语言学第二章作业
语言学第二章习题答案参考
一、名词解释：1、符号：符号是一个社会全体成员共同约定用来表示某种意义的记号或标记，符号的构成包括两个方面的形式和意义，形式是符号的外壳，是可以被人的感觉器官感知的，具有物质性。
意义是符号形式所代表的内容。
符号的最大特征是形式和意义的联系完全是社会成员约定俗成的，由社会习惯决定的。
2、符号的任意性：语言符号的任意性是就语言符号的音与义的相互关系来说的。
语言的声音和意义之间没有必然的、本质的联系，他们之间的结合是不可论证的，完全是社会约定俗成的，这是语言符号最大的特点。
3、语言符号的系统性：所谓系统，是指同类事物按一定的关系组成的整体。
语言符号系统是说语言符号中的要素，并不是杂乱无章的堆积在一起，而是按照一定的秩序组织起来，形成一个有机的整体；系统中的各个要素之间存在着种种规律性的联系，并且彼此相互制约。
语言符号系统可以概括为：语言是一种分层装置，这种装置靠组合和替换来运转。
4、组合关系：又叫句段关系，是指符号组合起来的关系，不同的结构单位按照线性的顺序组合起来的关系。
5、聚合关系：又叫联想关系，是指在语言组合结构的某一位置上能够互相替换的几个具有相同作用的符号之间的关系，简单的说，语言符号的类聚（类别）关系。
二、判断题1、语言符号具有任意性的特点，我们平时说话用什么样的语音代表什么样的意义是自由的，因此，如果我们愿意，把“袜子”说成“鞋子”也可以。
答：错。
原因：①符号是一个社会全体成员共同约定用来表示某种意义的记号或标记。
语言符号音与义的结合是社会约定俗成的。
“鞋子”和“袜子”的音义结合是社会约定俗成的，不能把“袜子”说成是“鞋子”。
②语言符号的任意性是就语言符号的音与义的相互关系来说的。
语言的声音和意义之间没有必然的、本质的联系，他们之间的结合是不可论证的，完全是社会约定俗成的，“鞋子”和“袜子”的音和义是社会约定俗成的，不能把“袜子”说成是“鞋子”。
③语言符号是任意性与强制性的辨正统一，强制性是指语言符号一旦进入交际，也就是某一语言形式与某一种意义结合起来，表示某一特定的对象以后，对使用的人来说就有强制性，即只有接受的权利，没有随意更改的权利。
语言学第二章练习题
语言学第二章练习题Chapter 2 Phonology1. What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?Two major media of communication are speech and writing, Of the two, speech is primary. The reasons are as follows.1) From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writingsystem of any language is always “invented’ by its users to record speech when the need arises.2) In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of theamount of information conveyed.3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, andwriting is learned and taught later when he goes to school.4) For modern linguists, spoken language reveals more true features of human speech whilewritten language is only the “revised” record of speech.2. What is voicing and how is it caused?Voicing is a quality of speech sounds. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.3. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ.When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called broad transcription. Narrow transcription is the use of more specific symbols to show phonetic details.In broad transcription, the symbol [ l ] is used for the sound [ l ] in words leaf [ li:f] and feel [fi:l]. The [l] in [ li:f] , occurring before a vowel, is called clear [ l ]. The [ l ] in [fi:l] occurring in the end of aword or before another consonant , is called dark [ l ].And in narrow transcription the diacritic tilde [~] is used to indicate it.4．How are the English consonants classified?English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms ofmanner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.In terms of manner of articulation, it can be classified into stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, glides and nasals. In terms of place of articulation, it can be classified into bilabial, labiodental, dental,alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal. 5. What criteria are used to classifythe English vowels?According to the place of the tongue, vowels can be distinguished as front, central and back. According to the openness of the mouth, vowels can beclassified into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels., semi-openvowels and open vowels. According to the shape of the lips, all the frontvowels and the central vowel can are unrounded vowels and all the back vowelsare roundedvowels.6. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:1) voiced palatal affricative [ d? ] 2) voiceless labiodental fricative[f ] 3) voiced alveolar stop [ g ] 4) front close short [ i ] 5) back semi-open long [ ?: ] 6) voiceless bilabial stop [ p ]Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds 1) [ d ]voiced alveolar stop 2) [ l ] voiced alveolar liquid 3) [ t? ]voiceless palatal affricate 4) [ w ] voiced bilabial glide 5) [ u ] back close short 6) [ ae ] front open7. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who doyou think will be more interested in the difference between, say, clear [ l ]and dark [ l ] , aspirated [ p] and unaspirated [p] , a phonetician or a phonologist ? why?Phonology and phonetics differ in their approach and focus. Phonology aims at discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. Phonetics is of a general nature and it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages.The difference between clear [l] and dark [ l ] is what the phoneticians are interested in . For the phonologists, these two sounds are fundamentally the same ,since they have one and the same function in communication , in distinguishing between words and meanings despite their difference in pronunciation.8. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme？ How are allophones related to a phoneme?A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. A phoneme is a phonological unit.It is a unit that is distinctive , abstract and it is the smallest unit. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, in the word leaf [ li:f] and the word deal [di:l] , / l / is one phoneme and the [l] in [li:f] is clear, the [ l ] in [di:l] is dark. They are all allophones of the phoneme /l/.9. Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.Sequential rules are the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. For example, if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ i ], then the next sound must be a vowel. Thus,[ lbik ] [ ilkb ] are impossible in English. They have violated the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemesThe assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying’ a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example, the [ i:] sound is nasalized in words like bean, green and team. This is because in all these sound combination the [ i:] sound is followed by a nasal [n ] or [ m].The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. For example, in the pronunciation of such wordssign, design, there is no [ g ] sound although it is represented in spellingby the letter g10. What are the suprasegmental features ? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments arecalled suprasegmental features. The main suprasemental features include stress, intonation and tone. The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning. Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates ofvibration of vocal cords. Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English. Intonation has four tones.: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone, the rise-fall tone. When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings.杨晓娅唐明李克燕谢江兰李佳卉2021级英语二班感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
语言学第二章练习题讲课讲稿
语言学第二章练习题讲课讲稿语言学第二章练习题Chapter 2 Phonology1. What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?Two major media of communication are speech and writing, Of the two, speech is primary. The reasons are as follows.1)From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. Thewriting system of any language is always “invented’ by its users to recordspeech when the need arises.2)In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in termsof the amount of information conveyed.3)Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mothertongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school.4)For modern linguists, spoken language reveals more true features of humanspeech while written language is only the “revised” record of speech.2. What is voicing and how is it caused?Voicing is a quality of speech sounds. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.3. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ.When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, itis called broad transcription. Narrow transcription is the use of more specific symbols to show phonetic details.In broad transcription, the symbol [ l ] is used for the sound [ l ] in words leaf [ li:f] and feel [fi:l]. The [l] in [ li:f] , occurring before a vowel, is called clear [ l ]. The [ l ] in [fi:l] occurring in the end of a word or before another consonant , is called dark [ l ].And in narrow transcription the diacritic tilde [~] is used to indicate it. 4．How are the English consonants classified?English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.In terms of manner of articulation, it can be classified into stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, glides and nasals. In terms of place of articulation, it can be classified into bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal.5. What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?According to the place of the tongue, vowels can be distinguished as front, central and back. According to the openness of the mouth, vowels can be classified into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels., semi-open vowels and open vowels. According to the shape of the lips, all the front vowels and the central vowel can are unrounded vowels and all the back vowels are rounded vowels.6. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:1) voiced palatal affricative [ d? ]2) voiceless labiodental fricative [f ]3) voiced alveolar stop [ g ]4) front close short [ i ]5) back semi-open long [ ?: ]6) voiceless bilabial stop [ p ]Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds1)[ d ] voiced alveolar stop2)[ l ] voiced alveolar liquid3)[ t? ] voiceless palatal affricate4)[ w ] voiced bilabial glide5)[ u ] back close short6)[ ae ] front open7. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be more interested in the difference between, say, clear [ l ] and dark [ l ] , aspirated [ p] and unaspirated [p] , a phonetician or a phonologist ? why? Phonology and phonetics differ in their approach and focus. Phonology aims at discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. Phonetics is of a general nature and it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages.The difference between clear [l] and dark [ l ] is what the phoneticians are interested in . For the phonologists, these two sounds are fundamentally the same ,since they have one and the same function in communication , in distinguishing between words and meanings despite their difference in pronunciation.8. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme？How are allophones related to a phoneme?A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. A phoneme is a phonological unit. It is a unit that is distinctive , abstract and it is the smallest unit. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, in the word leaf [ li:f]and the word deal [di:l] , / l / is onephoneme and the [l] in [li:f] is clear, the [ l ] in [di:l] is dark. They are all allophones of the phoneme /l/.9. Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.Sequential rules are the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. For example, if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ i ], then the next sound must be a vowel. Thus, [ lbik ] [ ilkb ] are impossible in English. They have violated the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemesThe assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying’ a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example, the [ i:] sound is nasalized in words like bean, green and team. This is because in all these sound combination the [ i:] sound is followed by a nasal [n ] or [ m].The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. For example, in the pronunciation of such words sign, design, there is no [ g ] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letter g10. What are the suprasegmental features ? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features. The main suprasemental features include stress, intonation and tone. The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning. Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of vocal cords. Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, especially in alanguage like English. Intonation has four tones.: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone, the rise-fall tone. When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings.杨晓娅唐明李克燕谢江兰李佳卉2011级英语二班。
语言学第2章习题.doc
Chapter 2：PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2.If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4.English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5.In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6.In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.7.Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10.English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11.According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12.Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13.According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15.Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16.Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.18.When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19.The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20.Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21． A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22．A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, , they are all b_______ sounds.24． Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.26．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.27．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s____ rules. 29．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.30．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.31．P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.32．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.33．T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.34．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.III.There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35． Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords36．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/ C. /k/B. /d/ D./b/38． The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by phoneme,thus making the two phones ____________. A. identical B. same C.exactly alike D. similar“ copying a”feature of a sequential39．Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle42.Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features43.A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme44． The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophonesSuggested answers to supplementary exercisesI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:16.F 17.T 18.F 19.T 20.TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Aspiration23. bilabial 24. tongue25. place26. stop27. Suprasegmental 28. sequential 29. narrow 30. intonation31. Phonology 32. oral 33. Tone 34. sentenceIII.There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best completethe statement:IV. Define the terms below:45. phonology 46. phoneme48. international phonetic alphabet49. intonation 50. phonetics 51. auditory phonetics52. acoustic phonetics 53. phone 54. phonemic contrast 55. tone 56.minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:57.Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing？58.What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels？59.What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics？60.Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.61.In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or notSuggested answers to supplementary exercisesIV. Define the terms below:45.phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.46.phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But it is anabstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.47.allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.48.international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.49.intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.50.phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with allthe sounds that occur in the world' s languages51.auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.52.acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.53.phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning.54.phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemescan occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.55.tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.56.minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occursin the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary: 57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing？1)In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.2)In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount ofinformation conveyed.3)Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later at school.58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels？1)Vowels may be distinguished as front, central and back in terms of the position of the tongue in the mouth.2)According to how wide our mouth is opened, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels.3)According to the shape of the lips, vowels are divided into rounded vowels and unrounded vowels.4)The English vowels can also be classified into long vowels and short vowels according to the length of the sound.59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics？They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.1)The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import and im`port. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the English compounds, is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.2)The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives , adverbs,etc are pronounced with greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “ Heis driving my car. ”for example. To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress thepossessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.3)English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings. Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes a question of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not？A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.。
语言学练习第二章
Chapter twoSummarize the characteristics of English consonants :[ ] voiceless bilabial stop [ ] voiceless alveolar stop [ ] voiceless velar stop [ ] bilabial nasal [ ] velar nasal [ ] voiced postalveolar affricate [ ] voiceless labioldental fricative [ ] voiced labioldental fricative[ ] voiceless dental fricative[ ] voiced dental fricative[ ] voiceless alveolar fricative[ ] voiced alveolar fricative[ ] voiced alveolar trill[ ] voiceless post-alveolar fricative[ ] voiced post-alveolar fricative[ ] bilabial approximant II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1． ____ A refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.2． _____ A phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.3． The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b _______ s ounds.4． Of all the speech organs, the t _ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.5． ____ English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p of articulation.6． _____________ When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total orcomplete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s . <![endif]>7． __________ S features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.8． __ The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s rules.9． The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broadtranscription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics [ ] voiced bilabial stop[ ] voiced alveolar stop[ ] voiced velar stop[ ] alveolar nasal[ ] voiceless postalveolaraffricate[ ] alveolar lateral[ ] glottal fricative [ ] palatal approximantiscalled n _________ t ranscription.10．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i ______ .11．P _______ i s a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particularlanguage and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.12．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o ___ c avity and the nasal cavity.13．T ____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. <![endif]> 14．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s ________ stress.15．The sound /f/ is _________________ .A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative16．Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or morephonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of thesegments are called ___________ .A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features17．A(n) ___________ i s a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme18．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the __ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones19．Of all the speech organs, the ______ i s/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords20．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal21． _________ is a voiced alveolar stop.22． The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by“ copyinga sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones _____________ .A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similarChoose the best answer:1. Pitch variation is known as _ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A.intonationB.toneC. pronunciationD.voice2. Conventionally a ___ is put in slashes.A.allophoneB.phoneC. phonemeD.morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspiratedp and an unreleasedp are ___ of thep phoneme.A.analoguesB.tagmemesC. morphemeD.allophones4. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _____ .A. minimal pairsB. alloorphsC. phonesD.allophones5. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds.A. acoustic phoneticsB.articulatory phoneticsC. auditory phoneticsD.neither of them6. which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?A. [z]B. [w]C. [ 9 ]D.[v]7. which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D.[p]8. which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i]B. [u]C. [e]D.[i:]9. what kind of sounds are made when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. voicelessB. voicedC. glottal stopD.consonant10. which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricative?A. [f]B. [v]C. [z]D.[s]True or false :1. of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently the A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D./b/a featumost highly developed, is acoustic phonetics.2.sound [p] in the word “ spit” is an unaspirated stop.3.Supersegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.4.the airstream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification toacquire the quality of a speech sound.5.Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a differed word, but merely a different pronunciation..6.[p] is voiced bilabial stop.7.Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.8.All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and code.9.When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glide take place.10.according to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be dividedinto tense vs. lax or long vs. shout.11.received pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.IV. Define the terms below:1. phonology2. phoneme3.allophone4. acoustic phonetics5.. international phonetic alphabet6. intonation7.. phonetics8.auditoryphonetics 9.phone 10 tone 11. minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:1.Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?2.What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?3.What are the major differences between phonology and phoned韵学和语音学4.Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.5.In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?（资料素材和资料部分来自网络，供参考。
语言学2章测试题及答案
语言学2章测试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的使用答案：B2. 下列哪项不是语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 心理学D. 语义学答案：C3. 索绪尔认为语言符号是由哪两部分组成的？A. 语音和语义B. 符号和意义C. 能指和所指D. 形式和内容答案：C4. 语言的最小意义单位是什么？A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子5. 语言的交际功能不包括以下哪一项？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 思维工具D. 艺术创作答案：C6. 语言的规范性主要体现在哪个方面？A. 发音B. 语法C. 词汇D. 所有选项答案：D7. 语言的多样性主要体现在哪些方面？A. 语言结构B. 语言使用C. 语言发展D. 所有选项答案：D8. 语言的演变不包括以下哪一项？A. 语音变化B. 词汇变化C. 语法变化D. 语言消亡答案：D9. 以下哪种现象不属于语言接触？B. 融合C. 分化D. 同化答案：C10. 语言的标准化通常不涉及以下哪一项？A. 发音规范B. 词汇规范C. 语法规范D. 语言的起源答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的两个主要对象是______和______。
答案：语言；言语2. 索绪尔将语言符号分为______和______。
答案：能指；所指3. 语言的三个基本功能包括______、______和______。
答案：表达功能；交际功能；思维功能4. 语音学研究的是______和______。
答案：语音的产生；语音的感知5. 语用学研究的是______和______。
答案：语境；意义6. 语言的演变包括______、______和______。
答案：语音变化；词汇变化；语法变化7. 语言的接触现象包括______、______和______。
答案：借用；融合；同化8. 语言的多样性表现在______、______和______。
语言学作业2试题及答案
语言学作业2试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的最小意义单位是：A. 音节B. 语素C. 词D. 句子答案：B2. 下列哪一项不是语言的社会功能？A. 交际工具B. 思维工具C. 娱乐工具D. 传承文化答案：C3. 语言的音位系统是由以下哪个因素决定的？A. 个人习惯B. 社会约定C. 物理属性D. 心理因素答案：B4. 语言的词汇量在不同语言中：A. 完全相同B. 差异不大C. 差异很大D. 无法比较答案：C5. 语言的语法规则是：A. 随意的B. 固定的C. 可变的D. 无规则的答案：B6. 语言的演变主要受以下哪个因素的影响？A. 社会变迁B. 个人偏好C. 技术进步D. 政治制度答案：A7. 语言的方言差异主要表现在：A. 语音B. 词汇C. 语法D. 所有选项答案：D8. 双语现象是指：A. 一个人使用两种语言B. 一个地区使用两种语言C. 一个国家使用两种语言D. 一个民族使用两种语言答案：A9. 语言的标准化通常包括：A. 语音B. 词汇C. 语法D. 所有选项答案：D10. 语言的交际功能包括：A. 表达思想B. 传递信息C. 建立关系D. 所有选项答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言的_______系统是其最核心的部分。
答案：语法2. 语言的_______系统包括词汇和语义。
答案：词汇3. 语言的_______系统是语言的物质外壳。
答案：语音4. 语言的_______功能是指语言在社会交际中的作用。
答案：交际5. 语言的_______功能是指语言在思维过程中的作用。
答案：思维6. 语言的_______功能是指语言在文化传承中的作用。
答案：文化7. 语言的_______功能是指语言在艺术创作中的作用。
答案：艺术8. 语言的_______功能是指语言在法律规范中的作用。
答案：法律9. 语言的_______功能是指语言在教育过程中的作用。
答案：教育10. 语言的_______功能是指语言在科学发展中的作用。
英语语言学第二章练习
Chapter 2：Speech soundsI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called narrow transcription.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21．The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction ofa______.22．A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_______ sounds.24．Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.26．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.27．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28．P______ is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning.29．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.30．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.31．P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.32．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.33．The sounds produced with the vocal cords vibrating are v ____ sounds.34．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords36．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/38．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar39．Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme44．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophonesIV. Define the terms below:45. phonology 46. phoneme 47.allophone 48. minimal pair49. intonation 50. phoneticsV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:51. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing ?52. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying consonants ?53. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics ?54. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.。
语言学概论,章节测试 第二章
第二章语言的物质载体——声音一、单项选择题1.下列关于语音性质的表述中，不正确的是A.语音使语言成分物质化B.生理属性是语音的本质属性C.语音和语义联系在一起D.语音有民族性和地域性【解析】B 本题考查语音的本质属性。
语音的本质属性是社会属性，而不是生理属性。
2.下面各项中，属于被动发音器官的是A.唇B.硬腭C.软腭D.小舌【解析】B 本题考查被动发音器官。
在人类的发音器官中，有些是能够活动的，如嘴唇、舌头、软腭、小舌、下腭等，叫作“主动发音器官”；有些则不能活动，如牙齿、齿龈、硬腭等，叫作“被动发音器官”。
3.音素是A.最小的语言单位B.最小的语言类型单位C.最小的音义结合体D.从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位【解析】D 本题考查音素的含义。
音节及其他大大小小的语音单位，切分到最后就是音素，或者说所有语音单位从最底层算起都是由音素组成的。
所以音素是最小的语音单位。
4.汉语音节zhang有A.一个音素B.两个音素C.三个音素D.四个音素【解析】C 本题考查音节的划分。
从音素角度划分，汉语音节zhang 可以切分为辅音zh、元音a和辅音ng三个音素，故本题正确答案为C。
5.下列关于元音和辅音的表述，正确的一项是A.发辅音声带不振动，发元音声带振动B.辅音大多是乐音，元音则都是乐音C.发辅音口腔气流有阻碍，元音则没有D.发辅音口腔肌肉不紧张，元音则紧张【解析】C 发辅音口腔气流有阻碍，元音则没有，其他项错误。
6.[i]是A.前低不圆唇元音B.后高不圆后元音C.前高不圆唇元音D.后低圆唇元音【解析】C [i]是前高不圆唇元音。
7.下列各项中都是不圆唇元音的组是A.[i，u]B.[e，o]C.[o，y]D.[a，α]【解析】D 本题考查舌面元音的发音特征，根据舌面元音舌位图可知，[a]是前低不圆唇元音，[α]是后低不圆唇元音。
故本题答案为D。
A、B.C三项中，[u]、[o]、[y]都是圆唇元音，可排除。
语言学第二章练习题讲课讲稿
语言学第二章练习题Chapter 2 Phonology1. What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?Two major media of communication are speech and writing, Of the two, speech is primary. The reasons are as follows.1)From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. Thewriting system of any language is always “invented’ by its users to recordspeech when the need arises.2)In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in termsof the amount of information conveyed.3)Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mothertongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school.4)For modern linguists, spoken language reveals more true features of humanspeech while written language is only the “revised” record of speech.2. What is voicing and how is it caused?Voicing is a quality of speech sounds. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.3. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ.When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called broad transcription. Narrow transcription is the use of more specific symbols to show phonetic details.In broad transcription, the symbol [ l ] is used for the sound [ l ] in words leaf [ li:f] and feel [fi:l]. The [l] in [ li:f] , occurring before a vowel, is called clear [ l ]. The [ l ] in [fi:l] occurring in the end of a word or before another consonant , is called dark [ l ].And in narrow transcription the diacritic tilde [~] is used to indicate it. 4．How are the English consonants classified?English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.In terms of manner of articulation, it can be classified into stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, glides and nasals. In terms of place of articulation, it can be classified into bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal.5. What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?According to the place of the tongue, vowels can be distinguished as front, central and back. According to the openness of the mouth, vowels can be classified into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels., semi-open vowels and open vowels. According to the shape of the lips, all the front vowels and the central vowel can are unrounded vowels and all the back vowels are rounded vowels.6. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:1) voiced palatal affricative [ dʒ ]2) voiceless labiodental fricative [f ]3) voiced alveolar stop [ g ]4) front close short [ i ]5) back semi-open long [ ɔ: ]6) voiceless bilabial stop [ p ]Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds1)[ d ] voiced alveolar stop2)[ l ] voiced alveolar liquid3)[ tʃ ] voiceless palatal affricate4)[ w ] voiced bilabial glide5)[ u ] back close short6)[ ae ] front open7. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be more interested in the difference between, say, clear [ l ] and dark [ l ] , aspirated [ p] and unaspirated [p] , a phonetician or a phonologist ? why? Phonology and phonetics differ in their approach and focus. Phonology aims at discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. Phonetics is of a general nature and it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages.The difference between clear [l] and dark [ l ] is what the phoneticians are interested in . For the phonologists, these two sounds are fundamentally the same ,since they have one and the same function in communication , in distinguishing between words and meanings despite their difference in pronunciation.8. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme？ How are allophones related to a phoneme?A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. A phoneme is a phonological unit. It is a unit that is distinctive , abstract and it is the smallest unit. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, in the word leaf [ li:f] and the word deal [di:l] , / l / is onephoneme and the [l] in [li:f] is clear, the [ l ] in [di:l] is dark. They are all allophones of the phoneme /l/.9. Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.Sequential rules are the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. For example, if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ i ], then the next sound must be a vowel. Thus, [ lbik ] [ ilkb ] are impossible in English. They have violated the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemesThe assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying’ a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example, the [ i:] sound is nasalized in words like bean, green and team. This is because in all these sound combination the [ i:] sound is followed by a nasal [n ] or [ m].The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. For example, in the pronunciation of such words sign, design, there is no [ g ] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letter g10. What are the suprasegmental features ? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features. The main suprasemental features include stress, intonation and tone. The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning. Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of vocal cords. Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English. Intonation has four tones.: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone, the rise-fall tone. When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings.杨晓娅唐明李克燕谢江兰李佳卉2011级英语二班。
语言学第二章练习题
Chapter 2 Phonology1. What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?Two major media of communication are speech and writing, Of the two, speech is primary. The reasons are as follows.1)From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writingsystem of any language is always “invented’ by its users to record speech when the need arises.2)In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of theamount of information conveyed.3)Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, andwriting is learned and taught later when he goes to school.4)For modern linguists, spoken language reveals more true features of human speech whilewritten language is only the “revised” record of speech.2. What is voicing and how is it caused?V oicing is a quality of speech sounds. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.3. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ.When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called broad transcription. Narrow transcription is the use of more specific symbols to show phonetic details.In broad transcription, the symbol [ l ] is used for the sound [ l ] in words leaf [ li:f] and feel [fi:l]. The [l] in [ li:f] , occurring before a vowel, is called clear [ l ]. The [ l ] in [fi:l] occurring in the end of a word or before another consonant , is called dark [ l ].And in narrow transcription the diacritic tilde [~] is used to indicate it.4．How are the English consonants classified?English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.In terms of manner of articulation, it can be classified into stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, glides and nasals. In terms of place of articulation, it can be classified into bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal.5. What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?According to the place of the tongue, vowels can be distinguished as front, central and back. According to the openness of the mouth, vowels can be classified into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels., semi-open vowels and open vowels. According to the shape of the lips, all the front vowels and the central vowel can are unrounded vowels and all the back vowels are roundedvowels.6. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:1) voiced palatal affricative [ dʒ ]2) voiceless labiodental fricative [f ]3) voiced alveolar stop [ g ]4) front close short [ i ]5) back semi-open long [ ɔ: ]6) voiceless bilabial stop [ p ]Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds1)[ d ] voiced alveolar stop2)[ l ] voiced alveolar liquid3)[ tʃ ] voiceless palatal affricate4)[ w ] voiced bilabial glide5)[ u ] back close short6)[ ae ] front open7. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be more interested in the difference between, say, clear [ l ] and dark [ l ] , aspirated [ p] and unaspirated [p] , a phonetician or a phonologist ? why?Phonology and phonetics differ in their approach and focus. Phonology aims at discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. Phonetics is of a general nature and it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages.The difference between clear [l] and dark [ l ] is what the phoneticians are interested in . For the phonologists, these two sounds are fundamentally the same ,since they have one and the same function in communication , in distinguishing between words and meanings despite their difference in pronunciation.8. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme？How are allophones related to a phoneme?A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. A phoneme is a phonological unit. It is a unit that is distinctive , abstract and it is the smallest unit. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, in the word leaf [ li:f] and the word deal [di:l] , / l / is one phoneme and the [l] in [li:f] is clear, the [ l ] in [di:l] is dark. They are all allophones of the phoneme /l/.9. Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.Sequential rules are the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. For example, if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ i ], then the next sound must be a vowel. Thus,[ lbik ] [ ilkb ] are impossible in English. They have violated the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemesThe assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying’ a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example, the [ i:] sound is nasalized in words like bean, green and team. This is because in all these sound combination the [ i:] sound is followed by a nasal [n ] or [ m].The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. For example, in the pronunciation of such words sign, design, there is no [ g ] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letter g10. What are the suprasegmental features ? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features. The main suprasemental features include stress, intonation and tone. The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning. Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of vocal cords. Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English. Intonation has four tones.: the falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone, the rise-fall tone. When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings.杨晓娅唐明李克燕谢江兰李佳卉2011级英语二班。
语言学教程（第四版）练习第2章
语言学教程（第四版）练习第2章Chapter Two Speech SoundsI. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.1.In a syllable, a vowel often serves as _______.A. Peak or NucleusB. OnsetC. CodaD. Rhyme2. Conventionally a ______ is put in slashes / /.A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. An aspirated [p h], an unaspirated [p o] and an unreleased [p﹁] are ____ of the /p/ phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as ______.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. The diphthongs that are made with a movementA. wideB. closingC. narrowD.centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _____.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop ?A. [p]B. [m]C. [b]D. [t]8. Which one is different from the others according to places fo articulation ?A.[n]B. [m]C. [b]D. [p]9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels ?A. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating ?A. V oicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Mark the following statements with “T” if they are trueor “F” if they are false.(10%)1. [f] is a dental consonant.2. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language.3. The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make a different word, are phones.4. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.5. The speech sounds which are in complementary distribution are not always allophones of the same phoneme.6. The last sound of cut can be articulated as an unreleased or released plosive. These different realizations of the same phoneme are NOT in complementary distribution.7. Phonology is language specific but phonetics is not.8. Distinctive features can show phonological contrasts or oppositions of language sounds.9. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.10. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to placea consonant. It is put into coda than the onset.11. When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiced.12.The sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels.13. Uvular is made with the back of the tongue and the uvula.14. Phonetic similarity means that the allophones of a phoneme must bear some morphological resemblance.15. A syllable can be divided into two parts, the NUCLEUS and CODA.III. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word. The first letter of the word is already given(10％)1. V________ is made with the back of the tongue and the soft palate. An example in English is [k] as in cat.2. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing f_______.3. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the t_________ and the lips.4. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the h_________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.5. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without o______.6. In phonological analysis the words fail/veil are distinguishbable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ —/v/. This is an example for illustrating m_______ pairs.7. In English there are a number of d_______, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening position.8. C__________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.9. P________ is the smallest linguistic unit.10. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the a_________ coming from the lungs.IV. Explain the following concepts or theories.1. Assimilation2. Suprasegmental feature3. Complementary distribution4. Distinctive feature.V. Answer the following question.1. What is acoustic phonetics ?2. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?VI .Match each term in Column A with one relevant item in Column B.A B(1) Approximant a. tool and stool(2) Labiodental b. tool and pool(3) Aspirated and unaspirated c. produced by pushing air out(4) English syllable d. (C)V(C)(5) Chinese syllable e. [v](6) minimal pair f. Roman Jacobson(7) pulmonic g. (((C)C)C)V(((C)C)C)C)(8) non-pulmonic h. Otoo Jespersen(9) distinctive features I. [w](10) IPA j. produced by sucking air inVII. Essay question.1.Illustrate phonological processes and phonological rules.2.Illustrate the differences between phonetics and phonology.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with (an) appropriate word(s).1. Of the three branches of phonetics, the _________ phonetics studies sounds fro the speaker’s point of view; the _________ phonetics looks at sounds from the hearer’s point of view; and the __________ phonetics studies the way sounds travel by looking at sound waves.2. The ________, mouth, and ________ form the three cavities ofthe vocal tract.3. In terms of places of articulation, __________ is a retroflex.4. When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be _________.5. Consonants are produced by constricting or obstructing the ______, ________ at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.6. Affricates consist of a _________ followed immediately afterwards by a fricative at the same place of articulation.7. [z, ?,?,h] are ______ in terms of manners of articulation.8. Name four oral stops besides [p] and [t]: ___, ____, ___, __, and nasals __, __, __.9 According to the places of articulation, [f] and [v] are ______.10. In terms of places of articulation, [ ?] and [?] can be classified into the category of _____.11. [j] is a __________ in terms of places of articulation.12. In English and Chinese, vowels with an audible change of quality are called ________.13. [P o, P h] are ________ of the same phoneme /p/.14. [?, e] belong to the category of ________ in accordance with their places of articulation.15. Besides [s], [z], other four sibilants are ____, ___,_____,____.16. A syllable that has no _____ is called an open syllable.17. An example of four consonants occurring after the peak is the word ____.18. The IPA provides its users with a set of symbols called ______, which can be added to the letter-symbols to make finer distinctions than the letters alone possible.19. An initial classification will divide the speech sounds into two broad categories: __________ and ___________.20. The three cavities in the articulatory apparatus are pharyngeal cavity, _____, ____ and ______.21. Name five of the English front vowels: _______, ______, _______, ______, _____.22. The [p] sound in peak is called an ______ [p], and the [p] sound in speak is an _______ [p].23. The main suprasegmental feature include _____, _____, and ______.24. The _____________ rule also accounts for the varying pronunciation of the alveolar nasal [n] in some sound combinations.25. In English, all the front vowels and central vowels are ______ vowels.26. The features that a phoneme possesses, making it different from other phonemes, are its ________.27. ___________ refers to the degree of force used in producinga syllable.28. In terms of the height of tongue rising, vowels can be classified as _____, ______ and ______ vowels.III. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.1. Phonetics is of a general nature, and it is interested in ______.A. all the speech sounds used in all human languagesB. has speech sounds are producedC. how speech sounds differ from each otherD. how speech sounds can be classified2. The study to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns should be included in ______.A. phoneticsB. phonologyC. articulatory phoneticsD. acoustic phonetics3. The sound [l] in _____ is a clear one.A. tellB. quiltC. leafD. peel4. The basic unit in phonology is called ___, and it is a unit that of distinctive value.A. phonemeB. phoneC. allophoneD. sound5. ______ does n’t form a minimal pair.A. Gap and capB. Pat and padC. Tip and dipD. Map and tam6. _____ is not in complementary distribution.A. Spot and potB. Stop and topC. School and coolD. Light and glad7. The following pairs form a minimal pair EXCRPT _____.A. look and bookB. pin and binC. kill and dillD. beat and pee8. ______ is not the term used ot classify the English consonants in terms of manners of articulation.A. ApproximantB. LateralC. PlosiveD. Bilabial9. In the following word ____, the articulation of bilabial is not manifested.A. petB. metC. howD. web10. The distinctive feature of the sound [s] is ______.A. voiceless alveolar fricativeB. voiced alveolar fricativeC. voiceless dental affricativeD. voiced dental fricative11. The sounds in _____ are alveolars.A. [f] and [v]B. [t] and [d]C. [?] and [?]D. [k] and [g]12. The sound with the features bilabial nasal is _____.A. [j]B. [t]C. [m]D. [?]13. Diphthongal glides in English can be heard in following words EXCEPT _____.A. wayB. towerC. tideD. how14. Words in the pair ____ form a minimal pair.A. beat and seenB. pig and padC. choke and jokeD. but and heart15. In the word ____, [l] is palatalized.A. leadB.stealC. lilyD. lied16. In terms of narrow transcription, [l] is dark in the word ____.A. ledB. languageC. dealD. clear17. Each pair of words manifests complementary distribution EXCEPT _____.A. spot and payB. stop and topC. replay and payD. school and cool18. For the word direction, Americans usually pronounce it as [dair?k??n] whereas most British people say [dir?k??n]. This phenomenon can be interpreted in terms of ____.A. phonetic similarityB. free variationC. complementary distributionD. allophones19. In all the following words we can find examples of regressive assimilation EXCEPT ______.A. sinkB. ninthC. capD. help20. ______ gives the correct description of the sound [u:].A. Velar nasalB. High back tense rounded vowelC. Low back lax rounded vowelD. High front lax unrounded vowel21. If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the first phoneme must be ______.A. [p]B. [t]C. [l]D. [s]22. The vowel in _____ should be nasalized according to the assimilation rules.A. teaB. peepC. fleeD. bean23. The sound assimilation is not manifested in the spelling of the word _____.A. implausibleB. illegalC. irregularD. input24. When we produce the back vowels, we hold the ____ partof the tongue higher than the rest of it.A. centralB. frontC. backD. the tip25. _____ is not the term used to classify the English consonants in terms of manner of articulation.A. StopsB. LiquidsC. GlidesD. Dental26. The one that does not belong to the alveolar is ______.A. [t]B. [m]C. [n]D.[r]27. Sounds like [?], [?], and [j] are realized by the obstruction between the back of the tongue and the hard palate. They belong to the type of _______.A. palatalB. glottalC. bilabialD. velar28. The distinctive features of the sound [] are ______.A. voiced, nasalB. velarlabial, nasal, voicedC. voiced, alveolar, nasalD. voiced, labial, palatal29. The labiodentals sounds in English are _____.A.[p] and [b]B. [f] and [v]C. [?] and [e]D. [k] and [g]30. According to the rule of _____, the article an, instead of a, is used before the word apple.A. nasalizationB. dentalizationC. epenthesisD. velarization31. The sound _____ does not belong the group of fricative.A. [f]B. [v]C. [k]D. [h]32. If we follow the English vowel system of Radford, we can describe the vowel [i:] in the way of _____.A. high front tense rounded vowelB. high back lax unroundedC. high front tense unrounded vowelD. low back lax rounded vowel33. _____ does not contain a bilabial sound.A. MyB. YouC. BuyD. Pie34. _____ ends with an affricateA. RackB. SuchC. BoozeD. Tip35. The word ____ begins with the sound of a palato-alveolar consonant.A. shipB. lipC. zipD. sip36. The articulation of ______ is made with the two pieces of vocal folds pushed towards each other.A. uvularB. glottalC. velarD. palatal37. Triphthongal glides in English can be heard in ______.A. tideB. toyC. howD. wire38. The word _____ contains a high vowel.A. lotB. matC. mudD. boot39. All the following words contain front vowels EXCEPT _______.A. bookB. sleepC. slipD. shed40. The sound ______ is usually formed in English by curling the tip of the tongue back behind the alveolar ridge.B. [j]C. [h]D. [w]41. In the word ____, there is no syllabic consonant.A. cottonB. bottomC. tableD. national42. Pitch variation is known as _____ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice43. [p] in the word peak can be described as ____.A. voiced bilabial stopB. voiceless bilabial stopC. voiced bilabial plosiveD. voiceless labiodentals stop44. The description voiceless alveolar fricative describes the following consonant ____.A. [p]B. [b]C. [s]D. [z]45. The vowel ____ can be described with features of mid, central, lax, unrounded.A. [?]B. [i:]D. [?]46. The idea of ____ is introduced to indicate the difference between [i] and [l], [?] and [?].A. tensenessB. lip-roundingC. height of tongue risingD. voicing47. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds ?A. Acoustic PhoneticsB. Articulatory PhoneticsC. Auditory PhoneticsD. None of the above.48. In narrow transcription the word help should be presented as _____.A. [h??p]B. [h?lp]C. [help]D. [h??p]49. The word below ____ refers to a unit of explicit sound contrast.A. morphemeB. phonemeC. phoneticsD. phonology50. Among the following words, _____ does no form a minimal pair with the sound of the word highA. buyB. foeD. shy.IV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary.1.In English, the description of vowels needs to fulfill four basic requirements.What are they? Explain them and offer at least one example.2.Explain the assimilation rule in phonology with examples.3.What do you know about RP? Does it change with time ?。
语言学第2章习题
Chapter 2：PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results ina change of meaning.18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21． A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22．A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_______ sounds. 24．Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.26．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.27．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____ rules. 29．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.30．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.31．P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.32．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.33．T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.34．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords36．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/38．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar39．Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme44．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophonesSuggested answers to supplementary exercisesI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l.T 2.F 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.F 9.T 10.F11.F 12.T 13.F 14.F 15.F 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Aspiration 22.Articulatory 23. bilabial 24. tongue 25. place26. stop 27. Suprasegmental 28. sequential 29. narrow 30. intonation31. Phonology 32. oral 33. Tone 34. sentenceIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35.C 36.A 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.D 41.C 42.C 43.D 44.DIV. Define the terms below:45. phonology 46. phoneme 47.allophone48. international phonetic alphabet49. intonation 50. phonetics 51. auditory phonetics52. acoustic phonetics 53. phone 54. phonemic contrast 55. tone 56. minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?Suggested answers to supplementary exercisesIV. Define the terms below:45. phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.46. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.47. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.48. international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.49. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.50. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s languages51. auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.52. acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.53. phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning.54. phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.55. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.56. minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?1) In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.2) In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later at school.58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?1) V owels may be distinguished as front, central and back in terms of the position of the tongue in the mouth.2) According to how wide our mouth is opened, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels.3) According to the shape of the lips, vowels are divided into rounded vowels and unrounded vowels.4) The English vowels can also be classified into long vowels and short vowels according to the length of the sound.59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import and im`port. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the English compounds, is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.2) The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives , adverbs,etc are pronounced with greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.”for example. To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.3) English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings. Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes a question of what is said, and thefall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.。
语言学练习第二章
语⾔学练习第⼆章Chapter twoSummarize the characteristics of English consonants :[ ] voiceless bilabial stop [ ] voiced bilabial stop[ ] voiceless alveolar stop [ ] voiced alveolar stop[ ] voiceless velar stop [ ] voiced velar stop[ ] bilabial nasal [ ] alveolar nasal[ ] velar nasal [ ] voiceless postalveolar affricate [ ] voiced postalveolar affricate [ ] alveolar lateral[ ] voiceless labioldental fricative[ ] voiced labioldental fricative[ ] voiceless dental fricative[ ] voiced dental fricative[ ] voiceless alveolar fricative[ ] voiced alveolar fricative[ ] voiced alveolar trill[ ] voiceless post-alveolar fricative[ ] voiced post-alveolar fricative [ ] glottal fricative[ ] bilabial approximant [ ] palatal approximantII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds. 2．A ____ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.3. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are allb_______ sounds.4．Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other. 5．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p____ of articulation.6．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.7．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.8．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____ rules.9．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics iscalled n_________ transcription.10．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.11．P______ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.12．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, theo_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.13． T____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. 14．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.15．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative16. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features17. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme18．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones19．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords20．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal21．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/22．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similarChoose the best answer:1. Pitch variation is known as ____when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A.intonationB.toneC. pronunciationD.voice2. Conventionally a ____is put in slashes.A.allophoneB.phoneC. phonemeD.morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are ___ of the p phoneme.A.analoguesB.tagmemesC. morphemeD.allophones4. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _____.A. minimal pairsB. alloorphsC. phonesD.allophones5. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds.A. acoustic phoneticsB.articulatory phoneticsC. auditory phoneticsD.neither of them6. which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?A. [z]B. [w]C. [θ]D.[v]7. which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D.[p]8. which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i]B. [u]C. [e]D.[i:]9. what kind of sounds are made when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. voicelessB. voicedC. glottal stopD.consonant10. which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricative?A. [f]B. [v]C. [z]D.[s]True or false:1. of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics.2. sound [p] in the word “ spit” is an unaspirated stop.3. Supersegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.4. the airstream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.5. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a differed word, but merely a different pronunciation..6. [p] is voiced bilabial stop.7.Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.8.All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and code.9. When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glide take place.10. according to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. shout.11. received pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.IV. Define the terms below:1. phonology2. phoneme3.allophone4. acoustic phonetics5.. international phonetic alphabet6. intonation7.. phonetics8.auditoryphonetics 9.phone 10 tone 11. minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:1. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?2. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?3. What are the major differences between phonology and phone? ⾳韵学和语⾳学4. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.5. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?。
语言学第2章习题.doc
语言学第2章习题.docChapter 2：PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2.If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4.English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5.In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6.In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.7.Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10.English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11.According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12.Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13.According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15.Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16.Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.18.When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19.The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20.Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21． A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22．A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, , they are all b_______ sounds.24． Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.26．When the obstruction created by the speech organs istotal or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.27．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s____ rules. 29．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.30．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.31．P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.32．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.33．T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.34．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.III.There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 35． Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords36．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/ C. /k/B. /d/ D./b/38． The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by phoneme,thus making the two phones ____________. A. identical B. same C.exactly alike D. similar“ copying a”feature of a sequential39．Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle42.Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features43.A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme44． The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophonesSuggested answers to supplementary exercisesI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:16.F 17.T 18.F 19.T 20.TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Aspiration23. bilabial 24. tongue25. place26. stop27. Suprasegmental 28. sequential 29. narrow 30. intonation31. Phonology 32. oral 33. Tone 34. sentenceIII.There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best completethe statement:IV. Define the terms below:45. phonology 46. phoneme48. international phonetic alphabet49. intonation 50. phonetics 51. auditory phonetics52. acoustic phonetics 53. phone 54. phonemic contrast 55. tone 56.minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:57.Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing？58.What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels？59.What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics？60.Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.61.In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or notSuggested answers to supplementary exercisesIV. Define the terms below:45.phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.46.phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But it is anabstract unit. T o be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.47.allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.48.international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.49.intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.50.phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with allthe sounds that occur in the world' s languages51.auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.52.acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.53.phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning.54.phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to therelation between two phonemes. If two phonemescan occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.55.tone: T ones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.56.minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary: 57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing？1)In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.2)In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount ofinformation conveyed.3)Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later at school.58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels？1)Vowels may be distinguished as front, central and back in terms of the position of the tongue in the mouth.2)According to how wide our mouth is opened, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels.3)According to the shape of the lips, vowels are divided into rounded vowels and unrounded vowels.4)The English vowels can also be classified into long vowelsand short vowels according to the length of the sound.59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics？They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.1)The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import and im`port. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the English compounds, is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.2)The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives , adverbs,etc are pronounced with greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “ Heis driving my car. ”for example. To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.3)English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings. Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes a question of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not？A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.。
语言学第2章习题
Chapter 2：PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which theconsonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21． A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22．A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_______ sounds.24．Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.26．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.27．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____ rules.29．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.30．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.31．P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.32．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.33．T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.34．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords36．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/38．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar39．Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme44．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophonesSuggested answers to supplementary exercisesI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l.T 2.F 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.F 9.T 10.F11.F 12.T 13.F 14.F 15.F 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Aspiration 22.Articulatory 23. bilabial 24. tongue 25. place26. stop 27. Suprasegmental 28. sequential 29. narrow 30. intonation31. Phonology 32. oral 33. Tone 34. sentenceIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35.C 36.A 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.D 41.C 42.C 43.D 44.DIV. Define the terms below:45. phonology 46. phoneme 47.allophone48. international phonetic alphabet49. intonation 50. phonetics 51. auditory phonetics52. acoustic phonetics 53. phone 54. phonemic contrast 55. tone 56. minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not? Suggested answers to supplementary exercisesIV. Define the terms below:45. phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; itaims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.46. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.47. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.48. international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.49. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.50. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s languages51. auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.52. acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.53. phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning.54. phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguishmeaning, they are in phonemic contrast.55. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.56. minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?1) In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.2) In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later at school.58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?1) Vowels may be distinguished as front, central and back in terms of the position of the tongue in the mouth.2) According to how wide our mouth is opened, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels.3) According to the shape of the lips, vowels are divided into rounded vowels and unrounded vowels.4) The English vowels can also be classified into long vowels and short vowels according to the length of the sound.59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning inlinguistic communication.60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import and im`port. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the English compounds, is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.2) The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives , adverbs,etc are pronounced with greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.”for example. To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.3) English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings. Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes a question of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.。
语言学第二章作业
语⾔学第⼆章作业Unit 2 The Sounds of EnglishI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1 Of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recentlythe most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics2. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.3 sound(p)in the word “spit” is an inspirited stop4. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.5 super segmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of unitslarger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence6. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting onesound for another result in a change of meaning.7 The airstream provided by the lungs has undergo a number of modification to acquirethe quality of a speech sound8. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segmentwhich occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.9 Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and donot contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce different word, but merely a different pronunciation10. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.11. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence oftwo or more phonemic segments.12. [i:] and [i] are allophones of the same phoneme.13. Not all English phonemes have allophones.Note: /N/ and /j/ occur in one single position and therefore do not have allophones.14. The same set of vowels is used in all languages.15. All syllables must contain at least one vowel.Note: Some syllables may contain no vowels. They may, instead, employ some syllabic consonant, as in people and muscle.16. The marking of word stress is arbitrary for the most part in English.17. English is a tone language.Note: Chinese is a tone language.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1 When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the wordin isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.2 A _________ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing thesounds of speech3 P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particularlanguage and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.4 speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound.There movements have an effect on the a__________ coming from the lungs5 The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three importantcavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.6 Consonant sounds can be either v ________ or v________, while all vowel sounds arev__________7 T_______ is pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibrationof the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.8 The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the t _________and the lips9 Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds ofStress: word stress and s_________ stress. III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:10p ____________ is the smallest linguisticIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1 Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A [z] B[w] C[b] D[v]2 Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords3 The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal4 which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A [if:] B[u] C [e] D[i:]5 __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/6 The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a featureof a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar7 Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to beA. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair8 Pitch variation is known as ________when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A intonationB toneC pronunciationD voice9 The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodentals fricative10 which branch of phonetics concern the production of speech sounds?A caustic phoneticsB articulatory phoneticsC auditory phoneticsD neither of themIV. Define the terms below:1. Free variation2. Allophone3 International Phonetic Alphabet4 intonation5. sonority scale6 phonemic contrast7 minimal pair8 rounded vowelV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex amples for illustration if necessary:1 what is stress in a word? For words of more than one syllable, how are they pronounced?2 What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?3. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.4. What does speech sounds for human being?5 In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?6. A phoneme can be further analyzed into a set of distinctive features. For example, /p/ is defined as composed of such distinctive features as[plosive]+[bi-labial]+[breathed] because each of them can distinguish /p/ from some other phonemes. However, the property of aspiration contained in the allophone [ph] does not distinguish meaning and therefore is not a distinctive feature in this case.ASK:(1) What distinctive feature makes /f/ and /v/ different?(2) Can you specify the distinctive features for the following phonemes?(a) /F/ (b) /k/ (c) /n/7. Some phonetic transcriptions below are English words, some are not existing words but are possible words or nonsense words, and others are definitely “foreign” or impossible because they violate English sequential constraints. Specify each of the a-e cases as illustrated.Word Possible Foreign ReasonExample:[pa:k] park[tif] √[lkib] √ Initial [l] must precede a vowel.a. [?a:f]b. [ski:]c.[knait]d.[meij]e.[blaft]8. Collect some data to show that English advertisements, newspaper headlines, English songs, and presidential addressee sometimes make use of alliteration and rhyming.Unit 2 The Sounds of EnglishAnswer:I.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1F 2F 3T 4F 5T 6T 7T 8F 9T 10 T 11 T 12F 13 T 14 T 15.F 16. F 17.F 18. FII.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1 intonation 2articulatory 3 Phonology4 airstream5 oral 6voiced; voiceless;voiced7 tone 8 tongue 9 sentence10 phonemesIII.There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement1 B 2.C 3.A 4 B 5.B 6 D 7A 8A 9D 10 BIV. Define the terms below:1 free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units ofmeaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with oth e r morphemes.2 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments are called the allophones of that phoneme.3 International phonetic alphabet: t is a standardized and internationally accepted systemof phonetic transcription.4 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather thanthe word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.5 sonority scale:the sonority scale works in the combination of consonant .the degreeof sonority of different classes of sound affects their possible positions in the syllable. vowels are the most sonorous ones and approximants, nasals and fricatives follow vowels. stops are the least sonorous ones6phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes.If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.7 minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for onesound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.8 rounded vowel: one of the criteria used in the classification of vowels is the shapeof the lips. If a vowel is pronounced with the lips rounded, then the vowel in question is a rounded vowelV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex amples for illustration if necessary:1what is stress in a word? For words of more than one syllable, how are they pronounced?Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable, for words of more than one syllable, one is more stressed than the other .the more stressed syllable is the primary wile the less stressed syllable is known as the secondary stress 2. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.3 Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import andimport. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun anda phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the Englishcompounds, is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is aparticular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.2) The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives , adverbs,etc are pronouncedWith greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.” for example. To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.3)English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When spokenin different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings.Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is astraight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes aquestion of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.4. What does speech sounds for human being?Human being are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of there sounds have become units in the language sysem, there units are called speech sounds for human being5 In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme , or not?A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substitutingone sound for other results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.6. (1) What distinctive feature makes /f/ and /v/ different?[voiced](2) Can you specify the distinctive features for the following phonemes?(a) /F/ [fricative] + [voiceless] + [palatal](b) /k/ [velar]+[voiceless]+[plosive](c) /n/ [nasal]+[voiced] +[alveolar]7. Some phonetic transcriptions below are English words, some are not existing wordsbut are possible words or nonsense words, and others are definitely “foreign”or impossible because they violate English sequential constraints. Specify each of the a-e cases as illustrated.Word Possible Foreign ReasonExample:[pa:k][tif][lkib]a. [?a:f] √ [N] must occur after a vowel.b. [ski:] skic.[knait] √d.[meij] √ [j] must occur initially before avowel.e.[blaft] √8. Collect some data to show that English advertisements, newspaper headlines, English songs, and presidential addressee sometimes make use of alliteration and rhyming. OmitCopyright (C) 2009 南京农业⼤学外国。
英语语言学第二章练习
英语语言学第二章练习Chapter 2：Speech soundsI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called narrow transcription.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21．The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction ofa______.22．A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_______ sounds.24．Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.26．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.27．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28．P______ is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning.29．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.30．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.31．P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.32．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.33．The sounds produced with the vocal cords vibrating are v ____ sounds.34．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords36．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/38．The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar39．Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme44．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophonesIV. Define the terms below:45. phonology 46. phoneme 47.allophone 48. minimal pair49. intonation 50. phoneticsV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:51. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing ?52. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying consonants ?53. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics ?54. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.。
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Unit 2 The Sounds of EnglishI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1 Of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recentlythe most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics2. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.3 sound(p)in the word “spit” is an inspirited stop4. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.5 super segmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of unitslarger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence6. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting onesound for another result in a change of meaning.7 The airstream provided by the lungs has undergo a number of modification to acquirethe quality of a speech sound8. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segmentwhich occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.9 Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and donot contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce different word, but merely a different pronunciation10. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.11. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence oftwo or more phonemic segments.12. [i:] and [i] are allophones of the same phoneme.13. Not all English phonemes have allophones.Note: /N/ and /j/ occur in one single position and therefore do not have allophones.14. The same set of vowels is used in all languages.15. All syllables must contain at least one vowel.Note: Some syllables may contain no vowels. They may, instead, employ some syllabic consonant, as in people and muscle.16. The marking of word stress is arbitrary for the most part in English.17. English is a tone language.Note: Chinese is a tone language.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1 When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the wordin isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.2 A _________ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing thesounds of speech3 P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particularlanguage and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.4 speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound.There movements have an effect on the a__________ coming from the lungs5 The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three importantcavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.6 Consonant sounds can be either v ________ or v________, while all vowel sounds arev__________7 T_______ is pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibrationof the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. <! [endif]>8 The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the t _________and the lips9 Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds ofStress: word stress and s_________ stress. III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:10p ____________ is the smallest linguisticIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1 Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A [z] B[w] C[b] D[v]2 Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords3 The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal4 which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A [if:] B[u] C [e] D[i:]5 __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/6 The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a featureof a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar7 Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and theycan distinguish meaning, they are said to beA. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair8 Pitch variation is known as ________when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A intonationB toneC pronunciationD voice9 The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodentals fricative10 which branch of phonetics concern the production of speech sounds?A caustic phoneticsB articulatory phoneticsC auditory phoneticsD neither of themIV. Define the terms below:1. Free variation2. Allophone3 International Phonetic Alphabet4 intonation5. sonority scale6 phonemic contrast7 minimal pair8 rounded vowelV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex­ amples for illustration if necessary:1 what is stress in a word? For words of more than one syllable, how are they pronounced?2 What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?3. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.4. What does speech sounds for human being?5 In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?6. A phoneme can be further analyzed into a set of distinctive features. For example, /p/ is defined as composed of such distinctive features as[plosive]+[bi-labial]+[breathed] because each of them can distinguish /p/ from some other phonemes. However, the property of aspiration contained in the allophone [ph] does not distinguish meaning and therefore is not a distinctive feature in this case.ASK:(1) What distinctive feature makes /f/ and /v/ different?(2) Can you specify the distinctive features for the following phonemes?(a) /F/ (b) /k/ (c) /n/7. Some phonetic transcriptions below are English words, some are not existing words but are possible words or nonsense words, and others are definitely “foreign” or impossible because they violate English sequential constraints. Specify each of the a-e cases as illustrated.Word Possible Foreign ReasonExample:[pa:k] park[tif] √[lkib] √ Initial [l] must precede a vowel.a. [ŋa:f]b. [ski:]c.[knait]d.[meij]e.[blaft]8. Collect some data to show that English advertisements, newspaper headlines, English songs, and presidentialaddressee sometimes make use of alliteration and rhyming.Unit 2 The Sounds of EnglishAnswer:I.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1F 2F 3T 4F 5T 6T 7T 8F 9T 10 T 11 T 12F 13 T 14 T 15.F 16. F 17.F 18. FII.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1 intonation 2articulatory 3 Phonology4 airstream5 oral 6voiced; voiceless;voiced7 tone 8 tongue 9 sentence10 phonemesIII.There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement1 B 2.C 3.A 4 B 5.B 6 D 7A 8A 9D 10 BIV. Define the terms below:1 free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units ofmeaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with oth­er morphemes.2 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments are called the allophones of that phoneme.3 International phonetic alphabet: t is a standardized and internationally accepted systemof phonetic transcription.4 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather thanthe word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.5 sonority scale:the sonority scale works in the combination of consonant .the degreeof sonority of different classes of sound affects their possible positions in the syllable. vowels are the most sonorous ones and approximants, nasals and fricatives follow vowels. stops are the least sonorous ones6phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes.If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.7 minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for onesound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.8 rounded vowel: one of the criteria used in the classification of vowels is the shapeof the lips. If a vowel is pronounced with the lips rounded, then the vowel in question is a rounded vowelV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex­ amples for illustration if necessary:1what is stress in a word? For words of more than one syllable, how are they pronounced?Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable, for words of more than one syllable, one is more stressed than the other .the more stressed syllable is the primary wile the less stressed syllable is known as the secondary stress2. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.3 Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import andimport. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun anda phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the Englishcompounds, is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is aparticular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.2) The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives , adverbs,etc are pronouncedWith greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.” for example. To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.3)English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When spokenin different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings.Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is astraight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes aquestion of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.4. What does speech sounds for human being?Human being are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of there sounds have become units in the language sysem, there units are called speech sounds for human being5 In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme , or not?A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substitutingone sound for other results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.6. (1) What distinctive feature makes /f/ and /v/ different?[voiced](2) Can you specify the distinctive features for the following phonemes?(a) /F/ [fricative] + [voiceless] + [palatal](b) /k/ [velar]+[voiceless]+[plosive](c) /n/ [nasal]+[voiced] +[alveolar]7. Some phonetic transcriptions below are English words, some are not existing wordsbut are possible words or nonsense words, and others are definitely “foreign”or impossible because they violate English sequential constraints. Specify each of the a-e cases as illustrated.Word Possible Foreign ReasonExample:[pa:k][tif][lkib]a. [ŋa:f] √ [N] must occur after a vowel.b. [ski:] skic.[knait] √d.[meij] √ [j] must occur initially before avowel.e.[blaft] √8. Collect some data to show that English advertisements, newspaper headlines, Englishsongs, and presidential addressee sometimes make use of alliteration and rhyming.OmitCopyright (C) 2009 南京农业大学外国。