A Harrowing ExperienceYou know that feeling of dread and anxiety that just washes over you before a major exam? That was me last semester as I prepared for the infamous Beijing University of Chemical Technology English Proficiency Test that all graduate students must pass to get their Master's degree. I had heard the horror stories from older students about how brutally difficult it was, but I tried to stay positive and study as hard as I could.The first section of the test was listening comprehension. I thought I was relatively well-prepared after doing hundreds of practice questions. But when those headphones went on and the test began, it was like they recruited the world's fastest auctioneers to record the audio passages. I was frantically scribbling notes, trying to catch every word, while the narrators blazed through extremely technical terminology about polymer synthesis and catalytic processes at a blistering pace. By the timeeach passage ended, my hand was cramped and I could barely decipher my scratch paper chicken scratches. Needless to say, I struggled mightily on that section.Next up was reading comprehension, which was my personal house of horrors. Rather than straightforward articles, the test served up excruciatingly dense academic journal pieces loaded with indecipherable jargon about biomass pyrolysis kinetics and computational fluid dynamics modeling of reactive distillation columns. I'm fairly certain that well over half the vocabulary was new to me. The questions were not the typical "what was the main idea" types, but ruthlessly specific inquiries about obscure data points buried in th8-point font tables or linguistic particulars used in one single sentence. I'm quite confident my score in that section could have doubled as my body temperature while taking it.The writing section allowed a brief respite from the onslaught, until I was confronted with the prompts which seemed to have been conceived andwritten by mischievous BUCT sadists. One prompt instructed me to summarize, compare, and analyze several viewpoints from a multi-page text discussing the civil and environmental impacts of developing shale gas reserves through hydraulic fracturing. Another gleefully askedme to weigh the pros and cons of teaching controversial scientific topics like evolution and climate change in public school science curricula. Basically, they picked topics requiring highly technical background knowledge that the vast majority of humanities graduates simply don't possess. I typed and typed, hemorrhaging precious time while trying to contort my limited understanding into coherent, substantive analysis.Finally, after over three hours of mental rapids, physical fatigue had set in, and I could feel my cognitive stamina waning for that final sprint, the speaking section. I had to give presentations and engage in roleplay activities judged by my diction, coherence, vocabulary, grammar, and overall fluency. Things started okay, until one particularly sadistic judge asked me to compare and contrast the toxicology impacts of various metallic nanoparticles used in cleantech applications like photocatalysis and photoelectrochemical water splitting. By this point, my brain capacity was all but drained, and all I could muster in response was a feeble "Umm... nanoparticles of metals can be toxic if exposure occurs... but the specifics depend on the material and uh... exposure pathways..." Needless to say, it was a rather ingloriousculmination.In the aftermath, I awaited the results with no small amount of trepidation. When my scores finally arrived, it was a narrative of pain - I had tragically failed the listening, reading, and speaking sections while just barely squeaking by on the writing portion. Crushed, I knew I had no choice but to endure this torturous rite of passage once more in the coming semester if I wanted to obtain that elusive Master's diploma.So there you have it, the unvarnished tale of the BUCT English Proficiency Exam straight from the trenches. For any prospective students out there, learn from my tribulations. Study, study, study, and above all, make peace with whatever higher power you believe in. You'll need fortitude, perseverance, and quite possibly divine intervention to survive this gauntlet. I know I'll be calling in all the assistance I can muster for my secondgo-around. Wish me luck!篇2The Beijing University of Chemical Technology English Proficiency TestI'll never forget the day I took the English proficiency exam required to graduate from Beijing University of ChemicalTechnology. It was a sunny spring Saturday, but my nerves had me feeling pretty cloudy as I entered the exam hall that morning.My university has very high standards when it comes to English ability for soon-to-be graduates. The test covers reading, writing, listening, and speaking at an advanced level. Passing it is mandatory to get your degree. No pressure, right?The written portion began first. We had two hours to complete the reading comprehension section and essay writing task. The reading passages were no joke - they covered complex topics like organic chemistry processes, polymer synthesis, and environmental regulations. The vocabulary was incredibly technical and specialized.I tried my best to analyze the details and nuances, showing my comprehension through the accompanying multiple choice questions. But I have to admit, some of the scientific jargon had me scratching my head. It made me wish I had spent more late nights in the library delving into my chemistry textbooks written in English!Then it was time for the dreaded essay. We could choose between two prompts about chemistry-related issues. I went with the one about innovations in green technology and renewable energy sources. Admittedly, this topic area wasn't mystrongest suit. But I did my best to construct a logical,well-supported argument using academic language and vocabulary I had practiced.After a short break, we regrouped for the listening section. We had to watch lectures and conversations about subject matter ranging from lab safety protocols to the history of the periodic table. The speakers talked so fast and used so many idioms! I furiously took notes, trying to identify key details to answer the comprehension questions.The last part was the speaking test, which had us going one-by-one to record responses to a series of prompts. I had to describe a complex scientific diagram, discuss an ethical dilemma, and propose a research idea - all while a proctor timed me with a stopwatch. My tongue felt tied at certain points as I grasped for the right technical terms in English. Presenting coherent thoughts under that pressure was really tough.When I finally turned in my exam materials, I felt simultaneously relieved and utterly drained. My brain was mush after wrestling with such high-level English for hours on end. I couldn't even decipher whether I had done well or not.About a month later, my score report came back: I had passed! While not an amazing score, it was enough to meet theminimum requirement. I could finally walk across that stage at graduation after so much hard work.Reflecting on the experience, I realize how valuable it was to be held to such a high English standard. As chemists, we don't operate in an isolated environment. Collaborating with international colleagues, comprehending academic literature, and presenting at global conferences requires excellent English abilities. Those skills will be critical as I move into my career.The Beijing University of Chemical Technology English Proficiency Test was undoubtedly one of the biggest academic challenges I faced. But I'm grateful for how it pushed me out of my comfort zone and motivated me to take my English to an advanced, professional level. Those skills will continue benefiting me for life after university.Maybe I'll even go on to publish my own chemistry research papers and textbooks someday - all in English, of course! That would be a true full-circle moment after the trials of this formidable exam. For now, I'll just revel in the satisfaction of meeting this crucial milestone and being fluently bilingual.篇3A Grueling Battle: My Experience with the BUCT English Proficiency ExamAs a student at the prestigious Beijing University of Chemical Technology, one of the most daunting challenges we face is the mandatory English Proficiency Exam. This exam is no mere formality – it is a true test of our linguistic abilities, designed to separate the wheat from the chaff, the English savants from the struggling learners.I still vividly remember the day when the exam date was announced. A collective groan echoed through the hallways, as if we had all been sentenced to a linguistic purgatory. The weight of the exam's importance was palpable, and the pressure to perform well was immense. After all, our futures depended heavily on this single assessment.The weeks leading up to the exam were a whirlwind of intense preparation. Study groups were formed, practice tests were devoured, and vocabularies were meticulously expanded. The campus library became a second home, with students huddled over tomes of English grammar and literary analysis, their brows furrowed in concentration.As the dreaded day approached, the atmosphere on campus grew increasingly tense. Sleep became a luxury, and caffeinebecame our closest ally. We found ourselves engaging in heated debates over the finer points of English syntax, as if our very lives depended on mastering the intricacies of the subjunctive mood.Finally, the day of reckoning arrived, and we found ourselves herded into the examination hall like lambs to the slaughter. The air was thick with anticipation and anxiety, as we took our assigned seats and stared down at the ominous test booklets before us.The first section was a marathon of reading comprehension, with passages that seemed to have been plucked from the most obscure and convoluted academic journals. As I waded through the dense thicket of technical jargon and esoteric references, I couldn't help but wonder if the exam creators had a sadistic streak.Next came the writing portion, where we were tasked with crafting a coherent and persuasive essay on a topic that seemed to have been deliberately chosen for its obscurity. I still shudder at the memory of attempting to weave together a compelling argument about the socio-economic implications of artisanal cheese production in rural Kyrgyzstan.The listening section was a true test of endurance, as we strained to decipher the heavily accented voices emanating fromthe speakers. It was as if the recordings had been purposefully distorted to mimic the garbled transmissions of a deep-space probe.Finally, the speaking portion arrived, where we were ushered into individual rooms and subjected to a barrage of probing questions from a panel of stern-faced examiners. It was an exercise in maintaining composure while feeling like a defendant on trial for linguistic crimes.As the exam drew to a close, we emerged from the examination hall like battle-weary soldiers, our spirits battered but our resolve intact. The camaraderie among us was palpable, as we shared tales of the linguistic horrors we had endured and commiserated over our collective suffering.In the weeks that followed, we anxiously awaited the results, our futures hanging in the balance. When the scores were finally released, there were tears of joy and anguish, as some celebrated their hard-earned triumphs while others mourned their perceived failures.Looking back on that experience, I can't help but feel a sense of pride and accomplishment. The BUCT English Proficiency Exam was a true baptism by fire, a crucible that forged us into stronger, more resilient individuals. It taught us that success isnot just about mastering a language, but about cultivating a deep reserves of perseverance and determination.To my fellow students who still have this challenge ahead of them, I offer these words of wisdom: embrace the struggle, for it is through adversity that we grow. Approach the exam not with fear, but with a sense of curiosity and a hunger for knowledge. And remember, even in the darkest moments, when the English language seems like an impenetrable fortress, there is always a glimmer of hope – a ray of linguistic enlightenment waiting to be discovered.For those who emerge victorious, the rewards are bountiful. But even for those who fall short, the lessons learned and the character forged will serve as invaluable assets in the journey that lies ahead. The BUCT English Proficiency Exam is not just a test, but a rite of passage – a crucible that shapes us into the scholars and professionals we aspire to become.。
北京化工大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
北京化工大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Directions:In the following article,some sentences have been removed.ForQuestions1-5,choose the most suitable one from the list A―G to fitinto each of the numbered blank.There are two extra choices,whichdo not fit in any of the gaps.During the early stages of the Industrial Revolution,1）But whenfactory production got into full swing and new products,e.g.Gengduo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lianxi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi processed foods,came onto the market,national advertising campaigns and brand-namingof products became necessary.Before large-scale factory production,the typical manufacturing unit had been small and adaptable and thetask of distributing and selling goods had largely been undertakenby wholesalers.The small non-specialized factory which did not relyon massive investment in machinery had been flexible enough to adaptits production according to changes in public demands.2）From the beginning of the nineteenth century until the1870s,production had steadily expanded and there had been a correspondinggrowth in retail outlets.But the depression brought on a crisis ofover-production and under-consumption―manufactured goods piled upunsold and prices and profits fell.Towards the end of the centurymany of the small industrial firms realized that they would be in abetter position to weather economic depressions and slumps if theycombined with other small businesses and widened the range of goods they produced so that all their eggs were not in one basket.They also realized that they would have to take steps to ensure that once their goods had been produced there was a market for them.This period ushered in the first phase of what economists now call'monopoly capitalism',which,roughly speaking,refers to the control of the market by a small number of giant，conglomerate enterprises.Whereas previously competitive trading had been conducted by small rival firms,after the depression the larger manufacturing units and combines relied more and more on mass advertising to promote their new range of products．A good example of the changes that occurred in manufacture and distribution at the turn of the century can be found in the soap trade. From about the1850s the market had been flooded with anonymous bars of soap,produced by hundreds of small manufacturers and distributed by wholesalers and door-to-door sellers.3）For instance,the future Lard Leverhulme decided to brand his soap by selling it in distinctive packages in order to facilitate recognition and encourage customer loyalty．Lard Leverhulme was one of the first industrialism to realize that advertisements should contain logical and considered arguments as well as eye-catching and witty slogans.4）For example,one contemporary Pears soap ad went into great detail about how the product could enhance marital bliss by cutting down the time the wifehad to spend with her arms in a bowl of frothy suds.And an ad for Cadbury's cocoa not only proclaimed its purity but also detailed other benefits:'for the infant it is a delight and a support;for the young girl,a source of healthy vigour；for the young miss in her teens a valuable aid to development…'and so on.As the writer E.S.Turner rightly points out,the advertising of this period had reached the 'stage of persuasion as distinct from proclamation or iteration'.5）[A]The leading companies develop more aggressive selling methods such as keeping contact with their customers.[B]Indeed advertise or bust seemed to be the rule of the day as bigger and more expensive campaigns were mounted and smaller firms who did not,or could not,advertise,were squeezed or bought out by the larger companies.[C]But the economic depression which lasted from1873to1894 marked a turning point between the old method of industrial organization and distribution and the new．[D]advertising was a relatively straightforward means of announcement and communication and was used mainly to promote novelties and fringe products．[E]Competition grew steadily throughout the latter half of the century and eventually the leading companies embarked on more aggressive selling methods in order to take customers away from their rivals．[F]Contemporary products also display details of the mainingredients.[G]Many advertisers followed his lead and started to include 'reason why'copy in their ads．答案及详解1.D。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：9
2022年考研考博-考博英语-北京大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Sales of mushrooms have hit an all-time high as Britons increasingly turn to the cheap and （） foodstuff for their cooking.问题1选项A.versatileB.multipleC.manifoldD.diverse【答案】A【解析】考查近义词辨析。
versatile“多才多艺的，多用途的”；multiple“多重的，复合的”；manifold“多方面的，各式各样的”；diverse“不同的，各种各样的”。
句意：蘑菇的销量创下历史新高，因为英国人越来越多致力于寻找便宜的、多用途的食材做饭。
因此A选项符合题意。
2.单选题The European Parliament has banned the terms “Miss” and “Mrs” they offend female members.问题1选项A.as long asB.the momentC.so thatD.in case【答案】D【解析】考查逻辑关系。
as long as“只要”；the moment“一……就……”；so that“所以，以便”；in case“万一，假使”。
句意：欧洲议会禁止使用“小姐”和“夫人”这两个词，以防它们冒犯女性议员。
因此D选项符合题意。
3.单选题The structure of the global economy（）that developing nations put all their efforts into raising cash — usually by exporting whatever virgin resources the industrial world might desire.问题1选项A.dictatesB.regulatesC.allowsD.appeals【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。
北京化工大学博士入学考题样题
北京化工大学博士研究生英语入学考试试题（样题）注意事项1. 答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题册上的均不给分。
2. 多项选择题的答案只能选一个答案，多选作废。
选定答案后，用铅笔在相应的字母的中部划一条横线。
修改时必须先用橡皮擦净后，再填涂其它选项。
正确方法是：A B C D 。
3. 辨错改错、汉译英和作文用钢笔或圆珠笔写在试卷二的答题纸上。
4. 请在150分钟内答完全部试题，不得拖延时间。
试卷一Part I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 minutes, 20 points)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Example: You will hear:You will read: A) 2 hours. B) 3 hours. C) 4 hours. D) 5 hours.From the conversation we know that the two are talking about some work they will start at 9 o'clock in the morning and have to finish by 2 in the afternoon. Therefore, D) "5 hours" is the correct answer. You should choose [D] on the Answer Sheet and mark it with a single line through the centre.1. A. She knows where Martha has gone.B. Martha will go to the concert by herself.C. It is quite possible for the man to find Martha.D. The man is going to meet Martha at the concert.2. A. The air pollution is caused by the development of industry.B. The city was poor because there wasn't much industry then.C. The woman's exaggerating the seriousness of the pollution.D. He might move to another city very soon.3. A. The man should work harder to improve his grades.B. The man will benefit from the effort he's put in.C. It serves the man right to get a poor grade.D. It was unfair of the teacher to give the man a C.4. A. She can make a reservation at the restaurant.B. The man should decide where to eat.C. She already has plans for Saturday night.D. The man should ask his brother for suggestions.5. A. The man deserved the award.B. The woman helped the man succeed.C. The man is thankful to the woman for her assistance.D. The woman worked hard and was given an award.6. A. Voluntary work can help the man establish connections with the community.B. The man's voluntary work has left him little room in his schedule.C. V oluntary work with the environment council requires a time commitment.D. A lot of people have signed up for voluntary work with the environment council.7. A. The patient must receive treatment regularly.B. The patient can't leave the hospital until the bleeding stops.C. The patient's husband can attend to the business in her place.D. The patient must take a good rest and forget about her business.8. A. Alice does not know much about electronics.B. Alice is unlikely to find a job anywhere.C. Alice is not interested in anything but electronics.D. Alice is likely to find a job in an electronics company.9. A. Jimmy is going to set out tonight.B. Jimmy has not decided on his journey.C. There is no need to have a farewell dinner.D. They may have a dinner when Jimmy's back.10. A. The woman had been planning for the conference.B. The woman called the man but the line was busy.C. The woman didn't come back until midnight.D. The woman had guests all evening.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D.. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage OneQuestions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.11. A. They are delighted because they can enjoy the scenery while driving.B. They are frightened because traffic accidents are frequent.C. They are irritated because the bridge is jammed with cars.D. They are pleased because it saves them much time.12. A. They don't have their own cars to drive to work.B. Many of them are romantic by temperament.C. Most of them enjoy the drinks on the boat.D. They tend to be more friendly to each other.13. A. Many welcome the idea of having more bars on board.B. Many prefer the ferry to maintain its present speed.C. Some suggest improving the design of the deck.D. Some object to using larger luxury boats.Passage TwoQuestions 14 to 16 are based on the passage you have just heard.14. A. Coca Cola. B. Sausage. C. Milk. D. Fried chicken.15. A. He has had thirteen decayed teeth.B. He doesn't have a single decayed tooth.C. He has fewer decayed teeth than other people of his age.D. He never had a single tooth pulled out before he was fifty.16. A. Brush your teeth right before you go to bed in the evening.B. Have as few of your teeth pulled out as possible.C. Have your teeth X-rayed at regular intervals.D. Clean your teeth shortly after eating.Passage ThreeQuestions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.17. A. A visit to a prison.B. The influence of his father.C. A talk with some miserable slaves.D. His experience in the war between France and Austria.18. A. He sent surgeons to serve in the army.B. He provided soldiers with medical supplies.C. He recruited volunteers to care for the wounded.D. He helped to flee the prisoners of war.19. A. All men are created equal.B. The wounded and dying should be treated for free.C. A wounded soldier should surrender before he receives any medical treatment.D.A suffering person is entitled to help regardless of race, religion or political beliefs.20. A. To honor Swiss heroes who died in the war.B. To show Switzerland was neutral.C. To pay tribute to Switzerland.D. To show gratitude to the Swiss government for its financial support.Part II Vocabulary (10 minutes, 10 points)Directions: In this section, there are 30 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are fourchoices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence or replaces the underlined part. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.21. After the gunshot at Columbine in Colorado, the ________ suggested that many schools in theUnited States were full of drugs and weapons.A. pressB. mediumC. channelD. media22. Thanks to modern technology, these results could prove ________ in establishing thecriminal’s identity.A. decisiveB. exactC. destructiveD. definite23. We were most flattered to find that we had a wonderfully _________ audience for last night’sperformance.A. responsiveB. responsibleC. reflectedD. reactive24. The recent fraud scandal involved and discredited a number of the country’s most _______politicians.A. imminentB. superiorC. prominentD. inferior25. Some journalist had written a(n) ________ about him in which some of the facts were untrue.A. outlookB. profileC. appearanceD. performance26. According to the recent census, under-18s ________ nearly 95% of the single children inChinese families.A. composeB. instituteC. proposeD. constitute27. The professor found himself constantly _______ the question: “How could anyone do thesethings?”A. presidingB. poringC. ponderingD. presuming28. Weeks _______ before anyone was arrested in connection with the bank robbery.A. terminatedB. elapsedC. overlappedD. expired29. In order to prevent stress from being set up in the metal, expansion joints are fitted which_______ the stress by allowing the pipe to expand or contract freely.A. relieveB. reconcileC. reclaimD. rectify30. How much of your country’s electrical supply is _______ from water power?A. deducedB. detachedC. derivedD. declined31. She had recently left a job and had helped herself to copies of the company’s client data,which she intended to _______ in starting her own business.A. dwell onB. come uponC. base onD. draw upon32. His attempts to _______ the two friends failed because they had complete faith in each other.A. alienateB. abuseC. alleviateD. abandon33. As the old empires were broken up and new states were formed, new official tongues began to_____ at an increasing rate.A. bring upB. build upC. spring upD. strike up34. Many patients insist on having watches with them in hospital, _____ they have no schedules tokeep.A. even thoughB. forC. as ifD. since35. Grand Teton Aational Park embraces the most scenic portion of the glaciated, snow-coveredTeton Range.A. constitutesB. consistsC. preservesD. includes36. Malaria is an infectious parasitic disease that can be either acute or chronic and is frequently recurrent.A. recoveringB. recyclingC. reboundingD. revitalizing37. The only safe way of distinguishing between edible and poisonous mushrooms is to learn to identify the individual species.A. assureB. classifyC. confirmD. recognize38. When an aircraft travels at subsonic speeds the sounds that it generates extend in all directions.A. gives outB. gives awayC. gives offD. gives about39. Lovebirds are noted for their pretty colors and affectionate response to each other.A. fondB. benevolentC. intimateD. attached40. Our new boss is a real joy to work for. She is so appreciative of anything you do for her.A. indebted toB. appealing toC. grateful forD. obliged toPart III Reading Comprehension (45 minutes, 30 points)Directions:There are 6 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You must decide one the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage OneAmeri cans today don’t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education —— not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find. “Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch.“Schools could be a counterbalance.” Rav itch’s latest bo ok, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not knowa thing.”Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized — going to school and learning to read — so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistruste d. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”41. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?A. The habit of thinking independently.B. Profound knowledge of the world.C. Practical abilities for future career.D. The confidence in intellectual pursuits.42. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of ________.A. undervaluing intellectB. favoring intellectualismC. supporting school reformD. suppressing native intelligence43. The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are _________.A. identicalB. similarC. complementaryD. opposite44. Emerson, according to the text, is probablyA. a pioneer of education reform.B. an opponent of intellectualism.C. a scholar in favor of intellect.D. an advocate of regular schooling.45. What does the author think of intellect?A. It is second to intelligence.B. It evolves from common sense.C. It is to be pursued.D. It underlies power.Passage TwoSome houses are designed to be smart. Others have smart designs. An example of the second type of house won an Award of Excellence from the American Institute of Architects.Located on the shore of Sullivan's Island off the coast of South Carolina, the award-winning cube-shaped beach house was built to replace one smashed to pieces by Hurricane Hugo 10 years ago. In September 1989, Hugo struck South Carolina, killing 18 people and damaging or destroying 36,000 homes in the state.Before Hugo, many new houses built along South Carolina's shoreline were poorly constructed, and enforcement of building codes wasn't strict, according to architect Ray Huff, who created the cleverly-designed beach house. In Hugo's wake, all new shoreline houses are required to meet stricter, better-enforced codes. The new beach house on Sullivan's Island should be able to withstand a Category 3 hurricane with peak winds of 179 to 209 kilometers per hour.At first sight, the house on Sullivan's Island looks anything but hurricane-proof. Its redwood shell makes it resemble "a large party lantern" at night, according to one observer. But looks can be deceiving. The house's wooden frame is reinforced with long steel rods to give it extra strength.To further protect the house from hurricane damage, Huff raised it 2.7 meters off the ground on timber pilings -- long, slender columns of wood anchored deep in the sand. Pilings mightappear insecure, but they are strong enough to support the weight of the house. They also elevate the house above storm surges. The pilings allow the surges to run under the house instead of running into it. "These swells of water come ashore at tremendous speeds and cause most of the damage done to beach-front buildings," said Huff.Huff designed the timber pilings to be partially concealed by the house's ground-to-roof shell. "The shell masks the pilings so that the house doesn't look like it's standing with its pant legs pulled up," said Huff. In the event of a storm surge, the shell should break apart and let the waves rush under the house, the architect explained.46. After the tragedy caused by Hurricane Hugo, new houses built along South Carolina's shoreline are required________.A. to be easily reinforcedB. to look smarter in designC. to meet stricter building standardsD. to be designed in the shape of cubes47. The award-winning beach house is quite strong because________.A. it is strengthened by steel rodsB. it is made of redwoodC. it is in the shape of a shellD. it is built with timber and concrete48. Huff raised the house 2.7 meters off the ground on timber pilings in order to ________.A. withstand peak winds of about 200 km/hrB. anchor stronger pilings deep in the sandC. break huge sea waves into smaller onesD. prevent water from rushing into the house49. The main function of the shell is __________.A. to strengthen the pilings of the houseB. to give the house a better appearanceC. to protect the wooden frame of the houseD. to slow down the speed of the swelling water50. It can be inferred from the passage that the shell should be_________.A. fancy-lookingB. waterproofC. easily breakableD. extremely strongPassage ThreeEarly in the age of affluence that followed World War II, an American retailing analyst named Victor Lebow proclaimed, “Our enormously productive economy ... demands that we make consumption our way of life, that we convert the buying and use of goods into rituals, that we seek our spiritual satisfaction, our ego satisfaction, in consumption. ... We need things consumed, burned up, worn out, replaced and discarded at an ever increasing rate.”Americ ans have responded to Lebow’s call, and much of the world has followed.Consumption has become a central pillar of life in industrial lands and is even embedded in social values. Opinion surveys in the world’s two largest economies—Japan and the United States -- show consumerist definitions of success becoming ever more prevalent.Overconsumption by the world’s fortunate is an environmental problem unmatched in severity by anything but perhaps population growth. Their surging exploitation of resources threatens to exhaust or unalterably spoil forests, soils, water, air and climate.Ironically, high consumption may be a mixed blessing in human terms, too. The time-honored values of integrity of character, good work, friendship, family and community have often been sacrificed in the rush to riches.Thus many in the industrial lands have a sense that their world of plenty is somehow hollow—that, misled by a consumerist culture, they have been fruitlessly attempting to satisfy what are essentially social, psychological and spiritual needs with material things.Of course, the opposite of overconsumption —poverty—is no solution to either environmental or human problems. It is infinitely worse for people and bad for the natural world too. Dispossessed peasants slash-and-burn their way into the rain forests of Latin America, and hungry nomads turn their herds out onto fragile African grassland, reducing it to desert.If environmental destruction results when people have either too little or too much, we are left to wonder how much is enough. What level of consumption can the earth support? When does having more cease to add noticeably to human satisfaction?51. The emergence of the affluent society after World War II ________.A. gave birth to a new generation of upper class consumersB. gave rise to the dominance of the new egoismC. led to the reform of the retailing systemD. resulted in the worship of consumerism52. Apart from enormous productivity, another important impetus to high consumption is_______.A. the conversion of the sale of goods into ritualsB. the people’s desire for a rise in their living standardsC. the imbalance that has existed between production and consumptionD. the concept that one’s success is measured by how much they consu me53. Why does the author say high consumption is a mixed blessing?A. Because poverty still exists in an affluent society.B. Because moral values are sacrificed in pursuit of material satisfaction.C. Because overconsumption won’t last long due to un restricted population growth.D. Because traditional rituals are often neglected in the process of modernization.54. According to the passage, consumerist culture ________.A. cannot thrive on a fragile economyB. will not aggravate environmental problemsC. cannot satisfy human spiritual needsD. will not alleviate poverty in wealthy countries55. It can be inferred from the passage that _______.A. human spiritual needs should match material affluenceB. there is never an end to satisfying people’s material needsC. whether high consumption should be encouraged is still an issueD. how to keep consumption at a reasonable level remains a problemPassage FourWhen families gather for Christmas dinner, some will stick to formal traditions dating back to Grandma's generation. Their tables will be set with the good dishes and silver, and the dress code will be Sunday-best.But in many other homes, this china-and-silver elegance has given way to a stoneware-and-stainless informality, with dresses assuming an equally casual-Friday look. For hosts and guests, the change means greater simplicity and comfort. For makers of fine china inBritain, it spells economic hard times.Last week Royal Doulton, the largest employer in Stoke-on-Trent, announced that it is eliminating 1,000 jobs -- one-fifth of its total workforce. That brings to more than 4,000 the number of positions lost in 18 months in the pottery region. Wedgwood and other pottery factories made cuts earlier.Although a strong pound and weak markets in Asia play a role in the downsizing, the layoffs in Stoke have their roots in earthshaking social shifts. A spokesman for Royal Doulton admitted that the company "has been somewhat slow in catching up with the trend" toward casual dining. Families eat together less often, he explained, and more people eat alone, either because they are single or they eat in front of television; even dinner parties, if they happen at all, have gone casual. In a time of long work hours and demanding family schedules, busy hosts insist, rightly, that it's better to share a takeout pizza on paper plates in the family room than to wait for the perfect moment or a "real" dinner party. Too often, the perfect moment never comes. Iron a fine-patterned tablecloth? Forget it. Polish the silver? Who has time?Yet the loss of formality has its down side. The fine points of etiquette that children might once have learned at the table by observation or instruction from parents and grandparents ("Chew with your mouth closed." "Keep your elbows off the table.") must be picked up elsewhere. Some companies now offer etiquette seminars for employees who may be competent professionally but clueless socially.56. The trend toward casual dining has resulted in_____.A. bankruptcy of fine china manufacturersB. shrinking of the pottery industryC. restructuring of large enterprisesD. economic recession in Great Britain57. Which of the following may be the best reason for casual dining?A. Family members need more time to relax.B. Busy schedules leave people no time for formality.C. People want to practice economy in times of scarcity.D. Young people won't follow the etiquette of the older generation.58. It can be learned from the passage that Royal Doulton is_____.A. a retailer of stainless steel tablewareB. a dealer in stonewareC. a pottery chain storeD. a producer of fine china59. The main cause of the layoffs in the pottery industry is_____.A. the increased value of the poundB. the economic recession in AsiaC. the change in people's way of lifeD. the fierce competition at home and abroad60. Refined table manners, though less popular than before in current social life_____.A. are still a must on certain occasionsB. are bound to return sooner or laterC. are still being taught by parents at homeD. can help improve personal relationshipsPassage FiveRichard Satava, program manager for advanced medical technologies, has been a driving force in bringing virtual reality to medicine, where computers create a "virtual" or simulated environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners."With virtual reality we'll be able to put a surgeon in every trench," said Satava. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers.The computers would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U.S. The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier.Although Satava's vision may be years away from standard operating procedure, scientists are progressing toward virtual reality surgery. Engineers at an international organization in California are developing a tele-operating device. As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery, they move instruments that are connected to a computer, which passes their movements to robotic instruments that perform the surgery. The computer provides, feedback to the surgeon on force, textures, and sound.These technological wonders may not yet be part of the community hospital setting but increasingly some of the machinery is finding its way into civilian medicine. At Wayne State University Medical School, surgeon Lucia Zamorano takes images of the brain from computerized scans and uses a computer program to produce a 3-D image. She can then maneuver the 3-D image on the computer screen to map the shortest, least invasive surgical path to the rumor. Zamorano is also using technology that attaches a probe to surgical instruments so that she can track their positions. While cutting away a tumor deep in the brain, she watches the movement of her surgical tools in a computer graphics image of the patient's brain taken before surgery.During these procedures -- operations that are done through small cuts in the body in which a miniature camera and surgical tools are maneuvered -- surgeons are wearing 3-D glasses for a better view. And they are commanding robot surgeons to cut away tissue more accurately than human surgeons can. Satava says, "We are in the midst of a fundamental change in the field of medicine."61. According to Richard Satava, the application of virtual reality to medicine _______.A. will enable surgeons to be physically present on every battlefieldB. can raise the spirits of soldiers wounded on the battlefieldC. will greatly improve medical conditions on the battlefieldD. can shorten the time for operations on soldiers wounded on the battlefield62. Richard Satava has visions of_______A. using a remote-control technique to treat wounded soldiers fighting overseasB. wounded soldiers being saved by doctors wearing virtual reality helmets on the battlefieldC. wounded soldiers being operated on by specially trained surgeonsD. setting up mobile surgical units overseas63. How is virtual reality surgery performed?A. It is performed by a computer-designed high precision device.B. Surgeons wear virtual reality helmets to receive feedback provided by a computer.C. Surgeons move robotic instruments by means of a computer linked to them.D. A 3-D image records the movements of the surgeons during the operation.64. During virtual reality operations, the surgeon can have a better view of the cuts in the body because _____.A. he is looking at the cuts on a computer screenB. the cuts can be examined from different anglesC. the cuts have been highly magnifiedD. he is wearing 3-D glasses。
北京化工大学考博英语模拟试题及其解析
北京化工大学考博英语模拟试题及其解析Directions:There are four passages in this section.Each passageis followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each ofthem there are four choices marked A,B,C,and D.You should decideon the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on ANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Last weekend Kyle MacDonald in Montreal threw a party to celebratethe fact that he got his new home in exchange for a red paper clip.Starting a year ago,MacDonald bartered the clip for increasinglyvaluable stuff,including a camp stove and free rent in a Phoenix flat.Having announced his aim(the house)in advance,MacDonald likely gota boost from techies eager to see the Internet pass this daring testof its networking power.“My whole motto(座右铭)was‘Start small,think big,and have fun’,”says MacDonald,26,“I really kept myeffort on the creative side rather than the business side.”Geng duoyuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xiquan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.Yet as odd as the MacDonald exchange was,barter is now bigbusiness on the Net.This year more than400,000companies worldwidewill exchange some$10billion worth of goods and services on a growingnumber of barter sites.These Web sites allow companies to tradeproducts for a virtual currency,which they can use to buy goods fromother members.In Iceland,garment-maker Kapusalan sells a third of its output on the booming Vidskiptanetid exchange,earning virtual money that it uses to buy machinery and pay part of employee salaries. The Troc-services exchange in France offers more than4,600services, from math lessons to ironing。
中国化工大学考博英语真题常见疑难句解析
中国化工大学考博英语真题常见疑难句解析1.Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths，where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated，to pass through，they absorb some of the longer-wavelength，infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface，radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space.(4)虽然这些分子允许可见波长(visible wavelength)的辐射——阳光的绝大部分能量就汇集于此——不受阻挡地穿透，但它们却会吸收某些较长波长(longer-wavelength)，亦即从地球表面辐射出的红外发射(infrared emission)，这种辐射若不是二氧化碳的缘故就会被重新输送回太空。
需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。
难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词解释：前面的分句中有一个不算很长的插入语，但是因为它插入的位置正好在固定搭配allow something to do somthing中间，将allow和to分得很远，所以读起来让人感觉很不舒服。
后面的分句中的最后一行radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space是其前面的infrared emissions的同位语。
其中的otherwise是副词作状语，表示如果后面的分句所说的they absorb some of the longer-waverlength,infrared emissions不发生时的后果。
北京化工大学考博英语必备翻译知识点及其例句
北京化工大学考博英语必备翻译知识点及其例句01.The spy is shy of taking shelter on the shelf of the shell-like shed.间谍怕在壳子一样的棚里的架子上栖身。
02.The optional helicopter is adopted to help the optimistic helpless in the hell.可选用的直升飞机被用来帮助地狱里那些乐观的无助者.03.The cell seller seldom sees the bell belt melt.小单间的卖主很少见到铃铛带子融化。
04.The costly post was postponed because of the frost.那件昂贵的邮件由于霜的缘故而延搁。
05.Srain brain on the train is restrained.在列车上过度用脑受到约束.需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。
06.The gained grain drained away with the rain,all the pains were in vain again.收获的谷物随雨水流失了,所有辛劳又白费.07.Cousin saw a group of couples in cloaks soak their souls in the soapy soup.表哥看见一群穿着斗篷的夫妇在肥皂汤里浸泡灵魂.08.The wounded founder bought a pound of compound.受伤的奠基人买了一磅化合物.09.It's easy and feasible to control the disease aftercease-fire.停火之后控制这种病很容易也可行。
考博英语阅读理解及答案解析
Passage 1The physical distribution of products has two primary aspects: transportation and storage. Both aspects are highly developed and specialized phases of marketing. The costs of both trans-porting and storing are built into the prices of products. Transportation can be by truck, rail-way, ship, or barge. For some items, such as exotic plants and flowers, or when rapid delivery is essential, air freight may be used.Storage, or warehousing, is a necessary function because production and consumption of goods rarely match: items generally are not sold as quickly as they are made. Inventories build up, both in warehouses and at retail establishments, before the foods are sold. The transporta-tion function is involved in bringing goods to a warehouse and taking them from it to retail stores.Storage performs the service of stabilizing market price. If, for example, no agricultural product could be stored, all food would have to be put on the market immediately. This would, of course, create a glut and lower prices drastically. There would be an immediate benefit to consumers, but in the long run they would suffer. Farmers, because of low prices, would be forced off the land, and the amount of food produced would decrease. This, in turn, would raise consumer prices.Warehouses for storage are of several types. Private warehouses are owned by manufactur-ers. Public warehouses, in spite of their name, are privately owned facilities, but they are in-dependent of manufacturer ownership. General-merchandise warehouses store a great variety of products. Cold-storage warehouses store perishable goods, especially food products. Grain ele-vators are a kind of warehouse used to keep wheat and other grains from spoiling. A bonded warehouse is one that stores foods, frequently imported, on which taxes must be paid before they are sold. Cigarettes and alcoholic beverages are common examples.The distribution center is a more recently developed kind of warehouse. Many large com- panics have several manufacturing plants, sometimes located outside the country. Each plant does not make every company product but specializes in one or more of them. The distribution center allows a manufacturer to bring together all product lines in one place. Its purpose is to minimize storage and to ease the flow of goods from manufacturers to retailers rather than build up extensive inventories. It reduces costs by speeding up product turnover. Very large corporations will have several distribution centers regionally or internationally based1. The main subject of this passage is______.A) transportation and storage B) storage of productsC) distribution center D) two main aspects of product distribution2. Warehousing is important in that _A) inventories build up before the goods are soldB) the prices will go downC) more goods are produced than can be consumedD) the food has to be put on the market immediately3. How many types of warehouses for storage are discussed in the passage?A) 3. B) 4. C) 6. D) 7.4. Where might one find meat and milk?A) Grain elevator. B) Cold-storage warehouse.C) Private warehouse. D) Bonded warehouse.5. What is NOT true of a distribution center?A) It is a relatively new type of warehouse.B) Product is replaced more quickly and costs are down.C) Some distribution centers are not built in the sane country as the factoryD) It builds up extensive inventories to minimize storage.Passage 2How much pain do animals feel? This is a question which has caused endless controversy. Opponents of big game shooting, for example, arouse our pity by describing tile agonies of a badly-wounded beast that has crawled into a comer to die. In countries where the fox, the hare and the deer are hunted, animal-lovers paint harrowing pictures of the pursued animal suffering not only the physical distress of the chase but the mental anguish of anticipated death.The usual answer to these criticisms is that animals do not suffer in the same way, or to the same extent, as we de. Man was created with a delicate nervous system and has never lost his acute sensitiveness to pain; animals, on the other hand, had less sensitive systems to begin with and in the course of millions of years, have developed a capacity of ignoring injuries and disorders which human beings would find intolerable. For example, a dog will continue to play with a ball even after a serious injury to his foot; he may be unable to run without limping, but he will go on trying long after a human child would have had to stop because of the pain. We are told, moreover, that even when animals appear to us to be suffering acutely, this is not so; what seems to us to be agonized contortions caused by pain are in fact no more than muscular contractions over which they have no control.These arguments are unsatisfactory because something about which we know a great deal is being compared with something we can only conjecture. We know what we feel; we have no means of knowing what animals feet. Some creatures with a less delicate nervous system than ours may be incapable of feeling pain to the same extent as we do: that as far as we are entitled to do, the most humane attitude, surely, is to assume that no animals are entirely exempt from physical pain and that we ought, therefore, wherever possible, to avoid causing suffering even to the least of them.6. Animal-lovers assume that animals, being hunted, would suffer from ____.A) a great deal of agony both in body and in spiritB) mental distress once they are woundedC) only body pains without feeling sadD) crawling into the comer to die7. Supporters of game shooting may argue that animals ______.A) cannot control their muscular contractionsB) have developed a capacity of feeling no painC) are not as acutely sensitive as human beings to injuriesD) can endure all kinds of disorders8. The author feels sure that _____.A) animals don't show suffering to usB) dogs are more endurable than human childrenC) we cannot know what animals feelD) comparing animals with human beings is not appropriate9. What is the author's opinion about animal hunting?A) We should feel the same as the hunted animals do.B) We should protect and save all the animals.C) We shouldn't cause suffering to them.D) We should take care of them if we can.10. This passage seems to ____.A) argue for something B) explain somethingC) tell a story D) describe an objectPassage 3In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A the-ory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced. A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion.A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed. After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experi-merits to test the theory. If observations confirm the scientists' predictions, the theory is sup-ported. If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further. There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected.Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments. Facts by themselves are not science. As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said: "Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house."Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination. Possible solutions to the problem areformulated. These possible solutions are called hypotheses.In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends the scientist's thinking beyond the known facts. The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes ob-servations to test hypotheses. For without hypotheses, further investigation lacks purpose and direction. When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories.11. The word "this" in the 3rd sentence in paragraph 1 refers to ______.A) a good example B) an imaginary modelC) the kinetic molecular theory D) an observed event12. Bricks are mentioned in the 3rd paragraph to indicate how ____.A) mathematicians approach scienceB) building a house is like performing experimentsC) science is more than a collection of factsD) scientific experiments have led to improved technology13. In the last paragraph, the author refers to a hypothesis as "a leap into the unknown" in or- der to show that hypotheses ______.A) are sometimes ill-conceived B) can lead to dangerous resultsC) go beyond available facts D) require effort to formulate14. What is a major function of hypotheses as implied in the last paragraph7A) Sifting through known facts.B) Communicating a scientist's thoughts to others.C) Providing direction for scientific research.D) Linking together different theories.15. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?A) Theories are simply imaginary models of past events.B) It is better to revise a hypothesis than to reject it.C) A scientist's most difficult task is testing hypotheses.D) A good scientist needs to be creative.文章大意：这篇文章从定义、作用及产生过程几方面阐述了科学理论。
北京大学博士英语试题及答案
北京大学博士英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分）阅读下列短文，然后回答1-5题。
The rise of digital technology has transformed the way welive and work. It has also changed the way we communicate. In the past, people mainly relied on face-to-face communicationor letters to convey messages. However, with the advent ofthe internet and smartphones, instant messaging and social media have become the primary means of communication for many.1. What is the main topic of the passage? (4分)A. The impact of digital technology on communication.B. The history of communication methods.C. The importance of face-to-face communication.D. The disadvantages of social media.2. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a communication method mentioned? (4分)A. Face-to-face communication.B. Letters.C. Instant messaging.D. Radio broadcasts.3. What does the passage imply about the future of communication? (4分)A. It will become more personal.B. It will rely more on digital technology.C. It will return to traditional methods.D. It will become less frequent.4. What is the purpose of the passage? (4分)A. To inform readers about new communication technologies.B. To persuade readers to use traditional communication methods.C. To describe the history of communication methods.D. To analyze the effects of digital technology on communication.5. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? (4分)A. The passage argues that digital technology has had a negative impact on communication.B. The passage suggests that digital technology has made communication more efficient.C. The passage states that people no longer use face-to-face communication.D. The passage claims that the internet and smartphones have replaced all other communication methods.二、词汇与语法（共30分）Choose the correct answer to complete the sentence. Write the letter of the correct answer in the blank.6. The company has decided to ________ its employees with the latest technology.A. equipB. qualifyC. supplyD. provide7. Despite the heavy rain, they ________ the mountain successfully.A. climbedB. ascendedC. roseD. lifted8. The new policy will ________ a significant impact on the economy.A. haveB. takeC. makeD. get9. She is ________ to be the best candidate for the job.A. likelyB. probableC. possibleD. potential10. The book is ________ interesting that I can hardly put it down.A. soB. veryC. tooD. quite三、翻译（共20分）Translate the following sentence into English.11. 随着人工智能的发展，许多传统行业正在经历转型。
考博英语-507_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
考博英语-507(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)Ⅰ.Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: There are 3 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.Question 1-5 are based on the following passages.The main idea of these business--school academics is appealing. In a word **panies must adapt to new technologies and source of competition, it is much harder than it used to be to offer good employees job security and an opportunity to climb the corporate ladder. Yet it is also more necessary than ever for employees to invest in better skills and sparkle with bright ideas. How can firms get the most out of people if they can no longer offer them protection and promotion?Many bosses would love to have an answer. Sumantrra Ghoshal of the London Business School and Christopher Bartlett of the Harvard Business School think they have one: "Employability." If managers offer the right kinds of training and guidance, and change their attitude towards their underlings, they will be able to reassure their employees that they will always have the skills and experience to find a good job--even if it is with a **pany.Unfortunately, they promise more than they deliver. Their thoughts on what an ideal organization should accomplish are hard to quarrel with: encourage people to be creative, make sure the gains from creativity are shared with the pains of the business that can make the most of them, keep the organization from getting stale and so forth. The real **es when they attempt to show how firms might actually create such an environment. At its nub is the notion**panies can attain their elusive goals by changing their implicit contract with individual workers, and treating them as a source of value rather than a cog in a machine.The authors offer a few inspiring example of companies--they include Motorola, 3M and ABB--that have managed to go some way towards creating such organizations. But they offer little useful guidance on how to go about it, and leave the biggest questions unanswered. How do you continuously train people, without diverting them from their everyday job of making the business more profitable? How do you train people to be successful elsewhere while still encouraging them to make **mitments to your own firm? How do you getyour newly liberated employees to spend their time on ideas that create value, and not simply on those they enjoy? Most of their answers are platitudinous, and when they are not they are unconvincing.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.We can infer from the passage that in the past an employee ______.A had job security and opportunity of promotionB had to compete with each other to keep his jobC had to undergo training all the timeD had no difficulty climbing the corporate ladder该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:A[解析] 从第1段的句子可以看出，过去一个好的职员很容易获得事业保险(job security)和晋升的机会(opportunity to climb the corporate ladder)。
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北京化工大学考博英语真题及其精解
1.From now on,when anyone in our ranks who has done some useful work dies,soldier or cook,we should have a funeral ceremony and a memorial meeting in his honor.
A.no matter he is
B.whether he has been
C.be he
D.whether be he
2.In1921Einstein won the Nobel Prize,and was honored in Germany until the rise of Nazism he was driven from Germany because he was a Jew.
A.then
B.and
C.when
D.before
3.Physics is the present-day equivalent of used to be called natural philosophy from which most of present-day science arose.
A.that
B.all
C.which
D.what
4.the population of working age increased by1million between 1981and1986,today it is barely growing.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.
A.Whereas
B.Even if
C.After
D.Now that
5.His features were agreeable;his body,slight of build,had something of athletic outline.
A.somehow
B.as
C.though
D.somewhat
1.C此句含有让步状语从句whether…or…“不管是……还是……”，采用倒装后省略连词，用原形动词，所以只能选C。
2.Cwhen引导时间从句：“纳粹上台的时候,他被赶出德国……”then 不是连词,用在句中不符合句法要求;如果选B,应为and then;before 填入句中句意不通。
3.D句中要求一个能够引导of介词宾语从句的连接词,所以只有what 具有这个功能。
4.A前后两个句子是对比关系:increased和barely growing,而even if表示让步“即使”;after表示时间;now that表示原因,故只有whereas 正确。
5.Cthough表示让步,意为“虽然”，全句的意思是:“他的长相挺好,身体虽然瘦小,但有点儿运动员的样子。
”somehow“不知怎么”、“不知什么原因”。
as可以引导让步从句,但句子结构要倒装,不用于省略句,因此在此处不合适。
somewhat“有几分”、“有点儿”,没有让步意味。
6.By the first decade of the21st century,international commercial traffic vastly beyond today’s levels.
A.will be expected to extend
B.will have been expected to extend
C.is expected to be extended
D.is expected to have extended
7.We advocate the economic,cultural and religious traditions of all national minorities.
A.to respect
B.to be respected
C.respecting
D.having respected
8.There are two horses at the ends of a rope with all their might in opposite directions.
A.pulling
B.pull
C.pulled
D.to pull
9.Today the Tennessee Valley is one of the richest areas in the
world.But if things as they were it would now be a desert.
A.had left
B.were left
C.had been left
D.had been leaving
10.After twenty years abroad,William came back only how his hometown was damaged in an earthquake.
A.to find out
B.finding out
C.to have found out
D.to be finding out
6.D句子讲的是“人们期待到21世纪前10年时,国际性商业航空交通远远超过当今水平”,人们现在就期待,而不是将来期待,所以A、B是错误的;另外,表示到将来某一时刻为止已经完成的动作或出现的状态,应
用将来完成时,按句意,是指extend这一动作的完成,所以应该在不定式上体现出来。
根据上述分析,选D符合句意要求。
7.C动词advocate后接动名词而不接不定式做宾语。
D虽然是动名词,但用其完成式在语义上讲不通。
8.Apulling是现在分词在句中做horses的定语,相当于which pull。
9.Chad been left表示与过去事实相反的假设“如果情况还像以前那样”。
10.A不定式to find out做结果状语,有意想不到的含义。
不定式表示结果时,用其一般式即可。
本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。