长句的翻译方法

长句的翻译方法

摘要：本文简要地叙述了长句翻译的四种基本方法：顺译法、逆译法、分译法、综合法及其适用场合。

关键词：长句翻译顺译法逆译法分译法

英语中的长句，无论多长，结构多么错综复杂，都是通过基本句型的扩展和变化得到的。其扩展与变化的方法可以简要归纳如下六种：1.增加句子的修饰语（定语、状语等）。

例如：she’s a student.

--→ she’s a excellent student.

2.增加并列成分（并列主语、并列宾语、并列谓语、并列定语等）或并列句。

例如：sometimes, I go to school by bike.

--→ sometimes, I go to school by bike or by bus.

3.增加附加成分（插入语、同位语、独立成分等）。

例如：who is the most outstanding author?

--→ who do you think is the most outstanding author?

4.出现倒装或省略现象。

例如：there lived an elderly lady whose husband died long ago. --→ an elderly lady whose husband died long ago lived there.

5.增加由短语或多级短语充当的成分。

例如：they are yours.

--→ they are yours sooner or later.

6.增加由长句或多级长句充当的句子成分。

例如：he knew how ashamed he would have been.

--→ he knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among when he was born.

以上我们讲述了长句是怎么来的，现在我们就讲一下长句应该怎么翻译、长句的翻译方法有哪些。翻译的过程无非就是对句子的理解和表达过程。

理解过程，即对长句内容和结构的分析过程。这个过程一般可以按照以下三个步骤进行。

1.结合语境，了解全句大意。

2.紧缩主干，确定句中的各种成分（主语、谓语、宾语等）。

3.剖析句子，分清句中主次成分及主从句关系。

表达过程就是借助翻译的一些方法，把自己从原句中理解到的意思用另一种语言表达出来。其方法大致有以下四种：

1.顺序法

顺序法就是基本按照原句从句首到句末的顺序将其表述出来。这个方法一般适用于有明显逻辑现象或时间先后顺序的长句中。

例如：

A just retribution, however, quickly fell upon the Eagle. While hovering near an altar, on which some villagers were sacrificing a goat, she

suddenly seized a piece of the flesh, and carried it, along with a burning cinder, to her nest. A strong breeze soon fanned the spark into a flame, and the eaglets , as yet unfledged and helpless, were roasted in their nest and dropped down dead at the bottom of the tree. There, in the sight of the Eagle, the Fox gobbled them up.

然而不久，鹰就得到了因果报应。那时，一些村民正在祭坛杀一只山羊作为祭品，鹰在祭坛附近盘旋着，突然，她冲下去，抓起一块肉，带着这块上面还有未燃尽的木炭的肉飞回窝里。一阵风把火星吹燃了，小鹰们羽毛尚未丰满，不能自救。他们在窝里被烤着，又摔到树下，死了。狐狸就当着鹰的面儿，把他们吃掉了。

逆序法

有时英语长句的叙述层次与汉语相反，这是我们可以采用逆译法。逆译法一般适用于以下情况：

1）先说事情的结果后讲述原因的句子。

2）后带一连串修饰成分的名词性从句。

例如：

Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty, when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Dinan on the edge, to receive with wonder anything you can catch!

当你跟可爱的孩子们站在池子里，又有个年轻的狄安娜在池边好奇地接受你捉上来的任何东西的时候，如果你懂得什么叫美的话，时间是过得很快的！

注意，翻译没有固定的方法，有时候，同一个句子，采用顺译法和逆译法的效果基本相同，此时可根据本人的习惯、风格进行翻译。

例如：

Through scientific practice we’ve come to realize that matter can neither come from nought nor can it be reduced to nought; the total mass of reagents before reaction is constantly equivalent to that of resultants after reaction ---- the law of conservation of matter.

顺译法：通过科学实践，我们认识到了物质不灭原则：物质不能由无到有；化学反应物的质量之总和与化学反应生成物的质量总和是恒等的。

逆译法：物质不能由无到有；化学反应物的质量之总和与化学反应生成物的质量总和是恒等的。我们通过科学实践认识上述规律。

2.分译法

分译法一般适用于主句与从句或主句与修饰语之间的关系并不十分密切的情况。采用分译法时，常常为了体现句子的逻辑结构而选用以下方式：

1）括号法

括号一般作解释补充说明用，交代某一事实或引语的出处。

States and organizations having presented written or oral statements or both shall be permitted to comment on the statements made by other states or organizations in the form,