《商务英语翻译》第三章_第4_7节同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句的翻译
商务英语合同中长句的翻译法
The sellers shall be reliable for any rust attributable to inadequate or improper protective measures taken by the sellers in regard to the packing. 凡由于包装问题保护措施不当而引起的锈损 应由卖方负责。 卖方须对因在包装问题上采取不当的保护措 施而造成的锈损负责。
7.定语从句的翻译
The Buyer agrees to buy from the Seller and the seller agrees to sell to the Buyer equipment, materials design and technical documentations, license and know-how and technical services for a plant with a 54,000kw phosphorus electric furnace which has a production capability of 30,000(thirty thousand) metric tons of yellow phosphorus per year and 70,000(seventy thousand) metric tons of sodium tripolyphosphate per year with phosphate rock as material using the process stipulated in article 10.1 to the contract. 买方同意向卖方购买，卖方同意向买方出售以磷酸岩 为原料，采用本合同10.1款所规定之工艺/流程，年 生产能力为黄磷30 000（三万）公吨和三聚磷酸纳 70000（七万）公吨的，拥有一座54000千瓦黄磷电 炉的工厂所需的设备、材料设计，以及技术文件、专 利使用权、专利技术和技术服务。
《商务英语翻译》第三章_第4_7节同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句的翻译
步。
• This does not alter the fact that that is, from a practical point view, a best solution.
• 这改变不了这样一个事实，即从实用的观点来看， 那是个最好的解决方案。
Practice
• I hope your success, which is an inspiration to me, will continue.
• 我希望你不断取得成功。你的成功对我是个鼓舞。
第六节 兼有状语职能的定语从句的翻译
在英语句子中，有些定语从句同时具有状语功能，在意 义上与主句有状语的关系，表明原因、结果、目的、让步、 假设等关系。 在翻译定语从句时，要善于从原文中发现这些逻辑上的关 系，然后翻译成汉语中相应的偏正复合句。
• He was none of the long-winded prosy speakers, who seem to delight in talking chiefly because they give delight to nobody.
注：定语从句后置，重复英语关系词所代表的含义
• 他绝不是长篇大论、令人感觉乏味的演说家，那些演说 家似乎主要以讲话为乐趣，因为他们无法给人以乐趣。
• 定语从句：限制性&非限制性
• 翻译方法：
1.限制性：译成前置定语或并列句 2.非限制性：译成并列句；译成独立句； 译
成其他结构 ； 3. 分述法
• 限制性定语从句对所修饰的先行词起限制作 用，与先行词关系密切，不用逗号分开。
• 1.译成前置定语：
• 把英语限制性定语从句译成带“的”的定语 词组，放在被修饰词之前，从而将复合句译 成汉语单句。
从句长难句商务合同的翻译
第十章英语从句的翻译Translation of clauses一、定语从句的翻译英语中定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。
两者之间的区别在于限制意义是强还是弱，前者的限制意义很强，后者的限制意义很弱。
定语从句在商务英语中应用较广泛。
一般有三种翻译方法：合并法、分译法和混合法。
1．合并法(1)Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with.污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。
(2) If the Buyer is unable to sell out the amount of goods which he has agreed to purchase from the Seller,the Buyer may reduce the quantity of goods to be delivered to him by giving written notice thereof to the Seller before the shipment is made.如果买方不能销售他已同意从卖方所购数量的货物，买方可以书面通知卖方减少发货数量，再要求卖方发货。
(3) Party B guarantees that the technical documents to be supplied by Party B are the latest technical information which has been put into practical used by Party B.乙方保证所提供的技术资料是乙方经过实际使用的最新技术资料。
(4)Shipment shall be commenced within 10 months counting from the date when the contract has come into force and completed within 16months.自合同生效之日起计算，10个月内装运，16个月内交付完毕。
3 商务翻译实务_第三单元_公示语翻译
第二单元公示语翻译1. 指示性公示语（Directive Public Signs）急救（First Aid）、旅游服务（Travel Service）、售票处（Ticket Office）等。
2. 提示性公示语（Informatory Public Signs）油漆未干（Wet Paint）、此货暂缺（Out of Stock）、正在维修（Under Repair）、保留车位（Reserved）等。
3. 警示性公示语（Cautionary Public Signs）小心轻放（Handle With Care）、小心地滑（Caution! Wet Floor！）、前方有学校（School Ahead）、当心滚石（Falling Rocks）等。
4. 限制性公示语（Restrictive Public Signs）残疾人设施（Disabled Only）、限高3米（Restricted Height 3M）、限速60—80公里（Speed Limit 80 Minimum 60 kilometers）等。
5. 强制性公示语（Mandatory Public Signs）禁止摆卖（Vendors Prohibited）、严禁超车（Overtaking Prohibited）、禁扔废弃物（No Littering）等。
6. 宣传性公示语（Public Slogans）新北京，新奥运（New Beijing, Great Olympics）、激情盛会，和谐亚洲（Thrilling Games, Harmonious Asia）以及上海申办世界博览会的申报口号“城市，让生活更美好（Better City, Better Life）”，2004年雅典奥运会的宣传口号“Welcome Home（欢迎回家）”，这是因为1896年首届现代奥运会就是在希腊举行的。
1. Staff Only A. 消防通道2. No Parking B. 非公莫入/员工通道3. Bicycle Parking C. 疏散通道4. Cargo Lift D. 加油站5. Sightseeting Elevator/Lift E. 货梯6. Filling/Gas Station F. 禁止停车7. Escape Route G. 观光梯8. Fire Engine Access H. 自行车停放处1. Detour. Maintenance in Progress. 正在检修，请绕行2. Wait. Maintenance in Progress. 正在检修，请您稍候3. Escalator Out of Service 电梯维修，暂停使用4. Horn Prohibited 禁止鸣笛5. Service Area 服务区6. Service & Complaint Hotline 服务监督电话7. Ticket Check 检票处8. Ticket Office/Tickets 售票处1. Conference Center（会议中心），Registration（注册登记），Information（咨询服务）2. No Stopping（请勿停留），Resting Place（休息区），No Spitting（禁止吐痰）3. Keep Silence（保持安静），Slow Down（减速慢行），Sold Out（售完）4. F&B（Food and Beverage，餐饮服务），VIP Suite（Very Important Person Suite，贵宾室），ENT Department（Ear, Nose, Throat Department耳鼻喉科）BRT（Bus Rapid Transit，快速公交系统）5. Don’t Drive When Tired. (严禁疲劳驾驶。
《商务英语翻译》第3章 第一节 主语从句的翻译
此行所见所闻都给他留下了深刻的印象。
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(Whoever comes to our public reference library) will be welcome.
什么人到我们公共参考图书馆来都受欢迎。
(Whether she would play the part) is still doubtful.
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4. It was reported that he had resigned. 据报道他已辞职。 5. It is well known that the compass was invented by Chinses. 众所周知，中国人发明了指南针。
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1. P84-85 1—10 2. P87-88 1—10
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这些中国古董为什么保存在英国博物馆内是我们今 天所讲故事的重要内容。
Skill Practice
1. Whatever measures we adopt must be in conformity with the need of the four moderization. 无论我们采取什么措施，都要符合四个现代化的 需要。 2. What he told me was only half-truth. 他告诉我的事情仅仅真假参半。 3. They have definitely decided to pay a visit to China, but when they are to do so hasn’t been made clear yet. 他们已确定要访问中国，何时成行尚未说明。
商务英语翻译教程(第三版)Unit4 Organizations
ping-pang _____________
motor _____________
SEC 5
_____________ radar
_____________ jeep taxi _____________
SEC 5
SEC 6
（9） Motique 指流动商店。 （10） Bazaar 指集市。
SEC 7
SEC 8
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SECTION 3
SEC 1
I. 组织机构的语言特点（1）
SEC 2
SEC 4
组织机构名称在英语中属于专有名词范畴，其语用特征要求专词专用，一 个组织机构名称只能使用一种译名，其词语排列及组合、缩写形式都应该统一 不变，如“中国银行”，英译为the Bank of China （BOC），而不能作其他任 何更改。在书写上要求首字母大写，但是像of，the，and等虚词一般小写，如， the People’s Government of Gongyi District（巩义市人民政府）。
_____________ T-shirt _____________ tank marathon _____________
SEC 6
（7） 脱口秀 _____________ talkshow
（8） 马赛克 _____________ mosaik （9） 芭蕾 （10) 探戈
SEC 7
_____________ ballet tango _____________
SEC 4
SEC 5
SEC 6
英语国家的对等机构或者插入解释。
SEC 7
英语笔译定语,状语,名词性从句及汉语特殊句式翻译例句
定语从句译法（一）译成前置定语（二）后置并列分句（三）溶合译法（四）译成状语●The traders wanted safe access to large quantities of Oriental spices,which the European world had come to like, and which people needed for presenting food in days before the introduction of cold storage.商人们想平安无事地获取大量的东方香料，这些香料已经为欧洲人所喜爱，而且在没有发明冷藏法的当时，香料也是人们储藏食品所必须的。
●I had seldom met an American who served in China during World WarII who had not known Zhou Enlai.二战期间曾在中国工作过却不认识周恩来的美国人很少见。
●译成前置定语：●This is the soldier who just returned from the front.译文：这是刚从前线回来的战士。
●To be sure, a great rebuilding project would give jobs to those ofpeople who need them.译文：诚然，一个宏伟的重建计划也许能为许多需要工作的人提供就业机会。
●In recent years, however, people have begun to become aware thatcities are also areas where there is a concentration of problems. 可是，近几年来人们开始意识到城市也是问题成堆的地方。
●Chemistry deals with changes in matter as a result of which it ispossible to form a new substance.译文：化学是研究物质变化的，这种变化的结果能够形成新的物质。
浅析商务英语中的定语从句三种翻译方法
- 242-校园英语 / 翻译探究浅析商务英语中的定语从句三种翻译方法湖北大学知行学院/毛津源【摘要】商务英语在当今社会商务活动中扮演着重要的角色。
商务英语翻译有其自身的句法特点，定语从句在商务英语中使用频繁且复杂。
因此要求译者根据原文分析其逻辑关系，为了避免不必要的经济纠纷或经济损失，译者应掌握其英汉互译的翻译原则和特点并结合前置法，后置法和融合法三种翻译方法有效地解决商务英语中定语从句翻译的难题。
【关键词】商务英语 定语从句 融合法20世纪70年代，“现代翻译之父”奈达，在《翻译理论与实践》中提出：翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息。
首先是文体上，他的对等翻译理论是引导商务英语最好的原则。
翻译不仅应该注重语言形式，也是读者对翻译的回应。
商务翻译与贸易、合同、保险、投资、货运、金融等领域的文字相联系，所涉及内容严肃具体，不允许译者在翻译时随便表达。
译者选词要准确，概念表达要确切，数字与单位要精确。
尤其是合同和法律文本英语，选词更为严谨。
译者应从词义和专业上去深刻地理解原文的含义，达到表述准确无误，内容完整，译文所传达的信息同原文所传递的信息要保持一致。
一旦原文信息错译或漏译，造成的损失可能无法弥补。
英国著名翻译理论家亚历山大•弗雷泽•泰特勒在他的著作《论翻译的原则》中提出，好的翻译就是将原作的优点完整地移入另一种语言中，使得译入语国家的读者能够像原作一样能领悟、强烈地感受原作。
风格信息的传递在商务英语翻译中也不可忽视。
不同的民族文化之间有许多这样那样的差异，译者需要了解这些差异，以便通过恰当的方法达到文化上的对等。
翻译中若忽略了原文的风格信息，不仅会使译文信息大量流失，而且使译文显得不得体。
商务英语文体复杂。
商务英语所涉及的专业范围很广，包括广告英语、法律英语、应用文英语、服装英语、包装英语等功能变体英语。
了解国际商务英语的文体特点有利于译者把握原作的风格信息传递，从而在翻译定语从句中得心应手。
商务英语翻译英译汉第三讲
词语意义的感情色彩
• Page 20 • 注释: underwriter (UW；U／W）核保人； 注释 ； ／ ）核保人； 承保人： 承保人：指保险公司内决定承保与否和进 行风险选择的专业人员。 行风险选择的专业人员。 • 1. Appreciate the translation of “sympathetic” & “do not succeed”. • 2. Any improvement for the two sentences?
英汉词语在表达上的差异
• 英语词汇：游移 英语词汇：游移(vacillant)、灵活 、灵活(flexible), 常依据搭配和上下文而变化； 常依据搭配和上下文而变化； • 汉语词汇：精确、固定，对上下文依赖性 汉语词汇：精确、固定， 较小
语域 register
• 英语：hyper-formal —— formal —— 英语： normal —— informal —— hyper-informal • 汉语：书面体、普通体、口语体 汉语：书面体、普通体、 • “government of the people, by the people, for the people, …” • 民有、民治、民享 （书面语） 民有、民治、民享…（书面语） • 归人民所有、由人民管理、为人民办事 （口语） 归人民所有、由人民管理、为人民办事…（口语）
eg. agency
• • • • • • • • an employment agency 职业介绍所 an advertising agency 广告公司 news agency 通讯社 Government agencies 政府机构
一词多义 • 英语词汇：游移(vacillant, context英语词汇：游移 dependent)、灵活 、灵活(flexible),常依据搭配和 常依据搭配和 上下文而变化； 上下文而变化；且英语的词义范围很容易 扩大，英语词汇容易获得新义。 扩大，英语词汇容易获得新义。 • 汉语词汇：精确、固定，对上下文依赖性 汉语词汇：精确、固定， 较小，且词义相对稳定，不易发生变化。 较小，且词义相对稳定，不易发生变化。
商务英语定语从句翻译
译文: 罢工将使远洋货轮无法靠岸,因为它们 需要拖船的帮助。
2. 译成表示“结果”的分句 英语的定语从句如果在意义上具有说明主句 结果的含义,在翻译时可以加上汉语表示结果关
系的词语,如" 因此、所以" 等词,并译成汉语表 示“结果”的分句
As you know, we operate in a highly competitive market in which we have been forced to cut our prices to the minimum.
译文: 如果订单的金额超过5 万美元, 本公 司可以给予3%的特扣。
5. 译成表示“让步”的分句
英语的让步状语从句一般都用though,
although,等来引导, 但有的让步关系隐含在 定语中, 通过句子意义上的逻辑关系反映出 来
Many people do business who not. 句中“who should not”相应于“though they should not”。 译文: 有许多人虽然不应该经商, 却要经商。
翻译技巧
一、译成“的”字偏正结构 二、译成联合复句 三、译成复指成分 四、译成独立句 五、译成偏正复句
一、译成“的”字偏正结构 如果定语从句较短, 与主句关系密切, 汉 译时一般采用前置法, 即把定语从句译成 带“的”字的偏正结构, 放在被修饰词之 前。
A Sight Draft is a draft which is expressed to be payable on demand, or at sight, or on presentation.
含在定语从句中。
For any order, the volume of which exceeds $50,000, we will allow 3% special discount. 此句相当于: If the volume of order exceeds..., we will allow...。
商务英语句子的翻译Lecture 3
1.1.4翻译为目的状语 英语定语从句如果在语义上表示目的,可以 译成汉语的目的从句,分局之前应当加上关 联词语"以","以便","为了","从 而"等. 1. Chinese trade delegations have been sent to African countries, who will negotiate trade agreements with the respective governments. 译文:中国派出一些贸易代表团出访非洲各 国,以便同各国政府洽谈贸易协议 以便同各国政府洽谈贸易协议. 以便同各国政府洽谈贸易协议
1.1.6翻译为结果状语 1. There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them. 译文:这个方案富于创造性,独出心裁,很 有魅力,因而博得了他们所有人的欢心 因而博得了他们所有人的欢心. 因而博得了他们所有人的欢心
2. As I just said, the first decade in space saw accomplishments in science and technology which affected our concept of the entire universe. 译文:正如我刚才所说,第一个十年在外 层空间方面科学和技术都取得了成就,从 从 而影响了我们对整个宇宙的看法. 而影响了我们对整个宇宙的看法
从篇章的角度来看英译汉的过程是用汉语重新构建语篇的过程句子层面之外必须考虑语篇衔接只是在重构的过程中需要照顾原文的语篇结构不可超越
商务英语句子的翻译
英译汉 Unit 3
《商务英语翻译》 商务英语翻译》 英译汉） （英译汉）
英语从句的翻译
• • • • • 3.1 定语从句 限制性从句：语气强。 非限制性从句：语气弱。 绝大部分英语定语从句是后置的。 较长的英语定语从句不宜译成汉语中的定 语，可以使用其它方法如分句，重复名词， 使用诸如它，他，她，它，他们等标志词 来处理。
• 4.I’ll be right here waiting for you, wherever you go, and whatever you do. • 无论你去哪儿，无论你做什么，我都会在这儿等你。 • 5. Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract, the buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the seller by opening an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of USD 30,000 in favor of the seller through a bank at export point so that the seller may draw the sum in due time. • 买方须于本合同签字并生效后的三十天内通过出口地银行 开立以卖方为收益人的不可撤消信用证支付全部贷款计 30000 美元，以便卖方及时提取款项。
• 6. Buyer or their chartering agent shall advise the sellers by fax 10 days prior to the arrival of the carrying vessel at the port of shipment of the contract number, name of the carrying vessel, approximate loading capacity(受载重量）, lay days（装卸日期） and port of loading. • 买方或其租船代理人须于载货轮抵达装运港10前以传真 方式通知卖方合同号，船名，大约受载重量，预计抵达 日期及装运港名。 • 7. If any change is required regarding the terms and conditions of this agreement, then both parties shall negotiate in order to find a suitable solution, provided, however, that any change of this agreement shall be subject to the approval by the government of both parties. • 若须对本协议的条款进行任何修改，双方须经协商妥善 解决，但本协议的任何修改须经协议双方政府的批准。
商务英语翻译之定语翻译
体积小的晶体管使得先前那种又大又笨的收音机变得又小又轻。 His firm, which has suffered from a business slump for three years, now starts all over again. 他那个萧条了三年的公司，现在又重整旗鼓了。
They reviewed the international situation in which important changes and great upheavals are taking place and expounded th eir respective positions and attitudes
Businessis
a combination of all these activies :production ,distribution and sale,through which profit or economic
surplus will be created.
商务是指生产配送销售等一切活动的组合，
非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,
只是对其作一些附加说明 ,不起限定制约作 用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去 ,主句的 意义仍然完整。
定语从句（2）：非限定性定语从句的翻译
1. 前置法 一些较短而具有描写性的英语非限制性定语从句，可以翻 译成汉语的前置定语，放在被修饰词之前。例如： The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor. 那个整天躲在云层里的太阳，现在又光芒四射地露面了。 Transistors, which are small in size, can make previously large and bulky radios light and small.
第十一讲商务英语翻译课件文件
（2）宾语从句的翻译
一般按照宾语从句在原文中所处位臵进行翻译 We sincerely hope that you can do something to advance our time of shipment, since time of delivery is very important to us. 我方诚挚希望贵方能将我方货物装运的时间提前，因为交货 时间对我方来说非常重要。
（4）同位语从句的翻译
一、先译同位语从句，再译出先行词； 二、将先行词译成汉语中的动词，再将从句译成汉语中的主 谓结构，充当动词的宾语； 三、将“that”译成“即”、“也就是说”，或“:”，表示 同前述内容一致。 The fact that we are the largest suppliers of woolen underwear in this country is in itself evidence of the good value of our products. 我们是该国羊毛内衣的最大供货商，这一事实本身就证明了 我方产品质量上乘。
If any change is required regarding the terms and conditions of this agreement, then both parties shall negotiate in order to find a suitable solution, provided, however, that any change of this agreement shall be subject to the approval by the government of both parties.
贵方应注意的是，索赔必须在合同所规定的 有效期内（即通常在货物到达目的地之后的 三十日内）提出。
从句 长难句 商务合同的翻译.doc
第十章英语从句的翻译Translation of clauses一、定语从句的翻译英语中定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。
两者之间的区别在于限制意义是强还是弱，前者的限制意义很强，后者的限制意义很弱。
定语从句在商务英语中应用较广泛。
一般有三种翻译方法：合并法、分译法和混合法。
1．合并法(1)Pollution is a pressing problem which we must deal with.污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。
(2) If the Buyer is unable to sell out the amount of goods which he has agreed to purchase from the Seller,the Buyer may reduce the quantity of goods to be delivered to him by giving written notice thereof to the Seller before the shipment is made.如果买方不能销售他已同意从卖方所购数量的货物，买方可以书面通知卖方减少发货数量，再要求卖方发货。
(3) Party B guarantees that the technical documents to be supplied by Party B are the latest technical information which has been put into practical used by Party B.乙方保证所提供的技术资料是乙方经过实际使用的最新技术资料。
(4)Shipment shall be commenced within 10 months counting from the date when the contract has come into force and completed within 16months.自合同生效之日起计算，10个月内装运，16个月内交付完毕。
商务英语翻译中状语从句的译法
� � � 1� 时间状语从句 在下面的例子中， 引出的状语从句实际上 � � � � 时间状语从句表示主句中动作发生的时间， � � � � � � � � 引 可转译为条件状语. I � � � � � � � � � 导这类从句的有连词 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ,� � , , , , � � � � � � � � � � � 等；还有起连词作用的短语 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � , / （要是一 . , � 42 � / . . . , . . . 等. 翻译时间状语 个国家没有足够的某一特定商品来满足自身需求，
果状语， 也就是表示原因的汉语分句 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � . 意译即译成 英语的让步状语从句通常由 , , � � � � � � � � � � 并列句， � � � � � 省略或者部分省略了关联词语， � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � , , , , , 但是仍 然含有 因果 � � � � 关系 � � . 例如 ： O 等连词 , 连词词组和其他短语引导. 连词 引 , 订 货 .） P , 导让步状语从句时可以采取正常的语序或部分倒 外，还经常引导让步状语，翻译时需要注意辨析. � � � � � （由于你方报盘迟达， . 我方已从他处 装， 即将部分谓语前置 . 除了引导时间状语之 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 如： � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � （兹告知贵方， . , � � � � � � � � � � � 由于外汇的波动，报价随时可能改变，不另行通 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � " "� � � � � � � � � � 知 � � . � ） � � � � � � � � � � � � � , . （虽然这一 4 条件状语从句 安排确保在货物交手之前，汇票已为买主所承兑， 英语条件状 语从句表示主句的动作 发生的真 但汇票被拒付的风险仍然存在， 也 就是说， 进口商 � � 实条件 � � � � � , � � 假设条件 � � � � � � � � , � � 推测或意愿， � � � � � � � � 一般使用 ， 不 按 期 付 款 .） A � � � � � � � � � � � � 等 � � 连 � � 词， � � � � � � � � , � � � � � � � � � � , � � � � � , � � � � � � � � � � � � � . .. � ,� � � � � � � � � � � � . .., � � � � � � � � � � ... � ,� , , � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 等表示词语连接的短语引导 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � . � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 当译为条件分句时， � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 如果原文的语序是先条件 � � � �. 后主句， 则译文的语序可以沿用； 如果原文的语序 是先主句后条件从句，即多少有些让步的语义， 一 （虽然国家开发大西部的长远战略规划还处在初级 阶段， 但是政府官员们和经济专家 （下转第 3 8 页 ） � 43 �
商务英语从句的翻译
商务英语从句的翻译英语从句的翻译Business is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution and sale, through which profit or economic surplus will be created.in a turnkey project, the seller plans, constructs, and places in operation a foreign facility that is then transferred to a local owner.And it allows me the variety of work that working at a large multi-billion bank does not have to offer as you’ll be working in narrow job description handling one type of lending.But the important thing to remember is that in the modern world we must give people skills which will prepare them for the changing world of manufacturing and production which is now upon us.It was found that a country benefits more by producing goods it can make most cheaply and buying those goods that other countries can make at lower costs than by producing everything it needs within its own border.In addition to visible trade, which involves the importing and exporting of tangible goods, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations.International trade transactions refer to the exportation of goods or services from one country to another, which is the importing country. As imports are financed by exports, which help to gain foreign currency to import the badly needed raw materials, technology and equipment, the capacity of a nation to import obviously depends on its export performance.Traditionally, business simply meant exchange or trade forthings people wanted or needed, but today it has a more technical definition, which is the production, distribution, and sales of goods and service for a profit.The Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) aims to achieve a situation where foreign investors are not discriminated against, but they are still subject to the same substantive laws and regulations that apply to domestic investors.International business has emerged as a separate branch of management training, because the growing scale and complexity of business transaction across national boundaries gives rise to new and unique problems of management and governmental policy that have received inadequate attention in traditional areas of business and economics.International business activities also include an extensive range of optional methods available to firms for dong business internationally that involve different degrees of foreign direct investment commitments.The seller must deliver goods which of the quantity, quality and descriptions required by the contract and which are contained or packed in the manner required by the contract.状语和状语从句Buyers or their chartering agent (租船代理人) shall advise the sellers by fax 10 days prior to the arrival of the carrying vessel (装货船只) at the port of shipment of the contract number, name of the carrying vessel, approximate loading capacity (载荷能力), lay days (装卸货日数) and port of loading.Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract, the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the needs to the Seller by opening an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of USD 30 000 in favor of the Seller through a bank atexport point so that the Seller may draw the sum in due time.If the technical documents are found lost, damaged or mutilated (毁伤) during air transportation, Party B shall supply Party A free of charge with a second set of the documents within the shortest possible time but not later than thirty days after it has received from Party A the written notice.The Buyer shall pay the Seller US $ 350 000 within 20 days after the Bank of China has received the following documents from the Seller and found them in order, but not earlier than 12 (twelve) months after the date the Contract Plant for the first time reached 95% of guaranteed capacity of the whole Contract Plant according to the guaranteed quality indices as per Annex VI to the Contract or 65 months after the date of signing the contract, whichever is earlier.If under the contract the buyer is to specify the form, measurement or other features of the goods and he fails to make such specification either on the date agreed upon or within a reasonable time after receipt of a request from the seller, the seller may without prejudice to any other rights he may have, make the specification himself in accordance with the requirements of the buyer that may be known to him. Should for certain reasons the Buyer not be able to inform the Seller of the foregoing details 10 days prior to the arrival of the vessel at the port of loading or should the carrying vessel be advanced or delayed, the Buyer or their chartering agent shall advice the Sellers immediately and make necessary arrangement.The Buyer shall have the right to claim against the Seller for compensation of losses within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination, should the quality of the goods be found not in conformity with the specifications stipulated in theContract after re-inspection by the China Commodity Inspection Bureau. The Buyers shall have the right to claim against the Sellers for compensation of short weight within 60 days after arrival of the goods at the port of destination, should the weight be found not in conformity with that stipulated in the Bill of Lading after re-inspection by the CCIB.If any change is required regarding the terms and conditions of this agreement, then both parties shall negotiate in order to find a suitable solution, provided, however, that any change of this agreement shall be subject to the approval by the government of both parties.Forms of international tradeDirect investment is a market-entry strategy which involves the establishment of foreign-based assembly and manufacturing facilities. By direct investment, the company can keep full control over the investment and marketing policies. The company can also take advantage of the lower costs in the form of cheaper labor, raw materials and transport at local place. On the other hand, direct investment faces many risks such as devalued currencies, declining market and, worst of all, nationalization—the host country takes over ownership of the company’s facilities, usually without compensating the company for the loss of property.Visible imports and exports: the import and export of tangible goods (not services)Invisible imports and exports: the import and export of services rather than actual goods, for example, banking, insurance, and professional service, etc.Quota: the maximum quantity of a certain product that is allowed into a country during a given period of time. A quota isused to limit imports.FOB:“Free on Board” means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have passed over the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that point. The FOB term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term can only be used for sea or inland waterway transport. When the ship’s rail serves no practical purpose, such as in the case of roll-on/roll-off or container traffic, the FCA term is more appropriate to use.“Cost and Freight” means that the seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination but the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time the goods have been delivered on board the vessel, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the port of shipment. The CFR term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term can only be used for sea and inland waterway transport. When the ship’s rail serves no practical purpose, such as in the case of roll-on/roll-off or container traffic, the CPT term is more appr opriate to use. “Cost, Insurance and Freight” means that the seller ahs the same obligations as under CFR but with the addition that he has to procure marine insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium. The buyer should note that under the CIF term the seller is only required to obtain insurance on minimum coverage. The CIF term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.。
商务英语翻译3.2翻译与对等_OK
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3.2.1 比喻相同，意思相同。
例如： 1. snow-white：
雪白 2. pitch dark：
漆黑 3. stand by with folded arms：
袖手旁观 4. spend money like water：
花钱如流水
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3.2.1 比喻相同，意思相同。
7. It’s no use talking to him, for your word will go in one ear and out the other. 跟他讲没有用，他总是一耳进，一耳出。
8. I have read your articles. I expected to meet an older man. 看过你的文章想不到你这么年轻。
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3.1 意义对等
意义对等指的是译语词与原语词在语义、语用以 及文化等方面一一对等。意译对等大致有以下几种形 式：
3.1.1 完全对等 完全对等指原语的词语所表示的意义在译语里可
以找到完全对等的词语来表达，两者在任何上下文中 都完全相等。
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3.1.1 完全对等
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3.4语用对等
前面提到的形式对等、功能对等，注重的是译 文对原文内容意义的理解，即尽量实现语义对等， 完成翻译之任务。但翻译的尽头并非仅限于此，而 在于取得言语之外更大的效应---语用对等。谈到语 用对等，不可避免得先解释一下语义对等。
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3.4语用对等
语义对等通常是翻译过程中争取实现的最基 本的对等，从词对等开始到全文对等终止，贯穿 于翻译的全过程。做到语义对等，译者不仅要考 虑它的基本意义，还要考虑上下文的意义；不仅 要考虑字面意义，还要考虑比喻意义；不仅考虑 所指意义，还要考虑言外之意。
商务翻译 第四章 从句翻译
• 四、同位语从句 • 同位语从句一般由that引导，接在idea, fact， news，desire， hope， belief， thought， doubt， decision等先行词的后面，对先行 词作进一步解释和说明。同位语从句的翻 译可采用顺译法，换序译法、断句译法等。
• （一）顺译法
• 有时根据结构特点和汉语的表达需要，可以用合词 译法把主语从句和主句合译成一个简单句，使译文 简洁明快，结构紧凑 • Whoever violates the regulations should be punished. • 违规者必受罚。 • That parents love children is perfect and minute. • 父母对子女之爱是无微不至的 • It is estimated that there are several thousand languages and dialects spoken in the world today. • 目前世界上使用的语言和方言估计有几千种之多。
• （二）翻译含有This（it）is because …句型的 句子时，通常采用顺译法，无须改变语序，译 为“这是因为…..“、”这是因为…..的缘故 “、”这是由于…的缘故“等 • It is because a conductor carrying a current is surrounded by a magnetic field. • 这是因为载流导体周围有一个磁场的缘故。 • This is because people engaged in changing reality are usually subject to numerous limitations. • 这是因为投身变革现实的人常常受到许多限制。
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4. 把同位语从句修饰的名词转译成动词，而把同位 语从句译成宾语。
• He expressed the hope that he could visit our city again.
• 他希望他能再次访问我们城市。
• Experts said the new study is one more evidence that physical exercise can reduce iron in human body.
第四节 同位语从句的翻译源自2.同位语从句的翻译1. 把同位语从句译成独立的句子，由冒号或破折号引出。
2. 先翻译主句，然后用“就是……”或者“即……”引导出 同位语从句。
3. 把同位语从句翻译成由主谓词组充当定语，放在先行词 前面。
4. 把同位语从句修饰的名词转译成动词，而把同位语从句 译成宾语。
5. 先把同位语从句中的内容翻译出来，在后面用"这"或"那 "等代词复指它，参加句子主体的构成。
• The statement that most people are for this proposal is confirmed by a survey conducted recently.
• 多数人支持这项提议，这种说法从最近做的一项 调查中得到证实。
同位语从句的翻译
1. The rummor that he releases the news is groundless. ③ 2. He got a message from the director that the meeting would
have to be cancelled. ① 3. Finally, Einstein arrived at a conclusion that maximum speed
in the universe is that of light. ② 4. He made a suggestion that they vote for the Republican
• 协议没有达成的原因很简单，那就是双方都不让
步。
• This does not alter the fact that that is, from a practical point view, a best solution.
• 这改变不了这样一个事实，即从实用的观点来看， 那是个最好的解决方案。
• 专家们说，新的研究又一次证明体育锻炼会引起 人体内含铁量的降低。
5. 先把同位语从句中的内容翻译出来，在后面用 “这”或“那”等代词复指它，参加句子主体的 构成。
• The dictum that the style is the man is known to most of us.
• 文如其人，这句名言是我们大多数人都熟悉的。
3. 把同位语从句翻译成由主谓词组充当定语，放 在先行词前面。
• Don't cherish the illusion that your father will always support you financially.
• 不要在心中存着你父亲一直会在资金方面支持 你的幻想。
• The hypothesis was made that one's thought was to some extent controlled by the language he speaks.
最终，爱因斯坦得出了一个结论，那就是宇宙中的最大速度为光速。
4. He made a suggestion that they vote for the Republican candidate.
他建议他们投票选举共和党候选人。
5. This is a universally accepted principle that the internal affairs of a country should not be interfered in.
candidate. ④ 5. This is a universally accepted principle that the internal affairs
of a country should not be interfered in. ⑤
同位语从句的翻译
1. The rummor that he releases the news is groundless.
他泄露消息的谣传是毫无根据的。
2. He got a message from the director that the meeting would have to be cancelled.
他从主任那儿得到一个消息：会议将不得不被取消。
3. Finally, Einstein arrived at a conclusion that maximum speed in the universe is that of light.
1. 把同位语从句译成独立的句子，由冒号或破折 号引出。
• One month later, Einstein put forward another theory that matter and energy were not completely different.
• 一个月后，爱因斯坦提出了另一种理论：物质 和能量并非完全不同。
• There arose the question where we could get the loan.
• 问题产生了：我们到哪里弄到贷款。
2. 先翻译主句，然后用“就是……”或者“即……” 引导出同位语从句。
• An agreement was never reached for the simple reason that neither side wants to give in.
一个国家的内政不得被干涉，这是人们普遍接受的原则。
第五节 定语从句的翻译
1.定语从句的翻译
• 英汉定语的特征：
• 英语：英语的定语比较复杂，可以是单 词、短语或者从句，单词可以是一个或 者多个，短语和从句可以铺排并列。定 语可以前置或者后置，可以与核心词紧 密相连也可以用逗号或者破折号分开。