研究生英语精读教程_课文翻译

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博士研究生英语精读教材翻译1-3课（中科院）[整理版]

第1课知识的悖论The Paradox of Knowledge人类从古类人猿进化到当前的状态这个长久的进化过程中的最大成就是有关于人类自身、世界以及宇宙众多知识的获得和积聚。

这些知识的产物就是那些我们总称为“文化”的所有的东西，包括语言、科学、文学、艺术、所有的物质机器、仪器、我们所用的结构以及社会所依赖的物质基础设施。

我们之中大多数人认为现代社会中各种知识在不断增长，与此同时社会或群体对新知识的积累也在稳步减少我们对人类自身、世界及宇宙的未知。

然而，现有的无垠的未知领域在不断提示着我们需要批判性地分析这个设想。

普遍的观点认为，智力的演变与身体的发育相似，虽然要快上许多。

生物的进化经常被描述为“个体的进化重演物种的进化”，意思就是个体的胚胎在其从受精卵发展到人类胎儿的过程中经历了几个阶段，在这些阶段中个体胚胎类似人类物种的祖先形式。

普遍的观点认为人类从天真无邪的状态进步的，这个状态可以比作婴儿，然后逐渐的获得越来越多的知识，就像一个小孩通过学习通过了教育体系的几个年级一样。

这种观点中暗含着一种臆断，那就是种系发育类似个体发育，知识的积累最终能达到一个基本完整的阶段，至少在特定的领域中是如此，就好像社会已获得了所有的高等学位，这些学位表明它已经掌握了各个重要学科的知识。

实际上，一些杰出的科学家已经表达了这样的观点。

1894年伟大的物理学家Albert Michelson在芝加哥大学的一个演讲中讲到：虽然不能断言未来的物理学不会再取得比过去更惊人的成就，但很可能大多数的重要的基本原理都已经牢固的确立了，那么，进一步的发展将可能主要是如何将这些基本原理精确地应用到我们注意的现象上去。

人们很难在物理学领域再作突破。

在迈克尔逊讲述上一段话之后的一个世纪，科学家们在物理学上的发现远远超出了对小数点第六位测量的改进，而今天没有人会再进行与Michelson相似的阐述。

但是仍有许多人坚持认为知识有迟早达到穷尽的可能性。

研究生英语精读教程-翻译

UNIT 11. 你对他说的话不能为你这种行为辩护。

(justify)1) What you said to him can hardly justify such conduct of yours.2. 你认为他会因为同主教的私人关系而免受宗教迫害吗? (immune from)1) Do you think he would be immune from religious persecution by reason of his personal relation with the Bishop?3. 你对心理医生的忠告采取什么态度会影响到你是否会再做恶梦。

(recur)1) Your attitude towards the advice of the psychiatrist will affect whether or not your bad dream recurs.2) Whether your nightmare recurs depends on your attitude towards the advice of the psychiatrist 4. 乐观主义者成功的秘诀在于他们是用积极的态度对待失望和失败。

1) The secret to the success of optimists is that they deal with disappointments and failures in a positive way.5. 悲观主义者往往容易失败，部分原因就是一个人对自己的看法常常是一种能够自我实现的预言。

(in part)1) The reason that a pessimist tends to fail is, in part, that a person's opinion about himself is oftena self-fulfilling prophecy.2) Pessimists are likely to fail partly because one's perception of oneself is often a self-fulfilling prophecy.6. 在幼儿的性格特征没有来得及发展之前，他们的行为不如大多数成年人的行为那样保持一致(consistent)。

《研究生英语教程》课文翻译

《研究生英语教程》课文翻译一单元“十便士看一次海湾风光，”那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道：“多么晴朗美丽的早晨。

请来看看那古老的灯塔和1935年失事的大轮船残骸吧。

”要十便士简直是敲诈勒索，可是海湾的景色确实壮丽。

峭壁向远方伸展，海风激起的阵阵波浪泛着白花，冲上海滩。

海面上几艘游艇张着乳白色的风帆优雅地避开浪头蜿蜓前进。

山崖下面，一群海鸥相互叫唤着，在海面上盘旋飞翔。

离岸一英里处，在海浪贪婪地吮舔着的岩岸上，那座古老的灯塔矗立在一座石头平台上。

说实话，我毫不吝惜那几个钱。

当我把望远镜转朝灯塔时，站在我身旁的那个老头拍了拍我的手腕。

“您听过在那座灯塔里发生的一起骇人听闻的惨案吗?”他压低了嗓声对我说。

“我想这个地方看起来非常富有戏剧性，有关它的传说一定不少，”我说。

“这可不是传说，”那老头郑重其事地说。

“我父亲认识那起惨案的两个当事人。

一切都发生在50年前的今天。

让我说给您听听吧。

”他的声音似乎变得更低沉、更富有戏剧性了。

“整整一个礼拜，风暴困住了那座灯塔，”他开始说。

“咆啸的大海波涛汹涌，海浪拍打着岩石，轰然作响。

岸上的人们十分担心在那儿工作的两个人。

他们俩是多年的挚友，但在两三个礼拜前，他们在乡村酒店里玩牌时吵了一架。

马丁指责布莱克打牌时耍赖，布莱克则发誓要对侮辱他人格的不实之辞进行报复。

多亏一位他们俩都尊敬的人好言相劝，他们才互相道了歉，并以乎很快地结束了他们之间的不快。

不过各自心里还有些怨恨。

因此，人们担心长时间与世隔绝所造成的极度紧张和恶劣的天气会使他们俩神经过敏，尽管两人的朋友们不消说还根本没意识到后果会有多么严重。

”“离今50年前的那个晚上，灯塔上没有出现灯光，直到凌晨两点钟左右才有一束灯光突然发出警告信号。

“第二天早上，灯光依然可见。

风暴已经平息了，人们派出一条救生船前去查看情况。

等待人们的却是一个不忍目睹的场面——马丁和布莱克的起居室一片骇人景象，桌子翻倒在地，一副牌散得到处都是，地板上溅满了血迹。

中科院博士研究生英语精读教材课文原文及翻译

第1课知识的悖论The Paradox of KnowledgeThe greatest achievement of humankind in its long evolution from ancient hominoid ancestors to its present status is the acquisition and accumulation of a vast body of knowledge about itself, the world, and the universe. The products of this knowledge are all those things that, in the aggregate, we call "civilization," including language, science, literature, art, all the physical mechanisms, instruments, and structures we use, and the physical infrastructures on which society relies. Most of us assume that in modern society knowledge of all kinds is continually increasing and the aggregation of new information into the corpus of our social or collective knowledge is steadily reducing the area of ignorance about ourselves, the world, and the universe. But continuing reminders of the numerous areas of our present ignorance invite a critical analysis of this assumption.In the popular view, intellectual evolution is similar to, although much more rapid than, somatic evolution. Biological evolution is often described by the statement that "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"--meaning that the individual embryo, in its development from a fertilized ovum into a human baby, passes through successive stages in which it resembles ancestral forms of the human species. The popular view is that humankind has progressed from a state of innocent ignorance, comparable to that of an infant, and gradually has acquired more and more knowledge, much as a child learns in passing through the several grades of the educational system. Implicit in this view is an assumption that phylogeny resembles ontogeny, so that there will ultimately be a stage in which the accumulation of knowledge is essentially complete, at least in specific fields, as if society had graduated with all the advanced degrees that signify mastery of important subjects.Such views have, in fact, been expressed by some eminent scientists. In 1894 the great American physicist Albert Michelson said in a talk at the University of Chicago:While it is never safe to affirm that the future of Physical Science has no marvels in store even more astonishing than those of the past, it seems probable that most of the grand underlying principles have been firmly established and that further advances are to be sought chiefly in the rigorous application of these principles to all the phenomena which come under our notice .... The future truths of Physical Science ate to be looked for in the sixth place of decimals.In the century since Michelson's talk, scientists have discovered much more than the refinement of measurements in the sixth decimal place, and none is willing to make a similar statement today. However, many still cling to the notion that such a state of knowledge remains a possibility to be attained sooner or later. Stephen Hawking, thegreat English scientist, in his immensely popular book A Brief History of Time (1988), concludes with the speculation that we may "discover a complete theory" that "would be the ultimate triumph of human reason--for then we would know the mind of God." Paul Davies, an Australian physicist, echoes that view by suggesting that the human mind may be able to grasp some of the secrets encompassed by the title of his book The Mind of God (1992). Other contemporary scientists write of "theories of everything," meaning theories that explain all observable physical phenomena, and Nobel Laureate Steven Weinberg, one of the founders of the current standard model of physical theory, writes of his Dreams of a Final Theory (1992).Despite the eminence and obvious yearning of these and many other contemporary scientists, there is nothing in the history of science to suggest that any addition of data or theories to the body of scientific knowledge will ever provide answers to all questions in any field. On the contrary, the history of science indicates that increasing knowledge brings awareness of new areas of ignorance and of new questions to be answered.Astronomy is the most ancient of the sciences, and its development is a model of other fields of knowledge. People have been observing the stars and other celestial bodies since the dawn of recorded history. As early as 3000 B.C. the Babylonians recognized a number of the constellations. In the sixth century B.C., Pythagoras proposed the notion of a spherical Earth and of a universe with objects in it chat moved in accordance with natural laws. Later Greek philosophers taught that the sky was a hollow globe surrounding the Earth, that it was supported on an axis running through the Earth, and chat stars were inlaid on its inner surface, which rotated westward daily. In the second century A.D., Ptolemy propounded a theory of a geocentric (Earth-centered) universe in which the sun, planets, and stars moved in circular orbits of cycles and epicycles around the Earth, although the Earth was not at the precise center of these orbits. While somewhat awkward, the Ptolemaic system could produce reasonably reliable predictions of planetary positions, which were, however, good for only a few years and which developed substantial discrepancies from actual observations over a long period of time. Nevertheless, since there was no evidence then apparent to astronomers that the Earth itself moves, the Ptolemaic system remained unchallenged for more than 13 centuries.In the sixteenth century Nocolaus Copernicus, who is said to have mastered all the knowledge of his day in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and theology, became dissatisfied with the Ptolemaic system. He found that a heliocentric system was both mathematically possible and aesthetically more pleasing, and wrote a full exposition of his hypothesis, which was not published until 1543, shortly after his death. Early inthe seventeenth century, Johannes Kepler became imperial mathematician of the Holy Roman Empire upon the death of Tycho Brahe, and he acquired a collection of meticulous naked-eye observations of the positions of celestial bodies chat had been made by Brahe. On the basis of these data, Kepler calculated that both Ptolemy and Copernicus were in error in assuming chat planets traveled in circular orbits, and in 1609 he published a book demonstrating mathematically chat the planets travel around the sun in elliptical orbits. Kepler's laws of planetary motion are still regarded as basically valid.In the first decade of the seventeenth century Galileo Galilei learned of the invention of the telescope and began to build such instruments, becoming the first person to use a telescope for astronomical observations, and thus discovering craters on the moon, phases of Venus, and the satellites of Jupiter. His observations convinced him of the validity of the Copernican system and resulted in the well-known conflict between Galileo and church authorities. In January 1642 Galileo died, and in December of chat year Isaac Newton was born. Modern science derives largely from the work of these two men.Newton's contributions to science are numerous. He laid the foundations for modem physical optics, formulated the basic laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation, and devised the infinitesimal calculus. Newton's laws of motion and gravitation are still used for calculations of such matters as trajectories of spacecraft and satellites and orbits of planets. In 1846, relying on such calculations as a guide to observation, astronomers discovered the planet Neptune.While calculations based on Newton's laws are accurate, they are dismayingly complex when three or more bodies are involved. In 1915, Einstein announced his theory of general relativity, which led to a set of differential equations for planetary orbits identical to those based on Newtonian calculations, except for those relating to the planet Mercury. The elliptical orbit of Mercury rotates through the years, but so slowly that the change of position is less than one minute of arc each century. The equations of general relativity precisely accounted for this precession; Newtonian equations did not.Einstein's equations also explained the red shift in the light from distant stars and the deflection of starlight as it passed near the sun. However, Einstein assumed chat the universe was static, and, in order to permit a meaningful solution to the equations of relativity, in 1917 he added another term, called a "cosmological constant," to the equations. Although the existence and significance of a cosmological constant is still being debated, Einstein later declared chat this was a major mistake, as Edwin Hubble established in the 1920s chat the universe is expanding and galaxies are receding fromone another at a speed proportionate to their distance.Another important development in astronomy grew out of Newton's experimentation in optics, beginning with his demonstration chat sunlight could be broken up by a prism into a spectrum of different colors, which led to the science of spectroscopy. In the twentieth century, spectroscopy was applied to astronomy to gun information about the chemical and physical condition of celestial bodies chat was not disclosed by visual observation. In the 1920s, precise photographic photometry was introduced to astronomy and quantitative spectrochemical analysis became common. Also during the 1920s, scientists like Heisenberg, de Broglie, Schrodinger, and Dirac developed quantum mechanics, a branch of physics dealing with subatomic particles of matter and quanta of energy. Astronomers began to recognize that the properties of celestial bodies, including planets, could be well understood only in terms of physics, and the field began to be referred to as "astrophysics."These developments created an explosive expansion in our knowledge of astronomy. During the first five thousand years or more of observing the heavens, observation was confined to the narrow band of visible light. In the last half of this century astronomical observations have been made across the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays, and from satellites beyond the atmosphere. It is no exaggeration to say chat since the end of World War II more astronomical data have been gathered than during all of the thousands of years of preceding human history.However, despite all improvements in instrumentation, increasing sophistication of analysis and calculation augmented by the massive power of computers, and the huge aggregation of data, or knowledge, we still cannot predict future movements of planets and other elements of even the solar system with a high degree of certainty. Ivars Peterson, a highly trained science writer and an editor of Science News, writes in his book Newton's Clock (1993) that a surprisingly subtle chaos pervades the solar system. He states:In one way or another the problem of the solar system's stability has fascinated and tormented asrtonomers and mathematicians for more than 200 years. Somewhat to the embarrassment of contemporary experts, it remains one of the most perplexing, unsolved issues in celestial mechanics. Each step toward resolving this and related questions has only exposed additional uncertainties and even deeper mysteries.Similar problems pervade astronomy. The two major theories of cosmology, general relativity and quantum mechanics, cannot be stated in the same mathematical language, and thus are inconsistent with one another, as the Ptolemaic and Copernicantheories were in the sixteenth century, although both contemporary theories continue to be used, but for different calculations. Oxford mathematician Roger Penrose, in The Emperors New Mind (1989), contends that this inconsistency requires a change in quantum theory to provide a new theory he calls "correct quantum gravity."Furthermore, the observations astronomers make with new technologies disclose a total mass in the universe that is less than about 10 percent of the total mass that mathematical calculations require the universe to contain on the basis of its observed rate of expansion. If the universe contains no more mass than we have been able to observe directly, then according to all current theories it should have expanded in the past, and be expanding now, much more rapidly than the rate actually observed. It is therefore believed that 90 percent or more of the mass in the universe is some sort of "dark matter" that has not yet been observed and the nature of which is unknown. Current theories favor either WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles) or MACHOs (massive compact halo objects). Other similar mysteries abound and increase in number as our ability to observe improves.The progress of biological and life sciences has been similar to that of the physical sciences, except that it has occurred several centuries later. The theory of biological evolution first came to the attention of scientists with the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species in 1859. But Darwin lacked any explanation of the causes of variation and inheritance of characteristics. These were provided by Gregor Mendel, who laid the mathematical foundation of genetics with the publication of papers in 1865 and 1866.Medicine, according to Lewis Thomas, is the youngest science, having become truly scientific only in the 1930s. Recent and ongoing research has created uncertainty about even such basic concepts as when and how life begins and when death occurs, and we are spending billions in an attempt to learn how much it may be possible to know about human genetics. Modern medicine has demonstrably improved both our life expectancies and our health, and further improvements continue to be made as research progresses. But new questions arise even more rapidly than our research resources grow, as the host of problems related to the Human Genome Project illustrates.From even such an abbreviated and incomplete survey of science as this, it appears that increasing knowledge does not result in a commensurate decrease in ignorance, but, on the contrary, exposes new lacunae in our comprehension and confronts us with unforeseen questions disclosing areas of ignorance of which we were not previously aware.Thus the concept of science as an expanding body of knowledge that will eventually encompass or dispel all significant areas of ignorance is an illusion. Scientists and philosophers are now observing that it is naive to regard science as a process that begins with observations that are organized into theories and are then subsequently tested by experiments. The late Karl Popper, a leading philosopher of science, wrote in The Growth of Scientific Knowledge (1960) chat science starts from problems, not from observations, and chat every worthwhile new theory raises new problems. Thus there is no danger that science will come to an end because it has completed its task, clanks to the "infinity of our ignorance."At least since Thomas Kuhn published The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), it has been generally recognized that observations are the result of theories (called paradigms by Kuhn and other philosophers), for without theories of relevance and irrelevance there would be no basis for determining what observations to make. Since no one can know everything, to be fully informed on any subject (a claim sometimes made by those in authority) is simply to reach a judgment that additional data are not important enough to be worth the trouble of securing or considering.To carry the analysis another step, it must be recognized that theories are the result of questions and questions are the product of perceived ignorance. Thus it is chat ignorance gives rise to inquiry chat produces knowledge, which, in turn, discloses new areas of ignorance. This is the paradox of knowledge: As knowledge increases so does ignorance, and ignorance may increase more than its related knowledge.My own metaphor to illustrate the relationship of knowledge and ignorance is based on a line from Matthew Arnold: "For we are here as on a darkling plain...." The dark chat surrounds us, chat, indeed, envelops our world, is ignorance. Knowledge is the illumination shed by whatever candles (or more technologically advanced light sources) we can provide. As we light more and more figurative candles, the area of illumination enlarges; but the area beyond illumination increases geometrically. We know chat there is much we don't know; but we cannot know how much there is chat we don't know. Thus knowledge is finite, but ignorance is infinite, and the finite cannot ever encompass the infinite.This is a revised version of an article originally published in COSMOS 1994. Copyright 1995 by Lee Loevinger.Lee Loevinger is a Washington lawyer and former assistant attorney general of the United States who writes frequently for scientific c publications. He has participated for many years as a member, co-chair, or liaison with the National Conference of Lawyers and Scientists, and he is a founder and former chair of the Science andTechnology Section of the American Bar Association. Office address: Hogan and Hartson, 555 Thirteenth St. NW, Washington, DC 20004.人类从古类人猿进化到当前的状态这个长久的进化过程中的最大成就是有关于人类自身、世界以及宇宙众多知识的获得和积聚。

研究生英语精读教程课文原文+翻译+短文unit3

Rats and Men"Insoluble" ProblemsProfessor N. R. F. Maier of the University of Michigan performed a series of experiments several years ago in which "neurosis" is induced in rats. The rats are first trained to jump off the edge of a platform at one of two doors.If the rat jumps to the right, the door holds fast, and it bumps its nose and falls into a net; if it jumps to the left, the door opens, and the rat finds a dish of food. When the rats are well trained to this reaction, the situation is changed. The food is put behind the other door, so that in order to get their reward they now have to jump to the right instead of to the left. (Other changes, such as marking the two doors in different ways, may also be introduced by the experimenter.)If the rat fails to figure out the new system, so that each time it jumps it never knows whether it is going to get food or bump its nose, it finally gives up and refuses to jump at all. At this stage, Dr. Maier says, "Many rats prefer to starve rather than make a choice."密執安大學のN.R.F. 麥耶教授幾年前做過一系列可以誘導鼠產生“神經官能症”の實驗。

研究生英语精读教程课文翻译

一、你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活[1]你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗？你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗?当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈词滥调突然间都成了科学问题。

[2]迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目，涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。

与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败它与沮丧、孤独、令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。

休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说：“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。

”[3] “你的能力固然重要,”匹兹堡卡内基–梅隆大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说，“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功。

”在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。

[4]以你的工作为例。

宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利格曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都会人寿保险公司的推销员进行了调查。

他们发现，在工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考者比消极思考者要多推销37%的保险额。

在新雇用的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20%。

[5]公司受到了触动，便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化行业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。

这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出一般的推销员10%。

[6]他们是如何做到的呢？据塞利格曼说，乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。

出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责。

他说：“我不善于做这种事，我总是失败。

”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞，他责怪天气，抱怨电话线路，甚至怪罪别人。

他认为，是那个客户当时情绪不好。

当一切顺利时，乐观主义者居功自傲而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸。

[7]克雷格·安德森让一组学生给陌生人打电话，请他们为红十字会献血。

研究生英语精读教程课文原文+翻译+短文unit5

The End Is Not at HandThe environmental rhetoric overblown.The planet will surviveRobert J. SamuelsonWhoever coined the phrase "save the planet" is a public relation genius. It conveys the sense of impending catastrophe and high purpose that has wrapped environmentalism in an aura of moral urgency.It also typifies environmentalism's rhetorical excesses, which, in any other context, would be seen as wild exaggeration or simple dishonesty.无论是谁杜撰了“拯救地球”这一说法，他都是一位公共关系方面的天才。

这一说法既表达了对即将来临的灭顶之灾的意识，也满怀着使环境保护论带有道义紧迫感这一大的目标。

同时这种说法也表明环境保护论言过其实，这种夸大在其他任何场合都会被视为是在危言耸听或愚蠢的欺骗。

Up to a point, our environmental awareness has checked a mindless enthusiasm for unrestrained economic growth.We have sensibly curbed some of growth's harmful side effects. But environmentalism increasingly resembles a holy crusade addicted to hypeand ignorant of history.Every environmental ill is depicted as an onrushing calamity that—if not stopped will end life as we know it.就某种程度而言，我们的环境意识遏制了对自由经济增长所表现出的盲目热情。

2018版研究生英语专用教材【精读教程】全文翻译.学术英语.

Unit 2 Energy in Transition能源转型The era of cheap and convenient sources of energy is coming to an end.A transition to more expensive but less polluting sources must now be managed.能源资源价格低廉、使用便捷的时代已经过去了，目前应向尽管价格较高、但污染较小的资源转变。

John P. HoldrenUnderstanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy －including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts －detract from well-being.１．要了解这一转变，首先需要考察一下能源和人类幸福的双重关系。

能源为人类提供了诸如取暖、照明等消费服务的同时，也为经济生产活动提供必要投入，从这个意义上讲，能源为人类幸福做出了积极贡献。

然而，人类为利用能源所付出的代价却削弱了能源为其带来的利益，这种代价不仅包括为获取和利用能源所投入的资金和其他资源，而且包含了能源开发和利用所产生的环境影响和社会政治影响。

研究生英语精读课文翻译

Unit1 从能力到责任1当代的大学生对他们在社会中所扮演的角色的认识模糊不清。

他们致力于寻求在他们看来似乎是最现实的东西：追求安全保障，追逐物质财富的积累。

年轻人努力想使自己成人成才、有所作为，但他们对未来的认识还是很模糊的。

处于像他们这样前程未定的年龄阶段，他们该信仰什么?大学生一直在寻找真我的所在，寻找生活的意义。

一如芸芸众生的我们，他们也陷入了两难的境地。

一方面，他们崇尚奉献于人的理想主义，而另一方面，他们又经不住自身利益的诱惑，陷入利己主义的世界里欲罢不能。

2最终而言，大学教育素质的衡量取决于毕业生是否愿意为他们所处的社会和赖以生存的城市作出贡献。

尼布尔曾经写道：“一个人只有意识到对社会所负有的责任，他才能够认识到自身的潜力。

一个人如果一味地以自我为中心，他将会失去自我。

”本科教育必须对这种带有理想主义色彩的观念进行自我深省，使学生超越以自我为中心的观念，以诚相待，服务社会。

在这一个竞争激烈＼残酷的社会，人们期望大学生能报以正直、文明，，甚至富有同情心的人格品质去与人竞争，这是否已是一种奢望?人们期望大学的人文教育会有助于培养学生的人际交往能力，如今是否仍然适合?3毫无疑问，大学生应该履行公民的义务。

美国的教育必须立刻采取行动，使教育理所当然地承担起弥合公共政策与公众的理解程度之间的极具危险性且在日益加深的沟壑这一职责。

那些要求人们积极思考政府的议程并提供富于创意的意见的信息似乎越来越让我们感到事不关己。

所以很多人认为想通过公众的参与来解决复杂的公共问题已不再可能行得通。

设想，怎么可能让一些非专业人士去讨论必然带来相应后果的政府决策的问题，而他们甚至连语言的使用都存在困难?4核能的使用应该扩大还是削弱?水资源能保证充足的供应吗?怎样控制军备竞赛?大气污染的安全标准是多少?甚至连人类的起源与灭绝这样近乎玄乎的问题也会被列入政治议事日程。

5类似的一头雾水的感觉，公众曾经尝试过。

当他们试图弄懂有关“星球大战”的辩论的问题时，那些关于“威慑”与“反威慑”等高科技的专业术语，曾让公众一筹莫展。

2018版研究生英语专用教材【精读教程】全文翻译.学术英语.

能源为人类提供了诸如取暖、照明等消费效劳的同时，也为经济生产活动提供必要投入，从这个意义上讲，能源为人类幸福做出了积极奉献。

研究生英语精读教程（下）课文翻译及答案

Unit One Techn‎o logy‎vs. Terro‎r ism参考译文应对恐怖主‎义的技术毒素嗅探器‎、导弹人为干‎发射机、放射性核弹‎探测器：‚9〃11‛事件后闪电式的‎保卫行动不‎仅影响着公‎共安全——还在改变着‎科学的进程‎。

史蒂芬〃汉德曼[1] 在防止未来‎的“9·11” 事件式攻击‎—或更恶劣的‎攻击—的竞赛中，华盛顿以前‎苏联发射人‎造地球卫星‎以来所未有‎的规模对美‎国的科学机‎构做了安排‎。

自2003‎年以来，联邦政府对‎国土防卫研‎究的投资猛‎增到近 40 亿美元，而这只不过‎是安全总开‎支的沧海一‎粟。

更重要的是‎，加快的开支‎把以前截然‎不同的科学‎项目结合了‎起来：软件工程师‎、流行病学家‎和生物学家‎合作开发保‎护空气与食‎物不遭受生‎物恐怖手段‎破坏的技术‎。

核物理学家‎和生物恐怖‎活动专家如‎今与行为科‎学最好的智‎囊人物合作‎，设计减少核‎走私与自杀‎式炸弹威胁‎的方法。

[2] 然而有些专‎家认为，这么大的开‎支实际上只‎能提供一种‎安全上的错‎觉。

《超脱恐惧：明智地考虑‎变幻莫测世‎界的安全问‎题》的作者布鲁‎斯· 施奈尔说：“这当中有许‎多都是做表‎面文章的保‎安技术，目的是让你‎感到更安全‎。

” 他指出，高技术防护‎措施大量涌‎入了从白宫‎到各地市政‎厅等标志性‎建筑内，他声称这就‎会将恐怖分‎子的注意力‎引向地铁与‎体育场等“ 较软性” 目标。

但政府似乎‎也赞同此观‎点。

不断扩大的‎国土保安措‎施不仅包括‎了大目标，而且也包括‎了国家广大‎易受攻击的‎区域。

下面是 5 个风险最高‎的领域以及‎今后几年会‎出现的一些‎保卫它们的‎技术。

空气、水、食品[3] 这个领域里‎最大的难题‎之一是研制‎一系列传感‎器，它们能觉察‎出对从田地‎里的庄稼到‎公共场所的‎空调系统等‎各样事物所‎发动的攻击‎。

环保局和疾‎病控制预防‎中心及联邦‎调查局协作‎，在美国 30 个城市部署‎了一个微型‎毒素检测器‎的网络，作为叫做“ 生物警卫” 的 3 亿美元项目‎的一部分。

博士研究生英语精读教材翻译_1-10课_(中科院)

第1课知识的悖论 The Paradox of Knowledge人类从古类人猿进化到当前的状态这个长久的进化过程中的最大成就是有关于人类自身、世界以及宇宙众多知识的获得和积聚。

我们之中大多数人认为现代社会中各种知识在不断增长，与此同时社会或群体对新知识的积累也在稳步减少我们对人类自身、世界及宇宙的未知。

然而，现有的无垠的未知领域在不断提示着我们需要批判性地分析这个设想。

普遍的观点认为，智力的演变与身体的发育相似，虽然要快上许多。

实际上，一些杰出的科学家已经表达了这样的观点。

人们很难在物理学领域再作突破。

但是仍有许多人坚持认为知识有迟早达到穷尽的可能性。

研究生英语精读教程课文原文+翻译+短文unit3

研究生英语精读教程课文原文+翻译+短文unit3Rats and Men"Insoluble" ProblemsProfessor N. R. F. Maier of the University of Michigan performed a series of experiments several years ago in which "neurosis" is induced in rats. The rats are first trained to jump off the edge of a platform at one of two doors.If the rat jumps to the right, the door holds fast, and it bumps its nose and falls into a net; if it jumps to the left, the door opens, and the rat finds a dish of food. When the rats are well trained to this reaction, the situation is changed. The food is put behind the other door, so that in order to get their reward they now have to jump to the right instead of to the left. (Other changes, such as marking the two doors in different ways, may also be introduced by the experimenter.)If the rat fails to figure out the new system, so that each time it jumps it never knows whether it is going to get food or bump its nose, it finally gives up and refuses to jump at all. At this stage, Dr. Maier says, "Many rats prefer to starve rather than make a choice."密执安大学的N.R.F. 麦耶教授几年前做过一系列可以诱导鼠产生“神经官能症”的实验。

(完整word版)研究生英语精读教程课文原文+翻译+短文unit2

Cancer ＆Chemicals—Are We Going Too Far?Marla ConeLast year, California governor George Deukmejian called together many of the state's best scientific minds to begin implementing Proposition 65，the state’s Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act。

This new law bans industries from discharging chemical suspected of causing cancer (carcinogens) or birth defects into water supplies。

Some claim it will also require warning labels on everything that might cause cancer。

去年,加利福尼亚州州长乔治·德米加召集本州许多优秀的科学家开会，开始执行第65号提案，即州安全饮用水和毒品实施法案。

这一新法令禁止各工业部门向水源中排放被怀疑致癌和引起先天缺陷的化学物质.有些人宣称，新法律还要求在一切可能致癌的物品上贴上警告标签。

A day of esotericscience and incomprehensible jargonwas predicted. But Bruce Ames, chairman of the department of biochemistry at the University of California at Berkeley，had plans to liven the proceedings.原来预计，开会那天将全是些玄妙的科学和难懂的术语,但加州大学伯克利分校生物化学系系主任布鲁斯·爱姆兹却打算使会议开得更有生气。

《研究生英语教程》课文翻译

---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------《研究生英语教程》课文翻译《研究生英语教程》课文翻译一单元十便士看一次海湾风光，那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道：多么晴朗美丽的早晨。

请来看看那古老的灯塔和 1935 年失事的大轮船残骸吧。

要十便士简直是敲诈勒索，可是海湾的景色确实壮丽。

峭壁向远方伸展，海风激起的阵阵波浪泛着白花，冲上海滩。

海面上几艘游艇张着乳白色的风帆优雅地避开浪头蜿蜓前进。

山崖下面，一群海鸥相互叫唤着，在海面上盘旋飞翔。

离岸一英里处，在海浪贪婪地吮舔着的岩岸上，那座古老的灯塔矗立在一座石头平台上。

说实话，我毫不吝惜那几个钱。

当我把望远镜转朝灯塔时，站在我身旁的那个老头拍了拍我的手腕。

您听过在那座灯塔里发生的一起骇人听闻的惨案吗? 他压低了嗓声对我说。

我想这个地方看起来非常富有戏剧性，有关它的传说一定不少，我说。

这可不是传说，那老头郑重其事地说。

我父亲认识那起惨案的两个当事人。

一切都发生在 50 年前的今天。

1 / 3让我说给您听听吧。

他的声音似乎变得更低沉、更富有戏剧性了。

整整一个礼拜，风暴困住了那座灯塔，他开始说。

咆啸的大海波涛汹涌，海浪拍打着岩石，轰然作响。

岸上的人们十分担心在那儿工作的两个人。

他们俩是多年的挚友，但在两三个礼拜前，他们在乡村酒店里玩牌时吵了一架。

马丁指责布莱克打牌时耍赖，布莱克则发誓要对侮辱他人格的不实之辞进行报复。

多亏一位他们俩都尊敬的人好言相劝，他们才互相道了歉，并以乎很快地结束了他们之间的不快。

不过各自心里还有些怨恨。

因此，人们担心长时间与世隔绝所造成的极度紧张和恶劣的天气会使他们俩神经过敏，尽管两人的朋友们不消说还根本没意识到后果会有多么严重。

离今 50 年前的那个晚上，灯塔上没有出现灯光，直到凌晨两点钟左右才有一束灯光突然发出警告信号。

研究生英语精读教程课文原文翻译短文unit5

这一说法既表达了对即将来临的灭顶之灾的意识，也满怀着使环境保护论带有道义紧迫感这一大的目标。

同时这种说法也表明环境保护论言过其实，这种夸大在其他任何场合都会被视为是在危言耸听或愚蠢的欺骗。

Up to a point, our environmental awareness has checked a mindless enthusiasm for unrestrained economic growth.We have sensibly curbed some of growth's harmful side effects. But environmentalism increasingly resembles a holy crusade addicted to hype and ignorant of history.Every environmental ill is depicted as an onrushing calamity that—if not stopped will end life as we know it.就某种程度而言，我们的环境意识遏制了对自由经济增长所表现出的盲目热情。

研究生英语精读教程(第三版_上)第5单元英文原文及翻译和课后答案

研究生英语精读教程(第三版_上)第5单元英文原文及翻译和课后答案以下是研究生英语精读教程(第三版_上)第5单元的英文原文及翻译和课后答案的文章：Unit 5: English Text and Translation, and Answers to ExercisesI. English Text and Translation1. Text 1Text:The expression "deep water" is used to suggest that a person, an organization or a country is in serious difficulty and will probably become even more involved in trouble. Such a position is described as being in "hot water."关于“深水”的说法用来暗示一个人、一个组织或者一个国家正面临着严重的困难，并且可能变得更加麻烦。

这样的处境被描述为“陷入困境”。

Translation:2. Text 2Text:Ironically, "Into hot water" kept largely its literal sense up to the seventeenth century, meaning actual exposure to danger. Often this would have referred to being in battle.具有讽刺意味的是，在十七世纪之前，“陷入困境”在很大程度上还保持着其字面意义，意味着面临实际的危险。

通常，这可能指的是身处战场。

Translation:3. Text 3Text:The temperature increase then caused a war pageant! An admiral would sign a warrant to commence hostilities – the burning of wooden fleets being an impressive enough spectacle – by placing his official seal at the bottom of the piece of parchment.然后温度的升高引发了一个战争场面！一位军官会签署一份授权书来开始敌对行动——燃烧木舰队已经足够具有震撼力——他会在这张羊皮纸底部放上他的官方印章。

研究生英语精读教程_课文翻译

博士研究生英语精读教材翻译1-3课（中科院）[整理版]

研究生英语精读教程-翻译

《研究生英语教程》课文翻译

中科院博士研究生英语精读教材课文原文及翻译

研究生英语精读教程课文原文+翻译+短文unit3

研究生英语精读教程 课文翻译

研究生英语精读教程课文原文+翻译+短文unit5

2018版研究生英语专用教材【精读教程】全文翻译.学术英语.

研究生英语精读课文翻译

2018版研究生英语专用教材【精读教程】全文翻译.学术英语.

研究生英语精读教程（下）课文翻译及答案

博士研究生英语精读教材翻译_1-10课_(中科院)

研究生英语精读教程课文原文+翻译+短文unit3

(完整word版)研究生英语精读教程课文原文+翻译+短文unit2

《研究生英语教程》课文翻译

研究生英语精读教程课文原文翻译短文unit5

研究生英语精读教程(第三版_上)第5单元英文原文及翻译和课后答案

研究生英语精读教程课文翻译