Energy Generation

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电是如何产生的英语作文

电是如何产生的英语作文Electricity is a fundamental form of energy that has transformed the way we live and work. It is a ubiquitous force that powers our homes, businesses, and industries, enabling us to enjoy a higher quality of life and a more connected world. The process of how electricity is generated is a fascinating and complex one, involving the conversion of various energy sources into a usable form of electrical energy.At the heart of electricity generation is the concept of electromagnetic induction, which was discovered by the English physicist Michael Faraday in the 19th century. Electromagnetic induction is the process by which a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in a conductive material, such as a wire. This EMF, in turn, can be used to drive the flow of electric current, which is the basis for electricity generation.There are several methods by which electricity can be produced, each relying on the principles of electromagnetic induction. The most common and widely used method is the process of thermoelectric generation, which involves the conversion of heat energy into electrical energy.In a thermoelectric power plant, a fuel source, such as coal, natural gas, or nuclear energy, is used to heat water, which then turns into steam. This steam is then used to spin a turbine, which is connected to an electrical generator. As the turbine spins, it generates a changing magnetic field, which in turn induces an EMF in the generator's coils, resulting in the production of electrical current.Another method of electricity generation is hydroelectric power, which utilizes the kinetic energy of flowing water to turn turbines and generate electricity. In a hydroelectric power plant, water is stored in a reservoir behind a dam, and as the water flows through the dam, it turns the turbines, which are connected to electrical generators.Solar power is another renewable source of electricity generation, which relies on the conversion of sunlight into electrical energy. This process is known as the photovoltaic effect, where solar panels absorb sunlight and convert the energy into direct current (DC) electricity. The DC electricity is then converted into alternating current (AC) electricity, which can be used to power our homes and businesses.Wind power is another renewable source of electricity generation, where wind turbines use the kinetic energy of the wind to spin generators and produce electricity. As the wind blows, it turns theblades of the turbine, which in turn spins the generator, producing electrical current.In addition to these more well-known methods of electricity generation, there are also other emerging technologies, such as geothermal power, which uses the heat from the earth's interior to generate steam and turn turbines, and tidal power, which utilizes the energy of ocean tides to generate electricity.Regardless of the method used, the fundamental principle of electricity generation remains the same: the conversion of one form of energy, such as heat, kinetic, or solar energy, into electrical energy through the process of electromagnetic induction. This process is a testament to the ingenuity and scientific understanding of humanity, as we continue to harness the power of the natural world to improve our lives and create a more sustainable future.。

风资源评估流程及方法

风资源评估流程及方法Wind resource assessment is the process of determining the potential for wind energy generation at a specific location. 风资源评估是确定特定地点风能发电潜力的过程。

This involves collecting and analyzing data on wind speed, direction, and turbulence, as well as the characteristics of the local terrain. 这涉及收集和分析风速、风向和湍流数据，以及当地地形的特征。

The goal is to determine the likely energy output of a wind turbine at the site, and to assess the feasibility of a wind energy project. 目标是确定风力发电机在该地点的预计能量输出，并评估风能项目的可行性。

The first step in the wind resource assessment process is to collect wind data. 风资源评估过程中的第一步是收集风力数据。

This can be done using meteorological towers equipped with anemometers and other sensors, or by analyzing existing wind data from nearby sources. 这可以通过使用装有风速计和其他传感器的气象塔来完成，也可以通过分析附近来源的现有风数据来完成。

The data collected typically includes information on wind speed and direction at various heights above the ground, as well as other meteorological parameters. 收集的数据通常包括地面上方各个高度处的风速和风向信息，以及其他气象参数。

generation表示产生的用法及短语

generation表示产生的用法及短语摘要：I.引言- 介绍generation 的基本含义II.generation 表示产生的用法- 详述generation 在表示“产生”这一含义时的各种搭配和用法- 举例说明III.generation 相关短语- 介绍与generation 相关的常用短语- 举例说明IV.总结- 概括本文内容正文：I.引言Generation 是一个多义词，它既可以表示一代人，也可以表示产生、生成。

在本文中，我们将重点关注generation 表示产生的用法及相关的短语。

II.generation 表示产生的用法Generation 在表示“产生”这一含义时，可以与许多词搭配，形成各种不同的表达方式。

以下是一些常见的搭配和用法：1.be generated by：由...产生- 例如：This idea was generated by my experience.（这个想法是由我的经验产生的。

）2.generate：产生，生成- 例如：The machine generates electricity.（这台机器产生电力。

）3.generation of：一代...- 例如：He is a generation of talented musicians.（他是一代才华横溢的音乐家。

）4.generate A from B：从B 生成A- 例如：This chemical reaction generates heat from energy.（这个化学反应从能量中产生热量。

）III.generation 相关短语与generation 相关的常用短语有很多，这里我们列举一些常见的：1.power generation：发电- 例如：The power plant is the main source of power generation in our city.（发电厂是我们城市的主要电力来源。

关于风能的英文文章

关于风能的英文文章1.Wind energy is a clean and renewable source of energy derived from solar radiation and temperature differences between the surface of the Earth and the atmosphere. It is abundant in many parts of the world, particularly in open areas both on land and at sea. With technological advancements and increased demand for renewable energy sources, wind energy has become an important source of electricity.Wind energy generation converts wind energy into electricity. Wind farms typically consist of a series of large wind turbines, known as turbines or windmills. When the wind blows through these turbines, they rotate and drive generators to produce electricity.Wind energy generation has many advantages. Firstly, it is renewable, meaning it does not deplete natural resources. Secondly, wind energy generation does not emit greenhouse gases and other harmful substances, making it environmentally friendly. In addition, wind energy generation can reduce dependence on fossil fuels, thereby reducing dependence on imported energy and enhancing energy security.However, there are also some challenges and limitations to wind energy generation. Firstly, wind speed is unstable, so the power output of a wind farm is also unstable. In addition, the construction and maintenance of wind farms require significant capital investment and expertise. Furthermore, some people argue that wind energy generation may pose a threat to birds and other animals.Despite these challenges, with ongoing technological advancements and increased demand for renewable energy sources, the role of wind energy generation in global energy supply is becoming increasingly important. In the future, with the development of more efficient and reliable wind energy technologies and advanced grid technologies, the prospects for wind energy generation will become even more optimistic.风能是一种清洁、可再生的能源，它来源于太阳辐射和地球表面的温差。

雅思作文法国发电能源

雅思作文法国发电能源Title: France's Energy Generation Landscape: A Focus on Power Sources.The Republic of France has long been at the forefront of global efforts towards sustainable energy production and diversification. Known for its ambitious clean energy targets, France stands as a significant player in the realm of electricity generation, particularly when it comes to harnessing the power of nuclear and renewable sources.France's electricity sector is characterized by a unique mix of energy sources. Nuclear power plays a pivotal role, accounting for a substantial portion of the country's total electricity production. This stems from a strategic decision made decades ago that resulted in the construction of numerous nuclear reactors across the country, making France one of the largest producers of nuclear energy worldwide.However, in recent years, there has also been a strong push towards renewable energy sources, especially solar and wind power. France, blessed with ample sunshine in its southern regions and consistentcoastal winds, has seen considerable growth in solar photovoltaic installations and wind farms. The government's commitment to reducing carbon emissions and transitioning away from fossil fuels has led to increased investments in these sectors, turning France into a solar power giant as well.In addition to this, hydroelectric power remains an essential contributor to the French energy grid due to the nation's numerous rivers and dams. Biomass and geothermal energy also play a part in France's diversified energy portfolio.标题：法国电力生产概览-聚焦能源来源。

可再生能源英语

可再生能源英语随着人类对能源需求的不断增长，传统化石能源已经无法满足人类的需求，同时也带来了环境污染和气候变化等问题。

为了解决这些问题，人们开始转向可再生能源，这是一种能够不断更新和永久存在的能源，例如太阳能、风能、水能、生物能等。

可再生能源英语是指与可再生能源相关的英语词汇和表达方式，下面我们将详细介绍一些与可再生能源相关的英语词汇和表达方式。

一、太阳能太阳能是一种可再生能源，是指利用太阳辐射能转换成电能或热能的能源。

下面是一些与太阳能相关的英语词汇和表达方式。

1. Solar energy 太阳能2. Solar panel 太阳能板3. Photovoltaic cell 光伏电池4. Solar power 太阳能电力5. Solar heating 太阳能供暖6. Solar water heater 太阳能热水器7. Solar radiation 太阳辐射8. Solar panel installation 太阳能板安装9. Solar energy system 太阳能系统10. Solar energy conversion 太阳能转换二、风能风能是一种可再生能源，是指利用风力转换成机械能或电能的能源。

下面是一些与风能相关的英语词汇和表达方式。

1. Wind energy 风能2. Wind turbine 风力涡轮机3. Wind farm 风电场4. Wind power 风力发电5. Wind speed 风速6. Wind direction 风向7. Wind energy conversion 风能转换8. Wind energy system 风能系统9. Wind energy generation 风能发电10. Wind energy installation 风能设备安装三、水能水能是一种可再生能源，是指利用水流或水位高差转换成机械能或电能的能源。

下面是一些与水能相关的英语词汇和表达方式。

八下英语仁爱u5t1的重点单词

八下英语仁爱u5t1的重点单词Unit 5 Topic 1 的重点单词如下：1. pollution (n.) - 污染Pollution refers to the presence of harmful or toxic substances in the environment, especially in the air, water, or soil. Industrial activities and the burning of fossil fuels are major sources of pollution.2. environment (n.) - 环境Environment refers to the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives. It includes both natural and artificial elements, such as the air, water, land, buildings, and other living organisms.3. global (adj.) - 全球的Global means worldwide or relating to the entire Earth. It is often used to describe issues or problems that affect everyone on the planet, regardless of their location or nationality.4. solve (v.) - 解决Solve means to find a solution or answer to a problem. When faced with a challenge or difficulty, people try to solve it by coming up with ideas or strategies to overcome it.5. solution (n.) - 解决方案Solution refers to an answer or method to solve a problem. It usually involves a series of steps or actions that can lead to the desired outcome or resolution of the issue.6. recycle (v.) - 回收利用Recycle means to convert waste materials into reusable items. Recycling helps to reduce the amount of waste produced and preserves natural resources by using them more efficiently.7. waste (n.) - 废物Waste refers to any unwanted or unusable materials, substances, or products. It includes things like garbage, trash, or byproducts of manufacturing processes.8. reduce (v.) - 减少Reduce means to make something smaller or less in size, amount, orintensity. It is often used in the context of environmental conservation to encourage people to decrease their consumption or waste.9. reuse (v.) - 再使用Reuse means to use an item or object again, either for its original purpose or in a different way. By reusing items, people can extend their lifespan and minimize the need for new production.10. resource (n.) - 资源Resource refers to any material or asset that can be used to fulfill a need or achieve a goal. It can include natural resources like water, oil, or minerals, as well as human resources such as skills or knowledge.11. source (n.) - 来源Source refers to the origin or point of supply of something. It is often used to describe where something comes from or where it can be obtained.12. energy (n.) - 能源Energy is the ability or capacity to do work. It can be in various forms, such as thermal, electrical, or mechanical energy, and is vital for powering machines, vehicles, and other devices.13. generation (n.) - 一代人Generation refers to a group of individuals born and living at the same time. It can also refer to the act or process of producing or creating something.14. renewable (adj.) - 可再生的Renewable means capable of being replenished or replaced naturally within a relatively short period of time. Renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind power, can be used without depleting the Earth's limited resources.15. fossil fuel (n.) - 化石燃料Fossil fuel refers to any hydrocarbon deposit, such as coal, oil, or natural gas, formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals. Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources and contribute to pollution and climate change when burned.16. solar (adj.) - 太阳的Solar means relating to or derived from the sun. Solar energy isobtained from sunlight and can be converted into usable electricity or heat through various technologies.17. wind (n.) - 风Wind refers to the natural movement of air, especially a current ofair blowing from a particular direction. Wind energy is harnessed by wind turbines to generate electricity.18. hydroelectric (adj.) - 水力发电的Hydroelectric means generating electricity through the use of flowing or falling water. Hydroelectric power plants convert the kinetic energy of water into electrical energy.19. biofuel (n.) - 生物燃料Biofuel refers to a renewable fuel derived from recently living biological materials, such as plants or animal waste. It can be used as an alternative to fossil fuels in vehicles or for heating.20. nuclear (adj.) - 核能的Nuclear means relating to or using atomic energy. Nuclear power plants generate electricity by harnessing the energy released from nuclear reactions, such as the splitting of atoms.21. carbon (n.) - 碳Carbon is a chemical element that is present in all living organisms and many minerals. It is also a major component of fossil fuels, and the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere is a significant contributor to climate change.22. dioxide (n.) - 二氧化物Dioxide is a chemical compound that contains two oxygen atoms and one other atom. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a common dioxide and a byproduct of burning fossil fuels.23. footprint (n.) - 碳足迹Carbon footprint is a measure of the impact of human activities on the environment, particularly the amount of greenhouse gases produced, especially carbon dioxide, as a result of consuming resources and energy.24. emission (n.) - 排放Emission refers to the release of gas, particles, or radiation into the atmosphere. Carbon emissions, for example, are a major concern due totheir role in global warming.25. alternative (adj.) - 可替代的Alternative means available as a substitute for something else. In the context of energy and resources, alternatives are often sought to reduce reliance on non-renewable or environmentally harmful options.26. sustainable (adj.) - 可持续的Sustainable means able to be maintained or kept going over a long period of time. Sustainable practices aim to protect the environment, economy, and social well-being without depleting resources.27. conservation (n.) - 保护Conservation is the act of protecting and preserving natural resources and habitats. It involves managing resources in a way that they can be used sustainably while maintaining their natural integrity.28. efficiency (n.) - 效率Efficiency is the ability to do something without wasting materials, time, or energy. Improving efficiency is crucial for reducing waste and minimizing the environmental impact of various activities.29. green (adj.) - 绿色的Green can refer to anything related to environmental conservation and sustainability. "Going green" means adopting practices that are friendly to the environment, such as using renewable energy or reducing waste.30. climate (n.) - 气候Climate is the usual kind of weather in a particular place or region. Climate change refers to long-term shifts in weather patterns and is often associated with human activities that emit greenhouse gases.31. change (n./v.) - 变化Change refers to the act or instance of making or becoming different. Climate change is one of the most pressing global issues, requiringsignificant changes in human behavior and energy use.32. action (n.) - 行动Action refers to a thing done or a process that is taking place. Taking action on climate change involves implementing policies and practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to a changing environment.33. responsibility (n.) - 责任Responsibility is the state or fact of having a duty to deal with something or of having control over someone. Individuals, communities, and governments all have a responsibility to protect the environment and address climate change.34. challenge (n.) - 挑战Challenge is a call to take part in a contest or competition, often involving problems to be solved. Addressing climate change and environmental pollution presents significant challenges that require innovative solutions.35. future (n.) - 未来Future refers to the time that will come after the present time. Ensuring a sustainable future involves making decisions and taking actions now that will have a positive impact on the environment and future generations.这些是 Unit 5 Topic 1中的重点单词，掌握它们将有助于理解和学习有关环境和能源的话题。

新能源英文简介范文

新能源英文简介范文New Energy: The Future of Sustainable Development.As the world faces increasing challenges related to climate change and environmental degradation, the need for renewable and sustainable energy sources has become paramount. New energy, also known as renewable energy, refers to a range of resources that are continuously replenished by natural processes and have the potential to meet the world's energy needs without causing harmful emissions or exhausting natural resources.Types of New Energy.1. Solar Energy: Solar energy harnesses the power of the sun's radiation. Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight into electricity, while solar thermal systems capture the sun's heat for use in heating, cooling, and other applications.2. Wind Energy: Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of the wind into electricity. With advances in turbine design and materials, wind energy has become acost-effective and reliable source of renewable power.3. Hydroelectric Energy: This form of energy harnesses the kinetic energy of moving water, either from rivers or dams, to generate electricity. Hydroelectric power plants are a long-standing renewable energy source, but their construction can have significant environmental impacts.4. Biomass Energy: Biomass refers to organic matter derived from plants or animals that can be converted into energy. This can include wood, agricultural waste, and even waste from industries. Biomass energy can be used for heating, electricity generation, and biofuels.5. Geothermal Energy: Geothermal energy taps into the heat stored within the Earth's crust. This heat can be used for heating, cooling, and electricity generation, often in the form of geothermal power plants.Advantages of New Energy.Environmental Benefits: Renewable energy sources emit far less greenhouse gases and air pollution than fossil fuels, helping to mitigate the impacts of climate change.Sustainability: New energy sources are renewable, meaning they can be replenished over time, ensuring a sustainable energy supply for future generations.Energy Security: Diversifying energy sources and reducing reliance on fossil fuels improves energy security, reducing the risk of supply interruptions and price fluctuations.Economic Growth: Investing in renewable energy creates jobs, stimulates innovation, and drives economic growth.Challenges and Solutions.Despite the many advantages of new energy, there are also challenges that need to be addressed.Intermittency: Sources like solar and wind energy are intermittent, meaning their availability can vary depending on weather conditions. To address this, energy storage systems and smart grids are being developed to balance supply and demand.Infrastructure: Building out renewable energy infrastructure requires significant investment and can be challenging in rural or remote areas. Public-private partnerships and innovative financing mechanisms can help overcome these barriers.Policy and Regulations: Favorable policies and regulations that promote renewable energy deployment and encourage innovation are crucial for its widespread adoption.Conclusion.In conclusion, new energy represents a crucial step towards a sustainable and environmentally friendly energyfuture. By harnessing the power of renewable resources like solar, wind, and geothermal energy, we can meet our energy needs while protecting the planet for future generations. While challenges remain, ongoing research, innovation, and policy reform can help us overcome these obstacles and move towards a cleaner, safer energy future.。

advanced energy materials能量效率 -回复

advanced energy materials能量效率-回复Advanced Energy Materials: Enhancing Energy EfficiencyIntroduction:In a world where the demand for energy is constantly increasing, the need for efficient energy materials has become crucial. Advanced energy materials play a significant role in improving energy efficiency and reducing environmental impact. This article aims to delve into the concept of energy efficiency and explore how advanced energy materials contribute to enhancing it.1. Understanding Energy Efficiency:Energy efficiency refers to the ability to achieve more output with less input of energy. It focuses on reducing energy waste while maintaining or even enhancing the desired outcome. Energy efficiency plays a vital role in mitigating climate change, conserving resources, and ensuring sustainable development.2. The Role of Advanced Energy Materials:Advanced energy materials act as enablers for energy efficiency improvements across different sectors. These materials possess unique properties that make them ideal for energy generation,storage, and conversion. Let's explore some key areas where advanced energy materials are making a notable difference:A. Energy Generation:Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power rely on advanced materials for efficient energy generation. For example, new rooftop solar panels incorporate advanced photovoltaic materials that capture sunlight and convert it into electricity with high efficiency. Similarly, advanced wind turbine materials enable better energy extraction from wind resources, increasing energy generation capacity.B. Energy Storage:Efficient energy storage is crucial for balancing the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources and meeting peak demand. Advanced energy storage materials, such as lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells, have revolutionized the storage industry. These materials exhibit high energy density, fast charging capabilities, and long cycle life, enabling efficient energy capture and release.C. Energy Conversion:Converting one form of energy into another is a critical process in various applications. Advanced energy materials play a significant role in improving the efficiency of energy conversion devices. For instance, fuel cell catalyst materials enhance the efficiency of converting chemical energy to electrical energy. Additionally, thermoelectric materials allow the conversion of waste heat into electricity, reducing energy losses and improving overall efficiency.3. Advancements in Energy Materials Technology:Continuous research and innovation in advanced energy materials have led to significant advancements in their performance. Here are some notable examples:A. Nanomaterials:Nanotechnology has revolutionized the field of energy materials. Nanostructured materials, such as nanoparticles and nanocomposites, exhibit unique properties due to their small size and increased surface area. These materials enhance energy efficiency by improving energy conversion processes, reducing resistance, and enabling better control of energy flows.B. Smart Materials:Smart materials, also known as responsive or adaptive materials, change their properties in response to external stimuli. These materials can dynamically adjust their behavior to optimize energy usage. For example, shape memory alloys can recover their original shape upon heating, reducing energy loss due to deformation during operation.C. Sustainable Materials:Sustainability is a key consideration in energy materials development. Researchers are focusing on designing materials that are environmentally friendly throughout their life cycle. This includes using abundant, non-toxic, and recyclable materials. By adopting sustainable materials, energy systems can minimize their environmental footprint and ensure long-term viability.Conclusion:Advanced energy materials play a pivotal role in enhancing energy efficiency across various sectors. From energy generation to storage and conversion, these materials enable more sustainable and efficient energy usage. Continuous advancements in energy materials technology, such as nanomaterials, smart materials, andsustainable materials, further contribute to improving energy efficiency and reducing environmental impact. Embracing and fostering research in advanced energy materials is crucial for building a sustainable future energy system.。

氮气余压发电策划方案

氮气余压发电策划方案英文回答：Nitrogen Pressure Energy Generation Plan.Introduction:In recent years, there has been a growing interest in finding alternative sources of energy. One such source is nitrogen pressure, which can be harnessed to generate electricity. In this proposal, I will outline a plan for utilizing nitrogen pressure to generate electricity, providing a sustainable and eco-friendly solution for our energy needs.Background:Nitrogen is abundantly available in the atmosphere, making up about 78% of the air we breathe. Nitrogen pressure can be harnessed to generate electricity through aprocess called nitrogen pressure energy generation. This process involves compressing nitrogen gas, storing it under high pressure, and then releasing it to drive turbines, which in turn generate electricity.Implementation Plan:1. Collection and Compression:The first step in the nitrogen pressure energy generation plan is to collect nitrogen gas from the atmosphere. This can be done through air separation units or by utilizing the nitrogen-rich byproducts of industrial processes. The collected nitrogen gas is then compressed using high-pressure compressors to increase its energy potential.2. Storage:Once the nitrogen gas is compressed, it needs to be stored under high pressure. This can be achieved by using high-pressure storage tanks or by injecting the compressedgas into underground reservoirs. The stored nitrogen gas acts as a potential energy source, ready to be released and converted into electricity.3. Release and Electricity Generation:To generate electricity, the stored nitrogen gas is released through controlled valves, allowing it to expand rapidly. The expanding gas drives turbines, which are connected to generators, converting the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The generated electricity can then be used to power various applications, such as homes, industries, and transportation.Benefits:1. Renewable and Eco-friendly:Using nitrogen pressure for electricity generation is a renewable and eco-friendly solution. Nitrogen gas is abundantly available in the atmosphere and does not contribute to greenhouse gas emissions or air pollutionwhen used as an energy source.2. Cost-effective:The nitrogen pressure energy generation plan offers a cost-effective solution for electricity generation. The initial investment in infrastructure and equipment can be offset by the long-term savings in fuel costs, as nitrogen gas is freely available and does not need to be purchased.3. Versatility:Nitrogen pressure energy generation can be integrated into existing power grids, providing a versatile solution for meeting energy demands. It can be used as a standalone power source or combined with other renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind, to ensure a stable and reliable energy supply.Example:Let's consider a scenario where a nitrogen pressureenergy generation plant is implemented in a city. The compressed nitrogen gas is stored in underground reservoirs and released to drive turbines, generating electricity for the city's power grid. This electricity is then used to power homes, businesses, and public transportation systems.中文回答：氮气余压发电策划方案。

ENERGY GENERATION

专利名称：ENERGY GENERATION发明人：Richard John Peace,IoannisPatsavellas,Onoriu Puscasu,Mohammad RezaHerfatmanesh,Rodney Day申请号：US15798713申请日：20171031公开号：US20180123484A1公开日：20180503专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：The invention provides an energy generator comprising energy generator comprising an energy harvesting material which generates energy when moved from apre-selected first position to a second position wherein the energy generator comprises one or more deflection aids which comprise a moveable clamp wherein each deflection aid biases the energy harvesting material to the first position and wherein the first position of the energy harvesting material is pre-selected using the moveable clamp; an energy harvesting layer comprising one or more of the energy generators according to the invention; an energy harvesting flooring material comprising a layer of synthetic material and the energy harvesting layer according to the invention; and an energy harvesting system comprising (a) the energy generator according to the invention, the flooring material according to the invention and/or the energy harvesting layer according to the invention; (b) a power management system and (c) an electrical storage device.申请人：Altro Limited地址：Letchworth Garden City GB国籍：GB更多信息请下载全文后查看。

新能源发电英文作文

新能源发电英文作文英文：New energy generation has become an increasingly important topic in today's world. As we all know,traditional energy sources such as coal and oil are finite resources that will eventually run out. In addition, the use of these resources has negative impacts on the environment, such as air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.Therefore, the development and utilization of new energy sources has become a global trend. Solar power, wind power, and hydropower are all examples of renewable energy sources that are becoming more widely used. These sources have many advantages, such as being clean, sustainable, and cost-effective in the long run.For example, in my hometown, there is a wind farm that generates electricity by harnessing the power of the wind.The wind turbines are located on a hill overlooking the town, and they provide a significant amount of energy to the local power grid. This not only reduces the town's dependence on traditional energy sources but also helps to reduce air pollution in the area.In addition to wind power, solar power is also becoming more popular. Many households and businesses are installing solar panels on their roofs to generate their own electricity. This not only reduces their electricity bills but also helps to reduce their carbon footprint.Overall, the development and utilization of new energy sources are essential for a sustainable future. By reducing our dependence on finite resources and reducing our impact on the environment, we can create a better world for future generations.中文：新能源发电已成为当今世界上越来越重要的话题。

Zeolites in Microsystems for Chemical Synthesis and Energy Generation

ORIGINAL PAPERZeolites in Microsystems for Chemical Synthesis and Energy GenerationKing Lun Yeung ÆSiu Ming Kwan ÆWai Ngar LauPublished online:7January 2009ÓSpringer Science+Business Media,LLC 2009Abstract Zeolites were incorporated as membrane and catalyst in chemical microsystems for portable energy generation and ﬁne chemical synthesis.Microfabricated HZSM-5micromembrane was used as a proton-exchange membrane in a miniature direct methanol fuel cell (l -DMFC).The good proton conductivity of HZSM-5micromembrane was attributed to a Grotthus-like diffusion of protons along the water molecules bridging neighboring aluminum sites in the hydrated HZSM-5.The 6-l m thick HZSM-5micromembrane exhibited comparable proton ﬂux as Naﬁon Ò117and delivered a P max of 2.9mW cm -2(E =0.33V)at room temperature.This is smaller com-pared to 16.5mW cm -2(E =0.23V)for a Naﬁon Ò-based l -DMFC and was believed to be caused by adsorbed methanol molecules interrupting the proton transport along the water bridge.A Cs-exchanged NaX on NaA bilayer catalyst-membrane incorporated in microreactor channels was used for the Knoevenagel condensation reactions between benzaldehyde and (1)ethyl cyanoacetate,(2)ethyl acetoacetate (EAA)and (3)diethyl malonate.Microreactor and membrane microreactor gave higher conversion com-pared to ﬁxed-bed and batch reactors,but the reaction of benzaldehyde and EAA in the microreactor had poorer selectivity due to the slow diffusion of the product mole-cules in the microchannel that allowed their further reactions to form undesired byproducts.Keywords Fuel cell ÁDirect methanol fuel cell ÁMicro fuel cell ÁMicroﬂuidic reactor ÁMembrane reactor ÁMembrane microreactor ÁZSM-5ÁFine chemistry1IntroductionProcess intensiﬁcation,miniaturization and integration are keys to efﬁcient portable energy generation and clean chemical production.Miniature proton-exchange mem-brane fuel cells in particular micro direct methanol fuel cells (l -DMFC)are considered the best candidate for supplying the portable energy needs of our increasingly mobile lifestyle [1–6].Fuel cells have the advantage of clean energy generation,high speciﬁc and volumetric energy densities,long life-cycle and zero-recharging time.However,the perﬂuorinated sulfonic membranes (i.e.,Naﬁon Ò)used in the PEMFC suffer from swelling and loss of mechanical strength in the presence of methanol leading to a deterioration of the membrane structure [6,7].This results in methanol crossover from the anode to the cathode causing catalyst poisoning,hot spots,low open circuit potential and poor overall fuel cell performance.Several strategies were employed to improve the proton-exchange membrane including the modiﬁcations of the commercial perﬂuorinated Naﬁon Ò-type membranes [8–10]and the use sulfonated arylene main chain polymers such as polysulfones or polyetherketones (e.g.,SPEEK)[11,12].Borosiloxane polymers [13]and commercial Acidplex Ò[14]also displayed good tolerance for methanol and several inorganic -organic hybrid materials such as zirconium hydrogen phosphate immobilized in SPEEK [15],cross-linked polyethylene oxide doped with acidic moities [16]and pore-ﬁlling electrolyte membrane on porous inorganic substrates [17]also performed well.Studies have shown theK.L.Yeung (&)ÁS.M.Kwan ÁuDepartment of Chemical Engineering,The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,Clear Water Bay,Kowloon,Hong Kong,People’s Republic of China e-mail:kekyeung@ust.hkTop Catal (2009)52:101–110DOI 10.1007/s11244-008-9146-4proton-exchange polymer membranes doped with zeolites and molecular sieves exhibit considerably lower fuel crossover [18–21].Also,many zeolites including ZSM-5have high proton mobility [22–24]and are attractive can-didates for inorganic proton conducting membrane.ZSM-5ﬁlms and membranes are easier to prepare and are amenable to miniaturization and microfabrication [25–30].This work explores the use of HZSM-5as proton-exchange membrane for a microfabricated l -DMFC.Very fast and highly exothermic reactions including direct ﬂuorination,high temperature combustions and selective oxidations are the typical reactions investigated in microreactors [30–36].They take full advantage of the rapid heat and mass transfers in the microreactor to achieve an improved reaction performance (i.e.,better conversion,selectivity,yield or safety).It is however agreed that the greatest need and potentially the biggest impact of the microreactor would be in synthesis of high value products including ﬁne chemicals,pharmaceuticals and nanomate-rials [37–40].Many ﬁne chemical reactions of interest are constrained by unfavorable thermodynamics that could beneﬁt from the membrane reactor operation.Selective product removal could improve the product purity and achieve supra-equilibrium conversions,whereas the selec-tive addition of a reactant could eliminate hot spots and enhance the product selectivity.Membrane processes are shown to beneﬁt reactions in microreactor.Cui and coworkers [41]employed a Pd membrane in microreactor to selectively removed hydro-gen during the dehydrogenation of cyclohexane to benzene.Our group demonstrated that selective removal of water by membrane pervaporation in a membrane microreactor is beneﬁcial to the Knoevenagel condensation reaction [42–45].Hisamoto et al.[46]uses a nylon membrane toimmobilize enzyme and control the addition of hydrogen peroxide to the enzymatic reaction to achieve better per-formance.This work investigates the performance of a Cs-exchanged NaX on NaA bilayer catalyst-membrane in microreactor channels for Knoevenagel condensation reactions.2Experimental2.1Micromembrane Design and FabricationFigure 1illustrates the general procedure for preparing zeolite micromembranes for l -DMFC for energy genera-tion and membrane microreactor for Knoevenagel condensation reactions.The process involves (1)substrate selection and preparation,(2)pattern transfer and fabrica-tion,(3)selective seeding with nanozeolites,(4)hydrothermal regrowth of zeolite membrane and (5)membrane activation.The detailed fabrication procedure depends on the micromembrane design and choice of substrate material.2.1.1l -DMFCA freestanding zeolite micromembrane design was chosen for the l -DMFC (Fig.1a).The design allows the deposi-tion of anode and cathode electrocatalysts on opposite faces of the membrane.The micromembrane unit was fabricated on the silicon substrate by standard photolitho-graphic technique described in a prior work [47,48].The Si(100)wafer (p-type)was cleaned and the native oxide layer was removed before prefabricating the supporting microstructure on the silicon (Fig.1a-[1]).The frontandFig.1Schematic process diagram for the fabrication of (a )freestanding zeolitemicromembrane for l -DMFC and (b )supported zeolitemicromembrane for membrane microreactorback were patterned and etched as shown in Fig.1a-[2]to create49square recesses that measured6009600l m along the surface and tapering to2509250l m at250l m depth due to the anisotropic etching of Si(100).The back was etched simultaneously until a thin50l m silicon layer remained.The etching process was monitored by optical microscope(Olympus BH2-MJLT)to ensure a reproduc-ible fabrication.The recesses were selectively seeded with a monolayer of100nm TPA-Sil-1zeolites by grafting mercaptopro-pylsilanes(MPTS,99%,Aldrich)on the surface of the recesses(Fig.1a-[3]).The TPA-Sil-1seeds were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis at398K for8h from a solution with molar composition of10SiO2:1.2TPA2O:0.4Na2O: 110H2O prepared from tetraethyl orthosilicate(TEOS, 98%,Aldrich),tetrapropylammonium hydroxide(TPAOH, 1M,Aldrich)and sodium hydroxide(99?%,BDH)[49]. The ZSM-5ﬁlm was grown on the seeded surface by hydrothermal regrowth at423K for48h from a synthesis solution containing40SiO2:2Al2O3:0.5TPA2O:5Na2O: 20,000H2O(Fig.1a-[4])[50,51].The same chemical reagents used in the seed preparation was used,but with the addition of Al2(SO4)3(99?%,Aldrich).The micromem-branes were activated by etching away the remaining 50l m Si layer and removing the TPA?organic molecules from the zeolite pores.The etching was carried out in a well-stirred,thermostated bath at353K and was carefully monitored by an optical microscope to avoid over-and under-etchings.The etched samples were calcined at823K for48h at heating and cooling rates of0.3K min-1to obtain freestanding zeolite micromembranes(Fig.1a-[5]). Aﬁnal ion-exchange procedure converts the ZSM-5to HZSM-5.The micromembranes were examined by optical microscope for defects and characterized by X-ray dif-fraction(XRD,Philips PW1830)and scanning electron microscope(SEM,JEOL6300).The zeolite composition was determined by X-rayﬂuorescent spectroscopy(XRF, JEOL JSX3201Z).The single gas permeance of ZSM-5 and HZSM-5micromembranes were measured for the ultrahigh purity helium,hydrogen,nitrogen and argon gases as well as the hydrocarbons,methane(CH4,99.5%) and n-butane(n-C4,99.9%)at room temperature and a ﬁxed trans-membrane pressure difference of34.5kPa.The gases were supplied by Chung Wang Industrial Gases Co. and Hong Kong Specialty Gas Co.Ltd.The proton trans-port measurement of HZSM-5micromembranes was conducted in a membrane diffusion cell.The membrane separated two compartments containing a0.5M HCl solution(BDH)and deionized distilled water.The pH and conductivity in both chambers were monitored with time. The protonﬂux was determined from the initial rate data and compared with NaﬁonÒ117membrane.2.1.2Membrane MicroreactorA supported micromembrane design(Fig.1b)was selected for the membrane microreactor.The supported membrane is more robust and can better withstand the large temper-ature gradient and pressureﬂuctuations experienced during membrane pervaporation.The detailed fabrication proce-dure for the porous,multichannel plate was described elsewhere[52].The porous stainless steel plates(SS-316L, 0.2l m nominal pore)was purchased from Mott Metal-lurgical Co(Fig.1b-[1]).Thirty-ﬁve straight channels of 300l m wide,600l m deep and25mm long were cut into the25925mm porous SS-316L plate by AGIE Wirecut 120electrical discharge micromachining(Fig.1b-[2]).The fabricated plates were cleaned with detergent and rinsed with warm distilled water to remove oils and dirt from the machining process.The plates were etched with a dilute 0.05M nitric acid to remove rust,followed by a sequential rinsing in distilled water,ethanol and acetone.The microchannels were selectively seeded with a layer of150nm NaA by pretreating the channel walls with MPTS linkers(Fig.1b-[3]).The NaA seeds were prepared from a synthesis solution with a molar composition of3.4 SiO2:1Al2O3:2.25(TMA)2O:0.3Na2O:370H2O under reﬂux at373K for18h[53].LudoxÒSM-30colloidal silica(30wt.%in water),aluminum isopropoxide(98%), tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate(97%)and sodium hydroxide(99%)supplied by Sigma-Aldrich were used in the seed synthesis.The colloidal seeds were recovered by a series of centrifugation and washing steps. The NaA membrane was grown on the wall of the micro-channels from a solution with molar composition of5 SiO2:1Al2O3:52Na2O:3750H2O(Fig.1b-[4]).The solution was prepared from TEOS,sodium aluminate (50–56%Al2O3and40–45%Na2O2,RDH)and sodium hydroxide according to the procedure described by Zhang and coworkers[54].The hydrothermal synthesis was car-ried out at373K for10h and was repeated three times to obtain the desired membrane thickness of six microns. Calcination was not needed as organic template molecules were not used in the membrane synthesis.Membrane characterizations were made using scanning electron microscope,X-ray diffraction and X-rayﬂuorescent spectroscopy.Membrane pervaporation was carried out on water–benzaldehyde(BA,99%,RDH)mixtures at a temperature of373K and permeate vacuum pressure of16.7kPa.A retentateﬂow rate of1ml h-1was maintained during the experiment.The outlet retentate stream was cooled to room temperature and collected in a sample vial,while the per-meate vapor was condensed and collected in liquid nitrogen trap.The retentate and permeate were weighed and analyzed by gas chromatography(GC,HP5890)equipped with HP-5column andﬂame ionization detector. The permeateﬂux,F(kg h-1m-2)and selectivity,a were calculated according to Eqs.1and2.F¼m permA membrð1Þa¼Y H2OY organicsÀÁX H2OX organicsÀÁð2Þwhere m perm is the permeate massﬂow rate,A membr is the membrane area,and Y i and X i are the mass fraction of component i in the permeate and retentate,respectively.2.2l-DMFC Fabrication and PerformanceThe conventional hot press method used for fabricating NaﬁonÒmembrane-electrode assembly(MEA)is not suitable for the zeolite micromembrane.Instead,we adopted and modiﬁed Zhao’s approach[55]of using Naf-ion solution to glue together the MEA.A pair of gold-coated,porous stainless steel plates(0.2l m,Mott)was machined into mating anode and cathode electrodes.The anode and cathode were respectively coated with Pt-Ru/C and Pt/C purchased from E-Tek to give catalyst loadings of 2.0mg Pt cm-2.The catalyst-coated anode and cathode electrodes were glued to the HZSM-5micromembrane unit using a5%NaﬁonÒsolution(E-Tek).A Naﬁon-Si MEA was also prepared using the new method for performance comparison.The NaﬁonÒ117was supported on prefabri-cated silicon grid containing49etched square windows of 2509250l m2.The MEA performance was measured in a test cell by CHI660C electrochemical station.The tests were carried out at room temperature(294K)using2M methanol solution(BDH)and dry UHP O2.The MEA performance data in this work were obtained at methanol and oxygen feedﬂow rates of3.8ml min-1and2.5sccm, respectively.2.3Membrane Microreactor Fabrication andPerformanceCs-exchanged,NaX zeolite,a solid base was selected as catalyst for the Knoevenagel condensation reactions.The three microns thick NaX zeolite layer was deposited on top of the NaA membrane from a solution with a molar com-position of5SiO2:1Al2O3:56Na2O:2500H2O by hydrothermal synthesis at373K for12h.Sodium alumi-nate,TEOS and sodium hydroxide were used as reagents. The cesium ion-exchange of NaX was carried out three times with0.5M cesium chloride(98?%,Sigma)solution at353K for6h to give the catalyst a Cs/Si loading of0.32.The microreactor had been described in a previous publi-cation[44,52].The catalyst-and membrane-coated multichannel plate was placed in the stainless steel reactor housing.Theﬂuidﬂow and mixing were monitored through a Pyrex glass observation window.The reactor has a pair of inlet and outlet for the reactants and products as well as a vacuum feedthrough for the membrane permeate.A vacuum pressure of16.7kPa for membrane pervapora-tion was supplied by a vacuum pump(Barnant Company, Edwards Company),while the heating and temperature control was provided by a twin heater cartridges and a temperature programmer unit(Omega).The Knoevenagel condensation reactions of benzalde-hyde and(1)ethyl cyanoacetate(ECA,98?%,Aldrich), (2)ethyl acetoacetate(EAA,99%,Aldrich)and(3)diethyl malonate(DEM,99%,Aldrich)were conducted in the preheated microreactor.Equimolar amounts of the liquid reactants were fed to the microreactor by a syringe pump (Kd Scientiﬁc)atﬂow rates of0.2to12ml h-1.The microreactor data was obtained with the permeate vacuum closed and the reaction solution was collected from the reactor outlet atﬁxed time intervals until a steady state condition was reached.For the membrane microreactor operation,the vacuum was turned on and samples were obtained from both the reactor and permeate outlets.The quenched samples wereﬁltered and analyzed by HP6890 gas chromatograph with a nickel column packed with Tenax GC60/80(1/80096feet)and aﬂame ionization detector.Three GC measurements were made for each sample and the concentration of the reactants and products were determined from a calibration curve prepared from standard solutions.The reaction was also performed in batch and packed-bed reactors.The batch reaction was carried out in a10-ml round bottom two-neckﬂask.Nitrogen was bubbled through the solution to remove dissolved oxygen to pre-vent the formation of benzoic acid.The solution was heated to the reaction temperature in a silicone oil bath under a well mixed condition,before adding the26mg catalyst powder(ca.1wt.%of reaction mixture).Ten microliters samples were withdrawn atﬁxed time inter-vals,quenched and analyzed.The packed-bed reactor is a stainless steel tube with an inner diameter of5mm and a length of120mm.The2-mm Cs-exchanged NaX catalyst beads were packed into the reactor tube.The amount of catalyst was adjusted to obtain a comparable catalyst loading per unit reactor volume as the microreactors. Glass beads(2mm)were added toﬁll the reactor volume. The reactor was heated to the reaction temperature by a heating tape(Brisk Heat)wrapped around the reactor.The reaction conversion and products were analyzed for dif-ferent residence time.3Results and Discussion 3.1Zeolite MicromembranesThe freestanding ZSM-5(Si/Al =20)micromembrane unit is shown in Fig.2a.It consists of 49individual mi-cromembranes each measuring 2509250l m 2(i.e.,0.062mm 2)giving an overall membrane area of 3.062mm 2.The freestanding micromembrane is poly-crystalline and consists of intergrown ZSM-5crystals as shown in Fig.2b.The anisotropic growth responsible for the preferred \101[zeolite crystal orientation is clearly evident in the membrane cross-section of Fig.2c.The zeolites are well-intergrown along the entire 6l m thick-ness of the membrane.The zeolite micromembranes are mechanically strong and could withstand pressures of up to 0.5MPa.The micromembranes were impervious to gases before calcination and no gas ﬂow was detected by the helium leak test at 0.14MPa (i.e.,D P =40kPa).Figure 2d plots the single gas permeance of helium,hydrogen,nitrogen and argon as well as the hydrocarbons,methane (C 1)and n -butane (n -C 4)for the ZSM-5(Si/Al =20)micromembrane.The gas permeances are plotted as a function of the ratio of the kinetic diameter of dif-fusing gas molecule (d m )to the average pore diameter (i.e.,d p =0.55nm).Excellent permeances and high H 2/n -C 4and C 1/n -C 4permselectivities were obtained from the zeolite micromembranes.Molecular sieving is clearly evident from the plots indicating that the zeolite microm-embranes are relatively free of defects and the primary gas transport was through the zeolite pores.The calcined ZSM-5micromembranes contain Na ?ions from sodium hydroxide in the synthesis solution and the larger Na ?could explain its slower gas permeance compared to the HZSM-5obtained after ion-exchange.The zeolite mi-cromembranes were impermeable to gases once hydrated and could retain moisture up to 600K.Experimental measurements and model calculations of proton mobility in HZSM-5had been reported by variousauthors [22–24].Although the reported values varied sig-niﬁcantly depending on instruments and methods,one consistent observation was that the activation energy for proton intersite hopping in HZSM-5decreases with increasing aluminium content of the zeolite [56–58].Residual water in the zeolites is found to dramatically reduce the barrier for intersite proton hopping [59].The effect is particularly pronounced at room temperature [60]and a Grotthus-like transport mechanism had been pro-posed,where protons diffuse between neighboring aluminum sites in the ‘‘hydrated’’zeolites via a chain of water molecules in the pores [61].Indeed,a proton ﬂux of 1.7mmol 1m -2s -1was obtained for the 6l m thick HZSM-5(Si/Al =20)micromembranes.This value is comparable to the 1.9mmol 1m -2s -1obtained for the Naﬁon Ò117membrane under identical test conditions.This indicates that the microfabricated HZSM-5microm-embrane is a good candidate for proton-exchange membrane.The supported zeolite micromembrane for Knoevena-gel condensation reactions was prepared by depositing 6l m thick NaA zeolite membrane layer on the micro-channels cut into the porous stainless steel plate (Fig.3a).It can be seen from Fig.3b that the zeolites were uni-formly grown on the seeded microchannels forming a polycrystalline layer of well-intergrown NaA zeolites as shown in Fig.3c.The zeolites completely coated the porous stainless steel,bridging the gaps between the sintered metal grains creating a defect-free membrane that can sustain a water ﬂux (F )of 0.4kgm -2h -1at a water/benzaldehyde separation factor (a )of 150,000.Figure 3d shows the ﬂux and separation are independent of the water content in the water–benzaldehyde mixtures (i.e.,up to 6wt.%).The excellent selectivity is attributed to the high afﬁnity of NaA for water and to the molecular sieving property of the zeolite that restrict the passage of the larger benzaldehyde molecule.The ECA,EAA and DEM,being bulkier molecules than benzaldehyde had negligible membraneﬂux.Fig.2Scanning electron micrographs of the (a )freestanding zeolitemicromembrane unit and high-magniﬁcation images of the membrane (b )surface and (c )cross-section.(d )Plots of the single gas permeances for the ZSM-5and HZSM-5zeolite micromembranes.Please note the lines were drawn to guide the eyes3.2l -Direct Methanol Fuel CellNaﬁon-Si and Zeolite l -DMFCs were fabricated from commercial Naﬁon Ò117membrane and HZSM-5(Si/Al =20)micromembranes,respectively.Figure 4a and b plot the cell voltage (E )and power density (P )of Naﬁon-Si and Zeolite single-cell,micro fuel cell as a function of current ﬂux (j ).The tests were conducted using 2M methanol and dry O 2at ambient temperature and pressure.Low fuel and oxygen feed rates were employed to simulate passive l -DMFC operation.Figure 4a shows the cell voltages are lower than the ideal potential voltage of 1.21V for a direct CH 3OH/O 2fuel cell due to losses from activation,ohmic and concentration polarizations.The Naﬁon-MEA displays a low cell voltage (i.e.,0.33V)due to a high activation polarization.Preconditioning the Naf-ion-MEA overnight at 340K in recirculating 1.8ml.min -12M methanol solution and 10sccm dry O 2resulted in a higher cell voltage of 0.54V.The improved cell perfor-mance after preconditioning was attributed to catalyst activation [62–64]and changes in the cell’s electronic properties [64–66].It is evident from Fig.4a that the Naﬁon-MEA displays similar ohmic losses before and after activation as expected.The Naﬁon-Si delivers P max of 6.8mW cm -2at 0.2V,and 16.5mW cm -2at 0.23V before and after preconditioning (Fig.4b).The recent review by Nguyen and Chan [67]reported the maximum power density for microfabricated direct methanol fuel cell based on Naﬁon Òmembranes (i.e.,Naﬁon Ò112,115and 117)ranges from 0.3to 50mW cm -2with the better performances obtained at higher oxidant ﬂow ([60sccm)and temperature (333–343K).The zeolite micro fuel cell displays considerably lower activation losses,and achieves a higher open-cell voltage (OCV)of 0.7V even without preconditioning (Fig.4a).The good proton conductivity of HZSM-5micromembrane was attributed to a Grotthus-like diffusion of protons alongthe water molecules that bridge neighboring aluminum sites in the hydrated HZSM-5[60,61].Although signiﬁ-cantly larger than water molecule,the methanol fuel (i.e.,kinetic diameter =0.44nm)can still gain access intotheFig.3(a )Top and cross-sectional views of the porous stainless steel,multichannel plates with NaA membrane deposited in the microchannels.(b )SEM picture of thesupported NaA membrane in the 300l m wide microchannel and (c )high magniﬁcation image of the polycrystalline NaAmembrane surface.(d )Plots of permeation ﬂux (P )across the supported NaA micromembrane and separation factor (a )for different water content of the water-benzaldehyde solution.Please note the lines were drawn to guide theeyesFig.4Plots of (a )electrical potential (E )and (b )power density (P )of the HZSM-5l -DMFC (w/o activation)and Naﬁon-MEA with and without activationzeolite pores (i.e.,0.55nm).The adsorbed methanol mol-ecules can interrupt proton transport along the water bridge and possibly react in the acidic environment of the zeolite to form larger product molecules that could impede proton diffusion.Adsorbed carbon dioxide could similarly impede proton transport in the zeolite pores.This could explain the considerably higher ohmic losses experienced by the Zeolite l -DMFC as shown in Fig.4a.Methanol crossover was not evident and the Zeolite micro fuel cell delivered a P max of 2.9mW cm -2at 0.33V.The results are encour-aging for it demonstrates for the ﬁrst time the use zeolite micromembrane as proton-exchange membrane for direct methanol fuel cell.Further membrane improvements must limit methanol access to the zeolite pores (e.g.,pore mouth modiﬁcation by silylation),and decrease the diffusion pathway (i.e.,thinner membrane and b-oriented HZSM-5).3.3Membrane MicroreactorThe Cs-exchanged NaX catalyst was grown on the surface of the supported NaA membrane (Fig.5a)deposited in the microchannels.The catalyst formed a three microns thick intergrown layer (Fig.5b)with a Cs/Si loading of 0.32according to XPS.Figure 5c plots the benzaldehyde con-version as a function of pK a value of ECA (pK a =9.0),EAA (pK a =10.7)and DEM (pK a =13.3).These reac-tions are well documented as the same series of Knoevenagel condensation reactions were used to measure the basicity of solid base catalysts [68].As expected,the reaction conversion decreases as the pKa value of reactant increases.The data in Fig.5c shows the conversion in a ﬁxed-bed reactor (FBR)is low,because of the mass transfer resistance in the catalyst bed and pellet.The con-version is higher for the batch reactions (Fig.5c),where catalyst powder was used and the reaction was carried out under well-stirred conditions.A signiﬁcantly higherconversion was obtained in the microreactor,where the mass transfer rate is rapid.Water produced by the reaction is adsorbed by the catalyst resulting in deactivation.It had been shown in previous works [44,52]that placing the catalyst layer adjacent to the NaA membrane improved the conversion of the Knoevenagel condensation reactions.The NaA being a good dessicant rapidly removes the water produced by the reaction in the catalyst layer by adsorp-tion.The continuous and selective removal of water by membrane pervaporation resulted in a further increase in the reaction conversion as shown in Fig.5c.Figure 6plots the Knoevenagel product yields in the microreactor and membrane microreactor for different residence time.The reactions of benzaldehyde with ECA (Fig.6a)and DEM (Fig.6c)produced only the Knoeve-nagel condensation products.Product yields were higher at longer residence time and the selective removal of water by membrane pervaporation beneﬁted the reaction yield as shown in Fig.6a and c.The plot shows that it is possible to obtain a product yield of 95%for ethyl 2-cyano-3phe-nylacrylate from reaction between benzaldehyde and ECA.Besides better yield,higher product purity was obtained with water removal.The reaction plots in Fig.6c suggest that higher product yields for the microreactor and mem-brane microreactors are possible at longer residence times.The reaction between benzaldehyde and EAA is more complex.Besides the Knoevenagel condensation product,the reaction produces byproducts from competing decar-boxylation,Michael addition and aldol condensation reactions as shown in Scheme 1a-c,respectively [68].The selectivity in the microreactor was 78%lower than the 98%selectivity observed for the batch reaction.The main byproduct of the reaction between benzaldehyde and ethylacetoacetate in the microreactor was benzalacetone from the decarboxylation of the Knoevenagel condensation product (Scheme 1a).The laminar ﬂow and slowdiffusionFig.5Scanning electron micrographs of (a )NaA membrane and (b )Cs-exchanged NaX zeolitedeposited in the microchannels.(c )Plots of benzaldehydeconversion as a function of pK a value of the ester reactants for the batch reactor,ﬁxed-bed reactor (FBR),microreactor and membrane microreactor (Note :reaction or residencetime =40min,T =423K).Please note the lines were drawn to guide the eyes。

新能源常用语中英文对照

新能源常用语中英文对照新能源常用语对照英文传统能源Conventional energy source可再生能源Renewable energy sources高能效技术Energy-efficient technology环境友好型Environmentally friendly可持续性发展Sustainable development生态平衡系统Balanced ecological system生物燃料Biofuel矿物燃料Fossil fuel绿色电力Green power温室气体Greenhouse gases (GHG)温室气体减排GHG emission reduction生态系统Ecosystem全球变暖Global warming京都议定书Kyoto Protocol风力发电场Wind power plant地热发电厂Geothermal power plant光伏发电Photovoltaic power generation水力发电Hydroelectric generation潮汐发电厂Tidal power station核电站Nuclear power plant垃圾电厂Refuse power plant国际固体废物协会International Solid Waste Association (ISWA)0．风力发电Wind Power Generation风力机、风轮机Wind turbine风力发电机Wind-driven generator风力发电机组Wind turbine generator system (WTGS) 风能发电机集群Wind farm风能利用率Utilization rate of wind energy风矢量Wind velocity海上风力发电场Offshore wind farm标准大气压Standard/normal atmospheric pressure 标准风速Standardized wind speed风场布置Wind farm layout风地图Wind atlas电力汇集系统（风力发电机组）Power collection system (for WTGS)电网连接点（风力发电机组）Network connection point ( for WTGS) 电网阻抗相角Network impedance phase angle风力机端口Wind turbine terminal马格努斯效应式风力机Magnus effect type wind turbine风车Windmill风轮实度Rotor solidity风轮尾流Rotor wake风轮偏侧式调速机构Regulating mechanism of turning wind rotor out of the wind sideward尾翼Tail fins顺桨Feathering桨距角Pitch angle节圆Pitch circle, nodal circle节点Pitch point, nodal point变速箱Gearbox旋转采样风矢量Rotationally sampled wind velocity 变速风力发电机Variable speed wind turbine变桨距调节机构Regulating mechanism by adjusting the pitch of blade定桨距失速调节型Constant pitch stall regulated type 变桨距调节型Variable pitch regulated type主动失速调节型Active stall regulated type双馈型风力发电机Double-fed wind turbine generator永磁直驱风力发电机Permanent magnetic direct-driven wind turbine generator恒速恒频Constant speed and frequency变速恒频Variable speed constant frequency 节距角Pitch angle叶尖速比Tip speed ratio叶轮Blade整流罩Spinner, nose cone叶片数Number of blades叶片安装角Blade angle, setting angle of blade 齿数Number of teeth齿市Tooth depth齿面Tooth flank工作齿面Work flank齿槽Tooth space齿根圆Root circle齿顶圆Tip circle柱销套Roller叶根Blade root蜗轮Worm wheel叶片展弦比Aspect ratio叶片根梢比Ratio of tip section chord to root section chord等截面叶片Constant chord blade变截面叶片Variable chord blade叶片扭角Twist of blade增强型玻璃钢翼型叶片Enhanced GRP/FRP airfoil blade叶片几何攻角Angle of attack of blade叶片投影面积Projected area of blade瑞利分布Rayleigh distribution威布尔分布Weibull distribution平均几何弦长Mean geometric chord of airfoil机械寿命Mechanical endurance啮合干涉Meshing interference比恩法Method of bins滑块联接Oldham coupling前缘Leading edge弯度Degree of curvature弯度函数Curvature function of airfoil弯曲刚度Flexural rigidity升力系数Lift coefficient背风Leeward软并网Soft cut-in自动/人工解缆Automatic /manual cable untwisting 停车机构Halt gear风电场Wind farm, wind field, wind power station 风力气象站Wind synoptic station气流Wind stream, airflow气流畸变Flow distortion颤振Flutter外部动力源External power source外推功率曲线Extrapolated power curve自由流风速Free stream wind speed风气候Wind climate风玫瑰图、风向图Wind rose风系、风况Wind regime横向风Cross wind风能潜势Wind energy potential风能密度Wind energy density风功率密度Wind power density风能利用率Utilization rate of wind energy 风资源评估Wind resource assessment启动风速Start-up wind speed切入风速Cut-in wind speed切出风速Cut-out wind speed短时切出风速Short term cut-out wind speed 极端风速Extreme wind speed额定风速Rated wind velocity距离常数Distance constant位移幅值Displacement amplitude对数风切变律Logarithmic wind shear law风廓线风切变律Wind profile wind shear law 对数变幂律Power low for wind shear声的基准风速Acoustic reference wind speed 视在声功率级Apparent sound power level 衰减Attenuation齿啮式联接Dynamic coupling齿宽Face width, tooth width齿廓修形Profile modification齿向修形Axial modification径向销联接Radial pin coupling支撑结构Support structure下风向Downwind direction上风向Upwind direction指向性Directivity (for WTGS)风轮扫掠面积Rotor swept area风剪切Wind shear塔影效应Tower-shadow effect三维旋转效应Three-dimensional (3-D) rotational effect非定常空气动力特征Unsteady aerodynamic characteristic风切变影响Influence by the wind shear风切变指数Wind shear exponent大风安全保护Security protection against gale (strong wind) 迎风机构Orientation mechanism, windward rudder风速表、风速计Anemometer，anemograph风速测定站Anemometry station安全风速Survival wind speed极端风速Extreme wind speed参考风速Reference wind speed水平轴风力机Horizontal axis wind turbine垂直轴风力机Vertical axis wind turbine翼型族The family of airfoil可变几何翼型风力机Variable geometry type wind turbine文丘里管式风力机Venturi tube wind turbine风机控制器Controller for wind turbine全永磁悬浮风力发电机All-permanent magnet suspension wind power generator风场电气设备Site electrical facilities湍流强度、扰动强度、紊流强度Turbulence intensity湍流尺度参数Turbulence scale parameter湍流惯性负区Inertial sub range环境温度Ambient temperature空气动力学Aerodynamics空气制动系统Air braking system室内气候Indoor climate透气性Air permeability防滴Protected against dropping water防溅Protected against splashing防浸水Protected against the effect of immersion 风轮空气动力特性Aerodynamic characteristics of rotor基准粗糙长度Reference roughness length容量可信度Capacity confidence level光电器件Photoelectric device太阳轮Sun gear内齿圈Annulus gear，ring gear内齿轮副Internal gear pair圆柱齿轮Cylindrical gear人字齿轮Double helical gear柔性齿轮Flexible gear刚性齿轮Rigid gear从动齿轮Driven gear主动齿轮Driving gear变位齿轮Gear with addendum modification 小齿轮Pinion大齿轮Gearwheel, main gear行星齿轮Planet gear单级行星齿轮系Single planetary gear train多级行星齿轮系Multiple stage planetary gear train 行星齿轮传动机构Planetary gear drive mechanism 增速齿轮副Speed increasing gear pair非工作齿轮Non working flank齿轮扳手Ratcher spanner柔性滚动试验Flexible rolling bearing空载最大加速度Maximum bare table acceleration 过载度Ratio of overload风力机最大功率Maximum power of wind turbine 最大转速Maximum rotational speed最大系数Maximum torque coefficient风轮最高转速Maximum turning speed of rotor 风轮仰角Angle of rotor shaft空转Idling锁定blocking停机Parking静止Standstill尾迹损失Wake loss轮毂高度Hub height变桨系统Pitch system变桨调节Pitch regulation活动桨Active pitch调向系统Yaw system静音离网型Silent off-network主动偏航Active yawing被动偏航Passive yawing风轮偏航角Yawing angle of rotor shaft气动弦线Aerodynamic chord of airfoil轴向齿距Axial pitch球头挂环Ball eye球头挂钩Ball hook可调钳Adjustable pliers联板Yoke plate接闪器Air termination system发动机舱Engine nacelle微观选址Micro-siting集网风能Central-grid wind energy孤网风能Isolated-grid wind energy 离网风能Off-grid wind energy风柴混合互补系统Wind-diesel hybrid system 潜伏故障Latent fault, dormant failure 严重故障Catastrophic failure使用极限状态Serviceability limit state最大极限状态Ultimate limit state。

电是如何产生的英语作文七下

电是如何产生的英语作文七下Electricity is a fundamental form of energy that has transformed the way we live and work. It is a ubiquitous force that powers our homes, businesses, and industries, enabling us to enjoy a wide range of technological advancements. Understanding the process of electricity generation is crucial, as it helps us appreciate the complexity and importance of this essential resource.The generation of electricity begins with the conversion of various energy sources, such as fossil fuels, nuclear energy, or renewable sources like wind, solar, or hydropower, into electrical energy. This conversion process involves the use of generators, which are machines that transform mechanical energy into electrical energy.The most common method of electricity generation is through the use of fossil fuels, such as coal, natural gas, and oil. These fuels are burned in power plants, and the heat energy generated is used to boil water, creating steam. The steam then turns the blades of a turbine, which in turn rotates a generator, producing electricity.Another major source of electricity is nuclear energy. In nuclear power plants, the energy released from the fission of uranium orplutonium atoms is used to heat water, creating steam that drives the turbines and generators. Nuclear power plants provide a reliable and relatively clean source of electricity, although they come with their own set of safety and waste management challenges.Renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, and hydropower, have gained increasing prominence in recent years as the world strives to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate the impact of climate change. Wind turbines harness the kinetic energy of wind to spin generators, while solar panels convert the sun's radiant energy into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. Hydroelectric power plants use the gravitational force of flowing or falling water to spin turbines and generate electricity.The generated electricity is then transmitted through a complex network of power lines, transformers, and substations to reach homes, businesses, and industries. Transformers are used to step up or step down the voltage of the electricity, ensuring efficient transmission and distribution. The electrical grid, which interconnects power generation facilities and consumers, is a critical infrastructure that enables the reliable and widespread delivery of electricity.The importance of electricity in our modern society cannot be overstated. It powers our homes, allowing us to light our living spaces, power our appliances, and stay connected through variouselectronic devices. In the workplace, electricity fuels the machinery and equipment that drive our industries, enabling the production of goods and services. It also plays a vital role in the healthcare sector, powering medical equipment and life-saving devices.Beyond its practical applications, electricity has also transformed the way we communicate and access information. The internet, which has become an integral part of our daily lives, is dependent on a reliable and robust electrical infrastructure. The ability to transmit and store data electronically has revolutionized the way we work, learn, and entertain ourselves.As the demand for electricity continues to grow, both in developed and developing countries, the need for sustainable and efficient electricity generation becomes increasingly important. Governments, policymakers, and energy companies are actively exploring ways to diversify the energy mix, promote renewable energy sources, and improve the overall efficiency of the electrical grid.In conclusion, the generation of electricity is a complex and multifaceted process that has had a profound impact on our lives. From powering our homes and industries to enabling the digital revolution, electricity has become an indispensable part of our modern existence. Understanding the various methods of electricitygeneration and the importance of this essential resource is crucial as we strive to build a more sustainable and energy-efficient future.。

发电行业生产基本流程

发电行业生产基本流程1.发电行业的生产基本流程包括燃料供给、燃烧、发电和输送电力等环节。

The basic production process of the power generation industry includes fuel supply, combustion, power generation, and power transmission.2.燃料供给是发电行业生产的第一步，通常使用煤炭、天然气、核能或可再生能源作为燃料。

Fuel supply is the first step in the production of the power generation industry, usually using coal, natural gas, nuclear energy, or renewable energy as fuel.3.柴油发电机组是一种常见的发电设备，可使用柴油燃料进行发电。

Diesel generators are a common type of power generation equipment that can generate electricity using diesel fuel.4.燃烧是发电过程中燃料释放能量的环节，通过燃料燃烧产生高温高压的热能。

Combustion is the process of releasing energy from fuel during power generation, generating high-temperature andhigh-pressure thermal energy through fuel combustion.5.在燃烧过程中，燃料与空气混合并点燃，产生的高温热能用来加热锅炉中的水。

During the combustion process, fuel mixes with air and ignites, and the high-temperature thermal energy generated is used to heat the water in the boiler.6.燃烧后的热能被转化成蒸汽，蒸汽通过涡轮机驱动发电机转子旋转。

英语作文-可再生能源利用与开发计划

英语作文-可再生能源利用与开发计划In recent decades, the global discourse on energy has increasingly gravitated towards renewable sources. This shift is propelled by the urgent need to mitigate climate change, enhance energy security, and foster sustainable development. Among the array of renewable energy options, harnessing solar power stands out as a promising solution due to its abundance and versatility.Solar energy, derived from the sun's radiation, holds immense potential as a clean and virtually inexhaustible energy source. The technology behind capturing solar energy has advanced significantly, making it increasingly cost-effective and accessible across diverse geographical regions. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, which convert sunlight directly into electricity, have witnessed substantial growth in deployment worldwide. This growth is supported by government incentives, technological advancements in PV cell efficiency, and economies of scale in manufacturing.A key advantage of solar energy lies in its decentralized nature, allowing for distributed generation at various scales—from individual households to large-scale solar farms. This decentralization not only reduces transmission losses but also enhances energy resilience by diversifying the energy mix. Furthermore, solar installations can be integrated into both urban and rural landscapes without significant land use impacts, especially when deployed on rooftops, parking lots, or marginal lands.In addition to electricity generation, solar thermal technology harnesses solar radiation to produce heat for various industrial processes, space heating, and even cooling through solar air conditioning systems. This versatility makes solar energy a multifaceted solution capable of addressing diverse energy needs across different sectors of the economy.The environmental benefits of solar energy are profound. Unlike fossil fuels, solar power generation emits negligible greenhouse gases (GHGs) during operation, contributing minimally to global warming and air pollution. By displacing fossil fuel-based electricity generation, solar energy helps mitigate the environmental impactsassociated with conventional energy sources, such as air and water pollution and habitat destruction.Moreover, the lifecycle carbon footprint of solar PV systems continues to decrease as manufacturing processes become more energy-efficient and as renewable energy powers more of the manufacturing supply chain. This trend underscores the potential for solar energy to facilitate a transition towards a low-carbon economy, aligning with international climate targets and commitments.Economically, the solar energy sector is a burgeoning industry that has generated millions of jobs globally. From research and development to manufacturing, installation, and maintenance, solar energy offers employment opportunities across the value chain. As technology advances and economies of scale improve, the cost competitiveness of solar energy continues to improve, making it increasingly attractive for investors and energy consumers alike.Looking ahead, the continued expansion of solar energy will require supportive policies, innovative financing mechanisms, and enhanced grid integration strategies. Governments play a pivotal role in fostering a conducive regulatory environment through subsidies, tax incentives, net metering policies, and grid interconnection standards. Collaboration between public and private sectors is essential to address technical, financial, and institutional challenges associated with scaling up solar energy deployment.In conclusion, solar energy represents a cornerstone of the global renewable energy transition. Its abundance, environmental benefits, and economic opportunities make it a compelling choice for sustainable energy development. Embracing solar energy not only reduces reliance on finite fossil fuels but also catalyzes a shift towards a cleaner, more resilient energy future. As technology continues to evolve and costs decline, solar energy will play an increasingly integral role in meeting the world's growing energy demand while mitigating climate change impacts.。