中级口译1

第一讲：

一 切分division

英语中长较多, 句中修饰语多且长，使句子结构复杂，所以英译汉时，不能照样克隆复制，而是得根据汉语语法的特点，灵活处理。切分法效即在此，把英语中的长句分解成两个或两个以上的句子。这是翻译考试中最常见的考察点，即原文中的一个词或短语很难照原样处理，有必要将其单独译成一个句子，或者是将一个长句一分为二，切分成两个句子，常见技巧是把原句中的一个单词或短语译成句子：

1．单词分译

a And a growing minority of western intellectuals agreed.

越来越多的西方只是分子当时接受这种看法，虽然从数量上来说他们仍是少数。

b When we two countries established our friendly and cooperative relations, we did so on the understanding that we would develop our friendship on the basis of five principles of peaceful.

当我们两国建立友好合作关系时，是基于这样一种认识，即我们要在和平共处五项原则的基础上发展我们的友谊。

c. We recognize that China's long-term modernization program understandably and necessarily emphasizes economic growth.
我们认识到，中国的长期现代化计划以发展经济为重点，这是可以理解的，也是必要的。





2007年3月的真题

c The shape of the world is changing almost as dramatically as this city’s skyline.

世界面貌正在发生引人注目的变化，其变化之快几乎就好像这座城市的空中轮廓。

d. The Chinese scientists in Zhangjiang High-Tech Park are understandably proud of their achievements.

这些在张江高科技园工作的中国科学家们对他们取得的成就感到很自豪，这是可以理解的。

e. They，not surprisingly，did not respond at all．

他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。



再如：(形容词→单句)

a. That region was the most clearly identifiable trouble spot．

那个地区是个麻烦的地方，这是大家都容易看得出来的。

b. Then and there he named the startled General lying wounded on his cot the new Commander in Chief of the Air force…
他就在当时当地任命这位躺在榻上治伤的将军为空军总司令，使这位将军吃了一惊。



c. Yet it is painfully apparent that millions of Americans, who would never think of themselves as law-breakers, let alone criminals, are taking increasing liberties with the legal codes that are designed to protect and nourish their society. ?
显然，数百万美国人从来没有想过自己会违法，更不用说犯罪了，而就是他们正在越来越肆意歪曲旨在保护和培育这个社会的法律条文，这真令人痛心。
（原文中painfully apparent如照字面译成"痛心地明显的"，不合汉语表达习惯，将painfully单译成句，既突出了重点，表明作者对这一现象感到痛

心的心情，又使语言自然流畅。）

d. At present people have a tendency to choose the safety of the middle-ground reply.
现在，人们都倾向于采取不偏不倚的态度来回答问题，因为它安全，不招风险。
（choose the safety of the middle-ground reply如机械直译成"选择不偏不倚回答问题的安全"，语言晦涩难懂。将safety分译出来则较好地解决了这一问题。）

e. Auntie Julia vainly asked each of her neighbours in turn to tell her what Gabriel had said.
朱利亚姨妈接连向坐在旁边的人打听加布里埃尔刚才说了些什么，却没有问出个所以然来。



2短语分译 分词短语→单句

短语分译是指把原文中的一个短语分译成一个句子。名词短语、分词短语、介词短语等有时都可以分译成句。例如：

a. They were at home in the home of their friends，moving confidently without fear．

他们在朋友家里感到自在，行动时心里踏实，无忧无虑。

b. Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness and choking the shadows．

阳光照在所能透过的地方，赶走了黑暗，驱散了幽影。

c. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed，a universally accepted law．

能量既不能创造也不能被消灭，这是一条普遍公认的规律。

e. The military is forbidden to kill the vessel, a relatively easy task.
军方被禁止击毁这艘潜艇，虽然要击毁它并不怎么费事。(名词短语分译)



3句子分译
句子分译可以分为简单句的分译、并列复合句的分译、主从复合句的分译以及其他情况

的分译。
a. Daybreak comes with thick mist and drizzle.
黎明时分，大雾弥漫，细雨蒙蒙。
b. But another round of war in the region clearly would put strains on international

relations.

但是，如果该地区再次发生战争，显然会使国际关系处于紧张状态。

c. One day, while out on the bleak moors, Pip is startled by a hulking, menacing man who threatens him if he does not bring him some food immediately.
匹普外出在阴冷的荒原上游荡时，一个魁梧、凶狠的男子把他吓了一跳。这个男子威胁他，让他立即为他送些食物来。（在who引导的从句前切分）

d. Then we are faced with a choice between using technology to provide and fulfill needs which have hitherto been regarded as unnecessary or , on the other hand, using technology to reduce the number of hours of work which a man must do in order to earn a given standard of living.

于是我们面临着一种选择：要么利用技术来提供并满足迄今为止一直被视为并无必要的各种要求，要么利用技术来缩短人们为了维持一定的生活水准而必须工作的时间。

真题分析 1999.3

On August 6,1997, when 55,000 people gathered in Hiroshima to commemorate the 46th anniversary of the devastating bombing that kille

d an estimated 140,000 people and brought World War II to a sudden halt , the city's newly elected mayor broke with tradition by adding a few uncustomary lines to the annual Peace Declaration .

（译文参照书本）



练习：

1. A very important world problem-in fact, I am inclined to say it is the most important of all the great world problems which face us at the present time—is the rapid increasing pressure of population on land and on land resources.

一个十分重要的世界性问题---事实上；我想说明一下，这乃是我们目前所面临的所有世界性重大问题中至关重要的一个---那便是人口剧增对土地和土地资源所造成的日甚一日的压力。

2. You must fix in mind the symbols and formulae, definitions and laws of physics, no matter how complex they may be when you come in contact with them, in order that you may understand the subject better and lay a solid foundation for further study.

你必须牢记那些符号/公式/定义及定律, 无论如何复杂, 当你使用他们的时候, 为的是让你更能了解到题目的主旨,并且为进一步研究奠定基础.

3. But I confess our present educational system excites in my mind grave misgivings, which I cannot believe is the best or even reasonable, a system that thrusts upon reluctant and uncomprehending multitudes treasures which can only be appreciated by the privileged and gifted few.

但我得说目前的教育制度让我忧心忡忡，我认为这不是一种最佳的制度，甚至不是合理的制度。一些文学珍品只能为少数特权人物和天才人物所欣赏，我们的制度却把这些作品推向了大众，而这些人既不愿意读，又读不懂。





4其他情况的分译
有些长句的翻译得根据具体情况、意群的分布等进行灵活处理，合理进行切分，使译文层次分明，观点明确。例如：
a. Suddenly the door bursts open and the Time Traveler appears, dirty, disheveled,

and bedraggled, with a nasty cut on his chin.
突然，门猛然开了，时间旅行家出现。他十分肮脏，衣冠不整，满身是泥，下巴颏被严重划伤。（在appear后切分）

b. The boy and the woman were already seated by spread table-cloth when the man came down to them, dressed in his business suit and vest and tie and hat as if he expected to meet someone along the way.
等到男人走过来时，女人和孩子早已挨着地上铺开的桌布边坐好了。男人身穿上班的套装和背心，系着领带，戴着帽子，似乎估计路上会遇到什么人似的。（分词短语前切分）



二 词义甄别

接触译文第一步即是对词义的理解和翻译。而原文词义的辨析和译语用此的精选是英汉翻译的主要切入点。如例：

a. The 20th century overthrew our inherited ideas about logic, language, learning, mathematics, economics and even space and time. It is a century of grea

t idea, and of great human minds.

二十一世纪推翻了我们旧的概念（观念？），关于逻辑、语言、学习、数学、经济学、甚至是空间和时间的概念。这是一个伟大思想发现的世纪，是一个思想巨人的时代。

b. We all have a stake in building peace and prosperity, and in confronting threats that respects no borders-terrorism and drug trafficking, disease and environmental destruction.

缔造和平与繁荣，抵御无视别国的诸多威胁-恐怖主义和毒品走私，疾病以及环境破坏。在这些问题上我们有着共同的厉害关系。

c. We expect an emergence of an honest government 廉政



1997.3真题

But just as all nations can benefit from the promise of this new world, not nation is immune to

its perils.

正如世界各国都能得益于这个崭新世界所带来的美好期望，同样，也没有一个国家能免遭其负面作用的危害。



1997.9 汉译英

数以万计的中外客商云集申城。

Hundreds of thousands of domestic and foreign businessmen swarm into Shanghai to attend the annual ECECTF.

Swarm into/ flood into/Pour into/snow in

a. 大量难民涌入了巴基斯坦。

A lot of refugees flooded into Pakistan.

b. 19世纪有大批的人涌入南非去淘金。

Many people poured into South Africa for gold rush in the 19C.

c. 在她生日那天，信函和礼物像雪片一样飞来。

Letters and presents snowed in on her birthday.







三．增词

英汉两种语言由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的增加，使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格，又能符合译入语的表达习惯。但是增词必须是根据具体情况增加非增加不可的词语。增词一般用于以下三种情况：最常见是为了语法上的需要；其次是为了意义上的需要；最后为了修辞上的需要。
a. A stream was winding its ways through the valley into the river.
一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇到江里去了。

b. But just as all nations can benefit from the promise of this new world, no nation is immune to its perils.

正如世界各国都能得益于这个崭新世界所带来的美好期望，同样，也没有一个国家能免遭其负面作用的危害。

c. In every Chinese city, we got into the streets, shops, parks, theatres and restaurants.

在中国，我们每到一个城市就遛大街、逛商店、游公园、看演出、吃名菜。

d. He is a complicated man—moody, mercurial, with a melancholy streak.

他是一个性格复杂的人—喜怒无常，反复多变，有些犹豫寡欢。

e. I was extremely worried about her, but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument.
我真替他万分担忧，但此时此地既不宜教训她一番，也不宜与她争论一通。

f. The spirit of the Thanksgiving holiday pr

omotes life, friendship, closeness and family unity.

感恩节的宗旨就是提升生活，增进友谊，凝聚关系和团结家庭。

g. The problems are enormous, but many experts believe that the situation is not helpless.

这些问题极为严重，但很多专家认为情况还没有到绝望的地步。



英语中常用省略句，翻译时要根据汉语的表达习惯，作些适当的增补。例如

h. She ate little. Food sickened her, and I think much of life too.
她吃得很少；她厌恶食物，我觉得她也厌恶生活。

i. Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.
勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；疼爱过度，即成溺爱；俭约过度，即成贪婪。

（增补被省掉的in excess becomes）



为了修辞上的需要

为了使译文优美自如、活泼生动或是得到强调，有时有必要重复某些词语或是增加适当的描

述词、语气助词、重叠词、承上启下的词、概括词。例如：

a. Poor little tender heart! And so it goes on hoping and beating, and longing and trusting.
可怜这温柔的小姑娘，一颗心抖簌簌的跳个不停，她左盼右盼，一直想念情人，对他深信不疑。（译文并没有将"hoping and beating"简单地译为"盼望着、跳动着"，而是增加了一些描述性的词语来描写少女思念情人的心情，使人如见其人、如听其声，产生了一种可触可摸的立体感觉。）

b. Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed healths.
他们的主人,（又是）割啊，（又是）倒啊，（又是）上菜啊，（又是）切面包啊，（又是）说啊，（又是）笑啊，（又是）敬酒啊，忙个不停。（增加语气助词和概括词语）

c. Only very slight and very scattering ripples of half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him.
欢迎他的只有几下轻轻地、零零落落、冷冷淡淡的掌声。

d. And her thoughtfulness! If the night was anyway cold or wet or windy there was sure to be a little tumbler of punch ready for him.
她多体贴啊！要是哪天夜里较阴冷、潮湿、或是刮风，她必定要斟好一杯混合甜饮料，等着他来畅饮。(原文And her thoughtfulness!是个感叹句，翻译时增加了副词"多"、语气助词"啊"，准确地传达了原文的句式和语气。)





真题练习 1999.9

And to feel the vibrations of music, of the radio, or the movement of lips.

学习去感觉 （受）由音乐、收音机、（人的）嘴唇嚅动 （所）发出的颤动的原因。

学习去感受旋律的扬抑，收音机里的节目的声波，亦或说话时嘴唇嚅动发出的轻颤声。



四．独立主格结构和非谓语动词类状语从句在汉译英中的妙用

在关于人物或情感描写的记叙文当中，适当正确的应用独立主格结构可以达到语言地道、流畅、一

气呵成的效果。本篇就基于1997年3月的汉翻英真题对此表述进行比较。

1. 小孩很快被抱到床上，手臂用酒精消毒后，针就扎了进去。整个过程中，他僵直的躺着，静静的没有出声。

The kid was quickly laid on a bed, his arm cleaned with alcohol, and the needle inserted into his arm. Through all of his he lay stiff and silent.



2. I made my way through the food line and tiptoed to a table.

我好不容易排队取了食物，然后踮起脚到一张桌子前坐下。



make/ find /press/fight one’s way to (找到/挤向去/杀出一条去…的路)



3. 现在，偶尔的抽泣变成持续无声的哭泣了，他紧紧的笔者眼睛，用拳头堵着嘴，尽力忍着哭泣。

But now his occasional sob turned to a steady, silent crying, his eyes held tightly shut, his fist in his mouth trying to stop his sobs.



4. 我走进凯特的房间，她坐在椅子上，一动不动，手放在膝上，目光呆滞。我握着她的双手说：“卡特，我是菲利斯”

I went to Kate’s room. She sat in her chair, motionless, hands in her lap, staring. Taking her hands in mine, I said…



5. Two young lovers smiling through the passing seasons. How lovely they looked now, sitting there, the light shining on their white heads, their time-wrinkled faces smiling at the memories of the years, caught and held forever in the scrapbooks.

两个年轻的恋人面带笑容，相互依伴渡过那么多个春秋。他们现在坐在哪儿，光线洒在他们白发苍苍的头上，他们那饱经沧桑而布满皱纹的脸上荡漾着对往事回忆的笑容，一切往事都被相机拍摄下来，并永久性的保留在剪贴簿上，这个时候的他们看起来真的很可爱。