ICAO4简介
ICAO4考试简介
飞行员ICAO考试简介2010-09-21 16:271. 什么是ICAO根据国际民航组织(ICAO)关于飞行人员英语语言能力的要求,飞标司组织开发了民航飞行人员英语等级考试系统,并组织民航英语方面的专家,对考试系统题库进行了专业审定。
目前,系统测试已完成,第一个考点设在中国民航飞行学院考试中心,该考点于2008年4月1日正式启用。
该系统作为中国民航推进ICAO关于飞行员英语水平的重要工程,于2007年7月份开始立项,筹备以来,国内多家航空院校和国际知名语言培训机构参与到该系统的建设。
为确保考试的科学性、公正性,民航西南地区管理局负责飞行学院考试点的考试工作进行管理和监督。
飞行学院负责具体考务工作。
2. ICAO考试内容如图所示分为四个板块:第一部分:听力理解你会听到若干组长达10秒或20秒的对话或陈述,在每组对话或陈述后,会相应地提出一个问题。
对话与问题都仅说一次。
在问题之后会有一个停顿(17秒左右),你必须阅读ABCD四个选项并点击选出最为正确的一个。
应试技巧:这部分题很类似日常英语考试听力单选题,不同之处在于每一题都与民航专业知识紧密相连,范围从从机长的职责到特情处置都有。
难点在于,每一题是由不同人士录音而成,并且可能会有杂音干扰。
建议大学在准备第一部分时,多多阅读《民航英语阅读教程》,熟悉一些key words,for example, depressurization(释压)fire engine(救火车), emergency assistance(紧急救援)。
如果这些词在辨认、发音上还存在问题,那么要在短时间类听懂并做出正确判断的可能性就微乎其微了。
第二部分短文答问这部分你会听到一段长达120秒的陆空通话。
在通话最后,你会被冲问到3个问题。
每个问题提出后,你会听到”beep”声,之后你必须通过麦克风进行口头答问。
你的声音会被录制下来。
对话听两遍,问题仅听一遍。
应试技巧:我认为这部分对大多数同学来说会是个难点,因为在中式传统教学中,这样的考试形式是很陌生的。
ICAO4简介
飞行员ICAO考试简介2010-09-21 16:271. 什么是ICAO根据国际民航组织(ICAO)关于飞行人员英语语言能力的要求,飞标司组织开发了民航飞行人员英语等级考试系统,并组织民航英语方面的专家,对考试系统题库进行了专业审定。
目前,系统测试已完成,第一个考点设在中国民航飞行学院考试中心,该考点于2008年4月1日正式启用。
该系统作为中国民航推进ICAO关于飞行员英语水平的重要工程,于2007年7月份开始立项,筹备以来,国内多家航空院校和国际知名语言培训机构参与到该系统的建设。
为确保考试的科学性、公正性,民航西南地区管理局负责飞行学院考试点的考试工作进行管理和监督。
飞行学院负责具体考务工作。
2. ICAO考试内容如图所示分为四个板块:第一部分:听力理解你会听到若干组长达10秒或20秒的对话或陈述,在每组对话或陈述后,会相应地提出一个问题。
对话与问题都仅说一次。
在问题之后会有一个停顿(17秒左右),你必须阅读ABCD四个选项并点击选出最为正确的一个。
应试技巧:这部分题很类似日常英语考试听力单选题,不同之处在于每一题都与民航专业知识紧密相连,范围从从机长的职责到特情处置都有。
难点在于,每一题是由不同人士录音而成,并且可能会有杂音干扰。
建议大学在准备第一部分时,多多阅读《民航英语阅读教程》,熟悉一些key words,for example, depressurization(释压)fire engine(救火车), emergency assistance(紧急救援)。
如果这些词在辨认、发音上还存在问题,那么要在短时间类听懂并做出正确判断的可能性就微乎其微了。
第二部分短文答问这部分你会听到一段长达120秒的陆空通话。
在通话最后,你会被冲问到3个问题。
每个问题提出后,你会听到”beep”声,之后你必须通过麦克风进行口头答问。
你的声音会被录制下来。
对话听两遍,问题仅听一遍。
应试技巧:我认为这部分对大多数同学来说会是个难点,因为在中式传统教学中,这样的考试形式是很陌生的。
飞行员ICAO4考试完整试题
飞行员ICAO4考试完整试题TELAP(SET ELEVEN)11test第1 页共11 页Part I Listening Section I Directions: In this part you will hear ten ATC clearances\instructions or statements, each ATC clearances\instructions or statements will be spoken only once. A question will be asked after each ATC clearances\instructions or statements, there are four answers marked a,b,c,and d, choose the most appropriate answer from the four choices according to what you have heard . 1. UAL 45, we’ve just got a message that you have a home made bomb on board. Descend to 150 and return to the airport. Question: What happened? a. A bomb alert. b. Emergency descent. c. Sick passenger on board. d. Quarantine requirement. Answer: a 2. Hong Kong, Cathy 34, negative to pushback, we just found a mistake in the load sheet. Need to check for a while. Question: What is the problem? a. Tug is not available. b. Pushback is not approved. c. Wrong load sheet. d. Wrong in radio check. Answer: c 3. Approach, Southern 435, it seems we just hit a big bird and power isdropping. Request further instruction to come back. Question: What happened to the aircraft? a. Engine failure. b. Powerplant trouble. c. Bird hit d. Emergency landing. Answer: c 4. North 345, We’re running low on fuel, we cannot hold longer than 5 minutes. Do you know how long the delays will be? Question: What is the crew doing? a. Waiting to refuel. b. Waiting to startup. c. Waiting for further instruction. d. Waiting for pushback. Answer: c 5. C- GH, over mike kilo 2000 feet, landing gear down but maybe not locked. We intend to make a low pass near the tower to have the under carriage checked. Question: What goes wrong? a. Landing gear not extended. b. Landing gear not locked. c. Manual extension unavailable.Page 1TELAP(SET ELEVEN)11test第2 页共11 页d. Wrong indication. Answer: b 6. KML 564, we got a suspected cholera patient on board. Request necessary services on landing. Question: What might be needed on landing? a. A police car. b. A fire engine. c. An ambulance. d. A wheel chair. Answer: c 7. G-cd, unable to extend flaps beyond 10 degrees. Request high speed flat approach to runway 26 which is the longest. Question: Why does the pilot intend to land on runway 26? a. It is safe to land on long runways. b. Landing gear can not be extended. c. The aircraft has a high landing speed. d. Flaps can not be extended. Answer: d 8. American 546, taxiway alpha 4 is not available. Lighting system failed. Taxi straight ahead and hold short of runway 35. Question: Why is taxiway alpha is unavailable? a. Lights are out. b. Work in progress. c. That does not lead to runway. d. American 546 is too heavy. Answer: a 9. G-DH, negative to climb to flight level 350 before lima mike due weight. Question: Why does not the crew accept flight level 350? a. Due to weather. b. Due to rate of climb c. It is a heavy aircraft. d. Due to clearance of obstruction. Answer: c 10. China Southern 303, do not acknowledge further transmissions, on trackapproaching glide path. Question: What does the ATC ask the pilot to do? a. Precision approach b. Precision radar approach c. Radar vector on flight path d. Straight in approach Answer: b Section II Directions: In this part you will hear five RTF exchanges between pilots and air traffic controllers, each exchange will be spoken only once. A question will be asked after each exchange, there are four answers marked a,b,c,and d, choose the most appropriate answer from the four choices according to what you have heard . 1. P: Hong Kong, Southern 306, bay 25, ready to taxi, information c. Page 2TELAP(SET ELEVEN)11test第3 页共11 页2.3.4.5.C: 306, go straight to holding point r/w 13, via delta 2 and bravo 1, QNH 1010. Question: Who is controlling the aircraft? a. ground control b. approach control c. tower d. control center answer: a P: Tower, TWA 101, takeoff aborted due No 1 flameout. Standing on r/w 25. C: TWA 101, can you taxi back to the apron on your own power: P: Negative, 101. Question: What is the problem of 101? a. Engine failure. b. Wheel malfunction. c. Tyre blown out. d. Engine fire. Answer: a P: Alaska 304, mike lima in 2 minutes. C: Alaska 304, proceed to golf Charlie and hold at flight level 150 due trafficcongestion, standard pattern. P: Golf Charlie , flight level 150, standard, 304. Question: Why is the pilot required to hold? a. Collision danger. b. Crowded flight path. c. Procedure requirement. d. None of above. Answer: b P: PANPAN, PANPAN, PANPAN, B eijing approach Lufthansa 720, first officer has been seriously injured after the bird strike, request priority landing and medical assistance, position north of VHK at 5000 m. C: Lufthansa 720, make straight in approach ILS runway 36 right, wind 340, 10 meters/second, QNH 1004. Question: What happens to the crew? a. Captain is injured. b. First officer is injured. c. A bird strikes the airplane. d. Captain is seriously ill. Answer: b P: KLM 529, we’re returning. We seem to have a wheel well fire. The warning light has just flashed on. Request priority landing and emergency services. C: KLM 529, you are number one to land, runway 36 right, contact tower on 118.5. P: Runway 36 right, 118.5, 529. Question: Why does the crew ask for priority landing? a. Landing gear malfunction. b. Engine fire. c. Wheel well fire. d. None of above. Answer:cPage 3TELAP(SET ELEVEN)11test第4 页共11 页Section III Directions: In this section you will hear two passages. each passage will be spoken only once. After each passage five questions will be asked, for each question there are four answers marked a,b,c,and d, choose the most appropriate answer from the four choices according to what you have heard . Passage I The Captain is the commander on board but this doesn't mean he can't listen of take advice. Sometimes in aviation the Captain is thought of as "god", you don't dare approach him or question him. A lot of cabin and flight crews are afraid to approach the Captain about a safety concern for fear of how he'll react. Slowly this attitude has been changing. How can a cockpit be effectively run if the Captain's own crew can not work together? One example of how these attitudes can affect the operation is the Air Ontario flight from Dryden, Canada. The aircraft had been waiting along time for its turn to takeoff. The weather was bad, it was snowing hard and the visibility was low. The last time the plane was de-iced was a half-hour ago. From the pilots view out the window everything looked normal. Meanwhile, a flight attendant noticed the snow that wasaccumulating on the aircraft's wings. She wanted to inform the flight crew before takeoff but feared what their response would be to her, so she said nothing. There was also an airline pilot aboard who wasn't on duty at the time, but was also concerned about ice forming on the wings. He thought about letting the flight crew know what he saw, but didn't want to interfere with their operations. The Air Canada barely took off when it crashed because ice had built on the wings causing loss of lift. The following questions are based on the passage you have just heard. 1. What will happen if the crews regard the captain as god? a. It will be easier for others to provide advice. b. It will be hard for people to give advice. c. People will worship him. d. Crewmembers will not listen to him. Answer: b 2. What is the result if the crews are afraid of the captain’s authority? a. It will do harm to safety. b. It will be beneficial to safety. c. The crews will be working effectively. d. A better CRM will be produced. Answer: a 3. What is the most important cause of the accident mentioned in the passage? a. It snowed. b. Low visibility. c. Icing occurred. d. No one talked about icing to the captain. Answer: d 4. Why did the flight attendant said nothing about what she saw?a. The captain might be rude to her.b. She worried about the reaction of the flight crew.c. She thought it was not severe icing.d. Another pilot had seen that. Answer: b 5. Why didn’t the pilot who was not on duty told what he saw?Page 4TELAP(SET ELEVEN)11test第5 页共11 页a. He feared the authority of the other crewmembers.b. He was afraid that they would laugh at him.c. He supposed cockpit operation shouldn’t be interrupted. d. He believed it was not his duty. Answer: c Passage II On February 19, 1985, a B-747 SP, flown by a China Airlines Capt., suffered an engine failure while cruising at 41,000 ft. The Capt. left it on autopilot too long. The autopilot tried to maintain that altitude, which was impossible at that weight, with only 3 engines functioning. As it approached the stall, because the speed kept decelerating, the Capt. finally disconnected the autopilot. He was not prepared, because he had failed to trim in rudder to compensate for the asymmetrical thrust condition; the autopilot was maintaining wings level by the use of aileron and spoilers only. This happened because autopilots normally do not control the rudder in climb, cruise, or descent. They use only the ailerons, spoilers, elevators and horizontal stab trim. When he hit that disconnect switch, the plane rolled rapidly and entered a dive. Although the plane exceeded the speed of sound, tearing parts off and causing major structural damage, the Capt. wasable to make a recovery at a few thousand feet over the Pacific Ocean, after he broke out of the clouds and could see his attitude via outside visual reference. There were, incredibly, only two serious injuries to the 274 passengers and crew. The following questions are based on the passage you have just heard. 1. Why couldn’t the aircraft maintain the altitude? a. It was heavy one. b. Only ailerons and spoilers were available. c. Two engines were lost. d. The aircraft approached to stall. Answer: a 2. What happened after the captain disconnected the autopilot? a. The crew controlled the aircraft manually. b. All control devices were available. c. The aircraft began to dive.d. The captain recovered the control. Answer: c 3. Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. Some parts of the aircraft were torn out. b. The aircraft was severely damaged. c. Many passengers were injured. d. The aircraft exceeded the speed of sound. Answer: c 4. Why did the aircraft begin to roll and dive after the autopilot was disengaged? a. The autopilot did not trim ailerons properly. b. The autopilot did not trim spoilers properly.c. The captain did not prepare rudder properly.d. The aircraft was going to stall. Answer: c 5. What is the result of the accident?Page 5TELAP(SET ELEVEN)11test第6 页共11 页a. All the people on board were killed.b. The accident did not happen.c. The aircraft was not found. d. The aircraft landed safely. Answer: dSection IV Directions: In this section there are some ATCclearances\instructions or pilot’s reports\requests. These above words are spoken only once. In each spoken part some words are missing. Listen carefully and fill the blanks with what you have just heard.1. Iberia 500 you are cleared to the outer marker runway two seven make ______on the outer marker then report the outer marker ______ for runway two seven.2. N196LP cleared down to 4000 _______, flight level 55 altimeter _______3. LOT 541 continue _______for runway 23. report passing the outer marker inbound. Caution ________ on the runway.4. Eastern 907 standby I am still ___________your flight plan. Ok I have got your flight plan. I have your _____________ now.5. PAN PAN PAN GDS CESSNA 150 departed Frankfurt 15 minutes ago. Having difficulty in __________south of your airfield. Request。
OPI考试介绍
精心整理
OPI考试介绍
O RAL P ROFICIENCY I NTERVIEW
Morning,everybody, my name is Chenchen,and I’m from Lianyungang,Northeast of Jiangsu Province. Lianyungang is a seaport city along the Pacific Ocean and famous for the number of harbors ['hɑ:b?].港口
Now, I am working in Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province, lies in the center of the Chengdu Plain. As one of China's famous historical and cultural ['k?lt??r?l]cities, Chengdu enjoys rich tourist resources such as Du Fu Cottage, Dujiang Dam, and Qingcheng Mountain.
4、第四部分:结束(wind down)
提问逐步引入普遍性的话题,使考生情绪放松,结束测试。
该节约需1-2分钟。
三、ICAO4的评分标准
1、语音:语音、重音、韵律和语调受母语或地区方言
的影响,有时会影响理解。
2、语法:能创造性地正确使用基本结构和句型,在不熟悉的语境中会产生错误,但通常不影响意思的表达。
3、词汇:在谈论经常的、与工作相关的某些话题时,词汇量和用词的准确度良好。
在不熟悉的语境中和缺乏词汇。
管制员icao4评分标准
管制员icao4评分标准
评分标准可能会根据不同的评估指标和要求而有所变化,但以下
是一般情况下用于评估管制员(ICAO Level 4)能力的一些常见标准:
1. 沟通能力:包括清晰、准确、流利地使用本国语言和英语进
行语音和书面沟通,以及有效地进行无线电通信。
2. 情况感知和决策能力:能够快速、准确地识别和分析空中交通情况,并根据情况作出适当的决策。
3. 问题解决能力:能够在紧急情况下保持冷静,快速并有效地解决问题,并采取适当的措施来降低和管理风险。
4. 空中交通服务:能够按照标准程序提供安全、高效的空中交通服务,包括着陆和起飞指挥、高度和航向指导等。
5. 管制设备操作:能够熟练、准确地操作各种管制设备和系统,如雷达、通信系统等。
6. 安全意识:具备良好的安全意识,能够识别潜在风险,采取适当的
措施来保持和提高空中交通安全。
7. 团队合作和协调能力:能够与其他管制员和相关人员紧密合作,协
调各项工作,并及时共享信息。
8. 专业知识和技术能力:具备扎实的专业知识和技术能力,包括空中
交通规则、空中导航、飞行程序等方面的知识。
需要注意的是,上述评分标准只是一种常见的参考,具体的评分
标准可能会因评估项目的要求和实际情况而有所不同。
国际民航组织飞机型号代码
国际民航组织飞机型号代码普通旅客在航班时刻表等民航宣传品上看到的机型栏目所列机型可能并不是我们常见的机型名称,而是一些你可能不明白代码,在民航内部的航行通告、动态传递中机型也经常使用一些代码表示,这些代码实际上不是随意编写的,而是国际民航组织规定的飞机型号代码,下面就列举部分常见的、在我国空域可能出现的民航机型型号代码,更多请访问国际民航组织相关页面资料说明:飞机型号代码:1.飞机型号代码由不超过四位的数字、字母组成,尽量代表出飞机的制造厂商、型号等资料,易用被空中管制判读信息,原则上是从飞机的具体型号上抽取而来。
2.飞机型号代码一经指定,不在更改,即使生产该型号飞机的制造厂商更名、变更所有权3.某飞机机型的具体型号原则上不再指定新的代码,除非这个改进型号的性能变化较大,按原有标准判读会影响到空中管制4.“ZZZZ”:特殊代码,表示该机型尚未指定代码5.国际民航组织建议的轻型、中型、重型飞机划分标准,是在航空管制方面很重要的标准,涉及到飞机尾流对后续飞机的影响,直接关系到航空安全轻型飞机(L:Light):按相关程序批准的飞机型号合格证上,最大起飞重量7吨或以下中型飞机(M:Medium):按相关程序批准的飞机型号合格证上,最大起飞重量7吨以上,136吨以下重型飞机(H:Heavy):按相关程序批准的飞机型号合格证上,最大起飞重量136吨或以上型号代码具体型号参考译名机型特点简介制造商代码备注(本站相关)AN12An-12 安12 四发涡桨中型ANTONOVAN22An-22 /Antheus 安22 四发涡桨重型ANTONOVAN24An-24 安24 双发涡桨中型ANTONOVAN24Y-7系列、MA60 运7/新舟60双发涡桨中型XIANAN32An-32/Sutlej/Firekiller安32双发涡桨中型ANTONOVAN70An-70 安70 四发涡桨中型ANTONOVAN72An-72/74 安72/74 双发涡扇中ANTONOVA124An-124 /Ruslan 安124 四发涡扇重型ANTONOVA140An-140 安140 双发涡扇中型ANTONOVA225An-225 /Mriya 安225 六发涡扇重型ANTONOVAT43ATR42-300系列双发涡桨中型AI(R)AT44ATR42-400 双发涡桨中型AI(R)AT45ATR42-500 双发涡桨中型AI(R)AT72ATR72 双发涡桨中型AI(R)A30B A-300B2系列、C4-100 空中客车双发涡扇重型AIRBUSA30B A-300B4-100/200 双发涡扇重型AIRBUSA3ST A-300ST Beluga 双发涡扇重型AIRBUSA3ST A-300ST SuperTransporter双发涡扇重型AIRBUSA306A-300B4/C4/F4-600 双发涡扇重型AIRBUSA310A-310系列双发涡扇重型AIRBUSA318A-318 双发涡扇中型AIRBUSA319A-319、A-319 ACJ 双发涡扇中型AIRBUSA320A-320 双发涡扇中型AIRBUSA321A-321 双发涡扇中型AIRBUSA332A-330-200 双发涡扇重型AIRBUSA333A-330-300 双发涡扇重型AIRBUSA342A-340-200 四发涡扇重AIRBUSA343A-340-300 四发涡扇重型AIRBUSA345A-340-500 四发涡扇重型AIRBUSA346A-340-600 四发涡扇重型AIRBUSB190Beech 19000 比奇双发涡桨中型BEECHBE10Beech 100 King Air 空中国王双发涡桨轻型BEECHBE20Beech 200 Super KingAir双发涡桨轻型BEECHBE30Beech 300 Super KingAir双发涡桨轻型BEECHB350Beech Super King Air350双发涡桨轻型BEECHBE99Beech 99/ Airliner 双发涡桨轻型BEECHB212Bell Anafa/212 贝尔双发涡桨直升机BELLB412Bell Arapaho/412Sentinel双发涡桨直升机BELLB214Bell 214A/B/C 双发涡桨直升机BELLB461BAe-146-100 四发涡扇中型BRITISHAEROSPACEB462BAe-146-200 四发涡扇中型BRITISHAEROSPACEB463BAe-146-300 四发涡扇中型BRITISHAEROSPACEB701707-100 波音四发涡扇中型BOEINGB703707-300 四发涡扇重型BOEINGB722727-200 三发涡扇中型BOEINGB712717-200 双发涡扇中型BOEINGB731737-100 双发涡扇中BOEINGB732 737-200/200Surveiller 双发涡扇中型BOEINGB733737-300 双发涡扇中型BOEINGB734737-400 双发涡扇中型BOEINGB735737-500 双发涡扇中型BOEINGB736737-600 双发涡扇中型BOEINGB737737-700/BBJ、BBJ 双发涡扇中型BOEINGB738737-800、BBJ2 双发涡扇中型BOEINGB739737-900 双发涡扇中型BOEINGB741747-100 四发涡扇重型BOEINGB742747-200 四发涡扇重型BOEINGB743747-300 四发涡扇重型BOEINGB744747-400(international)四发涡扇重型BOEINGB74D747-400 (domestic) 四发涡扇重型BOEINGB74S747SP 四发涡扇重型BOEINGB74R747SR 四发涡扇重型BOEINGBSCA 747SCA Shuttle Carrier 四发涡扇重型BOEINGB752757-200 双发涡扇中型BOEINGB753757-300 双发涡扇中型BOEINGB762767-200 双发涡扇重型BOEINGB763767-300 双发涡扇重BOEINGB764767-400 双发涡扇重型BOEINGB772777-200 双发涡扇重型BOEINGB773777-300 双发涡扇重型BOEINGC120Cessna 120 塞斯纳单发活塞轻型CESSNAC150Cessna A150 Aerobat 单发活塞轻型CESSNAC172 Cessna 172/172 Skyhawk 单发活塞轻型CESSNAC182Cessna Skylane 单发活塞轻型CESSNAC82R Cessna Skylane RG 单发活塞轻型CESSNAC208 Cessna 208 Cargomaster 单发活塞轻型CESSNAC525Cessna CitationJet(525)/CJ1双发涡扇轻型CESSNAC25A Cessna Citation CJ2 双发涡扇轻型CESSNAC560Cessna Citation 5Ultra Encore双发涡扇中型CESSNAC550Cessna Citation S2 双发涡扇轻型CESSNAC56X Cessna Citation Excel 双发涡扇中型CESSNAC650Cessna Citation 6/7 双发涡扇中型CESSNAC750Cessna Citation 10 双发涡扇中型CESSNACL60Challenger600/601/604双发涡扇中型CANADAIRCRJ1Regional Jet RJ-100 双发涡扇中型CANADAIRCRJ2Regional Jet CRJ-200 双发涡扇中型CANADAIRCRJ7Regional Jet CRJ-700 双发涡扇中CANADAIRCRJ9Regional Jet CRJ-900 双发涡扇中型CANADAIRD228Dornier 228 双发涡桨轻型DORNIERD328Dornier 328 双发涡桨中型DORNIERDC10DC-10 三发涡扇重型MCDONNELLDOUGLASDC85DC-8-50 Jet Trader 四发涡扇轻型DOUGLASDC91DC-9-10 双发涡扇中型DOUGLASDC93DC-9-30 双发涡扇中型DOUGLASDHC4DHC-4 /CV-2Caribou 双发活塞中型DEHAVILLANDCANADADHC5C-115 /CV-7Buffalo 双发涡桨中型DEHAVILLANDCANADADHC6 DHC-6/C-138 Twin Otter 双发涡桨中型DEHAVILLANDCANADADHC7Dash 7 四发涡桨中型DEHAVILLANDCANADADH8A DHC-8-100/Dash 8 双发涡桨中型DEHAVILLANDCANADADH8B DHC-8-200/Dash 8 双发涡桨中型DEHAVILLANDCANADADH8C DHC-8-300/Dash 8 双发涡桨中型DEHAVILLANDCANADADH8D DHC-8-400/Dash 8 双发涡桨中型DEHAVILLANDCANADAE110EMB-110 Bandeirante 双发涡桨轻型EMBRAERE120EMB-120 Brasilia 双发涡桨中型EMBRAERE135EMB-135 双发涡扇中型EMBRAERE145EMB-145AEWC/LR/ER 双发涡扇中型EMBRAERE45X EMB-145XR 双发涡扇中型EMBRAERE170ERJ-170/175 双发涡扇中型EMBRAERE190ERJ-190/195 双发涡扇中型EMBRAERFA10Falcon 10 双发涡扇中型DASSAULTFA20Falcon 20 双发涡扇中型DASSAULTFA50Falcon 50 三发涡扇中型DASSAULTF900Falcon 900 三发涡扇中型DASSAULTF2TH Falcon 2000 双发涡扇中型DASSAULTF50Fokker 50 MaritimeEnforcer双发涡桨中型FOKKERF60Fokker 60 双发涡桨中型FOKKERF70Fokker 70 双发涡扇中型FOKKERF100Fokker 100 双发涡扇中型FOKKERGLF3C-20A/B/C/D/EGulfstream 3 G-1159AGulfstream 3/SRA-1双发涡扇中型GULFSTREAMGLF4C-20F/G/H Gulfstream4G-1159C Gulfstream4/SP/SRA 4双发涡扇中型GULFSTREAMGLF5C-37 Gulfstream 5G-1159D Gulfstream 5双发涡扇中型GULFSTREAMGLEX BD-700 Global Express 双发涡扇中型GULFSTREAMCL30Challenger 300 双发涡扇中型GULFSTREAMGL5T Global 5000 双发涡扇中型GULFSTREAMH25B BAe-125-700/800 双发涡扇中型BRITISHAEROSPACEIL76Il-76/78/82 四发涡扇重型ILYUSHINIL86Il-86 四发涡扇重型ILYUSHINIL96Il-96 四发涡扇重型ILYUSHINI114Il-114 双发涡桨中型ILYUSHINJ328328JET Envoy 3 双发涡扇中型FAIRCHILDDORNIERJ728728JET 双发涡扇中型FAIRCHILDDORNIERJS32Jetstream Super 31 双发涡扇中型BRITISHAEROSPACEJS41Jetstream 41 双发涡扇中型BRITISHAEROSPACEJS20Jetstream 200 双发涡扇轻型BRITISHAEROSPACELJ35Learjet 35 双发涡扇中型LEARJETLJ40Learjet 40 双发涡扇中型LEARJETLJ45Learjet 45 双发涡扇中型LEARJETLJ55Learjet 50 双发涡扇中型LEARJETLJ60Learjet 60 双发涡扇中型LEARJETL101L-1011 TriStar 三发涡扇重型LEARJETMD11MD-11 三发涡扇重型MCDONNELLDOUGLASMD81MD-81 双发涡扇中型MCDONNELLDOUGLASMD82 MD-82 双发涡扇中型 MCDONNELLDOUGLAS MD83 MD-83 双发涡扇中型 MCDONNELL DOUGLAS MD87 MD-87 双发涡扇中型 MCDONNELL DOUGLAS MD88 MD-88 双发涡扇中型 MCDONNELL DOUGLAS MD90 MD-90 双发涡扇中型 MCDONNELL DOUGLAS RJ70 RJ-70 Avroliner 四发涡扇中型 BAE SYSTEMS RJ85 RJ-85 Avroliner 四发涡扇中型 BAE SYSTEMS RJ1H RJ-100 Avroliner四发涡扇中型BAE SYSTEMS SB20 SAAB 2000 萨伯2000双发涡桨中型 SAAB SF34 SAAB 340 萨伯340 双发涡桨中型 SAAB T154Tu-154图154三发涡扇中型TUPOLEV T204 Tu-204/214/224/234 图204系列 双发涡扇中型 TUPOLEV T334 Tu-334 图334 双发涡扇中型 TUPOLEV Y11 Y-11 运11 双发涡桨轻型 HARBIN Y12 Y-12 /Twin Panda运12 双发涡桨轻型HARBINYK42 Yak-42雅克42三发涡扇中型YAKOVLEV附:制造商代码说明(供参考)AI(R):Aero International (Regional) (UK/France/Italy) AIRBUS :GIE Airbus Industrie (France/Germany/UK/Spain) 空中客车:欧洲空中客车工业公司BOMBARDIER:Bombardier Inc (Canada)庞巴迪:BOEING:Boeing Aircraft Company (United States)波音:美国波音飞机公司SAAB:Saab Aircraft AB (Sweden)萨伯:瑞典萨伯飞机公司ANTONOV:Aviatsionny Nauchno-Tekhnichesky Kompleks Imeni O K Antonova (Ukraine)安东诺夫:乌克兰安东诺夫航空科学技术联合体BEECH:Beech Aircraft Corporation (United States)比奇:美国比奇飞机公司BELL:Bell Aircraft Corporation (United States)贝尔:美国贝尔飞机公司BRITISH AEROSPACE:CESSNA:Cessna Aircraft Company (United States)塞斯纳:美国塞斯纳飞机公司DASSAULT:Dassault Aviation (France)达索:法国达索航空工业公司DE HAVILLAND CANADA:Bombardier Aerospace De Havilland (Canada) 德·哈维兰:加拿大庞巴迪宇航德·哈维兰公司DORNIER:Dornier GmbH (Germany)多尼尔:德国多尼尔公司DOUGLAS:Douglas Aircraft Company Inc (United States)道格拉斯:美国道格拉斯飞机公司EMBRAER:巴西航空工业公司FAIRCHILD DORNIER:Fairchild Aerospace Corporation (UnitedStates/Germany)费尔柴尔德-多尼尔:美德费尔柴尔德宇航公司FOKKER:Fokker BV (Netherlands)福克:荷兰福克飞机公司GULFSTREAM AEROSPACE:Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation (United States) 湾流宇航:美国湾流宇航公司HARBIN:Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation (China)哈尔滨:中国哈尔滨飞机制造厂ILYUSHIN:Aviatsionnyi Kompleks Imeni S.V.Ilyushina OAO (Russia)伊留申:俄罗斯伊留申航空联合体股份公司LEARJET:Bombardier Aerospace Learjet (United States)利尔喷气:美国庞巴迪宇航利尔喷气公司LOCKHEED:Lockheed Aircraft Corporation (United States)洛克西德:美国洛克西德飞机公司MCDONNELL DOUGLAS:McDonnell Douglas Corporation (United States)麦克唐纳·道格拉斯:美国麦克唐纳·道格拉斯公司TUPOLEV:Aviatsionny Nauchno-Tekhnishesky Kompleks Imeni A N Tupoleva OAO (Russia)图波列夫:俄罗斯图波列夫航空科学技术联合体XIAN:Xian Aircraft Company (China)西安:中国西安飞机制造厂YAKOVLEV:Yakovlev Aviatsionnoye Korporatsiya OAO (Russia)雅科福列夫:俄罗斯雅科福列夫实验设计局开放型联合股份公司。
飞行式α-甲基苯乙烯气体报警器(网络版)
飞行式α-甲基苯乙烯气体报警器(网络版)飞行式α-甲基苯乙烯气体报警器(网络版),是一款将α-甲基苯乙烯气体检测与无人机相融合的满足特殊客户群体需求的产品。
“飞行式α-甲基苯乙烯气体报警器(网络版)主要功能:设备由自身锂电池供电,搭载相机与α-甲基苯乙烯气体检测模组,用户可以通过遥控飞行,让飞行式α-甲基苯乙烯气体报警器(网络版)飞到需要检测的现场进行现场气体浓度检测,并实时将数据传回至上位机监测平台。
内置α-甲基苯乙烯气体检测模组采用无线数据传输,气室采用防气流干扰设计,能够在一定移动速度的情况下,保证检测数据的正确性与稳定性。
相机配备1英寸1240万像素影像传感器,可拍摄高清现场视频,并高速拍摄现场环境提醒和报警功能齐全无线视频与气体检测数据通讯实时现场环境拍摄与拍照功能遥控飞行检测防气流干扰设计搭载第三代‘COVER’传感器模组黑匣子功能大容量锂电池供电飞行式α-甲基苯乙烯气体报警器(网络版)简介飞行式α-甲基苯乙烯气体报警器(网络版),是一款将α-甲基苯乙烯气体检测与无人机相融合的产品,为了满足特殊客户需求的产品。
飞行式α-甲基苯乙烯气体报警器(网络版)主要功能有:设备由自身锂电池供电,搭载相机与α-甲基苯乙烯气体检测模组,用户可以通过遥控飞行,让飞行式α-甲基苯乙烯气体报警器(网络版)飞到需要检测的现场进行现场气体浓度检测,并实时将数据传回至上位机监测平台。
内置α-甲基苯乙烯气体检测模组采用无线数据传输,气室采用防气流干扰设计,能够在一定移动速度的情况下,保证检测数据的准确性与稳定性。
相机配备1英寸1240万像素影像传感器,可拍摄高清现场视频,并高速拍摄现场环境。
新增后视视觉传感器与机身两侧的红外感知器,安全性更高,飞行更智能。
钛合金、镁合金材料的使用让机身轻盈坚固。
产品特点★提醒和报警功能齐全:传感器到期提醒功能、超浓度报警功能、超温度报警功能、故障报警功能、仪表标定提醒功能等;★无线视频与气体检测数据通讯。
ICAO4看图说话经典图片
ICAO4看图说话经典图片From this picture I can see an aircraft of Air France is approaching for landing. It’s Boeing 747. The weather is not very good. Maybe it’s going to rain later. This is a coastal city. It shows that the airport is near the beach. The aircra ft’saltitude is too low. People on the beach are surprised at this big plane and its big noise. They are wondering why it’s so low, why the captain doesn’t control the plane well; maybe he is too tired to concentrate himself. In my opinion, if the pilot doesn’t go around immediately, the plane will land at chevrons, the landing gear may be broken, or it will skid off the runway, even it will be damaged . It can also cause theexplosion and hurt the people and buildings around the airport, so that the airport should be closed and the airlines should be delayed.This is a coastal city. There are so many high buildings in this big city. I can see the runway in the right corner of the picture. The instrument shows that this is the Boeing 767. They will make approaching. But the captain is looking out of thewindow to enjoy the beautiful scenery. I wondered why he doesn’t control the plane in the short final but give it to first officer. This may cause accident. For example, the plane may rush into the water, orit will skid off the runway to collide the terminal building, or run out off the runway, even damage the aircraft. It can also cause theexplosion and hurt the people in the airport. so that the airport should be closed and the airlines should be delayed..From this picture, I can see a flourish and modern coastal city. There are many boats in the harbor here and there. The airport is in the harbor. This aircraft is Boeing 747-400. I can see the aircraft prepares to land for its gear has already put down, the flaps have fully extended. But it is too high, and doesn’t set the heading of the run way. I think the pilots should decent the aircraft to the normal altitude and set the heading of the run way immediately. If don’t, they should go around to make another approach for landing. Otherwise, the touch point may be in the middle of the run way and the plane will rush into the sea. If it doesn’t change, the wing tip, the gear and the engine may be broken, or it may collide the other plane in front of it, the result is terrible.From this picture I can see an accident. This aircraft is Boeing747-400. It has smoke around its tail. Its gear, wheels or engine may be broken. It has a medium bank. Maybe the plane is too high, too fast and doesn’t set the heading of the run way. Or maybe there is heavy cross wind. The pilots didn’t set the heading or decent to the normal altitude, or didn’t go around for another landing immediately.In that case, the plane may run out of the run way into the sea, or collide the other aircraft in frontof it, it may cause the fire and explosion of engine and fuel tank. The result is terrible.From this picture I see a Boeing 747-200 of Saudi Arabian. The aircraft ran out of the run way into a drain. The nose, gear, and engine were broken. The crew members might be injured. It might be caused by the strong cross wind, or the bad weather, such as thunderstorm or typhoon, so the run way surface was wet and had standing water, so that the pilots couldn’t control the plane we ll. Or there was something wrong with the hydraulic system, the brake was out of control. Or because the crew members didn’t judge the situation and control it correctly. Luckily, it didn’t catch fire.From this picture I can see there are three aircraft in the airport.I can tell it just rained because the runway surface is wet and there are reflected lights. A Boeing 777 is taxing. Two aircraft collided with each other. The Air Bus 320 of Northwest Airlines collided the DC 9 maybe when the big one was pulledback. The vertical tail, left wing and engine, tail part , and nose of the DC 9 were damaged by Air Bus 320. The right wing, engine, andtail of Air Bus 320 were broken. The emergency air slide has been put down for the evacuation of crew members and passengers. Because of its low speed, it could stop immediately, so that the two aircraft didn’t catch fire. I think the driver of the tug truck should be responsiblefor this accident. There are also some fire trucks and people. The accident must be noticed by the FAA.From this picture I can see two aircraft. One is Boeing 767 of American airlines, and the other is Boeing 747-400 of New Zealand airlines. The left engine of Boeing 767 is on fire. There are lots of flame and smoke around it. This may be caused by the leakage or the overheating of the engine. At this moment, I think the pilots should request the tower for emergency service. Meanwhile, they should control the plane to evacuate this area as soon as possible, because there are many oilcans on its right side. Otherwise, if the engine explodes, it can cause the explosion of the oilcans. This can be therisk of the terminal building or the airport and even the whole city. After the plane get away from this area, the crew members should put out the fire, cut down the engine, hydraulic system and electric system immediately, and inform the cabin attendants to do evacuation.From this picture I can see a B 707 on the beach. I can’t see its wheels and landing gear, and the emergency exits were open, so maybe it did the belly landing. The reason of this matter may be there were something wrong with the hydraulic system, the landing gear couldn’t be put down. The crew decided to do belly landing on the beach. I think they made the correct decision. What’s more, they should dumping fuel before they land. The aircraft didn’tcatch fire and the emergency exits were opened for emergency evacuation. Passengers and the crew members could evacuate successfully. But this aircraft might not be used any more.From this picture I can see a Boeing 737-700 landed on the road. There are some buildings near the road. A sign shows that there is an airport nearby. The wings, leading edges, engines and landing gear were all broken. The whole world is covered by snow. So, the accident maybe caused by the bad weather. It snowed heavily when the aircraft prepared for landing. The VIS was bad at that moment. Or, theremight be something wrong with the hydraulic system, the landing gear couldn’t be put down, and the b rake was out of control. So the aircraft ran out of the runway and rushed into the road. There are some police cars, ambulance and fire truck around it. This accident is a verytypical and infrequent one in the history.。
icao 国际航空运输管理手册 碳排放强度
icao 国际航空运输管理手册碳排放强度摘要:一、ICAO 国际航空运输管理手册简介1.ICAO 的背景与作用2.国际航空运输管理手册的内容与目的二、碳排放强度的概念与重要性1.碳排放强度的定义2.碳排放对环境的影响3.碳排放强度在国际航空运输管理中的地位三、ICAO 关于碳排放强度的政策与措施1.ICAO 对碳排放强度的规定2.ICAO 提出的碳排放强度降低策略3.ICAO 推动航空业碳排放强度降低的实践案例四、我国在ICAO 框架下应对碳排放强度的挑战1.我国航空业碳排放强度的现状2.我国在ICAO 中的角色与贡献3.我国应对碳排放强度问题的政策措施五、总结与展望1.ICAO 国际航空运输管理手册在碳排放强度管理方面的意义2.碳排放强度对我国航空业发展的影响3.我国未来在ICAO 框架下降低碳排放强度的展望正文:一、ICAO 国际航空运输管理手册简介国际民航组织(ICAO,International Civil Aviation Organization)是联合国下属的一个专门机构,负责制定和推广国际航空运输政策和技术标准。
为了规范各国航空运输管理,ICAO 制定了一系列手册,为各国政府和国际航空运输企业提供指导。
其中,《国际航空运输管理手册》是一部关于航空运输管理体系的综合性指南,旨在为各国提供实施国际航空运输政策的框架。
二、碳排放强度的概念与重要性碳排放强度是指单位航空运输周转量所产生的碳排放量。
随着航空业的快速发展,碳排放强度已成为影响环境、经济和社会可持续发展的关键因素。
碳排放会导致全球气候变暖、酸雨等环境问题,对人类生活产生严重影响。
因此,降低碳排放强度是国际航空运输管理的重要任务。
三、ICAO 关于碳排放强度的政策与措施为了应对碳排放强度问题,ICAO 制定了一系列政策和措施。
首先,ICAO 通过制定国际航空碳排放标准,引导各国采取有效措施降低碳排放强度。
其次,ICAO 提出了碳排放强度降低策略,包括提高航空器燃油效率、采用低碳技术、优化航空网络等。
OPI考试介绍
OPI考试介绍O RAL P ROFICIENCY I NTERVIEW一、考试简介OPI口试分四个环节来考查考生英语口语能力。
测试时间约15-20分钟。
每次口试采取两名OPI考官和一名考生的形式。
一名OPI考官(Interlocutor)主持口试并评分(整体评分);另一名OPI考官(Assessor)不参与交谈,专事评分(单项评分)。
二、考试环节1、第一部分:引入(warm up)考生个人情况介绍。
考察考生初次见面时向他人提供个人的事实性信息(如名字、出生地、家庭等)的能力。
考生也应能谈论他们的日常生活及兴趣爱好等。
该节主要使应试者熟悉考官的语音语调,该节约需2-3分钟。
Morning,everybody, my name is Chenchen,and I’m from Lianyungang,Northeast of Jiangsu Province. Lianyungang is a seaport city along the Pacific Ocean and famous for the number of harbors ['hɑ:b?].港口Now, I am working in Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province, lies in the center of the Chengdu Plain. As one of China's famous historical and cultural['k?lt??r?l]cities, Chengdu enjoys rich tourist resources such as Du Fu Cottage, Dujiang Dam, and Qingcheng Mountain.Chengdu is so much different from Lianyungang. First, the weather, Chengdu has a relative ['rel?tiv]相对的high humidity [hju:'mid?ti]湿度because it is an inland city; people in Chengdu can hardly see a sunny day in winter. If they got a fine day, they may just take a day off and enjoy the tea with a bunch ['b?nt?]of friends under the sunshine. However, in Lianyungang, you can always have nice weather; people just do not cherish 't?eri?]珍惜 it like people in Chengdu.The second is about the food, because Lianyungang is near the sea, sea food here is very popular. People here are so lucky; they have the privileges ['privilid?] to the freshest seafood with the least money. Compare to Lianyungang, Food in Chengdu is quite spicy ['spaisi]辣的, and most dishes in Chengdu must have chili ['t?ili]辣椒in it. When people talk about Chengdu, the hot-pot can not be missed, it seems like the local people can have hot-pot everyday and they never bored of it.I love my hometown Lianyungang, and also love Chengdu, where I live now. I think I am a fortunate['f?:t??nit]one who can experience the two wonderful cities.Life west 救生衣2、第二部分:初步定级(level check)提问逐步引入与工作相关的话题,初步判断其语言水平。
icao4第一部分评分标准
icao4第一部分评分标准评分标准是用来对考生的表现进行评估和打分的指导工具,以确保评分结果的客观、公正和一致性。
对于ICAO4第一部分的评分标准,主要分为以下几个方面。
一、发音准确性(Pronunciation Accuracy)1.评估考生是否能正确发音,并且是否能把语音语调用于句子和对话之中。
2.考察考生是否能正确发音单词、短语和句子中的重音。
3.注意考生是否能正确使用辅音和元音的区别。
二、词汇使用(Vocabulary Range)1.考察考生是否能够用到场景常见的词汇,并且是否能够使用专业领域的专业术语。
2.评估考生是否能够准确地使用词汇,避免出现错误使用的情况。
三、语法使用(Grammar Range)1.评估考生是否能够运用较高水平的语法知识,并且能够灵活运用在不同的语境中。
2.注意考生是否能够正确使用时态,以及语态和补语的使用情况。
四、流利度(Fluency)1.评估考生的语速和流畅度,以及是否能够自然而然地表达自己的思想。
2.注意考生是否会在说话中出现大量停顿,或者使用填充词来填补思考的空白。
五、内容连贯性(Coherence)1.考察考生是否能够把话题有机地连接起来,使得对话或演讲内容流畅且连贯。
2.注意考生是否能够使用合适的过渡词和短语,以使得对话或演讲内容更加连贯。
1.评估考生是否能够积极参与对话,回应和提出问题,以保持对话的顺利进行。
2.注意考生是否能够适应不同的交际情境,例如提供帮助,询问问题,提出建议等。
1.评估考生是否能够准确理解对话或演讲的内容,并能够针对所听内容作出回应。
2.注意考生是否能够听懂并正确回答问题,以及是否能够注意到对话或演讲中的重要信息。
总体而言,ICAO4第一部分的评分标准主要关注考生的发音准确性、词汇使用、语法使用、流利度、内容连贯性、交际效果和听力理解等方面。
每个方面细化到不同的细节和表现,以确保评分的客观性和一致性。
评分标准对于考生来说是很重要的参考,可以帮助他们了解评分者的要求以及如何在考试中表现最佳。
ICAO4空管词汇
ICAO4空管词汇空中交通管制英语词汇表(ICAO English) A.1航空器及其系统(aircraft and its system)A.1.1航空器框架(aircraft structure)airframe机身flight deck驾驶舱wheel well轮舱front (fore) part前部rear (aft) part后部port左舷(舵)starboard右舷(舵)inboard engine or inboards内侧发动机outboard engine or outboards外侧发动机nose机头belly机腹skin蒙皮outer shell外壳rib翼肋spar翼梁stringer桁条windscreen or windshield风挡wing机翼trailing edge机翼后缘leading edge机翼前缘wing tip翼尖control surface操纵面aileron副翼flaps (inboard flap, outboard flap, leading edge flaps)襟翼(内侧襟翼,外侧襟翼,前缘襟翼)spoilers (inboard\outboard spoiler) (spoiler down\up)阻力板,扰流板(内、外侧扰流板)(扰流板放下、翻开)airbrakes减速板(阻流板)slats缝翼elevators (elevator control tab)起落舵(起落舵操作片)rudder (rudder control tab)偏向舵(偏向舵操作片)flap angle襟翼角flap setting襟翼设定full flap position全襟翼位置flapless landing无襟翼着陆landing gear起落架stabilizer安宁面nose wheel起落架前轮gear locked起落架锁定1wheel well起落架舱wheel door起落架舱门tyre轮胎burst爆破deflated tyre瘪胎flat tyre漏胎puncture轮胎被扎破extend the flaps (retract the flaps)放下襟翼(收上襟翼)extend the gear (retract the gear)放下起落架(收上起落架)gear extension (gear retraction)放轮(收轮)the gear is jammed起落架被卡阻the flaps are jammed襟翼被卡阻emergency extension system应急放下体系crank the gear down摇动放下起落架brakes刹车disc brakes盘式制动器an anti-skid device防滞装置an arresting gear拦阻装置thrust reverser反推装配tail parachute尾伞the brakes are unreliable刹车不可靠braking action is poor刹车状态欠好brake wear刹车磨损overheat超温(过热)slow down减慢(速率)bring the plane to a stop使飞机停下passenger cabin客舱floor地板ceiling顶棚(板)galley机上厨房toilet茅厕lounge休息室partition隔墙interior fittings机上用具oxygen mask氧气面罩cargo-hold货舱A.1.2动力体系(power plant system)nacelle (cowl)引擎短舱spinner螺旋桨整流罩pod发动机吊舱air inlet or intake进气道bird, water ingestion发动机吸进了鸟、水foreign object damage外来物损伤2fan电扇windmill风车rotor转子fan blades风扇叶片propeller螺旋桨propeller blade桨叶propulsor推进器reduction gearbox减速器LP and HP compressors低压和高压压缩机annular combustor环行燃烧室multiple-can combustor管型熄灭室can-annular combustor管环熄灭室reverse-flow annular combustor回流式环行燃烧室turbocharger涡轮增压器turbine wheel涡轮导向器supercharger增压器compressor blades紧缩机叶片nozzles尾喷管(嘴),排气管cylinder气缸crankshaft曲轴exhaust section排气局部engine setting发起机设置RPM (revolution per minute)转速(转每分)set the engine to idle慢车位give full throttle (or power) to the engine全油门(功率)throttle up the engine加油门throttle down (or back) the engine收油门engineering trouble机械故障engine failure发动机失效the engine runs rough发动机工作不稳定the engine runs smoothly发动机工作稳定vibration抖动the engine is low on power马力小low rumble发起机收回低落的响声loud bangs发动机放炮engine surge发起机喘振engine shutdown停车engine flame out发动机熄火exhaust duct and tail cone排气道和尾锥engine feathered顺桨A.1.3航空器体系(aircraft system)A.1.3.1燃油体系(fuel system)fuel system燃油体系3fuel tanks燃油箱vent通气孔fuel hydrant加油栓fuel lines燃油管路fuel pump燃油泵fuel filter油滤joints讨论dump valves放油阀fuel shut-off levers燃油油路切断操纵杆fuel flow indicators燃油流量表low fuel pressure warning lights燃油油压太低告诫灯A.1.3.2滑油体系(oil system)lubricant润滑剂lubrication润滑oil lines滑油管路oil pressure indicators滑油压力表oil temperature indicator滑油温度表oil cooler滑油散热器A.1.3.3液压体系(hydraulic system)hydraulic lines液压管路hydraulic actuator液压作动筒hydraulic pump液压泵pressure control valves压力控制阀pressure sensors压力传感器relief valves释压阀flow control valves流量掌握阀(actuating) jacks千斤顶seals密封圈A.1.3.4电器系统(electrical system)DC generator直流发电机an AC generator交流发电机APU(auxiliary power unit)辅助动力装置inverter变换器solid state transformer固态变压器rectifier整流器fuse保险丝wire电线circuit电路lead连线/引线circuit breaker跳开关4A.1.3.5空调系统(air-conditioning system)pressure control压力控制environmental control system环境控制系统cooling冷却electronic cooling system冷凝系统heating加热humidifier增湿器heat exchanger热交换器fans风扇pressurization增压air ducts空气导管pneumatic system汽源系统A.1.4驾驶舱(cockpit)A.1.4.1操纵系统(control system)flight control system飞翔操作体系flight management computer system飞行管理计算机系统boosted controls助力操作体系manual controls人工操纵系统levers/stick/column杆control column操纵杆control panel控制板captain’s panel机长仪表板glare shield panel防眩板center console中央操纵台handles操纵手柄knobs按钮或旋钮switchers开关thrust levers油门cranks曲柄(摇把)control stand操纵台rudder bar方向舵连杆elevator controls起落舵操作体系flap controls襟翼操作体系autopilot controls主动驾驶操作体系autothrottle system主动油门体系instrument landing system仪表着陆系统microwave landing system微波着陆体系hand-operated control人工驾驶brake control unit制动控制单元steering wheel偏向盘(前轮)A.1.4.2航空器仪表(aircraft instrument)5gauge外表primary display system主表现体系electronic instrument system电子外表体系systems monitoring instruments系统监控仪表indicator指示器(仪表)flight director飞行指引仪engine indicator发起机外表accelerometer加快率计aneroid barometer膜盒气压计metre (dial)表盘(刻度盘)instrument panel外表板audio control panel音频掌握面板overhead panel顶部仪表板flight engineer’s panel随机工程师外表板radio management panel无线电管理面板flight navigation control panel导航控制面板flight data interface unit飞行数据接口digital flight data recording system数字式飞翔数据记实体系engine vibration monitoring unit发动机振动监控系统weight and balance system装载与配平系统altimeter高度表radio altimeter无线电高度表airspeed indicator空速表automatic direction finder自动定向仪turn and bank indicator转弯侧滑仪attitude director indicator姿态指示仪horizontal situation indicator水平位置指示器set the altimeter高度表拨正vertical speed indicator升降速度表(gyro) horizon陀螺地平仪directional gyro陀螺偏向仪A.1.5航空器动作(aircraft maneouvre)pitch俯仰roll横滚yaw偏转bank the aircraft压坡度lift off抬(提)起pitch up the aircraft (to nose up)抬机头pitch down the aircraft (to nose down)推机头down向下dive俯冲climb steeply大角度爬升corrective action批改举措6level off改平stall失速recover from stall从失速中改出cut back decrease收油门spin螺旋sharp turn急转弯wide turn小坡度转弯slipping turn内侧滑转弯skidding turn外侧滑转弯A.2景象(meteorology)A.2.1云(cloud)ceiling云底高cloud layer云层cumulonimbus积雨云towering cumulonimbus塔状积雨云altocumulus高积云nimbostratus雨层云altostratus高层云cirrocumulus卷积云cirrostratus卷层云cirrus卷云funnel cloud漏斗云stratocumulus层积云stratus层云vertebratus脊状云capillatus鬃状云solid clouds粘稠的云scattered clouds疏云ragged clouds破碎的云(残云)mackerel sky鳞状云breaks in overcast阴间多云few少云scattered疏云broken裂开云,多云overcast (continuous)满天云on top在云上below cloud在云下between layers在云层间in cloud在云中in and out of cloud断续云中cloud is building up云在增长cloud is clearing up云在消散7A.2.2能见度(visibility)sky clear晴空sky obscured天空不明sand storm沙暴mist轻雾haze霾brume雾,霭smoke烟smog烟雾light fog轻雾dense fog浓雾freezing fog冻雾drifting fog吹雾,平流雾fog dispersal in progress雾在消逝fog is coming down正在起雾fog is clearing up雾在消散fog is getting worse雾越来越浓A.2.3风(wind)wind风surface wind地面风wind aloft高空风tailwind顺风headwind顶风crosswind侧风wind-gauge风向风速仪the wind-sock风向袋wind calm无风(静风)light wind轻风moderate wind中速风strong wind强风variable wind风向不不乱steady wind稳定风gust阵风wind shift风向改动wind shear风切变gusts up to 8 m/s阵风达8 m/slull风停gale一阵大风storm风暴eddy, a whirl wind旋风vortex(vortices)涡流wind W veering NW风由西向西北转8wind W backing SW风由西转向西南the wind is shifting风在转向the wind is rising刮风the wind is abating风在减小the wind is getting stronger风愈来愈大A.2.4波动(turbulence)clear air turbulence晴空波动moderate turbulence中度波动severe turbulence严重颠簸smooth平稳的bumpy , turbulent颠簸的be tossed , buffeted受气流(或涡流)影响而使扭捏updraught上升气流downdraught下降气流jet stream高空急流A.2.5降水(precipitation)light rain细雨heavy rain大雨intermittent rain间歇性雨continuous rain继续性降水bright periods雨停天晴期间occasional showers偶尔下阵雨passing showers正在经由过程的阵雨scattered showers零零星散的阵雨torrential rain, downpour暴雨waterspout水龙卷drizzle毛毛雨freezing rain冻雨sleet雨夹雪squall飑(线)hurricane飓风tornado龙卷风thunderstorm雷暴flash of lightning闪电光lightning闪电hail冰雹hailstorm雹暴soft hail软雹snow雪snowstorm雪暴snowflake鹅毛大雪snow shower阵雪9snow gust突然一阵大雪icing结冰ice冰sheet of ice一层冰rime白霜,雾淞A.2.6温度(temperature)surface temperature地面温度outside air temperature外界温度,大气温度dewpoint露点温度the temperature rise温度上升the temperature drop温度下降the temperature is rising温度在上升the temperature is falling温度在下降the temperature is steady温度不乱freezing level冻冰点温度,结冰层,(指结冰层的下限)A.2.7跑道道面状况(runway surface condition)loose snow软雪firm snow实雪compacted snow压实的雪melting snow在化的雪slush雪水(或半化的雪)snow drift雪堆snow plough扫雪车snow clearance雪肃清the north taxiway is snowbound北滑行道被雪封住了the runway is wet跑道湿the runway is icy跑道上有结冰the runway is slippery跑道滑pools of water跑道积水ice patches冰块(指跑道上结成的一块块的冰)glazed frost(clear ice)明冰hoar frost白霜braking action is poor刹车效应差braking action is medium刹车效应中braking action is good刹车效应好A.3机场车辆与设备(airport vehicle and equipment)servicing truck地面特种车辆airport passenger bus/ferry摆渡车tug/towing tractor拖车tow bar拖把ground power unit空中电源车10catering truck食品车(配餐车)ground air preconditioning unit地面空调车water service truck供水车galley service truck餐车dolly平台车tractor牵引车fork lift truck叉车fire truck救火车ambulance救护车crash tender事故处理车wheelbarrow独轮手推车air steps机载客梯snow plough犁雪车ramp vehicle机坪车辆security van保安运货车ice-melter除冰车coach大客车refueller加油车hydrant dispenser管线加油车runway snow blower吹雪车sweeper清扫车A.4空中相干效劳(relevant ground service)rubber removal清除橡胶scrub洗涤,擦洗conveyor输送带passenger gate登机口terminal候机楼ground handling地勤cargo door sill货舱门基座pallet平板架,托板chute行李滑运道jetway廊桥(美)air bridge/loading bridge廊桥(英)pier候机楼登机走廊stairway扶梯apron/ramp客/停机坪hangar机库customs海关blast fences防吹墙loadsheet舱单customs clearance海关验放air waybill航空运货单safety services安全服务11windshield wiper风挡刮水器(美)windscreen wiper风挡刮水器(英)deplane下飞机,从飞机上卸下(美)disembark/unload下飞机,从飞机上卸下(英)enplane登机(美)embark/board登机(英)ground radar空中雷达2. Abbreviations12AAmber琥珀色(南北向主航路)A/AAALAir-to-air空对空Above Aerodrome Level高出机场平面正切机场灯标ABMAbeam ABNAerodrome beacon ABTAbout关于ABVACACACACCACCIDACFTACKCANADADAADFADIZADRADSADVSADZAEISAERAERADIOAESAFBAFCSAFISAFLAFMAFSAFTNA/GAbove…以上Altocumulus高积云Airborne collision avoidance system机载防撞系统Area control center区域管制中心Notification of an aircraft accident航空器出事告诉Aircraft航空器Acknowledge承认,收悉Aircraft classification number航空器等级序号Aerodrome机场Advisory area咨询区Automatic direction-finding equipment主动定向装备Air defense identification zone防空识别区Advisory route咨询航路Address收电地址Advisory service征询效劳Advise告诉Aeronautical en-route information service航空的航线谍报效劳Approach end runway跑道的进近端Air radio航空无线电Aerodrome emergency services机场紧要效劳Air force base空军基地Automatic flight control system飞行自动控制系统Aerodrome flight information service机场飞翔谍报效劳Above field level高于场面Affirmative是的,对的Aeronautical fixed service航空固定服务Aeronautical fixed telecommunication network航空固定电网Air to ground空对地13AGAAerodromes, air routes and ground aids机场、航线和空中助航办法AGLAbove ground levelAGNAgainAIREP高出地面再,再次空中报告着陆区,降落区Air reportALAAlighting areaALRAlerting告警进近灯光体系ALSApproach lighting systemALTAltitudeALTNAlternateAMAmplitude modulationAMAArea minimum altitudeAMDTAmendmentAMSAeronautical mobile serviceAMSLAbove mean sea levelAOCAirport obstacle chartAORArea of responsibility APCHApproachAPPApproach control APRXApproximateAPUAuxiliary power unit APVApproveAROAir traffic services reporting office ARPAirport reference point ARQAutomatic error correction ARRArrivalARSAAirport radar service area ARSRAir route surveillance radar ASAltostratusASCAscend toASDAAccelerate-stop distance available ASPHAsphaltASRAirport surveillance radar ATAActual time of arrivalATCAir traffic controlATDActual time of departure 海拔高度备降,备分调幅区域最低高度修订航空挪动效劳高出平均海平面机场停滞物图责任区进近进近管制大约辅助动力装置批准空中交通服务报告室机场基准点自动误差纠正抵达机场雷达效劳区空中航线监督雷达高层云上升可用加快截止间隔沥青机场监督雷达实际到达时间空中交通管制实际离场时间14ATFAerodrome traffic frequency机场交通频率ATFMAir traffic flow management空中交通流量管理ATISAutomatic terminal information service自动终端情报服务ATMAir traffic management空中交通管理ATNAeronautical telecommunication network航空电网ATSAir traffic service空中交通效劳ATZAerodrome traffic zone机场交通地带AUTHAuthorized授权AUWAll up weight腾飞全重AUXAuxiliary辅助的AVBLAvailable有用的,可用性AVGAverage平均AWYAirway航线AZMAzimuth方位(角)BBlue兰色(南北向辅航线)BABraking action刹车效应BASECloud base云底BCBack course后航道BCNBeacon灯标BCSTBroadcast播送BDRYBoundary边界BFRBefore在…之前BGNBegin入手下手BKNBroken裂云BLDGBuilding建筑物BLWBelow…以下BRGBearing方位(角)BTLBetween layers云层之间,云层飞行BTNBetween 在…之间BYDBeyond超过CDegrees Celsius (Centigrade)摄氏度CAACCivil aviation administration of China中国民用航空总局CABCivil Aeronautics Board(美国)民用航空委员会CATClear air turbulence晴空颠簸CATCategory分类,类别15CBCEILCGLCHCHGCIVCKCLCLBRCLGCLRCLSDCMCMBCNLCNSCOMCONCCONDCONTCOORDCOPCORCORRCPUCRPCRTCRZCTACTLCTNCTRCWYDADCKG Cumulonimbus积雨云Ceiling云高Circling guidance light(s)盘旋引导灯Channel波道Change改变、换Civil民用Check搜检,校核Center line中心线Calibration校订Calling呼唤Clear, clearance放行,放行许可Closed封闭Centimeter厘米Climb to爬升至Cancel or cancelled取消Communication, navigation and surveillance通、导航和监视Communications通Concrete混凝土Condition条件,状况Continue(s)连续,连续的Coordinates坐标Change-over point转换点Correct or correction精确,改正Corridor走廊Central processing unit计较机中央处置惩罚体系Compulsory reporting point强迫性位置敷陈点Cathode ray tube阴极射线管Cruise巡航Control area管束区Control管束,掌握Caution注意Control zone管束地带Clearway净空道Decision altitude定夺高度Docking停靠16DCTDirectDEGDEP直线进近,直飞度腾飞或离场DegreeDepart/departure DEPTDepartment DESDescend to DESTDEV Destination Deviation局部下降目标地偏航,偏离DFTIDHDISTDIVDLADMEDPDPT DR DRG DS DSB DUR DVOR EAT EET EFC ELEV EM EMERG ENG ERR EST ETA ETD ETE ETOEXCDistance from touchdown indicator Decision heightDistanceDivert, divertingDelayDistance measuring equipment Dew point temperatureDepthDead reckoningDuringDust stormDouble sidebandDurationDoppler VORExpected approach time Expected elapsed timeExpected further clearance ElevationEmissionEmergencyEngineErrorEstimateEstimated time of arrival Estimated time of departure Estimated time enroute Estimated time over Except离接地距离指示器定夺高间隔改航,转向耽搁测距仪露点深度推测在…期间尘暴双边带持续期,持续时间多普勒全向标预计进近时间估计航程(颠末)工夫预计进一步放行许可标高发射,发讯紧急,应急发起机错误估计,估量预计到达时间预计离场时间估计航线飞翔工夫预计飞越时间除…..之外17EXPExpect预期,但愿EXTDExtend耽误、耽误FDegrees Fahrenheit华氏(度)FAAFederal Aviation Administration联邦航空局(美)FACFacilities办法,装备FAFFinal approach fix最落后近定位点FAPFinal approach point最落后近点FASFinal approach segment最后进近航段FAXFacsimile transmission传真FCFunnel cloud漏斗云FCSTForecast预报FCTFriction coefficient摩擦系数FGFog雾FICFlight information center飞行情报中心FIRFlight information region飞翔谍报区FISFlight information service飞行情报服务FISAAutomated Flight information service主动飞翔谍报效劳FLFlight level飞翔高度FLDField机场,场地FLGFlashing闪光,照明弹FLTFlight飞行,飞行航班FMFrom自,从FMFrequency modulation调频FMSFlight management system飞行控制系统FMUFlight management unit流量管理单位FNAFinal approach最后进近FPLFiled flight plan申报的飞行计划FPMFeet per minute 英尺/分FPRFlight plan route飞翔打算门路FRFuel remaining残剩油量FREQFrequency频率FSLFull stop landing全停着陆FSSFlight service station飞行服务站FSTFirst第一FTFeet英尺18GGreen绿色(东西向主航路)GAGCAGEOGMTGPGeneral aviation通用航空地面管制进近(雷达)Ground controlled approach (radar)Geographic or true天文的或真的空中管束Greenwich mean timeGlide path下滑道GPSGlobal positioning system全球定位系统GRADU GSGSGWTH24HBNHCHDFHDGHELHFHGTHJHLDGHNHPAHSHISHSTHXHzIACIAFIALIAPIARIASIATAGradually逐渐地Glide slope下滑坡度Ground speed地速Gross weight全重24 hour service24小时服务Hazard beacon危险标Critical height临界高High frequency direction finding station高频定向台Heading航向Helicopter直升机High frequency (3-30 MHz)高频Height高Sunrise to sunset日出至日没,昼间服务Holding期待Sunset to sunrise日没日出至,夜间服务Hectopascal百帕During hours of scheduled operations按航班开放Horizontal situation indicator水平状态指示仪High speed taxiway turn-off高速转出滑行道Irregular service非按时效劳Hertz (cycles per second)赫兹(每分钟周数)Instrument approach chart仪表进近图Initial approach fix肇端进近定位点Instrument approach and landing chart外表进近和着陆图Instrument approach procedure外表进近步伐Intersection of air routes航线交织点Indicated airspeed指示空速International air transport association国际航空运输协会19IBNIdentification beacon识别灯标ICAOInternational Civil Aviation Organization国际民航组织IDENTIFIdentification识别,认别标志中间进近定位点Intermediate approach fix IFRInstrument flight rules IGSInstrument guiding system ILSInstrument landing system外表飞翔划定规矩仪表引导系统外表着陆体系IMInner marker IMCInstrument meteorological conditions IMGImmigrationIMPTImportantINBDInboundINFOInformationINOPInoperativeINPIf not possibleINPRIn progressINSInertial navigation system INTIntersectionINTERIntermittentINTLInternational INTRGInterrogator INTRPInterruptedIRIce on runwayISIslandISAInternational standard atmosphere JTSTJet streamKGKilogramKHzKilohertzKMKilometerKMHKilometer(s) per hour KTKnotsKWKilowattLLocator (Compass)LATLatitudeLBPound内指点标仪表气象条件出境,移民紧张出场,向台材料,谍报不工作如不可能在进行中惯性导航体系交叉点,联络道间断的国际的讯问器中断,干扰跑道积冰岛屿国际尺度大气高空急流公斤千赫千米公里/时海里/时千瓦示位台纬度磅20LCTLocal timeLDA本地工夫可用着陆距离Landing distance available LDGLanding着陆着陆方向指示器LDILanding direction indicator LENLengthLF长度低频(30-300千赫)Low frequency LGTLight, lighting灯,灯光LIHLILLIMLLZLMM。
民航英语ICAO4复习
If emergency evacuation is necessary, how will you execute it?If I have to carry out the emergency evacuation, before landing, I will inform ATC that we are going to carry out the emergency evacuation and request the emergency services on arrival. And I will tell the cabin crew to ask them to be ready for emergency evacuation after landing. And I will make a passenger announcement, just like “ladies and gentlemen, this is captain speaking. Don’t worry! We are experienced crew, and we can control this situation. We can ensure your safety. After landing follow the flight attendants’instruction to evacuate the aircraft as soon as possible ,thank you for your cooperation”!After landing, I will try my best to stop the aircraft on the runway. Then I will tell the purser to evacuate from left or right. After the procedure is completedI think abnormalto perfect.between leveleasy for the thecrew. CRM is very important for flight safety, Good CRM can reduce the workload and prevent human errors.Manage a big aircraft with many advanced equipments is now more difficult without proper task sharing .And many mistakes can be identified and prevented by effective communication using CRM. Keeping good CRM can help pilots in reducing mistake and it is very efficient in ensuring flight safety as welll still remember the accident happened in 1993. A BAe146 flew from Yinchuang to Beijin. After startup, the pilot forgot to set the takeoff flaps. Before takeoff, they didn’t carry out the preflight checklist according to the SOP. During takeoff roll, the takeoff configuration warning didn’t sound because it was failed. Then the ac rushed out of the runway. That’s a disaster. We can see several small errors can cause a disaster. If they kept good CRM, they would avoid this disaster.Do you think preflight preparation is important?I think preflight preparation is very important to insure the flight safety. During the preflight preparation, I should get all kinds of information. Such as, weather information, navigation information and aircraft conditions. All of them are very useful to help us to make a safe flight. For example, the weather information. Before flight , I must check the weather on route, and the weather at the destination. If I find there is bad weather on route, I will add more fuel and request to go round the bad weather. Otherwise we will encounter severe turbulence, lightning strike and heavy rain. They are very dangerous for flight. If the weather at the destination below the minimum,, I will delay my flight.What’to get sensecan deal is very errors.I think messagesinuse the example like :”the you forI think firstly the pilots should follow the ATC clearance or instructions strictly. Because you know, many incidents or unsafe events result from misunderstanding of ATC’s instructions. secondly, if you encounter some emergency situation, such as medical emergency, or system failure, you need to report to ATC controller immediately and try to get as much assistance as possible. So good communication between ATC and pilot can play an important role in maintaining flight safety.Do you think RVSM can solve all problems of traffic congestion?No , I don’t think so.First, I think it only releases the en-route congestion.Second, we have a lot of delays that are caused by the flow control and militaryactivities/operations. The RVSM cannot solve them.Third, some problems of traffic congestion are caused by the weather. For example, If we encounter the heavy thunderstorm or dense fog, we have to wait.What we can do is to co-operate/co-ordinate with the ATC.What is the purpose of RVSM ?The purpose is to increase the air flow. It can reduce the traffic congestion.To increase the capacity (ability) of the same routes to cope with increasing traffic .c) How to improve CRM?First the captain must improve the communication between other crew members. Effective communication is very important for the pilot to ensure the flight safty.. if7.Thenthe is underrequest8. When How can9And then we should request ATC for landing at nearest suitable airport as soon as possible.and request the ambulance after landing.10. What do you do if your Captain/First officer has a heart attack?I will let other crew members to take his place,and notice the passengers to try my best to find out a doctor on board.Then inform ATC our situation and request for priority landing at the nearest suitableairport and request medical assistance after landing 5.Can you tell me about your hometown? 你能讲讲你的家乡吗?My hometown is Shanghai, it's beautiful. About 20 million people call it their home. It's famouse as Oriental pearl all over the world. There are many tall buildings. Commercialdistricts such as Nanjing Road ,Huaihai Road and Sichuan Road are always bustling. It’sthe commerce, economy, finance and culture centre of china.我的家乡是上海,她很漂亮。
icao4OPI各话题专业词汇分析
Air Con diti oningSystemPACK空调主件HOT BLEED AIR 热弓I气OUTLET DUCT 外流管BYP ASS VALVE旁通活门RAM AIR冲压空气INLET SCO OP 进气口TRIM AIR VALVE 调节空气EXTRACTOR FAN排气风扇GUARDED FLA P 有保护盖的导片BLOWER 鼓风机EXTRCTOR排风扇OVERBOARD 机外ONBOARD 机上OPEN-CIRCUIT 开路CLOSED-CIRCUIT 闭路CONFIGURATION 形态PASSENGER LOAD 乘客载荷DOWNSTREAM 下游STANDING WATER 积水ATLN( ALTERNATE)备份HANNEL通道PNEUMATIC 气源DUAL 双的SWITCH OVER 交换P RE-COOLER 预冷机COOLANT冷却剂AMBER琥珀色VENTILATION 通风CIRCUIT BREAKER 跳开关PRESSURIZATION (增压) FLA PPER VALVES 瓣状活门PROFILE 剖面TOGGLE扳钮开关VACUUM真空ISAO BARIC 等压BAROMETRIC 气压P RESSURE DIFFERENTIALS 压差ANEROID SWITCH 膜盒气压STBY ( STANDBY)备份DC DIRECT CURRENCY 直流电DITCH水上迫降SUP ERCHARGER 增压器INADVERTENT 偶然的LEAKAGE 漏、渗AP RON停机坪CEILING 顶板ACCESSORY 副件THROTTLE LEVER 油门杆CRUISE巡航NEGATIVE RELIEF VALVE 负压释放活门POSITIVE PRESSURE 正压AIR PORT ELEVATION 机场标高AUT OPILOT (自动驾驶)MOMENTUM 动量MIMICKING 模仿GLARE-SHIELD 遮光板P erformaneeACTUATORS制动器SURVEILLANCE 监视QUADRANT油门操纵杆FLEX( FLEXIBLE)灵活的MCT( MAXIMUM CONTINUE THRUST) 最大连续推力SID ( STANDARD INSTRUMENT DEPARTURE ) 标准仪表离场 STAR ( STANDARD TERMINAL ARRIVAL ROUTE )标准进场程序 MISSED APP ROACH ( GO AROUND )复飞FLIGHT ENVELOPE 飞行包线CDU ( CONTOL DIS PLAY UNIT )控制显示组件 FMA ( FLIGHT MODE ANNUNCIATOR )飞行方式显示器 ADIRS ( AIR DATA AND INERTIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM ) MCP ( MODE CONTROL PANEL )方式控制面板GPS ( GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM )全球定位系统DATA BASE LOADER 数据库装载机ALPH A/NUMERIC KEY BOARD 字母 / 数字键盘 DYNAMIC AND BACKGROUD DATA 动态和背景数据 TROPOP AUSE 对流层顶EFOB ( ESTIMATED FUEL ON BOARD ) 预计机上燃油 ETA ( ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVING )预计到达时间 ADC ( AIR DATA COMPUTER )大气数据计算机DYNAMIC 动力的AUGMENTATION增加、增益大气数据及惯性基准系统FLARE 平飘TOUCHDOWN 接地点 FLY-BY-WIRE 电传操纵ACELEROMETER 加速器 ALIGNMENT 对准、校准 SERVOMOTOR 伺服马达GYROSC OPE 陀螺THRUST REDUCTION ALT 减推力高度 REVERSE 反推ARM 预位LOCALIZER 航向道FPA ( FLIGHT PATH ANGLE ) 飞行航径角IDLE 慢车 DETENT 卡位 FPV ( FLIGHT PATH VECTOR )飞行航径矢量 CRM ( COCK PIT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT )驾驶舱资源管理 PF ( PILOT-FLIGHT )把杆飞行员 PFD ( P RIMARY FLIGHT DIS PLAY )主飞行显示 P ULLEY 滑轮 ROLL 滑跑 SCROLL 翻动、卷起SLEW 上下选页VELOCITY 速度ALIGNMENT 校准CRT( CATHODE RAY TUBE )阴极射线管LSK ( LINE SELECT KEY )行选键 RNVA AREA NAVIGATION 区域导航CFDS (CENTRALIZED FAULT DIS PLAY SYSTEM )集中显示系统BUZZER 蜂鸣声FLIGHT CONTROL SY STEMREJECTED T/O 中断起飞CONVENTIONAL 通用的AW DAMPER 偏航阻尼器SWEEP BACK 后掠HIGH LIFT DEVICE 增升装置WHEEL 驾驶盘 COLUMN 驾驶杆 P EDAL 脚蹬 SURFACE 舵面 RUDDER 方向舵 SP EED-BRAKE 减速板FLAP 襟翼STAB TRIM 调整片OVERRIDE SWITCH 超控电门SP OILER 扰流板俯仰 JAM 卡阻 ROLL 滚转(横滚)PITCHSTABILIZER 安定面 YAW 偏航 YAW DAMPER RATE GYRO 偏航率陀螺仪LONGITUDINAL AXIS 纵轴 VERTICAL AXIS 垂轴LATERAL AXIS 横轴ACTUATING CYLINDER 作动筒 AIRFOIL 翼部面SECONDARY FLIGHT CONTROL 辅助飞行操纵TERMINAL AREA 终端区域COORDINATE 经纬度 EN-ROUTE 在航路上VIBRATIONS 振动IMPULSES 脉冲 CURVATURE 弯曲曲度TRANSCEIVER 无线电收发机 INTERPHONE 内话机EVACUATION 疏散KNOB 旋钮CENTERING MECHANISM 定中机械TRAILING EDGE ( TE )后缘 LEADING EDGE ( LE )前缘POWER TRANSFER UNIT ( PTU )动力传输装置 STALL 失速MANEUVER 机动飞行 INBOARD 内侧OURBOARD 外侧SLOTTED 开缝的 THREE SLOTTED FLAP 三开缝襟翼DRAG 阻力 COMPARATOR 比较仪 ROLL RATE 滚转率MIXER 混合器DEFLECTION 偏转AERODYNAMIC MEAN CHORD 平均空气动力弦TORQUE 扭力 JACK 千斤顶ENGINE INDICATING AND CREW ALERTING SYSTEM (EICAS )发动机指示和机组警戒系 统RAM AIR-DRIVER GENERATOR 冲压空气驱动发电机 ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATOR 发动机驱动的发电机 BATTERY CHARGER 电瓶充电器SERVICE BUS 勤务汇流条BUS TIE BREAKER ( BTB )汇流条连接断路器FIRE P ROTECTIONOVERHEAT 超温 LOOP 探火环 FIRE DETECTION 探火 FIRE DETECTIONFIRE ALERT 火警戒 FAULT MONITORING CIRCUIT 失效监控电路WARNING BELL 火警铃GROUND P ROXIMITY 近地ENGINE NACELLE 发动机舱 CARGO COMPARTMENT 货舱MALFUNCTION 失效 LOCK DOWN 下锁 SMOKE DETECTION 烟雾探测SHUTDOWN 关车 UNLOCK 开锁TRIP 跳开关THRUST REVERSER 反推 TOXICITY 毒性CARBON DIOXIDE ( CO2)二氧化碳ELECTRICAL SY STEMGENERATE 发电 DISTRIBUTE 配电ESSENTIAL POWER 重要设备电源 VOLTAGE 电压 PHASE 相BUS 汇流条TRANS FORM ER RECTIFIER UNIT (TRU ) 变压整流器LIGHTING CIRCUIT 照明电路 EMERGENCY POWER 应急电源 STANDBY POWER 备用电源 ONBOARD 机载 STATIC INVERTER 静变流机BATTERY 电瓶FREQUENCY 电频LOAD 载荷、电荷TRIP OFF 跳开 CHARGE 充电SPLIT BUS 分裂汇流条GENERATOR CONTROL UNIT ( GCU )发动机控制组件 MONITOR 监控FUELINNER FUEL TANK 内侧燃油箱INTEGRAL TANK 整体油箱WING/FUSELAGE STRUCTURE 机翼 /机身结构E/WD ENGINE AND WARNING DIS PLAY 发动机警告指示 CROSS FEED VALVE 交输供油活门 CONDENSATION OF MOISTURE 水气凝结HY DRAULIC SY STEMNOSE WHEEL STEERING 前轮转向操纵PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROL SURFACE 主飞行操纵面 P RESSURE REGULATOR 调压器EMERGENCY PUMP 应急泵 CHECK VALVE 单向活门 SELECTOR VALVE 选择活门 ACTUATING VALVE 卸荷活门 PREDETERMINED VALVE 预定值 BALL VALVE 球形活门AOA (THE ANGLE OF ATTTACK )迎角 TAT (TOTAL AIR TEMPERATURE )全温FUEL NOZZLE 燃油喷嘴VENT SURGE TANK 通风(防震动)油箱SPILLAGE 溢出 DIVERT 转向GROSS WEIGHT ( GW )全重DIVISION 分配WING TIP 翼尖SURGE TANK 通风油箱RESERVOIR 液压油箱、水库 FILTER 滤器、滤纸ACCUMULATOR 储压器、储蓄器 EXPEL 排出、赶出PISTON 活塞CHARGE 释放、放出WHEEL BRAKE 机轮刹车装置RETURN LINE 回油管路SPRAY 喷、向喷射P ERFORATE穿孔于HERMAL ANTI-ICING SYSTEM 热防冰系统 WINDSHIELD 风挡 ENGINE COWL 发动机整流罩 STATIC PORT 静压口BIRD-STRIKE 鸟击SAT (STATIC AIR TEMPERATURE )静温EIS (电子仪表系统)DFDR ( DIGITAL FLIGHT DATA RECORDER )数字式飞行数据记录器 RAW DATA 原始数据AIDS 飞机集成数据系统ECAM ( ELECTRONIC CENTRALIZED AIRCRAFT MONITOR )电子飞机集中监控LANDING GEARSHOCK ABSORBER 减震器、缓冲器 RUBBER BLOCK 橡皮块(减震器)OIL-AIR STRUT 油气式减震支柱TAILWHEEL GEAR 后三点式起落架ANTISKID 防滑装置SHOCK STRUT 减震支柱NAVIGATIONVOR ( VERY-HIGH-FREGUENCY OMINI-DIRECTIONAL RANGE )甚高频全向信标 VOR ORIENTATION VOR 定向、定位GROUND LOOP 打地转 NOSE OVER 拿大顶 MARGIN 斜度CHOCK 轮挡BUNGEE CORD 弹簧索(减震支柱)DEW PO INT 露点 NOISE ABATEMENT 减噪ATTENTION GATTER 提醒灯 CHRONOGRAPH 记时器ELA PSED TIME 已飞时间 CHECKLIST 检查单PARAMETER 参数DIS PENSE WITH 省略 UN-CLUTTER 混舌LSIDE SLIP 侧滑UTC ( COORDINATED UNIVERSAL TIME )协调世界时SCHEMATIC 图解形式EADI 电子姿态指示器 EHSI 水平状态指示器BEARING POINTER 方位指针 DECISION HEIGHT 决断高度ADF ( AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER )自动定向机INTERFACE 界面、接口REFERENCE LINE 参考线TRICYCLE GEAR 前三点式起落架THRESHOLD 跑道入AIR DATA INERTIAL REFERENCE UNITS ( ADIRU )大气数据惯性基准组件DIGITAL DISTANCE AND RADIO MAGNETIC INDICATO ( DDRMI 数字距离无线电磁指示器 GPWS (GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING SYSTEM ) 近地警告系统 ADF ( AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER )自动定向仪 DME ( DISTANCE MEASURING EQU IP MENT )测距仪 PFV ( FLIGHT PATH VECTOR )飞行航经引导TCAS (TRAFFIC AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM )空中交通避撞系统 CAGING KNOB 锁定旋钮 APUAUXILIARY POWER UNIT 辅助动力装置)MSA ( MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDE )最低安全高度GAUGE 表TRANSITION 过渡 INDUCTION SYSTEM 进气系统AIR MISS 危险接近FACILITY 设施 PLAN VIEW 平面图 OUTBOUND 背台 HOLDING 等待MOCA 最低超障高度 MAP 复飞点LDA 可用着陆距离 MLS 微波着陆系统 SDF 简易定向设施PAR 初始进近雷达 MSL 平均海平面TEARDR OP P ATTERN 修正角HAT RVR 高出接地点的高 跑道视程HAA 高出机场的高MEA 最小航路高ROTATE 抬轮 乘务员 flight/cab in atte ndant gradie ntSTICK SHAKER 抖杆 OVERSHOOT 目测过高驾驶舱职权梯度cock pit authority 机库 hangar 接通/断开自驾en gage/dise ngage AP 地形 terrain 人因huma n factors活物 牲畜 livestock 绕飞detour 界面 交界处 in terface 修改 modify ame nd试车 engine runup 烂泥slush减速 妨碍retard 积累 accumulati on 湿度 humidity 降雨量 precipitation 气喘 asthma 腹泻 diarrhea 调度 签派 dis patch信号员 marshallerRDH----threshold height 跑道入口高度手榴弹grenadeHuma n error cha in: people makes mistake, and accide nt happens, one mistake leads to ano ther to ano ther to ano ther which leads to an accide ntIRS: in ertial refere nee system 惯性基准系统配件 附件 accessoryradiotele phony com mun icati on机长的四条杠的含义:1 flying skill2 kno wledge3 p rofession 4respon sibility提供饮食及服务cater (主要在地面装载时会用到)开往 驶往 Bound for 放油 fuel dump jettis on预期 an tici pate 污染 con tam in ate 外形 con figurati on 致命的 fatal 分院 branch flight college炸药 dynamite恢复 revert干预 interfere 气动的 pn eumatic 有形的 具体的con Crete 临界的 margi nal 连续 touch and go 起落 Traffic circuit 补充 replenish全停 full stop 物质物品 substanee 拉紧绷紧strain踝关节ankle肘部elbow对正跑道alig n the run wayPOB: people on board改装训练 tran siti on training劫机犯 hijacker陆空对话 前轮转弯机构 nose wheel steeri ng执行 execute 疏散 evacuationRNP----required n avigati on p erforma nee 所需导航性能RDH----threshold height 跑道入口高度。
icao4第五部分评分规则
icao4第五部分评分规则
飞行员英语(ICAO4)评级标准,主要是陆空通话水平总共分了6个等级,也就是常说的ICAO英语等级,主要针对飞行员以及空管。
这6个等级分别为1准预备级、2预备级、3准操作级、4操作级、5扩展级、6专家级。
民航飞行员的标准是ICAO4(工作级)。
而机长一般都是6级。
下面重点来说说ICAO4是怎样的一些要求。
ICAO4主要通过口语流利程度、发音标准性、语法结构、理解能力、还有交际能力来评定,具体ICAO4级标准如下:
流利程度:在没有准备的环境下可以允许不太流利,但是不能影响交流,能让话语不会引起歧义。
发音:不能有严重的方言和重要,因为会导致听不懂。
结构:能会基本语法,在不常用的情况,出点错没有太大问题,但是不能妨碍表达。
词汇使用:和工作相关的词汇一定要准确使用。
在不常使用下词汇量不足时,能成功表达即可。
理解能力:对于国际环境下的工作语言,能准确的听懂,可以复杂预警要求对方减慢和解释。
交际能力:反应通常迅速、恰当和有效,在出乎意料的场景中,能保证交流正常进行、并能恰当地通过检查、确认和澄清消除明显的误解。
不难看出,可能看出ICAO4的要求并不算很高,大部分大学
生、高中生花点功夫都是应付得过来的。
基本上只要把和背熟,会简单语法都没有太大问题。
icao4评分标准
icao4评分标准ICAO4评分标准ICAO4评分标准是国际民航组织(ICAO)制定的一套用于对飞行员英语能力进行评估的标准。
这一标准主要针对非英语为母语的飞行员,以确保他们能够在国际民航交流中有效地使用英语。
ICAO4评分标准主要包括发音、词汇、语法、流利度和理解力五个方面。
发音是ICAO4评分标准的重要组成部分。
飞行员需要正确地发音单词和短语,以确保在通信中没有发生误解。
他们需要准确地发音诸如数字、字母、地名和航空术语等重要信息。
此外,飞行员还需要注意发音的语调和重音,以便更好地传达意思。
词汇是ICAO4评分标准的另一个关键要素。
飞行员需要掌握丰富的词汇,包括一般词汇和航空术语。
他们需要准确地使用特定的词汇来描述飞行过程中的情况,并与空中交通管制员进行有效的沟通。
此外,飞行员还需要了解各种航空器和设备的专业词汇,以便在需要时清楚地传达信息。
第三,语法是ICAO4评分标准中的一个重要方面。
飞行员需要正确地使用语法规则,包括动词时态、主谓一致、句子结构等。
他们需要能够用正确的语法构建清晰的句子,以便在通信中传达准确的信息。
此外,飞行员还需要注意使用适当的语法结构来表达自己的意图和请求。
第四,流利度是ICAO4评分标准中一个关键的衡量指标。
飞行员需要能够流利地使用英语进行口头表达,以便能够快速有效地与空中交通管制员进行交流。
他们需要具备良好的语言节奏和停顿,以便在通信中保持流畅和连贯。
理解力是ICAO4评分标准的最后一个要素。
飞行员需要能够准确地理解空中交通管制员的指示和信息。
他们需要能够理解口语表达中的含义和背后的意图,以便能够正确地执行指示和做出相应的回应。
ICAO4评分标准是确保飞行员能够在国际民航交流中有效地使用英语的重要标准。
这一标准涵盖了发音、词汇、语法、流利度和理解力五个方面。
飞行员需要在这些方面达到一定的水平,以确保他们能够安全、顺畅地与空中交通管制员进行交流。
只有通过ICAO4评分标准的考核,飞行员才能获得相应的语言能力证书,并获得在国际民航领域中的工作机会。
四氧嘧啶
制备
将尿酸用硝酸或溴小心氧化,或将用作生化研究试剂、有机合成试剂及检验镉、钴、锰等。
生理作用:
四氧嘧啶对胰脏的兰氏岛(islet of Langerhans)即胰岛(pancreas islet)的β细胞具有特殊的破坏 作用,中止胰岛素的分泌,而引起动物实验性四氧嘧啶糖尿病(alloxan diabetes)。同样的作用可由葡糖胺的 硝基衍生物——链脲佐菌素(streptozo ticin)的一次注射引起。
最初的四氧嘧啶由硝酸氧化尿酸制得,也可由三氧化铬氧化巴比妥酸制得。
谢谢观看
EINECS号:200-062-0
Mol文件:50-71-5.mol
物理性质
熔点:255℃ 相对密度:1.681g/cm3 熔点:~245 °C (dec.) 储存条件:2-8°C
化学性质
毒性分级:中毒。 急性毒性:口服-大鼠 LD50: 5210毫克/公斤,腹腔-小鼠LDL0:300毫克/公斤。 刺激数据:眼睛-兔子 500毫克/24小时轻度。 爆炸物危险特性:可爆;加热超过170℃即发生爆炸。 可燃性危险特性:可燃,常温即分解二氧化碳;燃烧产生有毒氮氧化物烟雾。
四氧嘧啶
化学物质
01 简介
03 化学性质 05 应用
目录
02 物理性质 04 制备 06 发现历史
四氧嘧啶是一种有机物,化学式为C4H2N2O4,是嘧啶的一种含氧衍生物,在水溶液中以水合物形式存在。
四氧嘧啶是最早被命名的有机化合物之一,它最早由意大利化学家Luigi V. Brugnatelli在1818年分离, 常用于糖尿病小鼠的造模。
发现历史
四氧嘧啶是最早被命名的有机化合物之一。它最早由意大利化学家Luigi V. Brugnatelli在1818年分离, 但是由于Brugnatelli当年即去世,并没有能够对它做进一步研究。1838年德国化学家维勒和李比希再次发现它 将其命名为Alloxan。Alloxan这个词由Allantoin(尿囊素)和Oxalsäure(草酸)合并而来。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
飞行员ICAO考试简介
2010-09-21 16:27
1. 什么是ICAO
根据国际民航组织(ICAO)关于飞行人员英语语言能力的要求,飞标司组织开发了民航飞行人员英语等级考试系统,并组织民航英语方面的专家,对考试系统题库进行了专业审定。
目前,系统测试已完成,第一个考点设在中国民航飞行学院考试中心,该考点于2008年4月1日正式启用。
该系统作为中国民航推进ICAO关于飞行员英语水平的重要工程,于2007年7月份开始立项,筹备以来,国内多家航空院校和国际知名语言培训机构参与到该系统的建设。
为确保考试的科学性、公正性,民航西南地区管理局负责飞行学院考试点的考试工作进行管理和监督。
飞行学院负责具体考务工作。
2. ICAO考试内容
如图所示分为四个板块:
第一部分:听力理解
你会听到若干组长达10秒或20秒的对话或陈述,在每组对话或陈述后,会相应地提出一个问题。
对话与问题都仅说一次。
在问题之后会有一个停顿(17秒左右),你必须阅读ABCD四个选项并点击选出最为正确的一个。
应试技巧:这部分题很类似日常英语考试听力单选题,不同之处在于每一题都与民航专业知识紧密相连,范围从从机长的职责到特情处置都有。
难点在于,每一题是由不同人士录音而成,并且可能会有
杂音干扰。
建议大学在准备第一部分时,多多阅读《民航英语阅读教程》,熟悉一些key words,for example, depressurization(释压)fire engine(救火车), emergency assistance(紧急救援)。
如果这些词在辨认、发音上还存在问题,那么要在短时间类听懂并做出正确判断的可能性就微乎其微了。
第二部分短文答问
这部分你会听到一段长达120秒的陆空通话。
在通话最后,你会被冲问到3个问题。
每个问题提出后,你会听到”beep”声,之后你必须通过麦克风进行口头答问。
你的声音会被录制下来。
对话听两遍,问题仅听一遍。
应试技巧:我认为这部分对大多数同学来说会是个难点,因为在中式传统教学中,这样的考试形式是很陌生的。
要在2分钟之内,既听懂发生了什么事,也得记下一些要点,比如:事故发生的情况,此时所在的高度等相关信息。
这就要求,陆空通话的理解能力与运用能力,同时还有你自己的英语语言组织能力。
我建议这部分有困难的同学,1.找到正确的应试方法。
建议第一遍时听懂发生了什么事,第二遍记下细节。
不可在慌乱之中出现“盲听”现象,总之,找到适合自己最好的方法来应付考试。
2. 在陆空通话上下功夫。
自己听不懂,是由于单词不熟悉,还是没听到,或者是紧张出现“大脑空白”,还是来不及记下关键信息。
自己是出于哪个问题,一定先要做好定位,再采取行动解决,比如,若是对陆空通话中数字反应较慢的同学,我建议在课本中找到相应的练习题进行大量练习。
又如,对特情“毫无头绪”
的同学,我建议你找到《陆空通话》最后几章,首先准确地记忆单词,其次,模仿书上的例子。
自己不会说没关系,多去背,模仿别人会说的,这样才能做到胸有成竹。
第三部分陆空通话
这部分,你扮演飞行员,与空管进行一次陆空通话。
你的飞机呼号等信息会显示在屏幕上。
对话开始后,你应仔细听话外音或空管的指令。
一共有15至20句对话。
你必须在每个对话后根据提示做出相关的回答。
每句陆空通话仅念一遍。
应试技巧:最近这部分题的难度增加较大,不再像以前一样发音清晰、录音中也有杂音干扰。
并且,特情部分也被增加。
像简单的readback出现较少,更多的考察你的应急陆空英语,比如说,遇到heart attack了,你会怎么说(熟悉的同学知道这类情况属于urgency, 所以应选呼panpan)那么遇到bomb threat了,又应该怎么说(mayday,…,…, request bomb disposal squad 拆弹小组)。
所以,这部分,不仅考查日常英语表达能力,也考察陆空通话专业知识。
日常英语有欠缺的,建议找来近期的OPI背诵。
陆空通话有问题的,不用说,多听多练多说,practice makes perfect.
第四部分OPI (口语面试)
这部分你会通过电脑和一位OPI考官进行面试对话。
你的屏障上会有一张图片。
考官会就图片问你一些问题。
你的回答会被录制下来,考试时间最长为15分钟。
应试技巧:这部分面试,对于英语基础薄弱的同学来说,是个难
点。
难在图片描述与专业知识的回答。
但这也是考试中的重点。
图片描述,我建议大家多关注近日来民航空难事故,并且自己做一些总结, 比如描述思路,图片分类(tail strike, nose over, engine on fire, emergency training, gear problem, hydraulic system, lightning, CB, etc..)最好是自己写下来,然后请有经验的同学或老师帮助修改语法错误,之后,再做背诵装备。
面试问题,从生活涉及到专业知识,广度非常大。
不过,根据现在的考试规律,民航专业知识提问概率大大增加,比如说: tell me sth about hydraulic system/ if you have to abort the take off , what will you do?/ suppose you have to make a belly landing, what kind of assistance will you request?/ say sth about CRM./ what are the responsibilities of a good captain. 这部分我建议:首先,大家好好复习《阅读教程》,熟悉单词。
其次,自己写下问题答案并做修改,建议简洁明了,不熟悉的句型避开使用。
最后,practice makes perfect, 熟能生巧,找个搭档一个当考官,一个当考生,相互练习。
3. 应试准备。
一.专业知识上的准备。
推荐根据考试时间自定个学习计划,依此复习《陆空通话》,《民航英语阅读教程》(4级考生用),《国际航线飞行英语(听力与陆空通话分册)》
二,了解正确的学习方法。
众所周知,传统的英语教学不太重视口语与听力。
而ICAO英语4个部分全与听力口语有关。
所以应试技巧也应有所不同,建议大家一定要注重口语,特别是民航专业陆空通
话。
请你思考,比如你要去考广东话等级证书,你是拿出册子练发音朗读呢,还是只是眼睛看,心里想?ICAO一个道理,不说不行,不听不行,当然,不看也不行。
但是心里要有数,在口语和听力上应多下功夫。
三,心态上的准备。
第4部分的准备时间会较长,因为问题范围广,难度不定(看你遇到的考官老师了)。
但是,正如我们面对特情一样,都应该有个平和的心态。
第1部分,难度也大,但不能因自己发挥不理想便心事重重,导致影响后面较简单的陆空通话的发挥。
第2部分也需要你集中注意力,在短短2分钟内,听懂,表达清晰。
加之自己的一套应试技巧,我认为这些都应该是你心态上的准备。
4. 评分标准。
水平发音结构词汇
使用
流利
程度
理解
能力
交际
能力
4
3
5. 考试最新动态
目前,考试难度有所增加,主要表现在陆空通话与OPI,专业性更强,要求英语能力(表达,词汇,理解等)也增加。
学校也对ICAO 更加重视,从这学期起,3次未达标的同学可能会被退学,并且,更多航空公司把标准提高到了“4级”。
所以,从各各方面,难度都大大增加。
但是ICAO仍是ICAO,是关于飞行英语的,是关于飞行员未来职业的,是关于民航运输安全的。