第十一章专业英语
外研社2023高职入学考试英语复习指导丛书语法专项训练教学课件(第十一章非谓语动词)

2)做结果状语 常见结构有 too...to,...enough to, so...as to, such...as to
3) 做原因状语
例子
1)He came to visit his parents. In order to improve his study , he went abroad for advanced study. 2)He is too young to take a voluntary job.
法功能 ▪ 在句子中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、和宾语补
足语
重点一 动词不定式
1.不定式的几种形式 (时态、语态、否定形式)
不定式的几种形式 一般式 : to do 被动式: to be done 进行式: to be doing
例子 I want to read this novel .
1) To stay healthy is our dream. It is our dream to stay healthy. It is not easy for him to find a job nowadays. It is very kind of him to offer me help. 2) What to do is still a big question.
在句中充当成分
例子
动词不定式做宾语补足语
1)The teacher told us to hand in our
1)ask,admit,advise,allow,permit,beg,cause,enable, homework immediately.
汽车专业英语第十一章

UNIT 11制动系统是汽车最重要的系统。
如果制动失败,其结果可能是灾难性的。
制动系统实际上是能量转换装置,它的动能转换成热能热动量车辆。
当踩着刹车,司机命令停止力强大的力量,使该车在行驶的10倍。
上每一个的四个制动器的制动系统施加数千磅的压力。
的制动系统是由以下基本部分组成:主缸“,它位于发动机罩下的,直接连接到制动踏板,转换到液压驱动脚的机械压力。
钢铁“刹车线”和灵活的“制动软管”连接主缸位于每个车轮上的“奴隶气瓶”。
专门设计的制动液,在极端条件下工作,填补了系统。
“鞋”和“垫”推分泵联系的“鼓”和“转子”,从而造成拖累,希望减慢汽车典型的制动系统由在前面,要么在后部连接管和软管连接在每个车轮制动主系统磁盘或鼓式制动器,盘式制动器气缸踩着刹车踏板的,实际上是被柱塞推压迫使液压油中的主缸,通过一系列的管和软管制动单元制动液在每个车轮上。
,由于液压的流体或任何流体为此事不能被压缩,推动流体通过管就像推着钢筋通过管。
然而,不像钢筋,流体可以直接通过许多曲折的道路上到它的目的地,到达具有完全相同的运动和压力,它开始使用。
这是非常重要的,该流体是纯液体,其不存在任何气泡。
空气可以压缩,这将导致一个海绵状的踏板制动效率严重降低。
如果空气被怀疑,那么系统必须流血除去空气。
有每个轮缸和卡钳的的“泄放螺钉”用于此目的。
磁盘上的制动流体从主缸的厚度,按压活塞被迫进入。
在转,挤压活塞,对磁盘的两个刹车片转子96安装到轮罩,迫使它减慢或停止。
此过程是相似的两个橡胶垫摩擦产生摩擦力的轮辋的自行车制动。
鼓式制动器,流体被强制推制动蹄片,使摩擦衬片被压靠在感光鼓安装到轮罩,使车轮停止到轮缸。
在这两种情况下,磁盘上的制动系统中,垫或鞋上的鼓式制动器的摩擦表面在车辆的向前运动转换成热量。
热是什么原因造成的摩擦表面(内衬垫和鞋子最终磨损,需要更换。
制动液是一种特殊的油,具有特定的属性,它被设计为抵御寒冷的温度,而不增厚,以及非常高的温度,而不沸腾。
化学专业英语

化学专业英语分析术语英语翻译玻璃漏斗 Glass funnel long stem试管 test tube test tube brush test tube holder test tube rack 蒸发皿 evaporating dish small烧杯 beaker锥形瓶 Erlenmeyer量筒 grad cylinder洗瓶 plastic wash bottle勺皿 casserole ,smallstoppered flask分液漏斗 separalory funnelwater bath/oil bathstrring barmagnetic stirrer冷凝器 condenserBallast bottle圆颈烧瓶 Round-buttom flask试剂瓶 reagent bottles托盘天平 platform balance 台秤0.1g 托盘pan 指针刻度表pointer and scalecrossbeams and sliding weights 游码分析天平 two-pan/single-pan analytical balance滴定管 burette glass bead(basic) nozzle移液管 pipette 胖肚 elongated glass bulb洗耳球 rubber suction bulb玻棒 glass rod玻璃活塞 stopcock容量瓶 pyknowmeter flasks比重瓶 (one-mark)volumetric flasks胖肚吸管 one-mark pipette刻度吸管 graduated pipettes实验仪器清单1、柜子中四、抽屉中:锥形瓶(conical flask) 250ml×4 药匙(medicine spoon)×1 (Erlenmeyer flask) 100 ml×3 滴管(drip tube;dropper)×2烧杯(beaker) 500 ml×1 玻棒(Glass stic)×2250 ml×3 木试管夹(test tube clamp;test tube holder)×1100 ml×3 胖肚吸管(straws) 25 ml×150 ml×2 10 ml×1容量瓶(volumetric flask) 100 ml×2 乳钵(morta)×150 ml×4 洗耳球(ear wadhing bulb)碘量瓶 (iodin numoe flask;iodineflask) 500 ml×3试剂瓶 (reagent bottle) (无色)×2(棕色)×2 配洗液:量筒(cylinder) 100 ml×1 K2Cr2O72g+5ml水→65mlH2SO4(graduated cylinder)10ml×1 边加边搅拌(stir)。
分析化学专业英语词汇总结

专业英语词汇-----分析化学第一章绪论分析化学:analytical chemistry定性分析:qualitative analysis定量分析:quantitative analysis物理分析:physical analysis物理化学分析:physico-chemical analysis仪器分析法:instrumental analysis流动注射分析法:flow injection analysis;FIA顺序注射分析法:sequentical injection analysis;SIA化学计量学:chemometrics第二章误差的分析数据处理绝对误差:absolute error相对误差:relative error系统误差:systematic error可定误差:determinate error随机误差:accidental error不可定误差:indeterminate error准确度:accuracy精确度:precision偏差:debiation,d平均偏差:average debiation相对平均偏差:relative average debiation标准偏差〔标准差〕:standerd deviation;S相对平均偏差:relatibe standard deviation;RSD变异系数:coefficient of variation误差传递:propagation of error有效数字:significant figure置信水平:confidence level显著性水平:level of significance合并标准偏差〔组合标准差〕:pooled standard debiation 舍弃商:rejection quotient ;Q化学定量分析第三章滴定分析概论滴定分析法:titrametric analysis滴定:titration容量分析法:volumetric analysis化学计量点:stoichiometric point等当点:equivalent point电荷平衡:charge balance电荷平衡式:charge balance equation质量平衡:mass balance物料平衡:material balance 质量平衡式:mass balance equation第四章酸碱滴定法酸碱滴定法:acid-base titrations质子自递反响:auto protolysis reaction质子自递常数:autoprotolysis constant质子条件式:proton balance equation酸碱指示剂:acid-base indicator指示剂常数:indicator constant变色范围:colour change interval混合指示剂:mixed indicator双指示剂滴定法:double indicator titration第五章非水滴定法非水滴定法:nonaqueous titrations质子溶剂:protonic solvent酸性溶剂:acid solvent碱性溶剂:basic solvent两性溶剂:amphototeric solvent无质子溶剂:aprotic solvent均化效应:differentiatin g effect区分性溶剂:differentiating solvent离子化:ionization离解:dissociation结晶紫:crystal violet萘酚苯甲醇: α-naphthalphenol benzyl alcohol奎哪啶红:quinadinered百里酚蓝:thymol blue偶氮紫:azo violet溴酚蓝:bromophenol blue第六章配位滴定法配位滴定法:compleximetry乙二胺四乙酸:ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid,EDTA 螯合物:chelate compound金属指示剂:metal lochrome indcator第七章氧化复原滴定法氧化复原滴定法:oxidation-reduction titration碘量法:iodimetry溴量法:bromimetry ]溴量法:bromine method铈量法:cerimetry高锰酸钾法:potassium permanganate method条件电位:conditional potential溴酸钾法:potassium bromate method硫酸铈法:cerium sulphate method偏高碘酸:metaperiodic acid高碘酸盐:periodate亚硝酸钠法:sodium nitrite method重氮化反响:diazotization reaction重氮化滴定法:diazotization titration亚硝基化反响:nitrozation reaction亚硝基化滴定法:nitrozation titration外指示剂:external indicator外指示剂:outside indicator重铬酸钾法:potassium dichromate method 第八章沉淀滴定法沉淀滴定法:precipitation titration容量滴定法:volumetric precipitation method 银量法:argentometric method第九章重量分析法重量分析法:gravimetric analysis挥发法:volatilization method引湿水〔湿存水〕:water of hydroscopicity 包埋(藏)水:occluded water吸入水:water of imbibition结晶水:water of crystallization组成水:water of composition液-液萃取法:liquid-liquid extration溶剂萃取法:solvent extration反萃取:counter extraction分配系数:partition coefficient分配比:distribution ratio离子对〔离子缔合物〕:ion pair沉淀形式:precipitation forms称量形式:weighing forms仪器分析概述物理分析:physical analysis物理化学分析:physicochemical analysis仪器分析:instrumental analysis第十章电位法及永停滴定法电化学分析:electrochemical analysis电解法:electrolytic analysis method电重量法:electrogravimetry库仑法:coulo metry库仑滴定法:coulo metric titration电导法:conductometry电导分析法:conductometric analysis电导滴定法:conductometric titration 电位法:potentiometry直接电位法:dirext potentiometry电位滴定法:potentiometric titration伏安法:voltammetry极谱法:polarography溶出法:stripping method电流滴定法:amperometric titration化学双电层:chemical double layer相界电位:phase boundary potential金属电极电位:electrode potential化学电池:chemical cell液接界面:liquid junction boundary原电池:galvanic cell电解池:electrolytic cell负极:cathode正极:anode电池电动势:eletromotive force指示电极:indicator electrode参比电极:reference electroade标准氢电极:standard hydrogen electrode一级参比电极:primary reference electrode饱和甘汞电极:saturated calomel electrode银-氯化银电极:silver silver-chloride electrode液接界面:liquid junction boundary不对称电位:asymmetry potential表观PH值:apparent PH复合PH电极:combination PH electrode离子选择电极:ion selective electrode敏感器:sensor晶体电极:crystalline electrodes均相膜电极:homogeneous membrance electrodes非均相膜电极:heterogeneous membrance electrodes非晶体电极:non- crystalline electrodes刚性基质电极:rigid matrix electrode流流体载动电极:electrode with a mobile carrier气敏电极:gas sensing electrodes酶电极:enzyme electrodes金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管:MOSFET离子选择场效应管:ISFET总离子强度调节缓冲剂:total ion strength adjustment buffer,TISAB永停滴定法:dead-stop titration双电流滴定法〔双安培滴定法〕:double amperometric titration 第十一章光谱分析法概论普朗克常数:Plank constant电磁波谱:electromagnetic spectrum光谱:spectrum光谱分析法:spectroscopic analysis原子发射光谱法:atomic emission spectroscopy质量谱:mass spectrum质谱法:mass spectroscopy,MS第十二章紫外-可见分光光度法紫外-可见分光光度法:ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry;UV-vis肩峰:shoulder peak末端吸收:end absorbtion生色团:chromophore助色团:auxochrome红移:red shift长移:bathochromic shift短移:hypsochromic shift蓝〔紫〕移:blue shift增色效应〔浓色效应〕:hyperchromic effect减色效应〔淡色效应〕:hypochromic effect强带:strong band弱带:weak band吸收带:absorption band透光率:transmitance,T吸光度:absorbance谱带宽度:band width杂散光:stray light噪声:noise暗噪声:dark noise散粒噪声:signal shot noise闪耀光栅:blazed grating全息光栅:holographic grating光二极管阵列检测器:photodiode array detector偏最小二乘法:partial least squares method ,PLS褶合光谱法:convolution spectrometry褶合变换:convolution transform,CT离散小波变换:wavelet transform,WT多尺度细化分析:multiscale analysis供电子取代基:electron donating group吸电子取代基:electron with-drawing group第十三章荧光分析法荧光:fluorescence荧光分析法:fluorometryX-射线荧光分析法:X-ray fluorometry原子荧光分析法:atomic fluorometry分子荧光分析法:molecular fluorometry振动弛豫:vibrational relaxation内转换:internal conversion 外转换:external conversion体系间跨越:intersystem crossing激发光谱:excitation spectrum荧光光谱:fluorescence spectrum斯托克斯位移:Stokes shift荧光寿命:fluorescence life time荧光效率:fluorescence efficiency荧光量子产率:fluorescence quantum yield荧光熄灭法:fluorescence quenching method散射光:scattering light瑞利光:R a yleith scattering light拉曼光:Raman scattering lightAbbe refractometer 阿贝折射仪absorbance 吸收度absorbance ratio 吸收度比值absorption 吸收absorption curve 吸收曲线absorption spectrum 吸收光谱absorptivity 吸收系数accuracy 准确度acid-dye colorimetry 酸性染料比色法acidimetry 酸量法acid-insoluble ash 酸不溶性灰分acidity 酸度activity 活度第十四章色谱法additive 添加剂additivity 加和性adjusted retention time 调整保存时间adsorbent 吸附剂adsorption 吸附affinity chromatography 亲和色谱法aliquot 〔一〕份alkalinity 碱度alumina 氧化铝ambient temperature 室温ammonium thiocyanate 硫氰酸铵analytical quality control〔AQC〕分析质量控制anhydrous substance 枯燥品anionic surfactant titration 阴离子外表活性剂滴定法antibiotics-microbial test 抗生素微生物检定法antioxidant 抗氧剂appendix 附录application of sample 点样area normalization method 面积归一化法argentimetry 银量法arsenic 砷arsenic stain 砷斑ascending development 上行展开ash-free filter paper 无灰滤纸〔定量滤纸〕assay 含量测定assay tolerance 含量限度atmospheric pressure ionization(API) 大气压离子化attenuation 衰减back extraction 反萃取back titration 回滴法bacterial endotoxins test 细菌内毒素检查法band absorption 谱带吸收baseline correction 基线校正baseline drift 基线漂移batch, lot 批batch(lot) number 批号Benttendorff method 白田道夫〔检砷〕法between day (day to day, inter-day) precision 日间精密度between run (inter-run) precision 批间精密度biotransformation 生物转化bioavailability test 生物利用度试验bioequivalence test 生物等效试验biopharmaceutical analysis 体内药物分析,生物药物分析blank test 空白试验boiling range 沸程British Pharmacopeia (BP) 英国药典bromate titration 溴酸盐滴定法bromimetry 溴量法bromocresol green 溴甲酚绿bromocresol purple 溴甲酚紫bromophenol blue 溴酚蓝bromothymol blue 溴麝香草酚蓝bulk drug, pharmaceutical product 原料药buret 滴定管by-product 副产物calibration curve 校正曲线calomel electrode 甘汞电极calorimetry 量热分析capacity factor 容量因子capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) 毛细管区带电泳capillary gas chromatography 毛细管气相色谱法carrier gas 载气cation-exchange resin 阳离子交换树脂ceri(o)metry 铈量法characteristics, description 性状check valve 单向阀chemical shift 化学位移chelate compound 鳌合物chemically bonded phase 化学键合相chemical equivalent 化学当量Chinese Pharmacopeia (ChP) 中国药典Chinese material medicine 中成药Chinese materia medica 中药学Chinese materia medica preparation 中药制剂Chinese Pharmaceutical Association (CPA) 中国药学会chiral 手性的chiral stationary phase (CSP) 手性固定相chiral separation 手性别离chirality 手性chiral carbon atom 手性碳原子chromatogram 色谱图chromatography 色谱法chromatographic column 色谱柱chromatographic condition 色谱条件chromatographic data processor 色谱数据处理机chromatographic work station 色谱工作站clarity 澄清度clathrate, inclusion compound 包合物clearance 去除率clinical pharmacy 临床药学coefficient of distribution 分配系数coefficient of variation 变异系数color change interval 〔指示剂〕变色范围color reaction 显色反响colorimetric analysis 比色分析colorimetry 比色法column capacity 柱容量column dead volume 柱死体积column efficiency 柱效column interstitial volume 柱隙体积column outlet pressure 柱出口压column temperature 柱温column pressure 柱压column volume 柱体积column overload 柱超载column switching 柱切换committee of drug evaluation 药品审评委员会comparative test 比较试验completeness of solution 溶液的澄清度compound medicines 复方药computer-aided pharmaceutical analysis 计算机辅助药物分析concentration-time curve 浓度-时间曲线confidence interval 置信区间confidence level 置信水平confidence limit 置信限congealing point 凝点congo red 刚果红〔指示剂〕content uniformity 装量差异controlled trial 对照试验correlation coefficient 相关系数contrast test 对照试验counter ion 反离子〔平衡离子〕cresol red 甲酚红〔指示剂〕crucible 坩埚crude drug 生药crystal violet 结晶紫〔指示剂〕cuvette, cell 比色池cyanide 氰化物cyclodextrin 环糊精cylinder, graduate cylinder, measuring cylinder 量筒cylinder-plate assay 管碟测定法daughter ion 〔质谱〕子离子dead space 死体积dead-stop titration 永停滴定法dead time 死时间decolorization 脱色decomposition point 分解点deflection 偏差deflection point 拐点degassing 脱气deionized water 去离子水deliquescence 潮解depressor substances test 降压物质检查法derivative spectrophotometry 导数分光光度法derivatization 衍生化descending development 下行展开desiccant 枯燥剂detection 检查detector 检测器developer, developing reagent 展开剂developing chamber 展开室deviation 偏差dextrose 右旋糖,葡萄糖diastereoisomer 非对映异构体diazotization 重氮化2,6-dichlorindophenol titration 2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) 差示扫描热量法differential spectrophotometry 差示分光光度法differential thermal analysis (DTA) 差示热分析differentiating solvent 区分性溶剂diffusion 扩散digestion 消化diphastic titration 双相滴定disintegration test 崩解试验dispersion 分散度dissolubility 溶解度dissolution test 溶出度检查distilling range 馏程distribution chromatography 分配色谱distribution coefficient 分配系数dose 剂量drug control institutions 药检机构drug quality control 药品质量控制drug release 药物释放度drug standard 药品标准drying to constant weight 枯燥至恒重dual wavelength spectrophotometry 双波长分光光度法duplicate test 重复试验effective constituent 有效成分effective plate number 有效板数efficiency of column 柱效electron capture detector 电子捕获检测器electron impact ionization 电子轰击离子化electrophoresis 电泳electrospray interface 电喷雾接口electromigration injection 电迁移进样elimination 消除eluate 洗脱液elution 洗脱emission spectrochemical analysis 发射光谱分析enantiomer 对映体end absorption 末端吸收end point correction 终点校正endogenous substances 内源性物质enzyme immunoassay(EIA) 酶免疫分析enzyme drug 酶类药物enzyme induction 酶诱导enzyme inhibition 酶抑制eosin sodium 曙红钠〔指示剂〕epimer 差向异构体equilibrium constant 平衡常数equivalence point 等当点error in volumetric analysis 容量分析误差excitation spectrum 激发光谱exclusion chromatography 排阻色谱法expiration date 失效期external standard method 外标法extract 提取物extraction gravimetry 提取重量法extraction titration 提取容量法extrapolated method 外插法,外推法factor 系数,因数,因子feature 特征Fehling’s reaction 费林反响field disorption ionization 场解吸离子化field ionization 场致离子化filter 过滤,滤光片filtration 过滤fineness of the particles 颗粒细度flame ionization detector(FID) 火焰离子化检测器flame emission spectrum 火焰发射光谱flask 烧瓶flow cell 流通池flow injection analysis 流动注射分析flow rate 流速fluorescamine 荧胺fluorescence immunoassay(FIA) 荧光免疫分析fluorescence polarization immunoassay(FPIA) 荧光偏振免疫分析fluorescent agent 荧光剂fluorescence spectrophotometry 荧光分光光度法fluorescence detection 荧光检测器fluorimetyr 荧光分析法foreign odor 异臭foreign pigment 有色杂质formulary 处方集fraction 馏分freezing test 结冻试验funnel 漏斗fused peaks, overlapped peaks 重叠峰fused silica 熔融石英gas chromatography(GC) 气相色谱法gas-liquid chromatography(GLC) 气液色谱法gas purifier 气体净化器gel filtration chromatography 凝胶过滤色谱法gel permeation chromatography 凝胶渗透色谱法general identification test 一般鉴别试验general notices 〔药典〕凡例general requirements 〔药典〕通那么good clinical practices(GCP) 药品临床管理标准good laboratory practices(GLP) 药品实验室管理标准good manufacturing practices(GMP) 药品生产质量管理标准good supply practices(GSP) 药品供应管理标准gradient elution 梯度洗脱grating 光栅gravimetric method 重量法Gutzeit test 古蔡〔检砷〕法half peak width 半峰宽[halide] disk method, wafer method, pellet method 压片法head-space concentrating injector 顶空浓缩进样器heavy metal 重金属heat conductivity 热导率height equivalent to a theoretical plate 理论塔板高度height of an effective plate 有效塔板高度high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 高效液相色谱法high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) 高效薄层色谱法hydrate 水合物hydrolysis 水解hydrophilicity 亲水性hydrophobicity 疏水性hydroscopic 吸湿的hydroxyl value 羟值hyperchromic effect 浓色效应hypochromic effect 淡色效应identification 鉴别ignition to constant weight 灼烧至恒重immobile phase 固定相immunoassay 免疫测定impurity 杂质inactivation 失活index 索引indicator 指示剂indicator electrode 指示电极inhibitor 抑制剂injecting septum 进样隔膜胶垫injection valve 进样阀instrumental analysis 仪器分析insulin assay 胰岛素生物检定法integrator 积分仪intercept 截距interface 接口interference filter 干预滤光片intermediate 中间体internal standard substance 内标物质international unit(IU) 国际单位in vitro 体外in vivo 体内iodide 碘化物iodoform reaction 碘仿反响iodometry 碘量法ion-exchange cellulose 离子交换纤维素ion pair chromatography 离子对色谱ion suppression 离子抑制ionic strength 离子强度ion-pairing agent 离子对试剂ionization 电离,离子化ionization region 离子化区irreversible indicator 不可逆指示剂irreversible potential 不可逆电位isoabsorptive point 等吸收点isocratic elution 等溶剂组成洗脱isoelectric point 等电点isoosmotic solution 等渗溶液isotherm 等温线Karl Fischer titration 卡尔·费歇尔滴定kinematic viscosity 运动黏度Kjeldahl method for nitrogen 凯氏定氮法Kober reagent 科伯试剂Kovats retention index 科瓦茨保存指数labelled amount 标示量leading peak 前延峰least square method 最小二乘法leveling effect 均化效应licensed pharmacist 执业药师limit control 限量控制limit of detection(LOD) 检测限limit of quantitation(LOQ) 定量限limit test 〔杂质〕限度〔或限量〕试验limutus amebocyte lysate(LAL) 鲎试验linearity and range 线性及范围linearity scanning 线性扫描liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometer (LC/MS) 液质联用仪litmus paper 石蕊试纸loss on drying 枯燥失重low pressure gradient pump 低压梯度泵luminescence 发光lyophilization 冷冻枯燥main constituent 主成分make-up gas 尾吹气maltol reaction 麦牙酚试验Marquis test 马奎斯试验mass analyzer detector 质量分析检测器mass spectrometric analysis 质谱分析mass spectrum 质谱图mean deviation 平均偏差measuring flask, volumetric flask 量瓶measuring pipet(te) 刻度吸量管medicinal herb 草药melting point 熔点melting range 熔距metabolite 代谢物metastable ion 亚稳离子methyl orange 甲基橙methyl red 甲基红micellar chromatography 胶束色谱法micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography(MECC, MEKC) 胶束电动毛细管色谱法micelle 胶束microanalysis 微量分析microcrystal 微晶microdialysis 微透析micropacked column 微型填充柱microsome 微粒体microsyringe 微量注射器migration time 迁移时间millipore filtration 微孔过滤minimum fill 最低装量mobile phase 流动相modifier 改性剂,调节剂molecular formula 分子式monitor 检测,监测monochromator 单色器monographs 正文mortar 研钵moving belt interface 传送带接口multidimensional detection 多维检测multiple linear regression 多元线性回归multivariate calibration 多元校正natural product 天然产物Nessler glasses(tube) 奈斯勒比色管Nessler’s reagent 碱性碘化汞钾试液neutralization 中和nitrogen content 总氮量nonaqueous acid-base titration 非水酸碱滴定nonprescription drug, over the counter drugs (OTC drugs) 非处方药nonproprietary name, generic name 非专有名nonspecific impurity 一般杂质non-volatile matter 不挥发物normal phase 正相normalization 归一化法notice 凡例nujol mull method 石蜡糊法octadecylsilane chemically bonded silica 十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶octylsilane 辛〔烷〕基硅烷odorless 无臭official name 法定名official specifications 法定标准official test 法定试验on-column detector 柱上检测器on-column injection 柱头进样on-line degasser 在线脱气设备on the dried basis 按枯燥品计opalescence 乳浊open tubular column 开管色谱柱optical activity 光学活性optical isomerism 旋光异构optical purity 光学纯度optimization function 优化函数organic volatile impurities 有机挥发性杂质orthogonal function spectrophotometry 正交函数分光光度法orthogonal test 正交试验orthophenanthroline 邻二氮菲outlier 可疑数据,逸出值overtones 倍频峰,泛频峰oxidation-reduction titration 氧化复原滴定oxygen flask combustion 氧瓶燃烧packed column 填充柱packing material 色谱柱填料palladium ion colorimetry 钯离子比色法parallel analysis 平行分析parent ion 母离子particulate matter 不溶性微粒partition coefficient 分配系数parts per million (ppm) 百万分之几pattern recognition 模式识别peak symmetry 峰不对称性peak valley 峰谷peak width at half height 半峰宽percent transmittance 透光百分率pH indicator absorbance ratio method? pH指示剂吸光度比值法pharmaceutical analysis 药物分析pharmacopeia 药典pharmacy 药学phenolphthalein 酚酞photodiode array detector(DAD) 光电二极管阵列检测器photometer 光度计pipeclay triangle 泥三角pipet(te) 吸移管,精密量取planar chromatography 平板色谱法plate storage rack 薄层板贮箱polarimeter 旋光计polarimetry 旋光测定法polarity 极性polyacrylamide gel 聚丙酰胺凝胶polydextran gel 葡聚糖凝胶polystyrene gel 聚苯乙烯凝胶polystyrene film 聚苯乙烯薄膜porous polymer beads 高分子多孔小球post-column derivatization 柱后衍生化potentiometer 电位计potentiometric titration 电位滴定法precipitation form 沉淀形式precision 精密度pre-column derivatization 柱前衍生化preparation 制剂prescription drug 处方药pretreatment 预处理primary standard 基准物质principal component analysis 主成分分析programmed temperature gas chromatography 程序升温气相色谱法prototype drug 原型药物provisions for new drug approval 新药审批方法purification 纯化purity 纯度pyrogen 热原pycnometric method 比重瓶法quality control(QC) 质量控制quality evaluation 质量评价quality standard 质量标准quantitative determination 定量测定quantitative analysis 定量分析quasi-molecular ion 准分子离子racemization 消旋化radioimmunoassay 放射免疫分析法random sampling 随机抽样rational use of drug 合理用药readily carbonizable substance 易炭化物reagent sprayer 试剂喷雾器recovery 回收率reference electrode 参比电极refractive index 折光指数related substance 有关物质relative density 相对密度relative intensity 相对强度repeatability 重复性replicate determination 平行测定reproducibility 重现性residual basic hydrolysis method 剩余碱水解法residual liquid junction potential 剩余液接电位residual titration 剩余滴定residue on ignition 炽灼残渣resolution 分辨率,别离度response time 响应时间retention 保存reversed phase chromatography 反相色谱法reverse osmosis 反渗透rider peak 驼峰rinse 清洗,淋洗robustness 可靠性,稳定性routine analysis 常规分析round 修约〔数字〕ruggedness 耐用性safety 平安性Sakaguchi test 坂口试验salt bridge 盐桥salting out 盐析sample applicator 点样器sample application 点样sample on-line pretreatment 试样在线预处理sampling 取样saponification value 皂化值saturated calomel electrode(SCE) 饱和甘汞电极selectivity 选择性separatory funnel 分液漏斗shoulder peak 肩峰signal to noise ratio 信噪比significant difference 显著性差异significant figure 有效数字significant level 显著性水平significant testing 显著性检验silanophilic interaction 亲硅羟基作用silica gel 硅胶silver chloride electrode 氯化银电极similarity 相似性simultaneous equations method 解线性方程组法size exclusion chromatography(SEC) 空间排阻色谱法sodium dodecylsulfate, SDS 十二烷基硫酸钠sodium hexanesulfonate 己烷磺酸钠sodium taurocholate 牛璜胆酸钠sodium tetraphenylborate 四苯硼钠sodium thiosulphate 硫代硫酸钠solid-phase extraction 固相萃取solubility 溶解度solvent front 溶剂前沿solvophobic interaction 疏溶剂作用specific absorbance 吸收系数specification 规格specificity 专属性specific rotation 比旋度specific weight 比重spiked 参加标准的split injection 分流进样splitless injection 无分流进样spray reagent 〔平板色谱中的〕显色剂spreader 铺板机stability 稳定性standard color solution 标准比色液standard deviation 标准差standardization 标定standard operating procedure(SOP) 标准操作规程standard substance 标准品stationary phase coating 固定相涂布starch indicator 淀粉指示剂statistical error 统计误差sterility test 无菌试验stirring bar 搅拌棒stock solution 储藏液stoichiometric point 化学计量点storage 贮藏stray light 杂散光substituent 取代基substrate 底物sulfate 硫酸盐sulphated ash 硫酸盐灰分supercritical fluid chromatography(SFC) 超临界流体色谱法support 载体〔担体〕suspension 悬浊液swelling degree 膨胀度symmetry factor 对称因子syringe pump 注射泵systematic error 系统误差system model 系统模型system suitability 系统适用性tablet 片剂tailing factor 拖尾因子tailing peak 拖尾峰tailing-suppressing reagent 扫尾剂test of hypothesis 假设检验test solution(TS) 试液tetrazolium colorimetry 四氮唑比色法therapeutic drug monitoring(TDM) 治疗药物监测thermal analysis 热分析法thermal conductivity detector 热导检测器thermocouple detector 热电偶检测器thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) 热重分析法thermospray interface 热喷雾接口The United States Pharmacopoeia(USP) 美国药典The Pharmacopoeia of Japan(JP) 日本药局方thin layer chromatography(TLC) 薄层色谱法thiochrome reaction 硫色素反响three-dimensional chromatogram 三维色谱图thymol 百里酚〔麝香草酚〕〔指示剂〕thymolphthalein 百里酚酞〔麝香草酚酞〕〔指示剂〕thymolsulfonphthalein ( thymol blue) 百里酚蓝〔麝香草酚蓝〕〔指示剂〕titer, titre 滴定度time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay 时间分辨荧光免疫法titrant 滴定剂titration error 滴定误差titrimetric analysis 滴定分析法tolerance 容许限toluene distillation method 甲苯蒸馏法toluidine blue 甲苯胺蓝〔指示剂〕total ash 总灰分total quality control(TQC) 全面质量控制traditional drugs 传统药traditional Chinese medicine 中药transfer pipet 移液管turbidance 混浊turbidimetric assay 浊度测定法turbidimetry 比浊法turbidity 浊度ultracentrifugation 超速离心ultrasonic mixer 超生混合器ultraviolet irradiation 紫外线照射undue toxicity 异常毒性uniform design 均匀设计uniformity of dosage units 含量均匀度uniformity of volume 装量均匀性〔装量差异〕uniformity of weight 重量均匀性〔片重差异〕validity 可靠性variance 方差versus …对…,…与…的关系曲线viscosity 粘度volatile oil determination apparatus 挥发油测定器volatilization 挥发法volumetric analysis 容量分析volumetric solution(VS) 滴定液vortex mixer 涡旋混合器watch glass 外表皿wave length 波长wave number 波数weighing bottle 称量瓶weighing form 称量形式weights 砝码well-closed container 密闭容器xylene cyanol blue FF 二甲苯蓝FF〔指示剂〕xylenol orange 二甲酚橙〔指示剂〕zigzag scanning 锯齿扫描zone electrophoresis 区带电泳zwitterions 两性离子zymolysis 酶解作用簡體書目錄Chapter 1 Introduction 緒論1.1 The nature of analytical chemistry 分析化學的性質1.2 The role of analytical chemistry 分析化學的作用1.3 The classification of analytical chemistry分析化學的分類1.4 The total analytical process分析全過程Terms to understand重點內容概述Chapter 2 Errors and Data Treatment in Quantitative Analysis 定量分析中的誤差及數據處理2.1 Fundamental terms of errors誤差的根本術語2.2 Types of errors in experimental data實驗數據中的誤差類型2.2.1 Systematic errors 系統誤差2.2.2 Random errors偶然誤差2.3 Evaluation of analytical data分析數據的評價2.3.1 Tests of significance顯著性檢驗2.3.2 Rejecting data可疑值取捨2.4 Significant figures有效數字ProblemsTerms to understand重點內容概述Chapter 3 Titrimetric Analysis滴定分析法3.1 General principles根本原理3.1.1 Relevant terms of titrimetric analysis滴定分析相關術語3.1.2 The preparation of standard solution and the expression of concentration 標準溶液的配製與濃度表示方法3.1.3 The types of titrimetric reactions滴定反應類型3.2 Acid-base titration酸鹼滴定3.2.1 Acid-base equilibria 酸鹼平衡3.2.2 Titration curves滴定曲線3.2.3 Acid-base indicators酸鹼指示劑3.2.4 Applications of acid-base titration酸鹼滴定的應用3.3 Complexometric titration配位滴定3.3.1 Metal-chelate complexes金屬螯合物3.3.2 EDTA 乙二胺四乙酸3.3.3 EDTA titration curves EDTA滴定曲線3.3.4 Metal Ion indicators金屬離子指示劑3.3.5 Applications of EDTA titration techniques EDTA滴定方法的應用3.4 Oxidation-reduction titration氧化還原滴定3.4.1 Redox reactions氧化還原反應3.4.2 Rate of redox reactions氧化還原反應的速率3.4.3 Titration curves滴定曲線3.4.4 Redox indicators氧化還原指示劑3.4.5 Applications of redox titrations氧化還原滴定的應用3.5 Precipitation titration沉澱滴定3.5.1 Precipitation reactions沉澱滴定反應3.5.2 Titration curves滴定曲線3.5.3 End-point detection終點檢測ProblemsTerms to understand重點內容概述Chapter 4 Potentiometry 電位分析法4.1 Introduction簡介4.1.1 Classes and characteristics分類及性質4.1.2 Definition定義4.2 Types of potentiometric electrodes電極種類4.2.1 Reference electrodes 參比電極4.2.2 Indicator electrodes指示電極4.2.3 Electrode response and selectivity電極響應及選擇性4.3 Potentiometric methods and application電位法及應用4.3.1 Direct potentiometric measurement 直接電位法4.3.2 Potentiometric titrations電位滴定4.3.3 Applications of potentiometry 電位法應用ProblemsTerlns to understand重點內容概述Chapter 5 Chromatography色譜法5.1 An introduction to chromatographic methods色譜法概述5.2 Fundamental theory of gas chromatography氣相色譜根本原理5.2.1 Plate theory塔板理論5.2.2 Kinetic theory(rate theory) 速率理論5.2.3 The resolution Rs as a measure of peak separation 分離度5.3 Gas chromatography 氣相色譜5.3.1 Components of a gas chromatograph 氣相色譜儀的組成5.3.2 Stationary phases for gas-liquid chromatography 氣液色譜固定相5.3.3 Applications of gas-liquid chromatography 氣液色譜的應用5.3.4 Adsorption chromatography 吸附色譜5.4 High performance liquid chromatography 高效液相色譜5.4.1 Instrumentation 儀器組成5.4.2 High-performance partition chromatography 高效分配色譜5.5 Miscellaneous separation methods 其他分離方法5.5.1 High-performance ion-exchange chromatography 高效離子交換色譜5.5.2 Capillary electrophoresis 毛細管電泳5.5.3 Planar chromatography 平板色譜ProblemsTerms to understand重點內容概述Chapter 6 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry原子吸收光譜分析法6.1 Introduction 概述6.2 Principles 原理.6.2.1 The process of AAS,resonance line and absorption line 原子吸收光譜法的過程,共振線及吸收線6.2.2 The number of ground atom and the temperature of flame 基態原子數與光焰溫度6.2.3 Quantitative analysis of AAS原子吸收光譜定量分析6.3 Instrumentation 儀器6.3.1 Primary radiation sources 光源6.3.2 Atomizer 原子儀器6.3.3 Optical dispersive systems 分光系統6.3.4 Detectors 檢測器6.3.5 Signal measurements 信號測量6.4 Quantitative measurements and interferences 定量測定及干擾6.4.1 Quantitative measurements 定量測定6.4.2 Interferences 干擾6.4.3 Sensitivity6.5 Applications of AAS原子吸收光譜法的應用ProblemsTerms to understand重點內容概述Chapter 7 Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometry 紫外-可見分光光度法7.1 Introduction簡介7.2 Ultraviolet and visible absorption spectroscopy 紫外-可見吸收光譜7.2.1 Introduction for radiant energy 輻射能簡介7.2.2 Selective absorption of radiation and absorbance spectrum 物質對光的選擇性吸收和吸收光譜7.2.3 Absorbing species and electron transition 吸收物質與電子躍遷7.3 Law of absorption吸收定律7.3.1 Lambert-Beer's law朗伯-比爾定律7.3.2 Absorptivity吸光係數7.3.3 Apparent deviations from Beer's law對比爾定律的明顯偏離7.4 Instruments儀器7.5 General types of spectrophotometer分光光度計種類7.6 Application of UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy 紫外-可見吸收光譜的應用7.6.1 Application of absorption measurement to qualitative analysis 光吸收測定在定性分析上的應用7.6.2 Quantitative analysis by absorption measurements 光吸收測量定量分析法7.6.3 Derivative spectrophotometry 導數分光光度法ProblemsTerms to understand重點內容概述Chapter 8 Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy紅外吸收光譜8.1 Theory of infrared absorption紅外吸收根本原理8.1.1 Dipole changes during vibrations and rotations 振轉運動中的偶極距變化8.1.2 Mechanical model of stretching vibrations 伸縮振動機械模型8.1.3 Quantum treatment of vibrations 振動的量子力學處理、8.1.4 Types of molecular vibrations分子振動形式8.2 Infrared instrument components紅外儀器組成8.2.1 Wavelength selection波長選擇8.2.2 Sampling techniques 採樣技術8.2.3 Infrared spectrophotometers for qualitative analysis 定性分析用紅外分光光度計8.2.4 Other techniques其他技術8.3 The group frequencies of functional groups in organiccompounds 有機化合物官能團的特徵頻率8.4 The factors affecting group frequencies 影響基團特徵吸收頻率的因素8.4.1 Adjacent groups 鄰近基團的影響8.4.2 Hydrogen bonding 氫鍵8.5 Qualitative applications to structural analysis 結構分析的定性應用ProblemsTerms to understand重點內容概述Chapter 9 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 核磁共振波譜法9.1 Theory of nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振理論9.1.1 Quantum description of NMR NMR 的量子描述9.1.2 Classical description of NMR NMR 的經典描述9.2 Experimental methods of NMR spectroscopy NMR波譜的實驗方法9.3 The chemical shift of protons in organic compounds 有機化合物中質子的化學位移9.3.1 Souroe of the chemical shift化學位移產生原9.3.3 Environmental effects on the chemical shift of protonNMR spectra 影響NMR波譜中質子化學位移的環境因素9.4 Spin-Spin coupling 自旋-自旋耦合9.4.1 Source of Spin-Spin coupling and splitting 自旋-自旋耦合與裂分的產生原因9.4.2 Coupling constant耦合常數9.4.3 Rule8 governing the interpretation of spectra光譜解析規則9.5 Qualitative applications of proton NMR質子NMR波譜的定性應用.。
新概念英语第三册语法讲解与练习-第十一章平行结构 Parallel structures

第十一章平行结构Parallel structures许多句子在描述一个人或一件物品时往往会出现一系列修饰语;动词的修饰语,即副词往往也会几个同时使用,构成平行结构,平行结构要求语法结构须保持一致,如:1.系列动词:after school, we sang, danced and played the piano in the classroom.2.系列形容词:She is slim, tall, blond and beautiful.3.系列副词:The students are listening to me carefully and eagerly.平行结构不仅包括动词,形容词,副词,也包括分词,不定式,动名词,名词短语和句子等的平行用法,务必提高辨别力。
练习测试I 单选:1. The purpose of the research had a different meaning for them than ________.A. oursB. for ours it hadC. with usD. it did for us2. The decision to ration a commodity rests on a judgement of its relative scarcity, ________ and the feasibility of continuing it.A. it is importantB. is it importantC. its importanceD. what is its importance3. Scandinavian countries make household goods that are designed both to function well ________.A. and to be looking beautifulB. and to look beautifulC. and to be beautiful lookingD. as well as to look beautifully4. The chairman urged the members of the committee to set aside their differences ________.A. and began to workB. starting to begin to workC. and be settled for workD. and settle down to work5. In his novels the author combines sound scholarship with ________.A. a witty styleB.a style of witC. a style full of witD. a style which witty6. During the examination we were supposed to stay in our seats, keep our eyes on our work, ________ to anyone.A. but could not talkB. rather than speakC. instead of speakingD. and not speak7. Paris is renowned both as the political center of the nation and as ________.A. the cultural center alsoB. a center of cultural activityC. being a cultural centerD. to be a center of cultural activity8. The bonding power of any adhesive depends on the cohesion of the adhesive itself and ________ to the surface to which it is applied.A. how well does the adhesive adhereB. how well the adhesive adheresC. does the adhesive adheresD. the adhesive adheres9. Molds can't produce their own food ________ their nourishment from living on dead organic matter or on other living matter.A. obtainB. obtainedC. but obtainD. is obtained10. I her writing, Eleanor Willie often dealt with her own personality as it was, rather than ________.A. as others defined itB. other's definitionsC. its definition by othersD. it was defined by others答案:1. B2. C3. C4. C5.D。
分析化学专业英语词汇总结

专业英语词汇-----分析化学第一章绪论分析化学:analytical chemistry定性分析:qualitative analysis定量分析:quantitative analysis物理分析:physical analysis物理化学分析:physico-chemical analysis仪器分析法:instrumental analysis流动注射分析法:flow injection analysis;FIA顺序注射分析法:sequentical injection analysis;SIA化学计量学:chemometrics第二章误差的分析数据处理绝对误差:absolute error相对误差:relative error系统误差:systematic error可定误差:determinate error随机误差:accidental error不可定误差:indeterminate error准确度:accuracy精确度:precision偏差:debiation,d平均偏差:average debiation 相对平均偏差:relative average debiation 标准偏差(标准差):standerd deviation;S 相对平均偏差:relatibe standard deviation;RSD变异系数:coefficient of variation误差传递:propagation of error有效数字:significant figure置信水平:confidence level显著性水平:level of significance合并标准偏差(组合标准差):pooled standard debiation舍弃商:rejection quotient ;Q化学定量分析第三章滴定分析概论滴定分析法:titrametric analysis滴定:titration容量分析法:volumetric analysis化学计量点:stoichiometric point等当点:equivalent point电荷平衡:charge balance电荷平衡式:charge balance equation质量平衡:mass balance物料平衡:material balance质量平衡式:mass balance equation第四章酸碱滴定法酸碱滴定法:acid-base titrations质子自递反应:autoprotolysis reaction质子自递常数:autoprotolysis constant质子条件式:proton balance equation酸碱指示剂:acid-base indicator指示剂常数:indicator constant变色范围:colour change interval混合指示剂:mixed indicator双指示剂滴定法:double indicator titration第五章非水滴定法非水滴定法:nonaqueous titrations质子溶剂:protonic solvent酸性溶剂:acid solvent碱性溶剂:basic solvent两性溶剂:amphototeric solvent无质子溶剂:aprotic solvent均化效应:differentiating effect区分性溶剂:differentiating solvent离子化:ionization离解:dissociation结晶紫:crystal violet 萘酚苯甲醇: α-naphthalphenol benzyl alcohol奎哪啶红:quinadinered百里酚蓝:thymol blue偶氮紫:azo violet溴酚蓝:bromophenol blue第六章配位滴定法配位滴定法:compleximetry乙二胺四乙酸:ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid,EDTA螯合物:chelate compound金属指示剂:metal lochrome indcator第七章氧化还原滴定法氧化还原滴定法:oxidation-reduction titration碘量法:iodimetry溴量法:bromimetry ]溴量法:bromine method铈量法:cerimetry高锰酸钾法:potassium permanganate method 条件电位:conditional potential溴酸钾法:potassium bromate method硫酸铈法:cerium sulphate method偏高碘酸:metaperiodic acid高碘酸盐:periodate亚硝酸钠法:sodium nitrite method重氮化反应:diazotization reaction重氮化滴定法:diazotization titration亚硝基化反应:nitrozation reaction亚硝基化滴定法:nitrozation titration外指示剂:external indicator外指示剂:outside indicator重铬酸钾法:potassium dichromate method第八章沉淀滴定法沉淀滴定法:precipitation titration容量滴定法:volumetric precipitation method银量法:argentometric method第九章重量分析法重量分析法:gravimetric analysis挥发法:volatilization method引湿水(湿存水):water of hydroscopicity 包埋(藏)水:occluded water吸入水:water of imbibition结晶水:water of crystallization组成水:water of composition液-液萃取法:liquid-liquid extration溶剂萃取法:solvent extration反萃取:counter extraction分配系数:partition coefficient分配比:distribution ratio离子对(离子缔合物):ion pair 沉淀形式:precipitation forms称量形式:weighing forms仪器分析概述物理分析:physical analysis物理化学分析:physicochemical analysis 仪器分析:instrumental analysis第十章电位法及永停滴定法电化学分析:electrochemical analysis 电解法:electrolytic analysis method 电重量法:electrogravimetry库仑法:coulo metry库仑滴定法:coulo metric titration电导法:conductometry电导分析法:conductometric analysis电导滴定法:conductometric titration 电位法:potentiometry直接电位法:dirext potentiometry电位滴定法:potentiometric titration 伏安法:voltammetry极谱法:polarography溶出法:stripping method电流滴定法:amperometric titration化学双电层:chemical double layer相界电位:phase boundary potential金属电极电位:electrode potential化学电池:chemical cell液接界面:liquid junction boundary原电池:galvanic cell电解池:electrolytic cell负极:cathode正极:anode电池电动势:eletromotive force指示电极:indicator electrode参比电极:reference electroade标准氢电极:standard hydrogen electrode一级参比电极:primary reference electrode 饱和甘汞电极:saturated calomel electrode 银-氯化银电极:silver silver-chloride electrode液接界面:liquid junction boundary不对称电位:asymmetry potential表观PH值:apparent PH复合PH电极:combination PH electrode离子选择电极:ion selective electrode敏感器:sensor晶体电极:crystalline electrodes均相膜电极:homogeneous membrance electrodes非均相膜电极:heterogeneous membrance electrodes非晶体电极:non- crystalline electrodes刚性基质电极:rigid matrix electrode 流流体载动电极:electrode with a mobile carrier气敏电极:gas sensing electrodes酶电极:enzyme electrodes金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管:MOSFET离子选择场效应管:ISFET总离子强度调节缓冲剂:total ion strength adjustment buffer,TISAB永停滴定法:dead-stop titration双电流滴定法(双安培滴定法):double amperometric titration第十一章光谱分析法概论普朗克常数:Plank constant电磁波谱:electromagnetic spectrum光谱:spectrum光谱分析法:spectroscopic analysis原子发射光谱法:atomic emission spectroscopy质量谱:mass spectrum质谱法:mass spectroscopy,MS第十二章紫外-可见分光光度法紫外-可见分光光度法:ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry;UV-vis肩峰:shoulder peak末端吸收:end absorbtion生色团:chromophore助色团:auxochrome红移:red shift长移:bathochromic shift短移:hypsochromic shift蓝(紫)移:blue shift增色效应(浓色效应):hyperchromic effect 减色效应(淡色效应):hypochromic effect 强带:strong band弱带:weak band吸收带:absorption band透光率:transmitance,T吸光度:absorbance谱带宽度:band width杂散光:stray light噪声:noise暗噪声:dark noise散粒噪声:signal shot noise闪耀光栅:blazed grating全息光栅:holographic grating光二极管阵列检测器:photodiode array detector偏最小二乘法:partial least squares method ,PLS褶合光谱法:convolution spectrometry褶合变换:convolution transform,CT离散小波变换:wavelet transform,WT 多尺度细化分析:multiscale analysis供电子取代基:electron donating group吸电子取代基:electron with-drawing group 第十三章荧光分析法荧光:fluorescence荧光分析法:fluorometryX-射线荧光分析法:X-ray fluorometry原子荧光分析法:atomic fluorometry分子荧光分析法:molecular fluorometry振动弛豫:vibrational relaxation内转换:internal conversion外转换:external conversion体系间跨越:intersystem crossing激发光谱:excitation spectrum荧光光谱:fluorescence spectrum斯托克斯位移:Stokes shift荧光寿命:fluorescence life time荧光效率:fluorescence efficiency荧光量子产率:fluorescence quantum yield 荧光熄灭法:fluorescence quenching method 散射光:scattering light瑞利光:Rayleith scattering light拉曼光:Raman scattering lightAbbe refractometer 阿贝折射仪absorbance 吸收度absorbance ratio 吸收度比值absorption 吸收absorption curve 吸收曲线absorption spectrum 吸收光谱absorptivity 吸收系数accuracy 准确度acid-dye colorimetry 酸性染料比色法acidimetry 酸量法acid-insoluble ash 酸不溶性灰分acidity 酸度activity 活度第十四章色谱法additive 添加剂additivity 加和性adjusted retention time 调整保留时间adsorbent 吸附剂adsorption 吸附affinity chromatography 亲和色谱法aliquot (一)份alkalinity 碱度alumina 氧化铝ambient temperature 室温ammonium thiocyanate 硫氰酸铵analytical quality control(AQC)分析质量控制anhydrous substance 干燥品anionic surfactant titration 阴离子表面活性剂滴定法antibiotics-microbial test 抗生素微生物检定法antioxidant 抗氧剂appendix 附录application of sample 点样area normalization method 面积归一化法argentimetry 银量法arsenic 砷arsenic stain 砷斑ascending development 上行展开ash-free filter paper 无灰滤纸(定量滤纸)assay 含量测定assay tolerance 含量限度atmospheric pressure ionization(API) 大气压离子化attenuation 衰减back extraction 反萃取back titration 回滴法bacterial endotoxins test 细菌内毒素检查法band absorption 谱带吸收baseline correction 基线校正baseline drift 基线漂移batch, lot 批batch(lot) number 批号Benttendorff method 白田道夫(检砷)法between day (day to day, inter-day) precision 日间精密度between run (inter-run) precision 批间精密度biotransformation 生物转化bioavailability test 生物利用度试验bioequivalence test 生物等效试验biopharmaceutical analysis 体内药物分析,生物药物分析blank test 空白试验boiling range 沸程British Pharmacopeia (BP) 英国药典bromate titration 溴酸盐滴定法bromimetry 溴量法bromocresol green 溴甲酚绿bromocresol purple 溴甲酚紫bromophenol blue 溴酚蓝bromothymol blue 溴麝香草酚蓝bulk drug, pharmaceutical product 原料药buret 滴定管by-product 副产物calibration curve 校正曲线calomel electrode 甘汞电极calorimetry 量热分析capacity factor 容量因子capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) 毛细管区带电泳capillary gas chromatography 毛细管气相色谱法carrier gas 载气cation-exchange resin 阳离子交换树脂ceri(o)metry 铈量法characteristics, description 性状check valve 单向阀chemical shift 化学位移chelate compound 鳌合物chemically bonded phase 化学键合相chemical equivalent 化学当量Chinese Pharmacopeia (ChP) 中国药典Chinese material medicine 中成药Chinese materia medica 中药学Chinese materia medica preparation 中药制剂Chinese Pharmaceutical Association (CPA) 中国药学会chiral 手性的chiral stationary phase (CSP) 手性固定相chiral separation 手性分离chirality 手性chiral carbon atom 手性碳原子chromatogram 色谱图chromatography 色谱法chromatographic column 色谱柱chromatographic condition 色谱条件chromatographic data processor 色谱数据处理机chromatographic work station 色谱工作站clarity 澄清度clathrate, inclusion compound 包合物clearance 清除率clinical pharmacy 临床药学coefficient of distribution 分配系数coefficient of variation 变异系数color change interval (指示剂)变色范围color reaction 显色反应colorimetric analysis 比色分析colorimetry 比色法column capacity 柱容量column dead volume 柱死体积column efficiency 柱效column interstitial volume 柱隙体积column outlet pressure 柱出口压column temperature 柱温column pressure 柱压column volume 柱体积column overload 柱超载column switching 柱切换committee of drug evaluation 药品审评委员会comparative test 比较试验completeness of solution 溶液的澄清度compound medicines 复方药computer-aided pharmaceutical analysis 计算机辅助药物分析concentration-time curve 浓度-时间曲线confidence interval 置信区间confidence level 置信水平confidence limit 置信限congealing point 凝点congo red 刚果红(指示剂)content uniformity 装量差异controlled trial 对照试验correlation coefficient 相关系数contrast test 对照试验counter ion 反离子(平衡离子)cresol red 甲酚红(指示剂)crucible 坩埚crude drug 生药crystal violet 结晶紫(指示剂)cuvette, cell 比色池cyanide 氰化物cyclodextrin 环糊精cylinder, graduate cylinder, measuring cylinder 量筒cylinder-plate assay 管碟测定法daughter ion (质谱)子离子dead space 死体积dead-stop titration 永停滴定法dead time 死时间decolorization 脱色decomposition point 分解点deflection 偏差deflection point 拐点degassing 脱气deionized water 去离子水deliquescence 潮解depressor substances test 降压物质检查法derivative spectrophotometry 导数分光光度法derivatization 衍生化descending development 下行展开desiccant 干燥剂detection 检查detector 检测器developer, developing reagent 展开剂developing chamber 展开室deviation 偏差dextrose 右旋糖,葡萄糖diastereoisomer 非对映异构体diazotization 重氮化2,6-dichlorindophenol titration 2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) 差示扫描热量法differential spectrophotometry 差示分光光度法differential thermal analysis (DTA) 差示热分析differentiating solvent 区分性溶剂diffusion 扩散digestion 消化diphastic titration 双相滴定disintegration test 崩解试验dispersion 分散度dissolubility 溶解度dissolution test 溶出度检查distilling range 馏程distribution chromatography 分配色谱distribution coefficient 分配系数dose 剂量drug control institutions 药检机构drug quality control 药品质量控制drug release 药物释放度drug standard 药品标准drying to constant weight 干燥至恒重dual wavelength spectrophotometry 双波长分光光度法duplicate test 重复试验effective constituent 有效成分effective plate number 有效板数efficiency of column 柱效electron capture detector 电子捕获检测器electron impact ionization 电子轰击离子化electrophoresis 电泳electrospray interface 电喷雾接口electromigration injection 电迁移进样elimination 消除eluate 洗脱液elution 洗脱emission spectrochemical analysis 发射光谱分析enantiomer 对映体end absorption 末端吸收end point correction 终点校正endogenous substances 内源性物质enzyme immunoassay(EIA) 酶免疫分析enzyme drug 酶类药物enzyme induction 酶诱导enzyme inhibition 酶抑制eosin sodium 曙红钠(指示剂)epimer 差向异构体equilibrium constant 平衡常数equivalence point 等当点error in volumetric analysis 容量分析误差excitation spectrum 激发光谱exclusion chromatography 排阻色谱法expiration date 失效期external standard method 外标法extract 提取物extraction gravimetry 提取重量法extraction titration 提取容量法extrapolated method 外插法,外推法factor 系数,因数,因子feature 特征Fehling’s reaction 费林反应field disorption ionization 场解吸离子化field ionization 场致离子化filter 过滤,滤光片filtration 过滤fineness of the particles 颗粒细度flame ionization detector(FID) 火焰离子化检测器flame emission spectrum 火焰发射光谱flask 烧瓶flow cell 流通池flow injection analysis 流动注射分析flow rate 流速fluorescamine 荧胺fluorescence immunoassay(FIA) 荧光免疫分析fluorescence polarization immunoassay(FPIA) 荧光偏振免疫分析fluorescent agent 荧光剂fluorescence spectrophotometry 荧光分光光度法fluorescence detection 荧光检测器fluorimetyr 荧光分析法foreign odor 异臭foreign pigment 有色杂质formulary 处方集fraction 馏分freezing test 结冻试验funnel 漏斗fused peaks, overlapped peaks 重叠峰fused silica 熔融石英gas chromatography(GC) 气相色谱法gas-liquid chromatography(GLC) 气液色谱法gas purifier 气体净化器gel filtration chromatography 凝胶过滤色谱法gel permeation chromatography 凝胶渗透色谱法general identification test 一般鉴别试验general notices (药典)凡例general requirements (药典)通则good clinical practices(GCP) 药品临床管理规范good laboratory practices(GLP) 药品实验室管理规范good manufacturing practices(GMP) 药品生产质量管理规范good supply practices(GSP) 药品供应管理规范gradient elution 梯度洗脱grating 光栅gravimetric method 重量法Gutzeit test 古蔡(检砷)法half peak width 半峰宽[halide] disk method, wafer method, pellet method 压片法head-space concentrating injector 顶空浓缩进样器heavy metal 重金属heat conductivity 热导率height equivalent to a theoretical plate 理论塔板高度height of an effective plate 有效塔板高度high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) 高效液相色谱法high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) 高效薄层色谱法hydrate 水合物hydrolysis 水解hydrophilicity 亲水性hydrophobicity 疏水性hydroscopic 吸湿的hydroxyl value 羟值hyperchromic effect 浓色效应hypochromic effect 淡色效应identification 鉴别ignition to constant weight 灼烧至恒重immobile phase 固定相immunoassay 免疫测定impurity 杂质inactivation 失活index 索引indicator 指示剂indicator electrode 指示电极inhibitor 抑制剂injecting septum 进样隔膜胶垫injection valve 进样阀instrumental analysis 仪器分析insulin assay 胰岛素生物检定法integrator 积分仪intercept 截距interface 接口interference filter 干涉滤光片intermediate 中间体internal standard substance 内标物质international unit(IU) 国际单位in vitro 体外in vivo 体内iodide 碘化物iodoform reaction 碘仿反应iodometry 碘量法ion-exchange cellulose 离子交换纤维素ion pair chromatography 离子对色谱ion suppression 离子抑制ionic strength 离子强度ion-pairing agent 离子对试剂ionization 电离,离子化ionization region 离子化区irreversible indicator 不可逆指示剂irreversible potential 不可逆电位isoabsorptive point 等吸收点isocratic elution 等溶剂组成洗脱isoelectric point 等电点isoosmotic solution 等渗溶液isotherm 等温线Karl Fischer titration 卡尔·费歇尔滴定kinematic viscosity 运动黏度Kjeldahl method for nitrogen 凯氏定氮法Kober reagent 科伯试剂Kovats retention index 科瓦茨保留指数labelled amount 标示量leading peak 前延峰least square method 最小二乘法leveling effect 均化效应licensed pharmacist 执业药师limit control 限量控制limit of detection(LOD) 检测限limit of quantitation(LOQ) 定量限limit test (杂质)限度(或限量)试验limutus amebocyte lysate(LAL) 鲎试验linearity and range 线性及范围linearity scanning 线性扫描liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometer (LC/MS) 液质联用仪litmus paper 石蕊试纸loss on drying 干燥失重low pressure gradient pump 低压梯度泵luminescence 发光lyophilization 冷冻干燥main constituent 主成分make-up gas 尾吹气maltol reaction 麦牙酚试验Marquis test 马奎斯试验mass analyzer detector 质量分析检测器mass spectrometric analysis 质谱分析mass spectrum 质谱图mean deviation 平均偏差measuring flask, volumetric flask 量瓶measuring pipet(te) 刻度吸量管medicinal herb 草药melting point 熔点melting range 熔距metabolite 代谢物metastable ion 亚稳离子methyl orange 甲基橙methyl red 甲基红micellar chromatography 胶束色谱法micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography(MECC, MEKC) 胶束电动毛细管色谱法micelle 胶束microanalysis 微量分析microcrystal 微晶microdialysis 微透析micropacked column 微型填充柱microsome 微粒体microsyringe 微量注射器migration time 迁移时间millipore filtration 微孔过滤minimum fill 最低装量mobile phase 流动相modifier 改性剂,调节剂molecular formula 分子式monitor 检测,监测monochromator 单色器monographs 正文mortar 研钵moving belt interface 传送带接口multidimensional detection 多维检测multiple linear regression 多元线性回归multivariate calibration 多元校正natural product 天然产物Nessler glasses(tube) 奈斯勒比色管Nessler’s reagen t 碱性碘化汞钾试液neutralization 中和nitrogen content 总氮量nonaqueous acid-base titration 非水酸碱滴定nonprescription drug, over the counter drugs (OTC drugs) 非处方药nonproprietary name, generic name 非专有名nonspecific impurity 一般杂质non-volatile matter 不挥发物normal phase 正相normalization 归一化法notice 凡例nujol mull method 石蜡糊法octadecylsilane chemically bonded silica 十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶octylsilane 辛(烷)基硅烷odorless 无臭official name 法定名official specifications 法定标准official test 法定试验on-column detector 柱上检测器on-column injection 柱头进样on-line degasser 在线脱气设备on the dried basis 按干燥品计opalescence 乳浊open tubular column 开管色谱柱optical activity 光学活性optical isomerism 旋光异构optical purity 光学纯度optimization function 优化函数organic volatile impurities 有机挥发性杂质orthogonal function spectrophotometry 正交函数分光光度法orthogonal test 正交试验orthophenanthroline 邻二氮菲outlier 可疑数据,逸出值overtones 倍频峰,泛频峰oxidation-reduction titration 氧化还原滴定oxygen flask combustion 氧瓶燃烧packed column 填充柱packing material 色谱柱填料palladium ion colorimetry 钯离子比色法parallel analysis 平行分析parent ion 母离子particulate matter 不溶性微粒partition coefficient 分配系数parts per million (ppm) 百万分之几pattern recognition 模式识别peak symmetry 峰不对称性peak valley 峰谷peak width at half height 半峰宽percent transmittance 透光百分率pH indicator absorbance ratio method? pH 指示剂吸光度比值法pharmaceutical analysis 药物分析pharmacopeia 药典pharmacy 药学phenolphthalein 酚酞photodiode array detector(DAD) 光电二极管阵列检测器photometer 光度计pipeclay triangle 泥三角pipet(te) 吸移管,精密量取planar chromatography 平板色谱法plate storage rack 薄层板贮箱polarimeter 旋光计polarimetry 旋光测定法polarity 极性polyacrylamide gel 聚丙酰胺凝胶polydextran gel 葡聚糖凝胶polystyrene gel 聚苯乙烯凝胶polystyrene film 聚苯乙烯薄膜porous polymer beads 高分子多孔小球post-column derivatization 柱后衍生化potentiometer 电位计potentiometric titration 电位滴定法precipitation form 沉淀形式precision 精密度pre-column derivatization 柱前衍生化preparation 制剂prescription drug 处方药pretreatment 预处理primary standard 基准物质principal component analysis 主成分分析programmed temperature gas chromatography程序升温气相色谱法prototype drug 原型药物provisions for new drug approval 新药审批办法purification 纯化purity 纯度pyrogen 热原pycnometric method 比重瓶法quality control(QC) 质量控制quality evaluation 质量评价quality standard 质量标准quantitative determination 定量测定quantitative analysis 定量分析quasi-molecular ion 准分子离子racemization 消旋化radioimmunoassay 放射免疫分析法random sampling 随机抽样rational use of drug 合理用药readily carbonizable substance 易炭化物reagent sprayer 试剂喷雾器recovery 回收率reference electrode 参比电极refractive index 折光指数related substance 有关物质relative density 相对密度relative intensity 相对强度repeatability 重复性replicate determination 平行测定reproducibility 重现性residual basic hydrolysis method 剩余碱水解法residual liquid junction potential 残余液接电位residual titration 剩余滴定residue on ignition 炽灼残渣resolution 分辨率,分离度response time 响应时间retention 保留reversed phase chromatography 反相色谱法reverse osmosis 反渗透rider peak 驼峰rinse 清洗,淋洗robustness 可靠性,稳定性routine analysis 常规分析round 修约(数字)ruggedness 耐用性safety 安全性Sakaguchi test 坂口试验salt bridge 盐桥salting out 盐析sample applicator 点样器sample application 点样sample on-line pretreatment 试样在线预处理sampling 取样saponification value 皂化值saturated calomel electrode(SCE) 饱和甘汞电极selectivity 选择性separatory funnel 分液漏斗shoulder peak 肩峰signal to noise ratio 信噪比significant difference 显著性差异significant figure 有效数字significant level 显著性水平significant testing 显著性检验silanophilic interaction 亲硅羟基作用silica gel 硅胶silver chloride electrode 氯化银电极similarity 相似性simultaneous equations method 解线性方程组法size exclusion chromatography(SEC) 空间排阻色谱法sodium dodecylsulfate, SDS 十二烷基硫酸钠sodium hexanesulfonate 己烷磺酸钠sodium taurocholate 牛璜胆酸钠sodium tetraphenylborate 四苯硼钠sodium thiosulphate 硫代硫酸钠solid-phase extraction 固相萃取solubility 溶解度solvent front 溶剂前沿solvophobic interaction 疏溶剂作用specific absorbance 吸收系数specification 规格specificity 专属性specific rotation 比旋度specific weight 比重spiked 加入标准的split injection 分流进样splitless injection 无分流进样spray reagent (平板色谱中的)显色剂spreader 铺板机stability 稳定性standard color solution 标准比色液standard deviation 标准差standardization 标定standard operating procedure(SOP) 标准操作规程standard substance 标准品stationary phase coating 固定相涂布starch indicator 淀粉指示剂statistical error 统计误差sterility test 无菌试验stirring bar 搅拌棒stock solution 储备液stoichiometric point 化学计量点storage 贮藏stray light 杂散光substituent 取代基substrate 底物sulfate 硫酸盐sulphated ash 硫酸盐灰分supercritical fluid chromatography(SFC) 超临界流体色谱法support 载体(担体)suspension 悬浊液swelling degree 膨胀度symmetry factor 对称因子syringe pump 注射泵systematic error 系统误差system model 系统模型system suitability 系统适用性tablet 片剂tailing factor 拖尾因子tailing peak 拖尾峰tailing-suppressing reagent 扫尾剂test of hypothesis 假设检验test solution(TS) 试液tetrazolium colorimetry 四氮唑比色法therapeutic drug monitoring(TDM) 治疗药物监测thermal analysis 热分析法thermal conductivity detector 热导检测器thermocouple detector 热电偶检测器thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) 热重分析法thermospray interface 热喷雾接口The United States Pharmacopoeia(USP) 美国药典The Pharmacopoeia of Japan(JP) 日本药局方thin layer chromatography(TLC) 薄层色谱法thiochrome reaction 硫色素反应three-dimensional chromatogram 三维色谱图thymol 百里酚(麝香草酚)(指示剂)thymolphthalein 百里酚酞(麝香草酚酞)(指示剂)thymolsulfonphthalein ( thymol blue) 百里酚蓝(麝香草酚蓝)(指示剂)titer, titre 滴定度time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay 时间分辨荧光免疫法titrant 滴定剂titration error 滴定误差titrimetric analysis 滴定分析法tolerance 容许限toluene distillation method 甲苯蒸馏法toluidine blue 甲苯胺蓝(指示剂)total ash 总灰分total quality control(TQC) 全面质量控制traditional drugs 传统药traditional Chinese medicine 中药transfer pipet 移液管turbidance 混浊turbidimetric assay 浊度测定法turbidimetry 比浊法turbidity 浊度ultracentrifugation 超速离心ultrasonic mixer 超生混合器ultraviolet irradiation 紫外线照射undue toxicity 异常毒性uniform design 均匀设计uniformity of dosage units 含量均匀度uniformity of volume 装量均匀性(装量差异)uniformity of weight 重量均匀性(片重差异)validity 可靠性variance 方差versus …对…,…与…的关系曲线viscosity 粘度volatile oil determination apparatus 挥发油测定器volatilization 挥发法volumetric analysis 容量分析volumetric solution(VS) 滴定液vortex mixer 涡旋混合器watch glass 表面皿wave length 波长wave number 波数weighing bottle 称量瓶weighing form 称量形式weights 砝码well-closed container 密闭容器xylene cyanol blue FF 二甲苯蓝FF(指示剂)xylenol orange 二甲酚橙(指示剂)zigzag scanning 锯齿扫描zone electrophoresis 区带电泳zwitterions 两性离子zymolysis 酶解作用簡體書目錄Chapter 1 Introduction 緒論1.1 The nature of analytical chemistry 分析化學的性質1.2 The role of analytical chemistry 分析化學的作用1.3 The classification of analytical chemistry分析化學的分類1.4 The total analytical process分析全過程Terms to understand重點內容概述Chapter 2 Errors and Data Treatment in Quantitative Analysis 定量分析中的誤差及數據處理2.1 Fundamental terms of errors誤差的基本術語2.2 Types of errors in experimental data 實驗數據中的誤差類型2.2.1 Systematic errors 系統誤差2.2.2 Random errors偶然誤差2.3 Evaluation of analytical data分析數據的評價2.3.1 Tests of significance顯著性檢驗2.3.2 Rejecting data可疑值取捨2.4 Significant figures有效數字ProblemsTerms to understand重點內容概述Chapter 3 Titrimetric Analysis滴定分析法3.1 General principles基本原理3.1.1 Relevant terms of titrimetric analysis滴定分析相關術語3.1.2 The preparation of standard solution and the expression of concentration 標準溶液的配製與濃度表示方法3.1.3 The types of titrimetric reactions 滴定反應類型3.2 Acid-base titration酸鹼滴定3.2.1 Acid-base equilibria 酸鹼平衡3.2.2 Titration curves滴定曲線3.2.3 Acid-base indicators酸鹼指示劑3.2.4 Applications of acid-base titration 酸鹼滴定的應用3.3 Complexometric titration配位滴定3.3.1 Metal-chelate complexes金屬螯合物3.3.2 EDTA 乙二胺四乙酸3.3.3 EDTA titration curves EDTA滴定曲線3.3.4 Metal Ion indicators金屬離子指示劑3.3.5 Applications of EDTA titrationtechniques EDTA滴定方法的應用3.4 Oxidation-reduction titration氧化還原滴定3.4.1 Redox reactions氧化還原反應3.4.2 Rate of redox reactions氧化還原反應的速率3.4.3 Titration curves滴定曲線3.4.4 Redox indicators氧化還原指示劑3.4.5 Applications of redox titrations氧化還原滴定的應用3.5 Precipitation titration沉澱滴定3.5.1 Precipitation reactions沉澱滴定反應3.5.2 Titration curves滴定曲線3.5.3 End-point detection終點檢測ProblemsTerms to understand重點內容概述Chapter 4 Potentiometry 電位分析法4.1 Introduction簡介4.1.1 Classes and characteristics分類及性質4.1.2 Definition定義4.2 Types of potentiometric electrodes電極種類4.2.1 Reference electrodes 參比電極4.2.2 Indicator electrodes指示電極4.2.3 Electrode response and selectivity 電極響應及選擇性4.3 Potentiometric methods and application電位法及應用4.3.1 Direct potentiometric measurement 直接電位法4.3.2 Potentiometric titrations電位滴定4.3.3 Applications of potentiometry 電位法應用ProblemsTerlns to understand重點內容概述Chapter 5 Chromatography色譜法5.1 An introduction to chromatographic methods色譜法概述5.2 Fundamental theory of gas chromatography氣相色譜基本原理5.2.1 Plate theory塔板理論5.2.2 Kinetic theory(rate theory) 速率理論5.2.3 The resolution Rs as a measure of peak separation 分離度5.3 Gas chromatography 氣相色譜5.3.1 Components of a gas chromatograph 氣相色譜儀的組成5.3.2 Stationary phases for gas-liquidchromatography 氣液色譜固定相5.3.3 Applications of gas-liquid chromatography 氣液色譜的應用5.3.4 Adsorption chromatography 吸附色譜5.4 High performance liquid chromatography 高效液相色譜5.4.1 Instrumentation 儀器組成5.4.2 High-performance partition chromatography 高效分配色譜5.5 Miscellaneous separation methods 其他分離方法5.5.1 High-performance ion-exchange chromatography 高效離子交換色譜5.5.2 Capillary electrophoresis 毛細管電泳5.5.3 Planar chromatography 平板色譜ProblemsTerms to understand重點內容概述Chapter 6 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 原子吸收光譜分析法6.1 Introduction 概述6.2 Principles 原理6.2.1 The process of AAS,resonance line and absorption line 原子吸收光譜法的過程,共振線及吸收線6.2.2 The number of ground atom and the temperature of flame 基態原子數與光焰溫度6.2.3 Quantitative analysis of AAS原子吸收光譜定量分析6.3 Instrumentation 儀器6.3.1 Primary radiation sources 光源6.3.2 Atomizer 原子儀器6.3.3 Optical dispersive systems 分光系統6.3.4 Detectors 檢測器6.3.5 Signal measurements 信號測量6.4 Quantitative measurements and interferences 定量測定及干擾6.4.1 Quantitative measurements 定量測定6.4.2 Interferences 干擾6.4.3 Sensitivity6.5 Applications of AAS原子吸收光譜法的應用ProblemsTerms to understand重點內容概述Chapter 7 Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometry 紫外-可見分光光度法7.1 Introduction簡介7.2 Ultraviolet and visible absorption spectroscopy 紫外-可見吸收光譜7.2.1 Introduction for radiant energy 輻射能簡介7.2.2 Selective absorption of radiation and absorbance spectrum 物質對光的選擇性吸收和吸收光譜7.2.3 Absorbing species and electron transition 吸收物質與電子躍遷7.3 Law of absorption吸收定律7.3.1 Lambert-Beer's law朗伯-比爾定律7.3.2 Absorptivity吸光係數7.3.3 Apparent deviations from Beer's law 對比爾定律的明顯偏離7.4 Instruments儀器7.5 General types of spectrophotometer分光光度計種類7.6 Application of UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy 紫外-可見吸收光譜的應用7.6.1 Application of absorption measurement to qualitative analysis 光吸收測定在定性分析上的應用7.6.2 Quantitative analysis by absorption measurements 光吸收測量定量分析法7.6.3 Derivative spectrophotometry 導數分光光度法ProblemsTerms to understand重點內容概述Chapter 8 Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy紅外吸收光譜8.1 Theory of infrared absorption紅外吸收基本原理8.1.1 Dipole changes during vibrations and rotations 振轉運動中的偶極距變化8.1.2 Mechanical model of stretching vibrations 伸縮振動機械模型8.1.3 Quantum treatment of vibrations 振動的量子力學處理、8.1.4 Types of molecular vibrations分子振動形式8.2 Infrared instrument components紅外儀器組成8.2.1 Wavelength selection波長選擇8.2.2 Sampling techniques 採樣技術8.2.3 Infrared spectrophotometers for qualitative analysis 定性分析用紅外分光光度計8.2.4 Other techniques其他技術8.3 The group frequencies of functional groups in organic compounds 有機化合物官能團的特徵頻率8.4 The factors affecting group frequencies 影響基團特徵吸收頻率的因素8.4.1 Adjacent groups 鄰近基團的影響。
英语语法第十一章 并列从句和状语从句

第十一章并列从句和状语从句一、并列连词1.表示并列关系常用来表示并列、递进关系的并列连词有。
and, both... and...,neither...not...,not only... but ( also ) ..., as well as等。
(1)and常用来连接两个词(组)或句子。
连接3个或3个以上的成分时,一般置于最后一个成分前,前面的并列成分用逗号隔开。
△The train was comfortable and the people were nice.(2)both... and…表示“不但……而且……”。
既可以连接单词也可连接短语,连接两个并列成分作主语,谓语动词用复数。
△We going to fly both to Miami and t Chicago.(3)only... but ( also )…表示“不仅........而且.......”。
also有时可省略,或与but分开用。
△We ought to respect not only our own liberty, but also that of others.(4)neither...nor...表示“既不......也不......”,是对两者的全部否定。
△According to my research, neither your reslaurant nor mine offers a balanced diet.注:not only.. but also..和neither... nor…连接两个成分作主语,谓语动词与最部近的主语一致2.表示转折关系常用来表示转折关系的并列连词有but, yet, while, whereas等。
yet有时可用and yet/but yet表示;while。
侧重两种情况或事物之间的对比。
△He is a good composer, but he has taught me nothing.△Happiness not be the fruit plucked by my action, yet without action all fruit will die on the vine.△Norway is at the top of the list, while the US is at number7.3.表示选择关系表示选择关系的并列连词有or, not…but...“不是……而是”“either... or...”或者……或者……”,。
石油出国人员必备英语 第 11 章 事故和复杂处理

第十一章事故和复杂处理一.常用单词和短语bit balling 钻头泥包bit bounce 跳钻lost circulation 井漏get stuck 卡钻tight spot 遇阻点cave in 井垮slough 坍塌kick 井涌mud gain 泥浆增量mud loss 泥浆漏失blow out 井喷kill well 压井differential sticking 压差卡钻keyseat 键槽free drill pipe 钻杆解卡free point 卡点back off 倒扣acid wash 酸洗set plug 打水泥塞sidetrack 侧钻fishing tool 打捞工具squeeze cement 挤水泥overshot 卡瓦打捞筒grapple 卡瓦spiral grapple 螺旋卡瓦basket grapple 篮状卡瓦reverse circulating junk basket 反循环打捞篮boot basket 打捞杯fishing tap 打捞公锥spear 打捞矛safety joint 安全接头impression block 印模fishing magnet 打捞磁铁free point indicator 测卡仪hook wall 壁钩mill shoe 磨鞋washover pipe 套铣筒hydraulic cutter 水力割刀fishing jar 打捞震击器bumper sub 地面震击器LCM=lost circulating material堵漏剂二.扩展词汇-钻井日报表词汇摘录Drill 222.25mm hole from 3452m to 3488m - 300 psi pressure drop 自3452到3488米钻进222.25mm 井眼-泵压下降300psiCheck surf equipment . OK 检查地面设备。
机械制造专业英语答案

第一单元应力与应变That branch of scientific analysis which motions, times and forces is called mechanics and is mad e up of two parts, statics and dynamics.研究位移、时间和力运动乘力是科学分析法的一个分歧,被称作力学,力学由两大部分组成,静力学和动力学。
For example, if the force operating on a sleeve bearing becomes too high, it will squeeze out the oil film and cause metal-to-metal contact, overheating and rapid failure of the bearing. 例如:如果止推轴承上的作用力过大的话,会挤出油膜,引起金属和金属之间的相互接触,轴承将过热而迅速失效。
Our intuitive concept of force includes such ideas as place of application, direction, and magnitud e, and these are called the characteristics of a force.力的直观概念包括力的作用点、大小、方向,这些被称为力的三要素。
All bodies are either elastic or plastic and will be deformed if acted upon by forces. When the def ormation of such bodies is small, they are frequently assumed to be rigid, i.e., incapable of defor mation, in order to simplify the analysis. 所有的物体既可以是弹性的也可以是塑性的,如果受到力的作用就产生变形。
英语语言学第十一章笔记

英语语言学第十一章笔记以下是英语语言学第十一章的笔记:英语语言学第十一章:句法学1、句法学简介句法学是语言学的一个分支,主要研究句子的构造和规则。
它涉及词汇、词序、短语和句子等不同级别的语言单位,以及这些单位之间的关系。
2、句子的构成句子由主语和谓语构成。
主语通常由名词或名词短语担任,而谓语则描述主语的动作或状态。
例如,“The cat sat on the mat.”(猫坐在垫子上。
)中,“The cat”是主语,“sat”是谓语。
3、词序和短语词序是句子中词语的排列顺序。
在大多数情况下,英语中的主语、谓语和宾语的顺序是固定的。
此外,短语是一种由两个或更多词语组成、共同表达一个意思的语言单位。
常见的短语类型包括名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语等。
4、句子结构英语中的句子结构可以分为简单句和复杂句两种。
简单句是由一个主语和一个谓语组成的句子,例如“I am a student.”(我是一个学生。
)复杂句则包含一个或多个从句,从句通常是名词性从句或定语性从句。
例如,“The cat that sat on the mat is black.”(坐在垫子上的猫是黑色的。
)是一个包含定语性从句的复杂句。
5、转换语法转换语法是句法学的一个重要分支,研究如何通过改变词语的属性或结构来改变句子的意义。
例如,“I like eating pizza”和“Pizza is delicious”是两个意义不同的句子,但它们可以通过转换语法相互转化。
6、语言习得和句法学句法学在语言习得中扮演着重要的角色。
研究发现,儿童在习得语言时通常会先学会基本的词汇和短语,然后逐渐学习更复杂的句子结构和语法规则。
句法学的研究有助于我们更好地理解儿童语言习得的过程,也为二语习得提供了重要的理论依据。
新版简明英语语言学教程 戴伟栋版第十一章课后答案

新版简明英语语言学教程戴伟栋版第十一章课后答案1、People always _____ realize the importance of health _____ they lose it. [单选题] *A. not... untilB. don't... until(正确答案)C. /; untilD. /; not until2、The organization came into being in 1 [单选题] *A. 开始策划B. 进行改组C. 解散D. 成立于(正确答案)3、73.The moonlight goes ____ the window and makes the room bright. [单选题] * A.acrossB.through(正确答案)C.overD.in4、In the past, Mary _______ listening to music in her spare time. [单选题] *A. will likeB. likesC. likeD. liked(正确答案)5、—Who came to your office today, Ms. Brown?—Sally came in. She hurt ______ in P. E. class. ()[单选题] *A. sheB. herC. hersD. herself(正确答案)6、My brother often does ______ homework first after school.()[单选题] *A. heB. his(正确答案)C. sheD. her7、-----How can I apply for an online course?------Just fill out this form and we _____ what we can do for you. [单选题] *A. seeB. are seeingC. have seenD. will see(正确答案)8、I always make my daughter ______ her own room.()[单选题] *A. to cleanB. cleaningC. cleansD. clean(正确答案)9、We had ____ wonderful lunch last Saturday. [单选题] *A. /B. theC. oneD. a(正确答案)10、Alice is a ______ girl. She always smiles and says hello to others.()[单选题] *A. shyB. strictC. healthyD. friendly(正确答案)11、I was astonished when I heard that Louise was getting married. [单选题] *A. 惊讶(正确答案)B. 气愤C. 高兴D. 想念12、I _______ Zhang Hua in the bookstore last Sunday. [单选题] *A. meetB. meetingC. meetedD. met(正确答案)13、Tom’s mother will let him _______ traveling if he comes back?in five days. [单选题] *A. to goB. goesC. wentD. go(正确答案)14、I do not have my own room,_____. [单选题] *A. neither does Tom(正确答案)B. neither has TomC. so does TomD. so has Tom15、This kind of banana tastes very _______. [单选题] *A. nice(正确答案)B. wellC. nicelyD. better16、The little boy saved his money ______ he could buy his mother a gift on Mother’s Day.()[单选题] *A. butB. such thatC. in order toD. so that(正确答案)17、( ) Some students preferred to stay in the toilet ______ do morning exercises. [单选题] *A in order to notB in not order toC in order not to(正确答案)D not in order to18、Nowadays schools should care for the full _______ of a student’s talents. [单选题] *A. satisfactionB. development(正确答案)C. communicationD. preparation19、Can you _______ this form? [单选题] *A. fillB. fill in(正确答案)C. fill toD. fill with20、A healthy life is generally thought to be()with fresh air, clean water, and homegrown food. [单选题] *A. joinedB. boundC. lackingD. associated(正确答案)21、______this story, and you will realize that not everything can be bought with money. [单选题] *A. ReadingB. ReadC. To readD.Being read(正确答案)22、I used to take ____ long way to take the bus that went by ____ tunnel under the water. [单选题] *A. a, aB. a. theC. a, /(正确答案)D. the, a23、If you want to _______, you’d better eat more healthy food and do more exercise. [单选题] *A. keep fatB. keep calmC. keep healthy(正确答案)D. keep on24、_____ Lucy _____ Lily has joined the swimming club because they have no time. [单选题] *A. Not only; but alsoB. Neither; nor(正确答案)C. Either; orD. Both; and25、—______ pencils are these?—They are Tony’s.()[单选题] *A. WhatB. WhereC WhoD. Whose(正确答案)26、My daughter is neither slim nor fat and she’d like a _______ skirt. [单选题] *A. largeB. medium(正确答案)C. smallD. mini27、Nobody noticed the thief slip into the shop, because the lights happened to _______. [单选题] *A. put outB. turn outC. give outD. go out(正确答案)28、Which do you enjoy to spend your weekend, fishing or shopping? [单选题] *China'shigh-speed railways _________ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past fewyears.A. are growing(正确答案)B. have grownC. will growD. had grown29、--What are the young people doing there?--They are discussing how to _______?the pollution in the river. [单选题] *A. come up withB. talk withC. deal with(正确答案)D. get on with30、I will _______ at the school gate. [单选题] *A. pick you up(正确答案)B. pick up youC. pick you outD. pick out you。
测控技术与仪器专业英语教程(第2版)课后答案 英译汉

第五章课后A random erroris due to acontrolled,large number of independent small effects that cannothe identified orit is a statistical quantity. As such,iteach replication of the observations. If a large number of readings iswill vary for the same quantity.the scatter of the data about a mean value can be evaluated.The scatter generally follows a guassian distribution about a mean value.whichis assumed to be the true value.Accuracy is the deviation of the output from the calibration input or the true value. If the accuracy of a voltmeter is 2% full scale as described in the preceding section·the maximum deviation i、士2units for all readings.一个随机误差是由于控制,大量的独立影响小,不能他发现或这是一个统计量。
因此,它每个复制的观察。
如果大量的读数是同样数量的不同而不同。
散射的数据值可以评估。
散高斯分布通常遵循关于意味着value.which被认为是真正的价值。
准确性是偏差的输出的输入或真正的校准价值。
如果把电压表的准确性2%全面描述在前面的部分·最大偏差我,士2units所有阅读资料。
教育技术学专业英语五、六、十一章翻译

Chapter Five Learning Theories第五章学习理论Section B Behaviorism B部分行为主义What is Behaviorism? 什么是行为主义?Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select -- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.给我一打健康、外形完好的婴儿,把他们放在我设计的特殊的环境里培养,我敢保证,随便挑出一个来,我就能把他训练成为我所选择的任何一类专家---医生、律师、艺术家、商业首领,甚至是乞丐或小偷,而无论他的才能、爱好、倾向、能力或他的先辈的职业和种族是什么。
Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning.Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment.According to behaviorism, behavior can be studied in a systematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental states.行为心理学,也称为行为主义,是一种基于所有的行为都是通过条件刺激而产生的学习理论。
商务英语第十一章[81页]
![商务英语第十一章[81页]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/0dd782e783c4bb4cf6ecd14b.png)
Listening
Listening 1
From the Chrysler Corporation to the Central Intelligence Agency, cultural diversity programs are flourishing in American organizations today. Firms can no longer safely assume that every employee walking in the door has similar beliefs or expectations. Whereas North American white males may believe in challenging authority, Asians tend to respect and defer to it. In Hispanic cultures, people often bring music, food, and family members to work, a custom that U.S. businesses have traditionally not allowed. A job applicant whoB wV oPn’tS mOakWe eye contact during an interview
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Listening 1
At Texas Instruments, strategies for enhancing diversity include an aggressive recruiting plan, diversity training, mentoring, and an incentive compensation program that rewards managers for fostering diversity. Each business unit has a diversity manager who implements these strategies and works closely with the company’s Diversity Network. The network provides a forum of employees to share ideas, solicit support, and build coalitions.
自考现代英语语法学习笔记第十一章并列和从属q

并列和从属第十-章 Coord ination and Subord ination11.0 In troductionCoordination: 由并列连接词(coordinator )把同一等级的单位连接起来;Subordination: 由从属连接词(subordinator )把不同等级的单位连接起来,从属从句提供背景信息支持主句•E.g.: Peter and Susan. (Coordination)We ' II have picnic if it ' s fine tomorrow. (Subordination)考点1 11.1.1 Coordi natorsWhile d rather live in a flat.While / Whereas they want a house, weWhile , whereas 接从句;but, yet 接词组While , whereas 可在句首使用,but, yelt 只可以在句中做连词whereas You like sports, whereas/ while/but/yet d rather read.11.1.2 Pun ctuati on betwee n coord inators并列连词间的标点如果只有2个unit 需要连接的话,一般中间加个连接词就好,… A and B如果有3个或者以上的单位需要连接,一般在最后一个单位前加连接词, 其他的都用逗号隔开。
A, B and CHe didn ' t play football, basketball or volleyball.Exception但是也可以有以下情况,A,B,C. / A and B and CFor linking 2 or more adjectives: 1.当adj.在副词位置的时候,往往在最后一个 adj.前加andHe was tall, dark and handsome. 2.当adj.在修饰位置的时候,表示中心词的特征时,往往用逗号隔开。
物理专业英语

第一章:运动学Vector quantity: A quantity that has both magnitude and direction .译文;矢量:一个既有大小又有方向的量Scalar quantity A quantity that has magnitude, but no direction.译文:标量:一个只有大小没有方向的量Vector An arrow drawn to scale used to represent a vector quantity.译文:矢:一个标有刻度的箭头去代表矢量Motion A change of position.译文:运动:位置的改变Speed The distance traveled per time.译文:速率:单位时间内走过的路程Velocity The rate of change position and the direct of the motion.译文:速度:沿运动方向位移的变化率Acceleration Time rate of velocity :Acceleration=change in velocity/time it takes for change.译文:加速度:速度的变化率,加速度=速度的变化量/这段时间第二章:守恒定律Force : A quantity capable of producing motion or a change in motion.译文:力:一个能够产生运动或该变运动的量Net force:The equivalent or resultant force of two or more force.译文:合外力:它等价于两个或多个力或者可由其合成Newton’s first law of motion(law of inertia):An object remains at rest or in uniform motion with a constant velocity unless acted upon by a net unbalanced force.译文:牛顿第一定律:一切物体总保持静止或匀速直线运动知道有不平衡的力迫使他改变为止。
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第十一章物流单证Part I 主要物流单证(1)物流单证概述在全球运输中,需要大量的单证。
物流单证是物流服务中不可缺少的一部分,它具备以下几个主要的特点,即准确、完整、简洁和及时。
准确是指物流单证中的细节必须与销售合同中的细节完全一致,不能使用可能产生歧义的词语及表达方式;完整是指各个物流单证中必须包括应有的每个细节;简洁是指要避免使用多余的词语及表达方式,且物流单证中不应有涂改之处;及时则指要确保及时备好物流单证,以避免不必要的延误或误解。
根据单证的不同来源(即发证方的不同),大致可有三大类常用的物流单证:官方单证包括进/出口许可证、报关单、商检证(检验证书)、原产地证、普惠制产地证(表格A)、报关委托书、外汇核销单和出口退税单。
商业单证包括汇票、保险单/保险凭证、商业发票、装箱单、海关发票、领事发票、寄单证明、装船通知、船长收据、航程证明、寄样证明、收益人证明、贷记证明(贷方通知单)、借记证明(借方通知单)和信用证。
运输单证包括出口货物代运委托书、订舱单、装货单、收货单(大副收据)、集装箱托运单、集装箱场站收据、集装箱装货单、海运提单(主提单与分提单,海运单)、(多式)联运提单、提货单(交货单)、设备交接单、铁路运单、承运货物收据、舱单、货物积载图、航空主单、航空分单和货代收货凭证(证明书)。
这部分主要介绍提单。
提单提单是一种由承运人或其代理签发给托运人的运输单证,承认货物已收妥待运到某一指定目的地,并表明货物运输的相关条款。
发货人可以持提单到银行进行议付,而提单的持有人可在目的港向承运人提货。
提单和保险单、商业发票一起共同构成了国际贸易和物流活动中不可缺少的主要单证。
提单通常是可转让的,且广泛用于海运中。
提单通常包含以下几部分内容:船公司(即承运人)名称、托运人(通常是出口商或其代理)名称、收货人名称、被通知人、运载船船名及航次、两港(装运港和目的港)名称、唛头及件号、货物品名、件数、运费(运费预付或运费到付)、正本提单的份数、承运人签章以及签发提单的地点和日期。
海运提单的功能当货物使用海运时,海运提单或远洋提单就成为一种最重要的运输单证。
提单可作为货物收据以证明承运人已从发货人处收到货物;可充当托运人和承运人之间的运输合同,该合同中包含运输的相关条款;同时还可成为一种货物所有权凭证(物权凭证),表明提单的合法持有人即是货物的合法持有人,承运人在指定的目的港仅凭递交的正本提单放货(交货)。
提单的种类提单有许多种,可以根据不同的标准划分为以下的几类:根据货物是否已装船,提单可分为已装船提单和备运提单。
已装船提单是由承运人或其代理在货物装上船时签发的,提单上必须载有船名和装运日期。
备运提单是由承运人或其代理在货物为其所掌管但未装上船前签发的。
买方并不乐于接受备运提单,且通常信用证都要求卖方到银行议付时需提交已装船提单。
然而,随着集装箱的发展,备运提单正日益被广泛采用。
根据所批注的货物外观状况是否良好,提单可分为清洁提单和不清洁提单。
当船公司在提单上注明“所装货物外观状况良好”,这种提单就称为清洁提单或无条款提单。
当船公司在提单上注明“所装货物外观状况较差”或“包装破损或……受污染”时,这种提单就是不清洁提单或附有条款的提单,它在银行是不能议付的。
根据收货人抬头的不同,提单可分为记名提单、指示提单和不记名提单。
记名提单在收货人一栏中有指定的收货人,货物只能由指定的收货人提取,且这种提单不能转让给第三者,所以是一种不可转让的提单,因而在国际贸易中很少使用,一般适用于高价值或特殊用途的货物。
指示提单在收货人一栏中并无指定的收货人,但注有“凭指定”或“凭……指定”的字样。
这种提单可通过背书转让给他人,因而是一种可转让的提单,且在国际贸易中广为使用。
不记名提单在收货人一栏中即无指定的收货人也无“凭指定”的字样。
这是一种可转让的提单,且无需背书就可转让,当提单转让给他人时,货物的所有权也随之转让。
因采用这种提单风险极大,故极少使用。
根据运输方式的不同,提单可分为直达提单、转船提单和联运提单。
直达提单是指货物不经过转船直接运抵目的港的提单,转船提单则指货物在运输途中经过转船的提单。
联运提单是由上面两种提单发展而来的,是指货物至少使用两种的不同运输方式(如海-陆或陆-海)进行运输,且货物在抵达目的港之前的运输中由不同的承运人负责。
由负责全程运输的联运人签发多式联运提单,它涉及到两种或两种以上的运输方式。
这种提单通常适用于集装箱运输,可以是备运提单,但联运提单必须是清洁提单。
根据提单条款的繁简不同,提单可分为全式提单和简式提单。
全式提单的背面列有详细的有关货物运输的条款,以解决任何可能的运输纠纷。
简式提单的背面没有类似的条款,然而,如在简式提单的背面注明这样的字样“所有运输条款以本公司的全式提单为准”,则这种简式提单就等同于全式提单,且银行也接受其议付。
根据运输船舶类型的不同,提单可分为班轮提单和租船提单。
班轮提单是由承运人在货物装上有固定航线和在固定目的港靠泊的班轮时签发的。
其明显的一个优势就是承运人能够在航行之前或之后立即联系托运人,告知预计开船日和预计到港日,这样进口商也可以获知货物已经发出并将于固定日抵达。
绝大多数的提单都是班轮提单。
租船提单是由租船人签发给出口商的。
这种提单的条款受到船东和租船人之间的租船合同的约束。
租船提单上通常载有这样的字样“以租船契约为准”。
除非信用证中另有规定,银行通常不接受租船提单。
这种提单在国际贸易中用得较少。
Part II 主要物流单证(2)海运单海运单是一种由船公司签发的作为提单的替代物的运输单证。
它仅有两种功能,即作为货物收据和运输合同。
换句话说,海运单不是物权凭证,也不是可转让的单证,因而仅用于有指定收货人——进口商的情况下。
海运单表明货物已“装船”,可以在不需要远洋海运提单即不需要货物所有权凭证的情况下使用。
接收货物时,并不需要收货人提交海运单,这样就可以加速货物在目的港的处理速度。
空运单空运单是由航空公司签发的用于空运货物的运输单证。
也就是说,它是用于空运货物的空运托运单。
空运单近似地等同于海运提单,但它不像海运提单一样是货物所有权凭证或是可议付票据,这是因为在空运单经银行抵达收货人前的几天,有时在几周内,货物已先行抵达目的地。
因而允许收货人在收到空运单前提取货物。
空运单共有正本三份,副本至少六份。
空运单应该准确填制,且发货人给航空公司或其代理人的货运指示应该清楚齐全,以便后者提供高效的服务。
空运单主要作为发货收据,以及承运人和发货人之间签订的运输契约的证明。
同时作为载有发货人及其代理人各自应承担的费用的运费单,以及清关的源单据。
目前各航空公司已经普遍采用了一种适应国内国际运输的标准的格式化空运提单。
这种标准化单证旨在提高承运人和托运人对空运货物的现代化计算机系统的应用水平。
(多式)联运单据多式联运单据是货物至少由两种方式(如铁—海运输)运输的运输契约的证明,是由多式联运人按多式联运合同签发的运输单据。
多式联运单据与海运业务中的联运提单和多式联运提单极其相似,但比后两种范围要广。
联运提单和多式联运提单总是离不开海,仅限于海运与其他运输方式的组合,而多式联运单据则可用于任何运输方式的联运,并非一定要与海运相关。
联运提单中牵涉到几个承运人,而多式联运单据由一个承运人即多式联运人签发。
多式联运单据可以是可转让的,也可以是不可转让的,但通常是不可转让。
铁路运单铁路运单,也称为铁路托运单或铁路货物收据,相当于铁路和发货人之间的运输合同,代表货物的收据,表明承运人接受货物承担运输的日期。
收货人付款后,铁路运单将连同货物从始发站运送到目的站的收货人。
一份副本会交给托运人作为接收货物的收据。
不同于提单的是,铁路运单不是物权凭证,不可转让或流通。
铁路运单受到《国际铁路货物运输公约》的约束。
公路运单公路运单,也称为公路托运单或CMR托运单,与铁路运单的格式内容基本相同,它代表承运人与发货人之间缔结的公路运输合同,由发货人和承运人共同签字和/或印章。
与铁路运单一样,公路运单证明公路承接货物的地点和时间以及交货的地点,但它不是可转让的单证,也不是物权凭证,且受到《国际公路货物运输公约》的约束。
邮包(邮政)收据和专递收据邮包收据是由邮局收到寄件人的邮包后签发的。
它是发送货物的收据,但它不是物权凭证,货物只能寄给信用证中指定的收货人。
当货物由专递员或快递服务运送时,将会签发出专递收据。
全球著名的快递服务公司有EMS(邮政特快专递服务)、DHL(敦豪速递公司)、UPS(联合包裹服务公司)以及Federal Express(联邦快递)。
这种运输方式适用于重要的货物。
专递服务,尤其是快递服务,提供的是桌面服务。
码头收据和装货单码头收据是一种可由港务机关签发的、确认在码头或码头仓库收到了待装运的货物的收据。
当出口货物被国内承运人送到装货港,并交给国际承运人运往最终目的地时,码头收据被用来转移责任。
装货单是指托运人要求承运人运输货物的指示,通常是提单的第三副本。
运输单证功能比较表在国际贸易中,有许多不同的运输方式,如海洋运输、航空运输、铁路运输和公路运输。
不同的运输单证适用于不同的运输方式,可能作为货物收据或运输契约或物权凭证。
以下是一份运输单证功能比较表。
运输单证功能比较表Part III 补充阅读主要物流单证(3)装箱单装箱单是由托运人在发运货物时缮制的,包含发票、买方、收货人、原产国、船舶或航班细节、装运港或装运机场和卸货港、交货地、唛头、集装箱编号以及货物的重量和体积等内容。
其首要目的是给出所运货物的一份清单,并且出于清关的需要,海关常常要求(出示)此单据。
在货物的整个运输过程中,装箱单和承运人单据伴随货物一起发运。
装运货物本身一般附有一份装箱单,另一份直接寄送给收货人以协助其收货时核对货物。
当前,在跟单信用证体系下,海关与银行都强制要求提供装箱单。
发票发票是由卖方出具给买方的有关出售货物的单证。
在国际贸易中主要使用以下四种发票:商业发票、领事发票、形式发票和海关发票。
商业发票是由出口商出具给进口商的,它提供了有关交易的详细情况,构成了进出口商之间交易的基础。
它是国际贸易中所使用的最重要的单证之一。
它主要作为进口商核对费用和所发运货物的依据,用以确定征收海关关税的商品的价值,以及准备领事单据、保险索赔和包装事项。
在某些情况下,如果它是手写的,而且包括交易的具体细节,那它可形成一份销售合同。
领事发票是由驻在出口国的进口国领事证实的有关货物的出口发票。
这种发票被某些进口国的海关要求用作验证进口商品价值、数量和性质,以便能课以正确的进口关税。
通常要求同时提供原产地证书。
这类发票必须从进口国驻在出口国的领事馆购买,而且通常使用进口国的语言。