1994考研英语真题
1994年考研英语考题和答案
1994年考研英语考题和答案1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section IStructure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points)1.By the time you arrive in London, we ________ in Europe for two weeks.[A] shall stay[B] have stayed[C] will have stayed[D] have been staying2.I appreciated ________ the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.[A] having been given[B] having given[C] to have been given[D] to have given3.Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, ________ obtaining water is not the least.[A] of which[B] for what[C] as[D] whose4.The heart is ________ intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.[A] not so[B] not much[C] much more[D] no more5.________ the fact that his initial experiments had failed, Prof. White persisted in his research.[A] Because of[B] As to[C] In spite of[D] In view of6.Jean Wagner’s most enduring contribution tothe study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it ________ in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.[A] is to be analyzed[B] has been analyzed[C] be analyzed[D] should have been analyzed7.The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ________ all practical value by the time they were finished.[A] could lose[B] would have lost[C] might lose[D] ought to have lost8.No bread eaten by man is so sweet as ________ earned by his own labour.[A] one[B] that[C] such[D] what9.It isn’t cold enough for there ________ a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely.[A] would be[B] being[C] was[D] to be10.Scientists generally agree that the Earth’s climate will warm up over the next 50 to 100 years ________ it has warmed in the 20,000 years since the Ice Age.[A] as long as[B] as much as[C] as soon as[D] as well asPart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points)11.Similar elements in the prehistoric remainsA from both areas suggestB that Indians and their neighbours had maintainedC distant but realconnections everD before 1500 B. C.12.It soon became obviouslyA that instead of being trainedB to sing she wouldC be trained asD the astronomer’s assistant.13.He also conceivedA that the solar system and the universe would comeB int0 existence byC a natural process and would disappearD one day.14.The moon has a mass that is nearly one hundred times lessA than the earthB; in consequenceC,the force ofD gravity at the moon’s surface is only one-sixth of that at the earth’s surface.15.“The Bunsen burner is soA named because it is thoughtB to be inventedC by Robert Bunsen, who was German byD birth.16.Much althoughA I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equalB her in thoroughness, whateverC the jobD.17.The weedsA and tall grass in that yard makesB the house lookC as if it had been vacantD for quite some time.18.If onlyA the nature of the aging process isB better understood, the possibility of discoveringC amedicine that can block the fundamental process of aging seemsD very remote.19.When I consider how talented he isA as a painterB, I cannot help but believingC that the publicD will appreciate his gift.20.Allen has statedA that he has always hadB a great interestC and admiration forD the work of the British economist Keynes.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21.Please do not be ________ by his bad manners since he is merely trying to attract attention.[A] disregarded[B] distorted[C] irritated[D] intervened22.Craig assured his boss that he would ________ all his energies in doing this new job.[A] call forth[B] call at[C] call on[D] call off23.Too much ________ to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.[A] disclosure[B] exhibition[C] contact[D] exposure24.When confronted with such questions, my mind goes ________, and I can hardly remember my own date of birth.[A] dim[B] blank[C] faint[D] vain25.It is well known that knowledge is that________ condition for expansion of mind.[A] incompatible[B] incredible[C] indefinite[D] indispensable26.More than two hundred years ago the United States ________ from the British Empire and become an independent country.[A] got off[B] pulled down[C] broke away[D] dropped off27.Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that one is ________ loud continuous noise.[A] subjected to[B] filled with[C] associated with[D] attached to28.Some of the most important concepts in physics ________ their success to these mathematical systems.[A] oblige[B] owe[C] contribute[D] attribute29.As your instructor advised, you ought to spend your time on something ________ researching int0.[A] precious[B] worth[C] worthy[D] valuable30.As a defense against air-pollution damage, many plants and animals ________ a substance to absorb harmful chemicals.[A] relieve[B] release[C] dismiss[D] discard31.Without the friction between their feet and the ground, people would ________ be able to walk.[A] in no time[B] by all means[C] in no way[D] on any account32.While typing, Helen has a habit of stopping ________ to give her long and flowing hair a smooth.[A] occasionally[B] simultaneously[C] eventually[D] promptly33.One reason for the successes of Asian immigrants in the U.S. is that they have taken great ________ to educate their children.[A] efforts[B] pains[C] attempts[D] endeavours34.If any man here does not agree with me, he should ________ his own plan for improving the living conditions of these people.[A] put on[B] put out[C] put in[D] put forward35.I support your decision, but I should also make it clear that I am not going to be ________ to it.[A] connected[B] fastened[C] bound[D] stuck36.The English language contains a(n) ________ of words which are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.[A] altitude[B] latitude[C] multitude[D] attitude37.In my opinion, you can widen the ________ of these improvements through your active participation.[A] dimension[B] volume[C] magnitude[D] scope38.Your improper words will give ________ to doubts concerning your true intentions.[A] rise[B] reason[C] suspicion[D] impulse39.The news item about the fire is followed bya detailed report made ________.[A] on the spot[B] on the site[C] on the location[D] on the ground40.The remarkable ________ of life on the Galapagos Islands inspired Charles Darwin to establish his theory of evolution.[A] classification[B] variety[C] density[D] diversion Section IICloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)The first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice of words is （41） the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of （42） breakdown in the communication cycle. Too often, careless use ofwords （43） a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speaker may （44）unfavorable reactions in the listener （45） interfere with his comprehension; hence, thetransmission-reception system breaks down.（46）, inaccurate or indefinite words may make （47） difficult for the listener to understand the （48） which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be （49） to explain or describe in a （50） that can be understood by his listeners.41.[A] of[B] at[C] for[D] on42.[A] inaccessible[B] timely[C] likely[D] invalid43.[A] encourages[B] prevents[C] destroys[D] offers44.[A] pass out[B] take away[C] back up[D] stir up45.[A] who[B] as[C] which[D] what46.[A] Moreover[B] However[C] Preliminarily[D] Unexpectedly47.[A] that[B] it[C] so[D] this48.[A] speech[B] sense[C] message[D] meaning49.[A] obscure[B] difficult[C] impossible[D] unable50.[A] case[B] means[C] method[D] waySection IIIReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, producethese goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turnwill lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.51.In Line 8, Paragraph 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means________.[A] Americans are never satisfied with their incomes[B] Americans tend to overstate their incomes[C] Americans want to have their incomes increased[D] Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes52.The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that ________.[A] producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production[B] consumers can express their demands through producers[C] producers decide the prices of products[D] supply and demand regulate prices53.According to the passage, aprivate-enterprise economy is characterized by________.[A] private property and rights concerned[B] manpower and natural resources control[C] ownership of productive resources[D] free contracts and prices54.The passage is mainly about ________.[A] how American goods are produced[B] how American consumers buy their goods[C] how American economic system works[D] how American businessmen make their profitsText 2One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society” is not on the horizon -- it’s already here.While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest andwhich employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.55.According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to ________.[A] withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes[B] obtain more convenient services than other people do[C] enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper[D] cash money wherever he wishes to56.From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that ________.[A] in the future all the Americans will use credit cards[B] credit cards are mainly used in the United States today[C] nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash[D] it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before57.The phrase “ring up sales” (Line 3, Para.2) most probably means “________”.[A] make an order of goods[B] record sales on a cash register[C] call the sales manager[D] keep track of the goods in stock58.What is this passage mainly about?[A] Approaches to the commercial use of computers.[B] Conveniences brought about by computers in business.[C] Significance of automation in commercialenterprises.[D] Advantages of credit cards in business.Text 3Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’s understanding -- the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest inexceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.“All men are created equal.” We’ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country’s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children -- the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children -- disabled or not -- to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.59.In Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that ________.[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children60.The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that ________.[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society[B] they might become a burden of the society[C] they should fully develop their potential[D] disabled children deserve special consideration61.This passage mainly deals with ________.[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society[C] the special educational programs for exceptional children[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children62.From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ________.[A] is now enjoying legal support[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country[C] was clearly stated by the country’s founders[D] will exert great influence over court decisionsText 4“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we’ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. “But,” he cautions, “some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people whosuffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging -- 13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas (胰腺).With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes (基因), are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven int0 action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. “Changes are a normal part of the evolutio nary process,” says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totallyeliminated; as Hayward points out, “We can’t prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.”The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.“First, we ne ed to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action.”63.The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to ________.[A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade[B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright[C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered64.The author implies that by the year 2000, ________.[A] there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients[B] 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living[C] the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers[D] there won’ t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients65.Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes ________.[A] that are always in operation in a healthy person[B] which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated[C] that can be driven out of normal cells[D] which normal cells can’t turn off66.The word “dormant” in the third paragraph most probably means ________.[A] dead[B] ever-present[C] inactive[D] potentialText 5Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold (霉) on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal -- and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.“Creative thinking may mean simply therealization that there’s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,” wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: “How come nobody tho ught of that before?”The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.Highly creative individuals really do march toa different drummer.67.What does the author probably mean by “untaught mind” in the first paragraph?[A] A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.[B] A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.[C] A person who has had no education.[D] An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.68.According to the author, what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators?[A] The variety of ideas they have.[B] The intelligence they possess.[C] The way they deal with problems.[D] The way they present their findings.69.The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph3 because ________.[A] Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity[B] the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing things[C] the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch’s point of view[D] the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented70.The phr ase “march to a different drummer”(the last line of the passage) suggests that highly creative individuals are ________.[A] diligent in pursuing their goals[B] reluctant to follow common ways of doing things[C] devoted to the progress of society[D] concerned about the advance of societySection IVEnglish-Chinese Translation Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences int0 Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points)According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (72) “In short,”a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments thatexpanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”(73) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.The centerpiece of the argument of atechnology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. (74) Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, accordingto the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eye-glasses.Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (75) Whether the Government’s should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.Section VWritingDirections:[A] Title: ON MAKING FRIENDS[B] Time limit: 40 minutes[C] Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: “As a human being, one can hardly do without a friend.”[E] Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)OUTLINE:1. The need for friends2. True friendship。
1994年考研英语试题及参考答案（3）
Passage 5Discoveries in science and technology are thought by "untaught minds" to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold (霉) on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then.He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inven- tions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and enor. Innovation is like soc- cer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently thanthey score.The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions , professional innovators see as solid possibilities."Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there' s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done, " wrote Rudolph Flexh, a language authority, this accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases onwheels that make life more convenient : "How come nobody thought of that before?"The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the av erage person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparentLy simplest route. The in-novator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.67. What does the author probably mean by "untaught mind" in the first paragraph?A. A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.B. A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.C. A person who has had no education.D. An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.68 . According to the author , what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators?A. The variety of ideas they have.B. The intelligence they possess.C. The way they deal with problems.D. The way they present their findings.69. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because__.A. Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativityB. the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doingthings .C. the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch' s point of viewD. the quotation adds a new idea to the informatlon previously presented70. The phrase "march to a different drummer" (the last line of the passage) suggests that highlycreative individuals are__.A. diligent in pursuing their goalsB. reluctant to follow common ways of doing thingsC. devoted to the progress of scienceD. concemed about the advance of societyPart Ⅳ English-Chinese TranslationAccording to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (71 ) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques andtools. (72) "In short" , a leader of the new school contends, "the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions. "(73 )Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology algues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.The centerhiece of the argument of a technology-yes , genius-no advocate was an analysis of Gialileo' s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth atthe center of all heavenly motions. (74) Galileo' s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglass- es .Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (75)Whether the Govemment should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice ver- sa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.。
1994年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题
A. disclosure B. exhibition C. contact D. exposure
24. When confronted with such questions, my mind goes ____, and I can hardly remember my own date of birth.
A. dim B. blank C. faint D. vain
25. It is well known that knowledge is the ____ condition for expansion of mind.
A. incompatible B. incredible c. indefinite D. indispensable
27. Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that one is ____ loud continuous noise.
A. subjected to B. filled with C. associated with D. dropped off
Ｃ Ｄ
17. The weeds and tall grass in that yard makes the house look as if
Ａ Ｂ Ｃ
it had been vacant for quite some time.
A. precious B. worth C. worthy D. valuable
1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishThe first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice of words is 1 the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of 2 breakdown is in the communication cycle. Too often, careless use of words __3 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speaker may ___4 unfavorable reactions in the listener 5 interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down. 6__, inaccurate or indefinite words may make ___7 difficult for the listener to understand the 8 which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 9 to explain or describe in a 10 that can be understood by his listeners.1. [A] of [B] at [C] for [D] on2. [A] inaccessible [B] timely [C] likely [D] invalid3. [A] encourages [B] prevents [C] destroys [D] offers4. [A] pass out [B] take away [C] back up [D] stir up5. [A] who [B] as [C] which [D] what6. [A] Moreover [B] However [C] Preliminarily [D] Unexpectedly7. [A] that [B] it [C] so [D] this8. [A] speech [B] sense [C] message [D] meaning9. [A] obscure [B] difficult [C] impossible [D] unable10. [A] case [B] means [C] method [D] waySection ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 1The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend toincrease the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.The important factor in a private enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property) , and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.11. In Line 11, Para 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means__.[A] Americans are never satisfied with their incomes[B] Americans tend to overstate their incomes[C] Americans want to have their incomes increased[D] Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes12. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that__.[A] producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production[B] consumers can express their demands through producers[C] producers decide the prices of products[D] supply and demand regulate prices13. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by__.[A] private property and rights concerned[B] manpower and natural resources control[C] ownership of productive resources[D] free contracts and prices14. The passage is mainly about__.[A] how American goods are produced[B] how American consumers buy their goods[C] how American economic system works[D] how American businessmen make their profitsPassage 2One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society” is not on the horizo n—it’s already here.While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when,and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.15. According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to__.[A] withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes[B] obtain more convenient services than other people do[C] enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper[D] cash money wherever he wishes to16. From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that __.[A] in the future all the Americans will use credit cards[B] credit cards are mainly used in the United States today[C] nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash[D] it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before17. The phrase "ring up sales" (Lin e 3, Para. 2) most probably means “___”.[A] make an order of goods [B] record sales on a cash register[C] call the sales manager [D] keep track of the goods in stock18. What is this passage mainly about?[A] Approaches to the commercial use of computers.[B] Conveniences brought about by computers in business.[C] Significance of automation in commercial enterprises.[D] Advantages of credit cards in business.Passage 3Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’ s understanding—the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that minor we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.“All men are created equal.” We’ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country’s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children—the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children—disabled or not—to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.19. In Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that _____.[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children20. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that__.[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society[B] they might become a burden of the society[C] they should fully develop their potentials[D] disabled children deserve special consideration21. This passage mainly deals with__.[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society[C] the special educational programs for exceptional children[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children22. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ___.[A] is now enjoying legal support[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country[C] was clearly stated by the country’ s founders[D] will exert great influence over court decisionsPassage 4“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we’ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. “But,” he cautions, “Some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur. He discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available. ”This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging—13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas (胰腺) .With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes (基因), are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. “Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,” says oncologist William Haywar. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, “We can’t prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.”The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter."First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action. "23. The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to__.[A]. predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade[B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright[C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered24. The author implies that by the year 2000, __.[A] there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients[B] 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living[C] the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers[D] there won’ t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients25. Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes__.[A] that are always in operation in a healthy person[B] which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated[C] that can be driven out of normal cells[D] which normal cells can’ t turn off26. The word "dormant" in the third paragraph most probably means__.[A] dead [B] ever-present [C] inactive [D] potentialPassage 5Discoveries in science and technology are thought by“untaught minds”to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold (霉) on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal—and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities."Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’ s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done, " wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: "How come nobody thought of that before?"The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.27. What does the author probably mean by "untaught mind" in the first paragraph?[A] A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.[B] A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.[C] A person who has had no education.[D] An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.28. According to the author, what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators?[A] The variety of ideas they have. [B] The intelligence they possess.[C] The way they deal with problems. [D] The way they present their findings.29. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because__.[A] Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity[B] the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing things .[C] the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch’ s point of view[D] the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented30. The phrase “march to a different drummer” (the last line of the passage) suggests that highly creative individuals are__.[A] diligent in pursuing their goals[B] reluctant to follow common ways of doing things[C] devoted to the progress of science[D] concerned about the advance of societyPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese TranslationAccording to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (31) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (32) “In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolut ion, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”(33)Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of differentkinds that were usable in scientific experiments.The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolutio n. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. (34) Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eye-glasses.Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute.(35)Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.Part ⅣWriting (15 points)DIRECTIONS:A. Title: ON MAKING FRIENDSB. TIME LIMIT: 40 minutesC. Word limit: 120 - 150 words (not including the given opening sentence)D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should startwith the given opening sentence: “As a human being, one can hardly do without a friend.”E. Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLINE:l. The need for friends2. True friendship3. My principle in making friends。
1994年考研英语真题及答案解析(卷二)
考研资料1994年全国研究生入学考试（二）及参考答案（精校版）英语1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishThe first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice of words is 1 the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of 2 breakdown is in the communication cycle. Too often, careless use of words __3 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speaker may ___4 unfavorable reactions in the listener 5 interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down. 6__, inaccurate or indefinite words may make ___7 difficult for the listener to understand the 8 which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 9 to explain or describe in a 10 that can be understood by his listeners.1. [A] of [B] at [C] for [D] on2. [A] inaccessible [B] timely [C] likely [D] invalid3. [A] encourages [B] prevents [C] destroys [D] offers4. [A] pass out [B] take away [C] back up [D] stir up5. [A] who [B] as [C] which [D] what6. [A] Moreover [B] However [C] Preliminarily [D] Unexpectedly7. [A] that [B] it [C] so [D] this8. [A] speech [B] sense [C] message [D] meaning9. [A] obscure [B] difficult [C] impossible [D] unable10. [A] case [B] means [C] method [D] waySection ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 1The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.The important factor in a private enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property) , and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.11. In Line 11, Par a 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means__.[A] Americans are never satisfied with their incomes[B] Americans tend to overstate their incomes[C] Americans want to have their incomes increased[D] Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes12. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that__.[A] producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production[B] consumers can express their demands through producers[C] producers decide the prices of products[D] supply and demand regulate prices13. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by__.[A] private property and rights concerned[B] manpower and natural resources control[C] ownership of productive resources[D] free contracts and prices14. The passage is mainly about__.[A] how American goods are produced[B] how American consumers buy their goods[C] how American economic system works[D] how American businessmen make their profitsPassage 2One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society” is not on the horizo n—it’s already here.While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilitiesto milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.15. According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to__.[A] withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes[B] obtain more convenient services than other people do[C] enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper[D] cash money wherever he wishes to16. From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that __.[A] in the future all the Americans will use credit cards[B] credit cards are mainly used in the United States today[C] nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash[D] it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before17. The phrase "ring up sales" (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means “___”.[A] make an order of goods [B] record sales on a cash register[C] call the sales manager [D] keep track of the goods in stock18. What is this passage mainly about?[A] Approaches to the commercial use of computers.[B] Conveniences brought about by computers in business.[C] Significance of automation in commercial enterprises.[D] Advantages of credit cards in business.Passage 3Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’ s understanding—the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that minor we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.“All men are created equal.” We’ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for educat ion in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country’s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children—the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children—disabled or not—to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.19. In Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that _____.[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children20. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that__.[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society[B] they might become a burden of the society[C] they should fully develop their potentials[D] disabled children deserve special consideration21. This passage mainly deals with__.[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society[C] the special educational programs for exceptional children[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children22. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ___.[A] is now enjoying legal support[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country[C] was clearly stated by the country’ s founders[D] will exert great influence over court decisionsPassage 4“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we’ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. “But,” he cautions, “Some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur. He discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available. ”This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging—13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas (胰腺) .With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes (基因), are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. “Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,” says oncologist Willi am Haywar. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, “We can’t prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.”The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter."First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action. "23. The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to__.[A]. predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade[B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright[C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered24. The author implies that by the year 2000, __.[A] there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients[B] 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living[C] the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers[D] there won’ t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients25. Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes__.[A] that are always in operation in a healthy person[B] which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated[C] that can be driven out of normal cells[D] which normal cells can’ t turn off26. The word "dormant" in the third paragraph most probably means__.[A] dead [B] ever-present [C] inactive [D] potentialPassage 5Discoveries in science and technology are thought by“untaught minds”to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold (霉) on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal—and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities."Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’ s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done, " wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: "How come nobody thought of that before?"The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.27. What does the author probably mean by "untaught mind" in the first paragraph?[A] A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.[B] A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.[C] A person who has had no education.[D] An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.28. According to the author, what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators?[A] The variety of ideas they have. [B] The intelligence they possess.[C] The way they deal with problems. [D] The way they present their findings.29. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because__.[A] Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity[B] the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing things .[C] the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch’ s point of view[D] the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented30. The phrase “march to a different drummer” (the last line of the passage) suggests that highly creative individuals are__.[A] diligent in pursuing their goals[B] reluctant to follow common ways of doing things[C] devoted to the progress of science[D] concerned about the advance of societyPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese TranslationAccording to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (31) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (32) “In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”(33)Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galile o’s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. (34) Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eye-glasses.Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (35)Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.Part ⅣWriting (15 points)DIRECTIONS:A. Title: ON MAKING FRIENDSB. TIME LIMIT: 40 minutesC. Word limit: 120 - 150 words (not including the given opening sentence)D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: “As a human being, one can hardly do without a friend.”E. Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. OUTLINE:l. The need for friends2. True friendship3. My principle in making friends。
1994年考研英语真题及解析
1994年考研英语真题精解精析1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题按照《1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲（非英语专业）》要求命制，体现了《大纲》的考核目标、形式和内容。
1994年试题题型与1993年相比，题型发生了很大的变化，“语法结构与词汇”分为3个部分进行考察：语法选择题、语法辩错题及词汇题。
题量减少了5题，计分也相应地减少。
总体难度方面，各部分都较1993年略有增加。
SectionⅠCloze Test【文章综述】本文讲述了语言中最小单位单词的选词问题，恰当的选词可以消除交流障碍，不慎重的词语却会造成误会。
【英汉对照】41.A.of(……的)B.at(在……点)C.for(为了)D.on(在……上)42.A.inaccessible(无法获得的) B.timely(及时地)C.likely(可能地)D.invalid(无用的)43.A.encourages(鼓励)B.prevents(阻止)C.destroys(破坏)D.offers(给予)44.A.pass out(昏倒，分发)B.take away(拿走，带走)C.back up(备份，储备)D.stir up(激励，刺激)45.A.who(指代人)B.as(正如)C.which(指代无)D.what(所……的)46.A.Moreover(而且，此外)B.However(然而)C.Preliminarily(初步地)D.Unexpectedly(意外地)47.A.that(那)B.It(它)C.so(所以)D.this(这)48.A.speech(讲话)B.sense(感觉)C.message(信息)D.meaning(意思)49.A.obscure(模糊的)B.difficult(困难的)C.impossible(不可能的)D.unable(无能的)50.A.case(事例，案例)B.means(方式)C.method(方法)D.way(方法)【核心词汇】b reakdown['breikdaun]n.崩溃；衰竭；（关系、计划或讨论等的）中断，（机械）破损，故障；垮台，破裂（break+down下→崩溃）comprehension[7kCmpri5henFEn]a.理解（力）,领悟；包含，包含力（comprehend（d）+sion 名词后缀）eliminate[i'limineit]vt.除去;淘汰;排（删,消）除;削减（人员）,杀掉，干掉（e出+limin+ate动词后缀→出门槛→删除）interfere[,intə'fiə]v.（in）干涉,干预;介入,（with）妨碍,打扰（inter相互+fer带来+e动词后缀→干涉）reception[ri5sepFEn]n.接待,招待会;接收,接受,接收效果,欢迎,欢迎会;接待处（re再+cept拿+ion名词后缀→接受）transmission[trAnz5miFEn]n.播送,发射;传动,传送，传播；传动装置，变速器（trans跨越＋miss+ion名词后缀→传送过去）transmit[trænz'mit]vt.传输＆导；转送；发射，播送，广播；传播，传染；传导vi.发射信号；发报（trans跨越＋mit→送过去→传达）utmost[5QtmEust]a.最远的;极度的；极端的n.极限,极度,最大可能【超纲词汇】inaccurate[in'ækjurət]a.错误的indefinite[in'definət]adj.不确定的；模糊的；无限的unfavorable[5Qn5feivErEbl]adj.不宜的；令人不快的；不顺利的【常用词组】break down分解；发生故障；失败；毁掉；制服interfere with干扰，干涉；触动或弄坏；乱动；与……抵触【答案与详解】41.答案→A考点→介词词组解题技巧→本文第一句提出，对于语言来说，首先可以讨论的最小单位是单词。
1994考研英语真题
competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the products is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embrace s not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.51. In line 8, paragraph 1, "the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes" means ________.[A] Americans are never satisfied with their incomes[B] Americans tend to overstate their incomes[C] Americans want to have their incomes increased[D] Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes52. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that ________.[A] producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production[B] consumers can express their demands through producers[C] producers decide the prices of products[D] supply and demand regulate prices53. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by ________.[A] private property and rights concerned[B] manpower and natural resources control[C] ownership of productive resources[D] free contracts and prices54. The passage is mainly about ________.[A] how American goods are produced[B] how American consumers buy their goods[C] how American economic system works[D] how American businessmen make their profits重点词汇：market-oriented（以市场为导向的）←market市场+orient 定位+ed形容词后缀。
1994英语考研答案解析
1994年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题SectionⅠ Use of English1、文章结构总体分析语言中的首要的以及最小的单位是单词。
说话时，选词至关重要。
恰当地选词可以消除交流障碍，不慎重的词语会阻碍说话双方的思想交流。
2、试题解析1.[答案] A[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：介词的用法。
本文第一句提出，对于语言来说，首先可以讨论的最小单位是单词。
First和smallest两个形容词已经道出单词在语言中的重要地位。
此后，文章进一步指出，说话时选择词语非常重要。
我们看到，空格后是一个名词性短语utmost importance，而所给的四个选项全是介词，也就是说所选的介词应该与这个名词性短语组合在一起，做be动词的表语。
of的一个特定用法是：of+表示评估意义的抽象名词=该名词对应的形容词，可做表语，表示具有某种性质、状况。
如：of great use=great useful, of importance=important, 所以A为正确选项。
2. [答案] C[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑语意搭配+形容词词义辨析。
前面已经提到，单词在语言中占有首要地位，因此，说话时对词语的选用就变得非常重要。
本句大意为：恰当的选词可以消除交流过程中......的障碍。
likely意为“可能发生的”，不论从语法角度，还是从逻辑角度讲都非常恰当。
inaccessible表示“难以达到的，难以接近的”，如：This novel seems to me among the most inaccessible.这本书对我来说是最难懂的小说之一。
我们知道，说话过程中完全可能出现交流的障碍，所以inaccessible不恰当。
timely意为“及时的，准时的”，如：a timely treatment及时的治疗。
invalid意为“无效的”，如：an invalid license作废的执照，都不符合句意。
1994年考研英语试题及参考答案
1994年考研英语试题及参考答案part Ⅰ: Section A 1. By the time you arrive in London, we ___ in Europe for two weeks. A. shall stay B. have stayed C. will have stayed D. have been staying 2. I appreciated ____ the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. A. having been given B. having given C. to have been given D. to have given 3. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, ____ obtaining water is not the least. A. of which B. for what C. as D. whose 4. The heart is ___ intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. A. not so B. not much C. much more D. no more 5. ____ the fact that his initial experiments had failed, Prof. White persisted in his research. A. Because of B. As to C. In spite of D. In view of 6. JeanWagner#39;s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it ____ in religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference. A. is to be analyzed B. has been analyzed C. be analyzed D. should have been analyzed 7. The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand , ____ all practical value by the time they finished. A. could lose B. would have lost C. might lose D. ought to have lost 8. No bread eaten by man is so sweet as _____ earned by his own labour. A. one B. that C. such D. what 9. It isn#39;t cold enough for there ___ a frost tonight , so I can leave Jim#39;s car out quite safely. A. would be B. being C. was D. to be 10. Scientists generally agree that theEarth#39;s climate will warm up over the next 50 to 100 years ____ it has warmed in the 20,000 years since the Ice Age. A. as long as B. as much as C. as soon as D. as well as Section B 改错: ll . Similar elements in the prehistoric remains from both areas suggest that Indians and their A B neighbours had maintained distant but real connections ever before 1500 B. C. C D 12. It soon became obviously that instead of being trained to sing she would be trained as the as- A B C D tronomer#39;s assistant . 13. He also conceived that the solar system and the universe would come into existence by a nat- A B C ural process and would disappear one day. D 14. The moon has a mass that is nearly one hundred times less than the earth ; in consequence , A B C the force of gravity at the moon#39; s surface is only one-sixth of that at the earth#39;s surface. D 15 . "The Bunsen burner is so named because it is thought to be invented by Robert Bunsen, who A B C was Genman by birth. D 16. Much although I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, A B whatever the job. C D 17. The weeds and tall grass in that yard makes the house look as if it had been vacant for quite A B C D some time. 18 . If only the nature of the aging process is better understood, the possibility of discovering a A B C medicine that can block the fundamental process of aging seems very remote . D 19. When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot heip but believing that the public A B C D will appreciate his gift . 20. Allen has stated that he has always had a great interest and admiration for the work of the A B C D British economist Keynes .Section C: 21. Please do not be ___ by his bad manners since he is merely trying to attract attention. A. disregarded B. distorted C. irritated D. intervened 22. Craig assured his boss that he would ___ all his energies in doing this new job. A. call forth B. call at C. call on D. call off 23. Too much ___ to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body. A. disclosure B. exhibition C. contact D. exposure 24. When confronted with such questions, my mind goes ____, and I can hardly remember my own date of birth. A. dim B. blank C. faint D. vain 25. It is well known that knowledge is the ____ condition for expansion of mind. A. incompatible B. incredible c. indefinite D. indispensable 26. More than two hundred years ago the United States ____ from the British Empire and become an independent country. A. got off B. pulled down C. broke away D. attached to 27. Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that one is ____ loud continuous noise. A. subjected to B. filled with C. associated with D. dropped off 28. Some of the most important concepts in physics ____ their success to these mathematical systems. A. oblige B. owe C. contribute D. attribute 29. As your instructor advised, you ought to spend your time on something ____ researching into. A. precious B. worth C. worthy D. valuable 30. As a defense against air-pollution damage, many plants and animals____ a substance to absorb harmful chemicals. A. relieve B. release C. dismiss D. discard 31. Without the friction between their feet and the ground, people would ___ be able to walk. A. in no time B. by all means C. in no way D. on any account 32. While typing , Helen has a habit of stopping ____ to give her long and flowing hair a smooth. A. occasionally B. simultaneously C. eventually D. promptly 33. One reason for the successes of Asian immigrants in the U.S. is that they have taken great ______to educate their children. A. efforts B. pains C. attempts D. endeavours 34.If any man here does not agree with me, he should ____his own plan for improving the living conditions of these people. A. put on B. put out c. put in d. put forward 35.I support your decision, but I should also make it clear that I am not going to be ____to it. A. connected B. fastened C. bound D. stuck 36.The English language contains a(n)_____of words which are comparative seldom used in ordinary conversation. A. altitude B. latitude C. multitude D. attitude 37. In my opinion, you can widen the ____of these improvements through your active participation.A. dimensionB. volumeC. magnitudeD. scope 38.Your improper words will give _____to doubts concerning your true intentions. A. rise B. reason C. suspicion D. impulse 39.The news item about the fire is followed by a detailed report made _____. A. on the spot B. on the site C. on the location D. on the ground 40.The remarkable ______of life on the Galopagos Islands inspired Charles Darwin to establish his theory of evolution. A. classification B. variety C. density D. diversionPart Ⅱ Cloze TestThe first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice of words is 41 the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of 42 breakdown in the communication cycle. Too often, careless use of words43 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speaker may44 unfavorable reactions in the listener 45 interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down . 46 , inaccurate or indefinite words may make 47 difficult for the listener to under- stand the 48 which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 49 to explain or describe in a 50 that can be un-derstood by his listeners. 41. A. of B. at C. for D. on 42. A. inaccessible B. timely C. likely D. invalid 43. A. encourages B. prevents C. destroys D. offers 44. A. pass out B. take away C. back up D. stir up 45. A. who B. as C. which D. what 46 . A. Moreover B. However C. Preliminarily D. Unexpectedly 47. A. that B. It C. so D. this 48. A. speech B. sense C. message D. meaning 49. A. obscure B. difficult C. impossible D. unable 50.A. caseB. meansC. methodD. wayPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionPassage IThe American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen , striving to make profits , produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen ; and the profit motive , operating under competitive pressures , largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American eoonomic system it is the demand of individual consumers , coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individu - als to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer de- mands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mecha- nism is provided bv a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand , the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in tum will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the Amer- ican economic system . The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private propeny) , and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual . 51 . In Line 11 , Para 1 , "the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes" means__. A. Americans are never satisfied withtheir incomes B. Americans tend to oventate their incomes C. Americans want to have their incomes increased D. Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes 52. The first two &ntences in the second paragraph tell us that__. A. producers can satisfy the oonsumers by mechanized production B. consumers can express their demands through producers C. producers decide the prices of products D. supply and demand regulate prices 53 . According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by__. A. private property and rights concerned B. manpower and natural resources control C. ownership of productive resources D. free contracts and prices 54. The passage is mainly about__. A. how American goods are produced B. how American consumers buy their goods C. how American economic system works D. how American businessmen make their profitsPassage 2One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the coun- try, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the "cashless society" is not on the horizon-it#39;s already here. While computers offer these conveniences to consumers , they have many advantages for sell- ers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers reoord which hours are busiest and which employees are the most effi- cient , allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional canlpaigns. Computers are relied on bv manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed nlarketing reports can help to decide which products to em- phasize now, which to develop for the future , and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself. Numerous other commercial enterprises , from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors , bring better and more efficialt services to consumers through the use of computers. 55 . According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to__. A. withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes B. obtain more convenient services than other people do C. enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper D. cash money wherever he wishes to 56. From the ast sentence of the first paragraph we learn that __. A. in the future all the Americans will use credit cards B. credit cards are mainly used in the United States today C. nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash D. it is now more convenientto use credit cards than before 57. The phrase "ring up sales" (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means "__". A. make an order of goods B. record sales on a cash register C. call the sales manager D. keep track of the goods in stock 58. What is this passage mainly about? A. Approaches to the commercial use of computers. B. Conveniences brought about by computers in business. C. Significance of automation in commercial enterprises. D. Advantages of credit cards in business.Passage 3Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential , their education must be adapted to those dif- ferences. Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environnlent as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society#39; s understanding--the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation. Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that minor we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens , whatever their special conditions , deserve the oppor- tunity to fully develop their capabllities. "All men are created equal. " We#39;ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country#39; s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children-the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children-disabled or not-to an appropriate education , and have ordered that pubLic schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In re- sponse , schools are modifying their programs , adapting instruction to children who are exception- al , to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs. 59. In Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that A. the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their famiLy and the society B. exceptional children are more influenced by their families than nomlal children are C. exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society D. the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children 60. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that__. A. they are expected to be leaders of the society B. they might become a burden of the society C. they should fully develop their potentials D. disabled children deserve special consideration 61 . Thispassage mainly deals with__. A. the differences of children in their learning capabilities B. the definition of exceptional children in modern society C. the special educational programs for exceptional children D. the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children 62 . From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ___. A. is now enjoying legal support B. disagrees with the tradition of the country C. was clearly stated by the country#39; s founders D. will exert great influence over court decisionsPassage 4"I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we#39;ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise, " says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. "But, " he cautions, "some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur. He discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available. " This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000 , the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survivaL statistics are still discouraging-----13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pan- creas (胰腺) . With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they disoovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes (基因) , are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radi- ation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous. The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. "Changes are a nor- mal part of the evoLutionary process , " says oncologist William Haywar. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out , "We can#39; t prepare a medicine against cosmic rays. " The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter. "First , we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to deter- mine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at leasl part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action. " 63. The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to__. A. predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade B. indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright C. prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years D. warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered 64. The author implies that bv the year 2000 ,__. A. there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients B. 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living C. the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers D. there won#39; t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients 65 . Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes__. A. that are always in operation in a healthy person B. whichremain unharmful so long as they are not activated C. that can be driven out of normal cells D. which normal cells can#39; t turn off 66 . The word "dormant" in the third paragraph most probably means__. A. dead B. ever-present C. inactive D. potentialPassage 5Discoveries in science and technology are thought by "untaught minds" to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold (霉) on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inven- tions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and enor. Innovation is like soc- cer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score. The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions , professional innovators see as solid possibilities. "Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there#39; s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done, " wrote Rudolph Flexh, a language authority, this accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient : "How come nobody thought of that before?" The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the av erage person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparentLy simplest route. The in- novator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends. Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer. 67. What does the author probably mean by "untaught mind" in the first paragraph? A. A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation. B. A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity. C. A person who has had no education. D. An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident. 68 . According to the author , what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators?A. The variety of ideas they have.B. The intelligence they possess.C. The way they deal with problems.D. The way they present their findings. 69. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because__. A. Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity B. the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing things . C. the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch#39; s point of view D. the quotation adds a new idea to the informatlon previously presented 70. The phrase "march to a different drummer" (the last line of the passage) suggests that highly creativeindividuals are__. A. diligent in pursuing their goals B. reluctant to follow common ways of doing things C. devoted to the progress of science D. concemed about the advance of society Part Ⅳ English-Chinese TranslationAccording to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (71 ) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (72) "In short" , a leader of the new school contends, "the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions. "(73 )Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology algues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments. The centerhiece of the argument of a technology-yes , genius-no advocate was an analysis of Gialileo#39; s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions.(74) Galileo#39; s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglass- es . Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (75)Whether the Govemment should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice ver- sa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.Part V Writing (15 points)DIRECTIONS : A. Title: ON MAKING FRIENDS B. TIME LIMIT : 40 minutes C. Word limit : 120 - 150 words ( not including the given opening sentence) D . Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence : "As a human being , one can hardly do without a friend . " E . Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET . OUTLINE : l . The need for friends 2 . True friendship 3. My principle in making friends参考答案： PartⅠ Section A ( 15 points) l. C 2. A 3. A 4. D 5. C 6. C 7. B 8. B 9. D 10. B Section B ( 15 points) 11. D,even 12. A,obvious 13. B,had come 14. B,that of the earth 15. C,to have been invented 16. A,Much as 或 Much though 17. B,make 18. A,Unless ( =if. . .not) 19. C,删去 but 或将 believing 改为 believe 20. C,a great interest in section C ( 10 points) 21.C 22. A 23.D 24. B 25. D 26. C 27. A 28. B 29. B 30. B 31. C 32. A 33. B 34. D 35. C 36. C 37. D38. A 39. A 40. B Part Ⅱ 41. A 42. C 43. B 44. D 45. C 46. A 47. B 48. C 49. D 50. D Part Ⅲ 51.D 52. D 53. A 54. C 55. B 56. C 57. B 58. B 59. A 60. C 61. D 62. A 63. D 64. D 65. B 66. C 67. A68. C 69. B 70. B Part Ⅳ 71. 他们(新学派科学家们)说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。
1994考研英语真题(英一二通用)答案+解析
1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences,there are four choices marked[A],[B],[C]and[D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(5points)1.By the time you arrive in London,we________in Europe for two weeks.[A]shall stay[B]have stayed[C]will have stayed[D]have been staying2.I appreciated________the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.[A]having been given[B]having given[C]to have been given[D]to have given3.Living in the central Australian desert has its problems,________obtaining water is not theleast.[A]of which[B]for what[C]as[D]whose4.The heart is________intelligent than the stomach,for they are both controlled by thebrain.[A]not so[B]not much[C]much more[D]no more5.________the fact that his initial experiments had failed,Prof.White persisted in hisresearch.[A]Because of[B]As to[C]In spite of[D]In view of6.Jean Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is hisinsistence that it________in a religious,as well as worldly,frame of reference.[A]is to be analyzed[B]has been analyzed[C]be analyzed[D]should have been analyzed7.The millions of calculations involved,had they been done by hand,________all practicalvalue by the time they were finished.[A]could lose[B]would have lost[C]might lose[D]ought to have lost8.No bread eaten by man is so sweet as________earned by his own labour.[A]one[B]that[C]such[D]what9.It isn’t cold enough for there________a frost tonight,so I can leave Jim’s car out quitesafely.[A]would be[B]being[C]was[D]to be10.Scientists generally agree that the Earth’s climate will warm up over the next50to100years________it has warmed in the20,000years since the Ice Age.[A]as long as[B]as much as[C]as soon as[D]as well asPart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(5points)11.Similar elements in the prehistoric remainsA from both areas suggestBthat Indians and theirneighbours had maintainedC distant but real connections everDbefore1500B.C.12.It soon became obviouslyA that instead of being trainedBto sing she wouldCbe trained asDthe astronomer’s assistant.13.He also conceivedA that the solar system and the universe would comeBinto existence byCanatural process and would disappearDone day.14.The moon has a mass that is nearly one hundred times lessA than the earthB;in consequenceC ,the force ofDgravity at the moon’s surface is only one-sixth of that at theearth’s surface.15.“The Bunsen burner is soA named because it is thoughtBto be inventedCby Robert Bunsen,who was German byDbirth.16.Much althoughA I have traveled,I have never seen anyone to equalBher in thoroughness,whateverC the job D.17.The weedsA and tall grass in that yard makesBthe house lookCas if it had been vacantDforquite some time.18.If onlyA the nature of the aging process isBbetter understood,the possibility of discoveringCa medicine that can block the fundamental process of aging seemsDvery remote.19.When I consider how talented he isA as a painterB,I cannot help but believingCthatthe publicDwill appreciate his gift.20.Allen has statedA that he has always hadBa great interestCand admiration forDthe work ofthe British economist Keynes.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences,there are four choices marked[A],[B],[C]and[D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(10points)21.Please do not be________by his bad manners since he is merely trying to attract attention.[A]disregarded[B]distorted[C]irritated[D]intervened22.Craig assured his boss that he would________all his energies in doing this new job.[A]call forth[B]call at[C]call on[D]call off23.Too much________to X-rays can cause skin burns,cancer or other damage to the body.[A]disclosure[B]exhibition[C]contact[D]exposure24.When confronted with such questions,my mind goes________,and I can hardly remembermy own date of birth.[A]dim[B]blank[C]faint[D]vain25.It is well known that knowledge is that________condition for expansion of mind.[A]incompatible[B]incredible[C]indefinite[D]indispensable26.More than two hundred years ago the United States________from the British Empire andbecome an independent country.[A]got off[B]pulled down[C]broke away[D]dropped off27.Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that one is________loud continuousnoise.[A]subjected to[B]filled with[C]associated with[D]attached to28.Some of the most important concepts in physics________their success to thesemathematical systems.[A]oblige[B]owe[C]contribute[D]attribute29.As your instructor advised,you ought to spend your time on something________researching into.[A]precious[B]worth[C]worthy[D]valuable30.As a defense against air-pollution damage,many plants and animals________a substanceto absorb harmful chemicals.[A]relieve[B]release[C]dismiss[D]discard31.Without the friction between their feet and the ground,people would________be able towalk.[A]in no time[B]by all means[C]in no way[D]on any account32.While typing,Helen has a habit of stopping________to give her long and flowing hair asmooth.[A]occasionally[B]simultaneously[C]eventually[D]promptly33.One reason for the successes of Asian immigrants in the U.S.is that they have taken great________to educate their children.[A]efforts[B]pains[C]attempts[D]endeavours34.If any man here does not agree with me,he should________his own plan for improvingthe living conditions of these people.[A]put on[B]put out[C]put in[D]put forward35.I support your decision,but I should also make it clear that I am not going to be________to it.[A]connected[B]fastened[C]bound[D]stuck36.The English language contains a(n)________of words which are comparatively seldomused in ordinary conversation.[A]altitude[B]latitude[C]multitude[D]attitude37.In my opinion,you can widen the________of these improvements through your activeparticipation.[A]dimension[B]volume[C]magnitude[D]scope38.Your improper words will give________to doubts concerning your true intentions.[A]rise[B]reason[C]suspicion[D]impulse39.The news item about the fire is followed by a detailed report made________.[A]on the spot[B]on the site[C]on the location[D]on the ground40.The remarkable________of life on the Galapagos Islands inspired Charles Darwin toestablish his theory of evolution.[A]classification[B]variety[C]density[D]diversionSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked[A],[B],[C] and[D].Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(10points)The first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word.In speaking,the choice of words is大41家the utmost importance.Proper selection will eliminate one source of大42家breakdown in the communication cycle.Too often,careless use of words大43家a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener.The words used bythe speaker may大44家unfavorable reactions in the listener大45家interfere with his comprehension;hence,the transmission-reception system breaks down.大46家,inaccurate or indefinite words may make大47家difficult for the listener to understand the大48家which is being transmitted to him.The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be大49家to explain or describe in a 大50家that can be understood by his listeners.41.[A]of[B]at[C]for[D]on42.[A]inaccessible[B]timely[C]likely[D]invalid43.[A]encourages[B]prevents[C]destroys[D]offers44.[A]pass out[B]take away[C]back up[D]stir up45.[A]who[B]as[C]which[D]what46.[A]Moreover[B]However[C]Preliminarily[D]Unexpectedly47.[A]that[B]it[C]so[D]this48.[A]speech[B]sense[C]message[D]meaning49.[A]obscure[B]difficult[C]impossible[D]unable50.[A]case[B]means[C]method[D]waySection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question there are four answers marked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40points)Text1The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen,striving to make profits,produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen;and the profit motive,operating under competitive pressures,largely determines how these goods and services are produced.Thus,in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers,coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes,that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers.In the American economy,this mechanism is provided by a price system,a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers.If the product is in short supply relative to the demand,the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market.If,on the other hand,producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost,this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers,which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.Thus,price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources(private property),and they are permitted to hire labor,gain control over natural resources,and produce goods and services for sale at a profit.In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights,including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.51.In Line8,Paragraph1,“the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes”means________.[A]Americans are never satisfied with their incomes[B]Americans tend to overstate their incomes[C]Americans want to have their incomes increased[D]Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes52.The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that________.[A]producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production[B]consumers can express their demands through producers[C]producers decide the prices of products[D]supply and demand regulate prices53.According to the passage,a private-enterprise economy is characterized by________.[A]private property and rights concerned[B]manpower and natural resources control[C]ownership of productive resources[D]free contracts and prices54.The passage is mainly about________.[A]how American goods are produced[B]how American consumers buy their goods[C]how American economic system works[D]how American businessmen make their profitsText2One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card.They give their owners automatic credit in stores,restaurants,and hotels,at home,across the country, and even abroad,and they make many banking services available as well.More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically,making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations,whether or not the local branch bank is open.For many of us the“cashless society”is not on the horizon--it’s already here.While computers offer these conveniences to consumers,they have many advantages for sellers too.Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales.They can keep a wide range of records,including who sold what,when,and to whom.This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving.Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made.At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient,allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly.And they also identify preferred customers for promotional puters are relied on by manufacturers for similar puter-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now,which to develop for the future,and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock,of raw materials on hand,and even of the production process itself.Numerous other commercial enterprises,from theaters to magazine publishers,from gas and electric utilities to milk processors,bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.55.According to the passage,the credit card enables its owner to________.[A]withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes[B]obtain more convenient services than other people do[C]enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper[D]cash money wherever he wishes to56.From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that________.[A]in the future all the Americans will use credit cards[B]credit cards are mainly used in the United States today[C]nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash[D]it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before57.The phrase“ring up sales”(Line3,Para.2)most probably means“________”.[A]make an order of goods[B]record sales on a cash register[C]call the sales manager[D]keep track of the goods in stock58.What is this passage mainly about?[A]Approaches to the commercial use of computers.[B]Conveniences brought about by computers in business.[C]Significance of automation in commercial enterprises.[D]Advantages of credit cards in business.Text3Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age.For these children to develop to their full adult potential,their education must be adapted to those differences.Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children,we find ourselves describing their environment as well.While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention,we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself.Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’s understanding--the knowledge,hopes,and fears that are passed on to the next generation.Education in any society is a mirror of that society.In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses,the hopes,the prejudices,and the central values of the culture itself.The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens,whatever their special conditions,deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.“All men are created equal.”We’ve heard it many times,but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society.Although the phrase was used by this country’s founders to denote equality before the law,it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity.That concept implies educational opportunity for all children--the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity,whether that capacity be small or great.Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children--disabled or not--to an appropriate education,and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education.In response,schools are modifying their programs,adapting instruction to children who are exceptional,to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.59.In Paragraph2,the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that________.[A]the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society[B]exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are[C]exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society[D]the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children60.The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that________.[A]they are expected to be leaders of the society[B]they might become a burden of the society[C]they should fully develop their potential[D]disabled children deserve special consideration61.This passage mainly deals with________.[A]the differences of children in their learning capabilities[B]the definition of exceptional children in modern society[C]the special educational programs for exceptional children[D]the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children62.From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children________.[A]is now enjoying legal support[B]disagrees with the tradition of the country[C]was clearly stated by the country’s founders[D]will exert great influence over court decisionsText4“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we’ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,”says microbiologist Robert Weinberg,an expert on cancer.“But,”he cautions,“some people have the idea that once one understands the causes,the cure will rapidly follow.Consider Pasteur,he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections,but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”This year,50percent of the910,000people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years.In the year2000,the National Cancer Institute estimates,that figure will be75percent. For some skin cancers,the five-year survival rate is as high as90percent.But other survival statistics are still discouraging--13percent for lung cancer,and2percent for cancer of the pancreas(胰腺).With as many as120varieties in existence,discovering how cancer works is not easy.The researchers made great progress in the early1970s,when they discovered that oncogenes,whichare cancer-causing genes(基因),are inactive in normal cells.Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene,but how remains unknown.If several oncogenes are driven into action,the cell,unable to turn them off,becomes cancerous.The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious,but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers.“Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,”says oncologist William Hayward.Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated;as Hayward points out,“We can’t prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.”The prospects for cure,though still distant,are brighter.“First,we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself.Second,we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble.If we can understand how cancer works,we can counteract its action.”63.The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to________.[A]predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade[B]indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright[C]prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years[D]warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered64.The author implies that by the year2000,________.[A]there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients[B]90percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living[C]the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers[D]there won’t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients65.Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes________.[A]that are always in operation in a healthy person[B]which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated[C]that can be driven out of normal cells[D]which normal cells can’t turn off66.The word“dormant”in the third paragraph most probably means________.[A]dead[B]ever-present[C]inactive[D]potentialText5Discoveries in science and technology are thought by“untaught minds”to come in blindingflashes or as the result of dramatic accidents.Sir Alexander Fleming did not,as legend would have it,look at the mold(霉)on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error.Innovation is like soccer;even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal--and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity.The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach.Everybody gets ideas,but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise.What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions,professional innovators see as solid possibilities.“Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,”wrote Rudolph Flesch,a language authority.This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient:“How come nobody thought of that before?”The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears.Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything.Faced with getting from A to B,the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route.The innovator will search for alternate courses,which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.67.What does the author probably mean by“untaught mind”in the first paragraph?[A]A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.[B]A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.[C]A person who has had no education.[D]An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.68.According to the author,what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators?[A]The variety of ideas they have.[B]The intelligence they possess.[C]The way they deal with problems.[D]The way they present their findings.69.The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph3because________.[A]Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity[B]the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways ofdoing things[C]the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch’s point of view[D]the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented70.The phrase“march to a different drummer”(the last line of the passage)suggests that highlycreative individuals are________.[A]diligent in pursuing their goals[B]reluctant to follow common ways of doing things[C]devoted to the progress of society[D]concerned about the advance of societySection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)According to the new school of scientists,technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge.(71)Science moves forward,they say,not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.(72)“In short,”a leader of the new school contends,“the scientific revolution,as we call it,was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”(73)Over the years,tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo,Newton,Maxwell,Einstein,and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to,and derived great benefit from,craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes,genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolution.The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy,an astronomer of the second century,whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions.(74)Galileo’s greatest glory was that in1609he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.But the real hero of the story,according to the new school of scientists,was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eye-glasses.Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs.genius dispute.(75)Whether the Government’s should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa(反之)often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.Section V WritingDirections:[A]Title:ON MAKING FRIENDS[B]Time limit:40minutes[C]Word limit:120-150words(not including the given opening sentence)[D]Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with thegiven opening sentence:“As a human being,one can hardly do without a friend.”[E]Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points) OUTLINE:1.The need for friends2.True friendship3.My principle in making friends1994年考研英语真题答案Section I:Structure and Vocabulary(20points)Part A(5points)1.[C]2.[A]3.[A]4.[D]5.[C]6.[C]7.[B]8.[B]9.[D]10.[B]Part B(5points)11.[D]even12.[A]obvious13.[B]had come14.[B]that of the earth15.[C]to have been invented16.[A]Much as或Much though17.[B]make18.[A]Unless(=if...not)20.[C]a great interest in19.[C]删去but或将believing改为believePart C(10points)21.[C]22.[A]23.[D]24.[B]25.[D]26.[C]27.[A]28.[B]29.[B]30.[B]31.[C]32.[A]33.[B]34.[D]35.[C]36.[C]37.[D]38.[A]39.[A]40.[B] Section II:Cloze Test(10points)41.[A]42.[C]43.[B]44.[D]45.[C]46.[A]47.[B]48.[C]49.[D]50.[D] Section III:Reading Comprehension(40points)51.[D]52.[D]53.[A]54.[C]55.[B]56.[C]57.[B]58.[B]59.[A]60.[C]61.[D]62.[A]63.[D]64.[D]65.[B]66.[C]67.[A]68.[C]69.[B]70.[B] Section IV:English-Chinese Translation(15points)71.他们(新学派科学家们)说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。
1994年考研英语试题及答案
1994年全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学统⼀考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points)1. By the time you arrive in London, we ________ in Europe for two weeks.[A] shall stay[B] have stayed[C] will have stayed[D] have been staying2. I appreciated ________ the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.[A] having been given[B] having given[C] to have been given[D] to have given3. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, ________ obtaining water is not the least.[A] of which[B] for what[C] as[D] whose4. The heart is ________ intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.[A] not so[B] not much[C] much more[D] no more5. ________ the fact that his initial experiments had failed, Prof. White persisted in his research.[A] Because of[B] As to[C] In spite of[D] In view of6. Jean Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it ________ in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.[A] is to be analyzed[B] has been analyzed[C] be analyzed[D] should have been analyzed7. The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ________ all practical value by the time they were finished.[A] could lose[B] would have lost[C] might lose[D] ought to have lost8. No bread eaten by man is so sweet as ________ earned by his own labour.[A] one[B] that[C] such[D] what9. It isn’t cold enough for there ________ a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely.[A] would be[B] being[C] was[D] to be10. Scientists generally agree that the Earth’s climate will warm up over the next 50 to 100 years ________ it has warmed in the 20,000 years since the Ice Age.[A] as long as[B] as much as[C] as soon as[D] as well asEach of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points) 11. Similar elements in the prehistoric remainsA from both areas suggestB that Indians and their neighbours had maintainedC distant but real connections everD before 1500 B. C.12. It soon became obviouslyA that instead of being trainedB to sing she wouldC be trained asD the astronomer’s assistant.13. He also conceivedA that the solar system and the universe would comeB int0 existence byC a natural process and would disappearD one day.14. The moon has a mass that is nearly one hundred times lessA than the earthB; in consequenceC,the force ofD gravity at the moon’s surface is only one-sixth of that at the earth’s surface.15. “The Bunsen burner is soA named because it is thoughtB to be inventedC by Robert Bunsen, who was German byD birth.16. Much althoughA I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equalB her in thoroughness, whateverC the jobD.17. The weedsA and tall grass in that yard makesB the house lookC as if it had been vacantD for quite some time.18. If onlyA the nature of the aging process isB better understood, the possibility of discoveringC a medicine that can block the fundamental process of aging seemsD very remote.19. When I consider how talented he isA as a painterB, I cannot help but believingC that the publicD will appreciate his gift.20. Allen has statedA that he has always hadB a great interestC and admiration forD the work of the British economist Keynes.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21. Please do not be ________ by his bad manners since he is merely trying to attract attention.[A] disregarded[B] distorted[C] irritated[D] intervened22. Craig assured his boss that he would ________ all his energies in doing this new job.[A] call forth[B] call at[C] call on[D] call off23. Too much ________ to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.[A] disclosure[B] exhibition[C] contact[D] exposure24. When confronted with such questions, my mind goes ________, and I can hardly remember my own date of birth.[A] dim[B] blank[C] faint[D] vain25. It is well known that knowledge is that ________ condition for expansion of mind.[A] incompatible[B] incredible[C] indefinite[D] indispensable26. More than two hundred years ago the United States ________ from the British Empire and become an independent country.[A] got off[B] pulled down[C] broke away[D] dropped off27. Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that one is ________ loud continuous noise.[A] subjected to[B] filled with[C] associated with[D] attached to28. Some of the most important concepts in physics ________ their success to these mathematical systems.[C] contribute[D] attribute29. As your instructor advised, you ought to spend your time on something ________ researching int0.[A] precious[B] worth[C] worthy[D] valuable30. As a defense against air-pollution damage, many plants and animals ________ a substance to absorb harmful chemicals.[A] relieve[B] release[C] dismiss[D] discard31. Without the friction between their feet and the ground, people would ________ be able to walk.[A] in no time[B] by all means[C] in no way[D] on any account32. While typing, Helen has a habit of stopping ________ to give her long and flowing hair a smooth.[A] occasionally[B] simultaneously[C] eventually[D] promptly33. One reason for the successes of Asian immigrants in the U.S. is that they have taken great ________ to educate their children.[A] efforts[B] pains[C] attempts[D] endeavours34. If any man here does not agree with me, he should ________ his own plan for improving the living conditions of these people.[A] put on[B] put out[C] put in[D] put forward35. I support your decision, but I should also make it clear that I am not going to be ________ to it.[A] connected[B] fastened[C] bound[D] stuck36. The English language contains a(n) ________ of words which are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.[A] altitude[B] latitude[C] multitude[D] attitude37. In my opinion, you can widen the ________ of these improvements through your active participation.[A] dimension[B] volume[C] magnitude[D] scope38. Your improper words will give ________ to doubts concerning your true intentions.[A] rise[B] reason[C] suspicion[D] impulse39. The news item about the fire is followed by a detailed report made ________.[A] on the spot[B] on the site[C] on the location[D] on the ground40. The remarkable ________ of life on the Galapagos Islands inspired Charles Darwin to establish his theory of evolution.[A] classification[B] variety[C] density[D] diversionSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)The first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice of words is （41） the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of （42） breakdown in the communication cycle. Too often, careless use of words （43） a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speaker may （44） unfavorable reactions in the listener （45） interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down.。
1994年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语
1994年普通高等学校招生全国英语统一考试第一卷（三大题，共110分）I、单项填空（共40小题，计分40分）A)从A、B、C、D中找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项。
例：haveA.gaveB.saveC.hatD.made答案是C。
1.specialA.shallowB.officerC.chokeD.trousers2.mathematicsA.ecycleB.respectC.messageD.package3.shoulderA.ouderB.proounceC.onelyD.Europe4.increaseA.desertB.disignC.wiseD.promise5.parentA.spearB.wearC.carryD.patientB)以下所给单词均不完整，从A、B、C、D中找出适当的字母或字母组合使其正确与完整。
例：alr______dyA.eaB.eeC.ieD.eu答案是A。
6.congr____t____lationA.a; uB.e; uC.o; oD.a; o7.handker____iefA.schB.shC.tchD.ch8.act____lA.ruB.urC.auD.ua9.li____idA.quB.qC.kwD.k10.c____t____nA.ur; aiB.er; iaC.ur; iaD.ar; aiC)从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的正确答案。
例：He comes late sometimes,______ ?A.is heB.isn't hees heD.doesn't he答案是D。
11.—Is your camera like Bill's and Ann's?—No, but it's almost the same as ______ .A.herB.yoursC.themD.their12.—Do you remember ______ he came?—Yes, I do, he came by car.A.howB.whenC.thatD.if13.—Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend?— ______ .A.I don't believeB.I don't believe itC.I believe not soD.I believe not14.—Would you like to come to dinner tonight?—______ I'd like to, I'm too busy.A.andB.soC.asD.but15.—Can I join your club, Dad?—You can when you ______ a bit older.A.getB.will getC.are gettingD.will have got16.I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ______ for her.A.had to write it outB.must have written it outC.should have written it outD.ought to write it out17.—Hi, haven't seen you for ages! You look fine!— ______ . You look well, too.A.GreatB.ThanksC.Oh, noD.Not at all18.She set out soon after dark ______ home an hour later.A.arrivingB.to arriveC.having arrivedD.and arrived19.—I'm sorry to keep you waiting.—Oh, not at all. I ______ here only a few minutes.A.have beenB.had beenC.wasD.will be20.She is ______ newcomer to ______ chemistry but she has already made some importantdiscoveries.A.the; theB.the ; 不填C.a; 不填D.a; the21.—I must apologize for ______ ahead of time.—That's all right.A.letting you not knowB.not letting you knowC.letting you know notD.letting not you know22.Rather than ______ on a crowded bus, he always prefers a bicycle.A.ride; rideB.riding; rideC.ride; to rideD.to ride; riding23.—Shall I tell John about it?—No, you ______ . I've told him already.A.needn'tB.wouldn'tC.mustn'tD.shouldn't24.—How long has this bookshop been in business?— ______ 1982.A.AfterB.InC.FromD.Since25.The missing boys were last seen ______ near the river.A.playingB.to be playingC.playD.to play26.Don't all speak at once!______ , please.A.Each at one timeB.One by one timeC.One for each timeD.One at a time27.—Do you like the material?—Yes, it ______ very soft.A.is feelingB.feltC.feelsD.is felt28.John plays football ______ , if not better than, David.A.as wellB.as well asC.so wellD.so well as29.I don't really work here; I ______ until the new secretary arrives.A.just help outB.have just helped outC.am just helping outD.will just help out30.It there were no examinations ,we should have ______ at school.A.the happiest timeB.a more happier timeC.much happiest timeD.a much happier time31.I didn't see your sister at the meeting. If she ______ , she would have met mybrother.A.has comeB.did comeC.cameD.had come32.The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, ______ that he hadenjoyed his stay here.A.having addedB.to addC.addingD.added33.Here's my card. Let's keep in ______.A.touchB.relationC.connectionD.friendship34.The first textbooks ______ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the16th century.A.having writtenB.to be writtenC.being writtenD.written35.—Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.— ______ .A.I don'tB.I won'tC.I can'tD.I haven't36.I don't know the restaurant, but it's ______to be quite a good one.A.saidB.toldC.spokenD.talked37.Mother was worried because little Alice was ill ,especially ______ Father was away inFrance.A.asB.thatC.duringD.if38.I need one more stamp before my collection ______.A.has completedpletesC.has been completedD.is completed39.The weather turned out to be very good, ______ was more than we could expect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it40.We all write ______, even when there's not much to say.A.now and thenB.by and byC.step by stepD.more or lessⅡ、完形填空（共20小题，计分30分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从41￣60各题所给的四个选项中，选出一个最佳答案。
94年真题
（1994）Passage 1难句分析：①The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.分析：此句主干为The American economic system is organized around a... economy。
在economy后面是一个以in which引导的定语从句in which consumers largely determine，而这个从句中又有一个宾语从句what shall be produced。
在定语从句中又有一个by引导的分词结构spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most 作状语，说明消费者是如何决定应生产何种产品，而这个方式状语中又有一个定语从句that they want most。
译文：从根本上说，美国经济体制是围绕私有企业、在以市场为导向的经济基础上建立起来的。
在这种体制下需要生产什么在很大程度上是消费者通过到市场花钱购买他们最需要的商品和服务来决定的。
②Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.分析：此句主干是一个强调结构It is... that，因此所强调的部分是理解的重点，而它由三个平行成分组成，分别为the demand of individual consumers，the desire of businessmen to maximize profits和the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes，中间用coupled with和and连接。
考研英语真题全集之1994---2004
Passage 1（1994年）The first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice of words is 41 the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of 42 breakdown in the communication cycle. Too often, careless use of words 43 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speaker may 44 unfavorable reactions in the listener 45 interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down.46 inaccurate or indefinite words may make 47 difficult for the listener to understand the 48 which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 49 to explain or describe in a 50 that can be understood by his listeners.41.[A] of [B] at [C] for [D] on42.[A] inaccessible [B] timely [C] likely [D] invalid43.[A] encourages [B] prevents [C] destroy [D] offers44.[A] pass out [B] take away [C] back up [D] stir up45.[A] who [B] as [C] which [D] what46.[A] Moreover [B] However [C] Preliminarily [D] Unexpectedly47.[A] that [B] it [C] so [D] this48.[A] speech [B]sense [C] message [D] m eaning49.[A] obscure [B] difficult [C] impossible [D] unable50.[A] case [B] means [C]method [D]wayPassage 2（1995年）Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 41 kind of sleep is at all well understood, but REM sleep is 42 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 43 . The new experiments, such as these 44 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 45 of non-REM sleep.For example, it has long been known that total sleep 46 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet,47 examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now48 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 49 bacterial infections of the blood, 50 their immune systems — the self-protecting mechanism against diseases-had crashed.41.[A] Either [B] Neither [C] Each [D] Any42.[A] intended [B] required [C] assumed [D] inferred43.[A] subtle [B] obvious [C] mysterious [D] doubtful44.[A] maintained [B] described [C] settled [D] afforded45.[A] in the light [B] by virtue [C] with the exception [D] for the purpose46.[A] reduction [B] destruction [C] deprivation [D] restriction47.[A] upon [B] by [C] through [D] with48.[A] paid attention to [B] caught sight of [C] laid emphasis on [D] cast light on49.[A] developed [B] produced [C] stimulated [D] induced50.[A] if [B] as if [C] only if [D] if only41.[A]either [B]so [C]nor [D]never42.[A]shifting [B]transferring [C]altering [D]transforming43.[A]any [B]some [C]anything [D]something44.[A]serious [B]apparent [C]severe [D]fatal45.[A]mostly [B]partially [C]sometimes [D]rarely46.[A]in that [B]so that [C]such that [D]except that47.[A]undertakes [B]holds [C]plays [D]performs48.[A]Supplying [B]Getting [C]Providing [D]Furnishing49.[A]exceptional [B]exceeding [C]excess [D]external50.[A]nevertheless [B]therefore [C]moreover [D]meanwhilePassage 4（1997年）Manpower Inc, with 560,000 workers, is the world's largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people 41 into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day's work for a day's pay. One day at a time. 42 industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 43 reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.44 its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part-timers and temporary workers. This "45" work force is the most important 46 in American business today, and it is 47 changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 48 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 49 by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 50 that came from being a loyal employee.41.[A] swarm [B] stride [C] separate [D] slip42.[A] For [B] Because [C] As [D] Since43.[A] from [B] in [C] on [D] by44.[A] Even though [B] Now that [C] If only [D] Provided that45.[A] durable [B] disposable [C] available [D] transferable46.[A] approach [B] flow [C] fashion [D] trend47.[A] instantly [B] reversely [C] fundamentally [D] sufficiently48.[A] but [B] while [C] and [D] whereas49.[A] imposed [B] restricted [C] illustrated [D] confined50.[A] excitement [B] conviction [C] enthusiasm [D] importanceby great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41.[A] admitted [B] believed [C] claimed [D] predicted42.[A] plain [B] average [C] mean [D] normal43.[A] momentary [B] prompt [C] instant [D] immediate44.[A] bulk [B] host [C] gross [D] magnitude45.[A] on [B] With [C] For [D] By46.[A] broadly [B] thoroughly [C] generally [D] completely47.[A] however [B] meanwhile [C] therefore [D] moreover48.[A] at [B] in [C] about [D] for49.[A] manifested [B] approved [C] shown [D] speculated50.[A] noted [B] impressed [C] labeled [D] marked41.[A] at [B] in [C] on [D] with42.[A] alive [B] vivid [C] mobile [D] diverse43.[A] regulation [B] climate [C] circumstance [D] requirement44.[A] where [B] how [C]what [D]unless45.[A] alter [B] differ[C] shift [D] distinguish46.[A] constituting [B] aggravating [C] observing [D] justifying47.[A] some [B] Many [C] Even [D] still48.[A] comes off [B] turns up [C] pays off [D] holds up49.[A] claims [B] reports [C] declarations [D] proclamations41.[A] other than [B] as well as [C] instead of [D] more than42.[A] only of [B] much as [C] long before [D] ever since43.[A] for [B] against [C] of [D] towards44.[A] replace [B] purchase [C] supplement [D] dispose45.[A] enhance [B] mix [C] feed [D] raise46.[A] vessels [B] routes [C] paths [D] channels47.[A] self-confident [B] self-sufficient [C] self-satisfied [D] self-restrained48.[A] search [B] save [C] offer [D] seek49.[A] proportion [B] percentage [C] rate [D] ratio50.[A] genuinely [B] obviously [C] presumably [D] frequentlyPassage 8（2001年）The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant 32 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 33 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses34 and will strictly control the amount of 35 that can be given to a case 36a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he 37 with a committee report this year which said that self-regulationdid not 38 sufficient control.39 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 40 of media protest when he said the 41 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 42 to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 43 the European Convention on Human Rights legally 44 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 45 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families."Press freedoms will be in safe hands 46 our British judges," he said.Witness payments became an 47 after West sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 48 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 49 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 50 guilty verdict.31.[A] as to [B] for instance [C] in particular [D] such as32.[A] tightening [B] intensifying [C] focusing [D] fastening33.[A]sketch [B] rough [C] preliminary [D] draft34.[A]illogical [B] illegal [C] improbable [D] improper35.[A]publicity [B] penalty [C] popularity [D] peculiarity36.[A]since [B] if [C] before [D] as37.[A]sided [B] shared [C] complied [D] agreed38.[A]present [B] offer [C] manifest [D] indicate39.[A]Release [B] Publication [C] Printing [D] Exposure40.[A]storm [B] rage [C] flare [D] flash41.[A]translation [B] interoperation [C] exhibition [D] demonstration42.[A]better than [B] other than [C] rather than [D] sooner than43.[A]changes [B] makes [C] sets [D] turns44.[A] binding [B] convincing [C] restraining [D] sustaining45.[A] authorized [B] credited [C] entitled [D] qualified46.[A] with [B] to [C] from [D] by47.[A] impact [B] incident [C] inference [D] issue48.[A] stated [B] remarked [C] said [D] told49.[A] what [B] when [C] which [D] that50.[A] assure [B] confide [C] ensure [D] guaranteePassage 10（2003年）Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious 21 to how they can best 22 such changes. Growing bodies need movement and 23 . but not just in ways that emphasize competition. 24 they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the 25 that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 26 by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be 27 to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, 28 . publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, 29 student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide 30 opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful 31 dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the 32 of some kind of organization with a supportive adult 33 visible in the background.In these activities, it is important to remember that young teens have 34 attention spans.A variety of activities should be organized 35 participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to 36 else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants 37 . This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. 38 they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 39 for roles that are within21.[A] acting [B] relying [C] centering [D] commenting22.[A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because23.[A] interactions [B] assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation24.[A] return [B] reply [C] reference [D] response25.[A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else26.[A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding27.[A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with28.[A] immune [B] resistant [C] sensitive [D] subject29. [A] affect [B] reduce [C] check [D] reflect30. [A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount31. [A] in general [B] on average [C] by contrast [D] at length32. [A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essence33. [A] survived [B] noticed [C] undertaken [D] experienced34. [A] contrarily [B] consequently [C]similar [D] simultaneously35. [A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as36. [A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage37. [A] assessable [B] identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible38. [A] expense [B] restriction [C] allocation [D] availability39. [A] incidence [B] awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity40. [A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposing。
1994年考研英语一真题及详解
1994年考研英语真题阅读理解精读笔记Text 1The American economic system is organized around a basically private enterprise， market oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most。
Private businessmen,striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen； and the profit motive， operating under competitive pressures，largely determines how these goods and services are produced.Thus， in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers， coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it。
An important factor in a market oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers.In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system， a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller producers。
1994英语真题
1994 年试题与分析Section ⅠUse of EnglishThe first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice of words is 1 the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of 2 breakdown is in the communication cycle. Too often, careless use of words __3 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speaker may ___4 unfavorable reactions in the listener 5 interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down. 6__, inaccurate or indefinite words may make ___7 difficult for the listener to understand the 8 which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 9 to explain or describe in a 10 that can be understood by his listeners.1. [A] of [B] at [C] for [D] on2. [A] inaccessible [B] timely [C] likely [D] invalid3. [A] encourages [B] prevents [C] destroys [D] offers4. [A] pass out [B] take away [C] back up [D] stir up5. [A] who [B] as [C] which [D] what6. [A] Moreover [B] However [C] Preliminarily [D] Unexpectedly7. [A] that [B] it [C] so [D] this8. [A] speech [B] sense [C] message [D] meaning9. [A] obscure [B] difficult [C] impossible [D] unable10. [A] case [B] means [C] method [D] way一、文章结构总体分析语言中的首要的以及最小的单位是单词。
1994考研英语一真题及答案
1994 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], B), [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points)1.By the time you arrive in London, we in Europe for two weeks.[A] shall stay[B] have stayed[C] will have stayed[D] have been staying2.I appreciated the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.[A] having been given[B] having given[C] to have been given[D] to have given3.Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, obtaining water is not the least.[A] of which[B] for what[C] as[D] whose4.The heart is intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.[A] not so[B] not much[C] much more[D] no more5.the fact that his initial experiments had failed, Prof. White persisted in his research.[A] Because of[B] As to[C] In spite of[D] In view of6.Jean Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that itin religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.[A] is to be analyzed[B] has been analyzed[C] be analyzed[D] should have been analyzed7.The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, all practical value by the time they finished.[A] could lose[B] would have lost[C] might lose[D] ought to have lost8.No bread eaten by man is so sweet as earned by his own labour.[A] one[B] that[C] such[D] what9.It isn’t cold enough for there a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely.[A] would be[B] being[C] was[D] to be10.Scientists generally agree that the Earth’s climate will warm up over the next 50 to 100 years it has warmed in the 20,000 years since the Ice Age.[A] as long as[B] as much as[C] as soon as[D] as well asPart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points)11.Similar elements in the prehistoric remains [A] from both areas suggest [B] that Indians and their neighbours had maintained [C] distant but real connections ever [D] before 1500 B. C.12.It soon became obviously [A] that instead of being trained [B] to sing she would [C] be trained as [D] the astronomer’s assistant.13.He also conceived [A] that the solar system and the universe would come [B] into existence by [C] a natural process and would disappear [D] one day.14.The moon has a mass that is nearly one hundred times less [A] than the earth [B]; in consequence [C],the force of [D] gravity at the moon’s surface is only one-sixth of that at the earth’s surface.15.“The Bunsen burner is so [A] named because it is thought [B] to be invented [C] by Robert Bunsen, who was German by [D] birth.16.Much although [A] I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal [B] her in thoroughness, whatever [C] the job [D].17.The weeds [A] and tall grass in that yard makes [B] the house look [C] as if it had been vacant [D] for quite some time.18.If only [A] the nature of the aging process is [B] better understood, the possibility of discovering [C] a medicine that can block the fundamental process of aging seems [D] very remote.19.When I consider how talented he is [A] as a painter [B], I cannot help but believing [C] that the public [D] will appreciate his gift.20.Allen has stated [A] that he has always had [B] a great interest [C] and admiration for [D] the work of the British economist Keynes.Part CDirections:best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21.Please do not be by his bad manners since he is merely trying to attract attention.[A] disregarded[B] distorted[C] irritated[D] intervened22.Craig assured his boss that he would all his energies in doing this new job.[A] call forth[B] call at[C] call on[D] call off23.Too much to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.[A] disclosure[B] exhibition[C] contact[D] exposure24.When confronted with such questions, my mind goes , and I can hardly remember my own date of birth.[A] dim[B] blank[C] faint[D] vain25.It is well known that knowledge is the condition for expansion of mind.[A] incompatible[B] incredible[C] indefinite[D] indispensable26.More than two hundred years ago the United States from the British Empire and become an independent country.[A] got off[B] pulled down[C] broke away[D] attached to27.Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that one is loud continuous noise.[A] subjected to[B] filled with[C] associated with[D] dropped off28.Some of the most important concepts in physics their success to these mathematical systems.[A] oblige[B] owe[C] contribute[D] attribute29.As your instructor advised, you ought to spend your time on something researching into.[A] precious[B] worth[C] worthy[D] valuable30.As a defense against air-pollution damage, many plants and animals a substance to absorb harmful chemicals.[A] relieve[B] release[C] dismiss[D] discard31.Without the friction between their feet and the ground, people would be able to walk.[A] in no time[B] by all means[C] in no way[D] on any account32.While typing, Helen has a habit of stopping to give her long and flowing hair a smooth.[A] occasionally[B] simultaneously[C] eventually[D] promptly33.One reason for the successes of Asian immigrants in the U.S. is that they have taken great to educate their children.[A] efforts[B] pains[C] attempts[D] endeavours34.If any man here does not agree with me, he should his own plan for improving the living conditions of these people.[A] put on[B] put out[C] put in[D] put forward35.I support your decision, but I should also make it clear that I am not going to be to it.[A] connected[B] fastened[C] bound[D] stuck36.The English language contains a(n) of words which are comparative seldom used in ordinary conversation.[A] altitude[B] latitude[D] attitude37.In my opinion, you can widen the of these improvements through your active participation.[A] dimension[B] volume[C] magnitude[D] scope38.Your improper words will give to doubts concerning your true intentions.[A] rise[B] reason[C] suspicion[D] impulse39.The news item about the fire is followed by a detailed report made .[A] on the spot[B] on the site[C] on the location[D] on the ground40.The remarkable of life on the Galopagos Islands inspired Charles Darwin to establish his theory of evolution.[A] classification[B] variety[C] density[D] diversionSection II: Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)The first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice ofwords is 41the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of 42breakdown in the communication cycle. Too often, careless use of words 43 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speaker may 44unfavorable reactions in the listener 45interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down.46 , inaccurate or indefinite words may make 47 difficult for the listener to understand the 48 which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 49 to explain or describe in a 50 that can be understood by his listeners.41.[A] of[B] at[C] for[D] on42.[A] inaccessible[B] timely[C] likely[D] invalid43.[A] encourages[B] prevents[C] destroys[D] offers44.[A] pass out[B] take away[C]back up[D] stir up45.[A] who[B] as[C] which[D] what46.[A] Moreover[B] However[C] Preliminarily[D]Unexpectedly47.[A] that[B] It[C] so[D]this48.[A] speech[B] sense[C] message[D] meaning49.[A] obscure[B] difficult[C] impossible[D] unable50.[A] case[B] means[C] method[D] waySection III: Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points) Text 1The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is theindividuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.51.In Line 11, Paragraph 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means .[A] Americans are never satisfied with their incomes[B] Americans tend to overstate their incomes[C] Americans want to have their incomes increased[D] Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes52.The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that .[A] producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production[B] consumers can express their demands through producers[C] producers decide the prices of products[D] supply and demand regulate prices53.According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by .[A] private property and rights concerned[B] manpower and natural resources control[C] ownership of productive resources54.The passage is mainly about .[A] how American goods are produced[B] how American consumers buy their goods[C] how American economic system works[D] how American businessmen make their profitsText 2One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society” is not on the horizon -- it’s already here.While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.55.According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to .[A] withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes[B] obtain more convenient services than other people do[C] enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper[D] cash money wherever he wishes to56.From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that .[A] in the future all the Americans will use credit cards[B] credit cards are mainly used in the United States today[C] nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash[D] it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before57.The phrase “ring up sales” (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means “”.[A] make an order of goods[B] record sales on a cash register[C] call the sales manager[D] keep track of the goods in stock58.What is this passage mainly about?[A] Approaches to the commercial use of computers.[B] Conveniences brought about by computers in business.[C] Significance of automation in commercial enterprises.[D] Advantages of credit cards in business.Text 3Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’s understanding -- the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.“All men are created equal.”We’ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country’s founders to denote equality before the law, ithas also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children -- the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children -- disabled or not -- to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.59.In Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society[B] exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children60.The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that .[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society[B] they might become a burden of the society[C] they should fully develop their potentials[D] disabled children deserve special consideration61.This passage mainly deals with .[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society[C] the special educational programs for exceptional children[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children62.From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children .[A] is now enjoying legal support[B] disagrees with the tradition of the country[C] was clearly stated by the country’s founders[D] will exert great influence over court decisionsText 4“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we’ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. “But,” he cautions, “some people have the idea that once oneinfections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging -- 13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas.With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. “Changes are a normal part of the evolutionary process,”says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out,“We can’t prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.”The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.“First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action.”63.The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to .[A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade[B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright[C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered64.The author implies that by the year 2000, .[A] there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients[B] 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living[C] the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers[D] there won’ t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients65.Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes .[B] which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated[C] that can be driven out of normal cells[D] which normal cells can’t turn off66.The word “dormant” in the third paragraph most probably means .[A] dead[B] ever-present[C] inactive[D] potentialText 5Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal -- and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.“Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,” wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: “How come nobody thought of that before?”The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.67.What does the author probably mean by “untaught mind” in the first paragraph?[A] A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.[B] A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.[C] A person who has had no education.[D] An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.68.According to the author, what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators?[A] The variety of ideas they have.[B] The intelligence they possess.[C] The way they deal with problems.[D] The way they present their findings.69.The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because .[A] Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity[B] the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing things[C] the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch’s point of view[D] the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented70.The phrase “march to a different drummer”(the last line of the passage) suggests that highly creative individuals are .[A] diligent in pursuing their goals[B] reluctant to follow common ways of doing things[C] devoted to the progress of science[D] concerned about the advance of societySection IV: English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (72) “In short,” a leader of the new schoolinstruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”(73) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. (74) Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses.Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (75) Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.Section V: WritingDIRECTIONS:[A] Title: ON MAKING FRIENDS[B] TIME LIMIT: 40 minutes[C] Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence:“As a human being, one can hardly do without a friend.”[E] Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)OUTLINE:l. The need for friends2.True friendship3.My principle in making friends1994 年参考答案Part A (5 points)1. [C]2. [A]3. [A]4. [D]5. [C]6. [C]7. [B]8. [B]9. [D] 10. [B]Part B (5 points)11. [D] even 12. [A] obvious13. [B] had come 14. [B] that of the earth15. [C] to have been invented 16. [A] Much as 或Much though17. [B] make 18. [A] Unless (=if... not)19. [C] 删去but 或将believing 改为believe 20. [C] a great interest inPart C (10 points)21. [C] 22. [A] 23. [D] 24. [B] 25. [D]26. [C] 27. [A] 28. [B] 29. [B] 30. [B]31. [C] 32. [A] 33. [B] 34. [D] 35. [C]36. [C] 37. [D] 38. [A] 39. [A] 40. [B]Section II: Cloze Test (10 points)41. [A] 42. [C] 43. [B] 44. [D] 45. [C]46. [A] 47. [B] 48. [C] 49. [D] 50. [D]Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points)51. [D] 52. [D] 53. [A] 54. [C] 55. [B]56. [C] 57. [B] 58. [B] 59. [A] 60. [C]61. [D] 62. [A] 63. [D] 64. [D] 65. [B]66. [C] 67. [A] 68. [C] 69. [B] 70. [B]Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)71. 他们(新学派科学家们)说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。
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1994 Passage 1The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the products is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embrace s not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.51. In line 8, paragraph 1, "the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes" means ________.[A] Americans are never satisfied with their incomes[B] Americans tend to overstate their incomes[C] Americans want to have their incomes increased[D] Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes52. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that ________.[A] producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production[B] consumers can express their demands through producers[C] producers decide the prices of products[D] supply and demand regulate prices53. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by ________.[A] private property and rights concerned[B] manpower and natural resources control[C] ownership of productive resources[D] free contracts and prices54. The passage is mainly about ________.[A] how American goods are produced[B] how American consumers buy their goods[C] how American economic system works[D] how American businessmen make their profits重点词汇：market-oriented（以市场为导向的）←market市场+orient 定位+ed形容词后缀。
permit （v.许可；许可证）即per+mit，per-(=through)，mit词根“传送”，故“允许传送过去”→许可。
同根词：admit（v.让……进入；承认）←ad(=to)+mit；emit（v.散发，发射）←e(=ex)+mit；transmit（v.传播；传导）←trans(=through)+mit。
Liberty is the right to do whatever the laws permit.自由就是做法律允许的任何事的权利。
embrace （v.拥抱；包含）即em+brace，em-(=in)，brace 词根“手臂”，故“使在手臂里”→拥抱→引申为“包含”。
brace 作单词意为“v.支撑n.支柱”←谐音“不累死”，因为累死就支撑不住了。
Created by life, in definite circumstances, to act on definite things, how can it embrace life, of which it is merely an emanation or aspect?由生命创造，处于一定情况下，作用于一定事物，它（←指科学）只是生命的一种释放或一个方面，怎么能包括生命？coupled with 与……相结合；bid up 哄抬物价；gain control over 获得对……的控制。
难句解析：①The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy inwhich consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.▲这是一个有定语从句和宾语从句的复杂句。
首先要抓住的核心句为The American economic system is organized around a... economy，economy前面的定语在开始阅读时可以不看。
在economy后面是一个以in which引导的定语从句in which consumers largely determine，而这个从句中又有一个宾语从句what shall be produced。
在定语从句中又有一个by引导的分词结构spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most作状语，说明消费者是如何决定应生产何种产品，而这个方式状语中又有一个定语从句that they want most。