广东医科大学病理生理学2018年考博真题考博试卷
病理生理学简答题(考博)
1 ．简述各种原因使血管内皮细胞损伤引起DIC 的机制。
缺氧、酸中毒、抗原一抗体复合物、严重感染、内毒素等原因，可损伤血管内皮细胞，内皮细胞受损可产生如下作用：(1)促凝作用增强，主要是因为：①损伤的血管内皮细胞可释放TF ，启动凝血系统，促凝作用增强；②带负电荷的胶原暴露后可通过F Ⅻa 激活内源性凝血系统。
(2)血管内皮细胞的抗凝作用降低。
主要表现在：①TM ／PC 和HS ／AT Ⅲ系统功能降低；②产生的TFPI 减少。
(3) 血管内皮细胞的纤溶活性降低，表现为：血管内皮细胞产生tPA 减少，而PAI-1 产生增多。
(4) 血管内皮损伤使NO 、PGI 2 、ADP 酶等产生减少，抑制血小板粘附、聚集的功能降低，促进血小板粘附、聚集。
(5) 胶原的暴露可使F Ⅻ激活，可进一步激活激肽系统、补体系统等。
激肽和补体产物(C 3a 、C 5a ) 也可促进DIC 的发生2 ．简述严重感染导致DIC 的机制。
①内毒素及严重感染时产生的TNFα、IL-l 等细胞因子作用于内皮细胞可使TF 表达增加；而同时又可使内皮细胞上的TM、HS的表达明显减少，这样一来，血管内皮细胞表面的原抗凝状态变为促凝状态；②内毒素可损伤血管内皮细胞，暴露胶原，使血小板粘附、活化、聚集并释放ADP、TXA 2 等，进一步促进血小板的活化、聚集，促进微血栓的形成。
此外，内毒素也可通过激活PAF，促进血小板的活化、聚集；③严重感染时释放的细胞因子可激活白细胞，激活的白细胞可释放蛋白酶和活性氧等炎症介质，损伤血管内皮细胞，并使其抗凝功能降低；④产生的细胞因子可使血管内皮细胞产生tPA 减少，而PAI-1 产生增多。
使生成血栓的溶解障碍，也与微血栓的形成有关。
总之，严重感染时，由于机体凝血功能增强，抗凝及纤溶功能不足，血小板、白细胞激活等，使凝血与抗凝功能平衡紊乱，促进微血栓的形成，导致DIC的发生、发展。
4 ．简述引起APC 抵抗的原因及其机制。
河北医科大学病理学2018年考博真题试卷
3.慢性肾小球肾炎、慢性肾小管肾炎区别。
4.癌性增生和反应性增生区别。
5.写出4种肠道溃疡性疾病，并列举一种的病理表现。
6.动脉粥样硬化病理过程、并发症及临床表现。
7.肺癌大体分型、组织分型。
河北医科大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
河北医科大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1. granulomatous inflammation
2.革囊胃
3.泡沫细胞
4.心衰细胞
5.鬼影细胞
6. Tuberculoma
7. Fibrillous/Vegetation
8.坏疽
9. Metaplasia/dysplasia
10.软化灶
11.陷窝细胞
12.Байду номын сангаас轨征
13.原位癌
14.逆行性栓塞
15.肺肉质变
16.再生
17.嗜酸性小体
18. Sarcoma
19.肾病综合征
20.伪膜性炎
二、简答题
1.病毒性肝炎病理特征与临床表现。
中山大学病理生理学2015--2019年考博真题
1.Cell signal transduction
2.Hepatic insufficiency
3.paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
4.hypovolemic shock
二、简答题
1.试述应激时下丘脑垂体-肾上腺皮质体统对机体的影响。
2.试述休克和DIC的关系。
4、myocardial stunning
二、问答题（20分*4题=80分）
1.肝性脑病相关的神经递质种类及其导致肝性脑病的机制。
2.长期高血压引起心脏衰竭的发病机制。
3.全身适应性综合征各期的神经内分泌变化及其生理效应。
4.试述细胞信号转导异常引起霍乱的机制。
中山大学
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
4.热休克蛋白
5.APC抵抗
二、论述题
1.氨在肝性脑病中对神经递质的影像。
2.慢性肾脏病合并高血压的机制。
3.代谢性酸中毒对循环系统的影像。
4.休克早起（代偿期）微循环的特点及其机制，以及对心脏、肾脏、脑功能的影像。
中山大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理生理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（每题5分，共20分）
1.renal osteodystrophy
2.hepatic encephalopathy
3.recessive edema
4.non-reflow phenomenon
二、简答题（每题20分，共80分）
1.心衰代偿反应时血容量增加的机制及对机体的意义。
2.DIC引起出血的机制。
3.ARDS患者为什么常出现I型呼吸衰竭。
暨南大学病理学2012,2018年考博真题
5.假小叶
6.早期胃癌
7.瘢痕修复
8.桥接坏死
9.肺肉质变
10.RS细胞
二、问答题
1.恶性高血压的病理特征。
2.炎症的类型及相关病理特点并举例说明。
3.糖尿病肾病病理改变。
4.霍奇金淋巴瘤病理分型。
5.乳腺癌。
6.酒精性肝炎的病理改变。
医学考博
历年真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
暨南大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
论述题：
1、肝细胞体积增大，胞浆空泡状，最常见原因是什么，什么检测方法确定胞浆性质？请举例说明
2、冠心病基本病理变化，其并发症，详细阐述其病理生理机制
3、阐述肾小球肾炎的病理分类，并论述其发病机制
4、白血病免疫分型意义，式1000字）
暨南大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1.粉刺癌
2.结核结节
3.冠心病
2018年全国医学统考考博英语真题与答案
2018 年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题试卷一 (Paper One)Part I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once, after you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B ● D Now let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. On campus B. At he dentist’sC.At the pharmacyD. In the laboratory2. A. Pain B. Weakness C. Fatigue D. Headache3. A. Their weird behavior at school.B. Their superior cleverness over others’.C. Their tendency to have learning difficulty.D. Their reluctance to switch to right handedness.4. A. John will be angry. B. John will be disappointed.C. John will be attracted.D. John will be frightened.5. A. Th ey’re quite normal. B. They’re not available.C. They came unexpected.D. They need further explanation.6. A. He knows so little about Lady GagaB. He has met Lady Gaga before.C. He should have known Lady GagaD. He is a big fan of Lady Gaga.C. In the emergency room.D. On their way to the hospital8. A. Health care B. Health reformC. Health educationD. Health maintenance9. A. Learning to act intuitively.B. Learning to argue academically.C. Learning to be critical of oneself.D. Learning to think critically and reason10. A. She is a pharmacist. B. She is a medical doctor.C. She is a scientist in robotics.D. She is a pharmacologist.11. A. She’s pessimistic about the future.B. She’s pessimistic about the far future.C. She’s optimistic about the far future.D. She’s optimistic about the near future.12. A. Negligence may put a patient in danger.B. Patients must listen to doctors and nurses.C. Qualified doctors and nurses are in bad need.D. Patients should be careful about choosing the right hospital.13. A. The man works at eh ER.B. The man can do nothing but wait.C. The woman’s condition is critical.D. The woman is a capable paramedic.14. A. A gynecologist. B. A psychologistC. A neurologist.D. A nephrologist.15. A. She has only one friend.B. She isolates herself from others.C. She suffers from a chronic disease.D. She is jobless and can’t find a job.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.DialogueQuestions 16-20 are based on the following dialogue.16. A. Because she couldn’t do other jobs well.B. Because it was her dream since childhood.C. Because she was fed up with all her previous jobs.D. Because two professors found talent in her and inspired her to do it.17. A. The Self/Nonself Model B. The Danger ModelC. The vaccination theoryD. The immunological theory18. A. Being overactive B. Being mutantC. Being selectiveD. Being resistant19. A. It can help cure most cancers.B. It can help develop new drugs.C. It can help most genetic diseases.D. It can help change the nature of medicine.20. A. We should ignore the resistance.B. We should have the model improved.C. We should have the experiments on animals.D. We should move from animals to human.Passage One21. A. The profits form medical tourism.B.The trendy phenomenon of medical tourism.C.The soaring health care costs around the word.D.The steps to take in developing medical tourism22. A. Affordable costs B. Low pace of livingC. Five-star treatmentD. Enjoyable health vacation23. A. It is a$100 billion business already.B. It is growing along with medical tourism.C. Its costs are skyrocketing with medical tourism.D. It offers more medical options than western medicine.24. A. To set up a website for blogging about medical tourism.B. To modify our lifestyles and health behaviors.C. To buy and affordable medical insurance.D. To explore online to get well informed.25. A. A travel brochure.B. A lecture on medical tourism.C. A chapter of a medical textbook.D. A webpage promotional material.Passage TwoQuestions 26-30 are based on the following passage.26. A. Song sparrows take good care of their babies.B. Young song sparrows back the skills and experience of their parents.C. There are different kind of song sparrows in different seasons.D. Young and old song sparrows experience climate change different.27. A. In the warmer spring B. In the hottest summerC. In the coolest autumnD. In the coldest winter28. A. Because they lack the skill and experience to find food.B. Because they have not developed a strong body yet.C. Because they cannot endure the unusual heat.D. Because they cannot find enough food.29. A. They are less sensitive to the effect of climate change thanks to their parents.B. They are quick to develop strong bodies to encounter climate change.C. They experience food insufficiency due to climate change.D. They are as sensitive to climate change as the juveniles.30. A. Body size B. Migration routeC. Food preferenceD. Population growthPart Ⅱ Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.The medical team discussed their shared ____to eliminating this curable disease.A.obedienceB. susceptibilityC. inclinationD. dedication32. Many of us are taught from an early age that the grown-up response to pain, weakness, oremotional_____is to ignore it, to tough it out.A. TurmoilB. rebellionC. temptationD. relaxation33. Those depressed kids seem to care little about others,____communication and indulge in theirown worlds.A. put downB. shut downC. settle downD. break down34. The school board attached great emphasis to____ in students a sense of modesty and a sense ofcommunity.A. dilutingB. inspectingC. instillingD. disillusioning35. Our brain is very good at filtering out sensory information that is not______to what we need tobe attending to.A. pertinentB. permanentC. precedentD. prominent36. New studies have found a rather____correlation between the presence of small particles andboth obesity and diabetes.A. collaboratingB. comprehendingC. compromisingD. convincing37. We must test our____about what to include in the emulation and at what level at detail.A. intelligenceB. imitationsC. hypothesisD. precautions.38. We must____the problem____, which is why our map combines both brain structure andfunction measurements at large scale and high resolution.A. set...backB. take...overC. pull...inD. break...down39. Asthma patient doesn’t need continuous treatment because his symptoms are rather____thanpersistent.A. intermittentB. precedentC. dominantD. prevalent40. It is simply a fantastic imagination to_____that one can master a foreign language overnight.A. conceiveB. concealC. convertD. conform Section BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. The truly competent physician is the one who sits down, senses the “mystery”of anotherhuman beings, and often the simple gifts of personal interest and understanding.A. imaginableB. capableC. sensibleD. humble42. The physician often perceived that treatment was initiated by the patient.A. conservedB. theorizedC. realizedD. persisted43. Large community meals might have served to lubricate social connections and alleviatedtensions.A. facilitateB. intimidateC. terminateD. mediate44. Catalase activity reduced glutathione and Vitamin E levels were decreased exclusively insubjects with active disease.A. definitelyB. trulyC. simplyD. solely45. Ocular anomalies were frequently observed in this cohort of offspring born after in vitrofertilization.A. FetusesB. descendantsC. seedsD. orphans46. Childhood poverty should be regarded as the single greatest public health menace facing ourchildren.A. breachB. griefC. threatD. abuse47. A distant dream would be to deliberately set off quakes to release tectonic stress in a controlledway.A. definitelyB. desperatelyC. intentionallyD. identically48. Big challenges still await companies converting carbon dioxide to petrol.A. applyingB. relatingC. relayingD. transforming49. Concern have recently been voiced that the drugs elicit unexpected cognitive side effects, suchas memory loss, fuzzy thinking and learning difficulties.A. ensueB. encounterC. impedeD. induce50. A leaf before the eye shuts out Mount Tai, which means having one’s view of the importantovershadowed by the trivial.A. insignificantB. insufficientC. substantialD. unexpectedPart ⅢCloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEIET.The same benefits and drawbacks are found when using CT scanning to detect lung cancer—the three-dimensional imaging, improve detection of disease but creates hundreds of images that increase a radiologist’s workload, which, 51 , can result in missed positive scans.Researchers at University of Chicago Pritizker School of Medicine presented 52 data on a CAD (computer-aided diagnosis) program they’ve designed that helps radiologist spot lung cancer 53 CT scanning. Their study was 54 by the NIH and the university.In the study, CAD was applied to 32 low-dose CT scanning with a total of 50 lung nodules, 38 of which were biopsy-confirmed lung cancer that were not found during initial clinical exam. 55 the 38 missed cancers,15 were the result of interpretation error (identifying an image but 56 it as non cancerous) and 23 57 observational error(not identifying the cancerous image).CAD found 32 of the 38 previously missed cancers (84% sensitivity), with false-positive 58 of 1.6 per section.Although CAD improved detection of lung ca ncer, it won’t replace radiologists, said Sgmuel G Armato, PhD, lead author of the study.” The computer is not perfect,”Armato said.” It will miss some cancers and call some things cancer that 59 . The radiologists can identify normal anatomy that the computer may 60 something suspicious. It’s a spell-checker of sorts, or a second opinion.51.A. in common B. in turn C. in one D. in all52.A. preliminary B. considerate C. deliberate D. ordinary53.A. being used B. to use C. using D. use54.A. investigated B. originated C. founded D. funded55.A. From B. Amid C. Of D. In56.A. disseminating B. degenerating C. dismissing D. deceiving57.A. were mistaken for B. were attributed to C. result in D. gave away to58.A. mortalities B. incidences C. images D. rates59.A. don’t B. won’t C. aren’t D. wasn’t60.A. stand for B. search for C. account for D. mistake forPart Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneWhen Tony Wagner, the Harvard education specialist, describes his job today, he says he’s“a translator between two hostile tribes”—the education world and the business world, the people who teach our kids and the people who give them jobs. Wagner’s ar gument in his book “Creating Innovations: The Making of Young People Who Wil l Change the World” is that our K-12 and college tracks are not consistently “adding the value and teaching the skills that matter most in themarketplace.”This is dangerous at a time when there is increasingly to such things as a high-wage, middle-skilled job—the thing that sustained the middle class in the last generation. Now, there is only a high-wage, high-skilled job. Every middle-class job today is being pulled up, out or down faster than ever. That is, it either requires more skill or can be done by more people around the world or is being buried made obsolete faster than ever. Which is why the goal of education today, argues Wagner, should not be to make every child “college ready” but “innovation ready”—ready to add value to whatever they do.That is a tall task. I tracked Wagner down and asked him to elaborate. “Today,” he said via e-mail,” because knowledge is available on every Internet-connected device, what you know matters far less than what you can do with what you know. The capacity to innovate—the ability to solve problems creatively or bring new possibilities to life and skills like critical thinking，communication and collaboration are far more important than acade mic knowledge. As one executive told me, “We can teach new hires the content. And we will have to because it continues to change, but we can’t teach them how to think—to ask the right questions—and to take initiative.”My generation had it easy. We got to “find” a job. But, more than ever, our kids will have to “invent” a job. Sure, the lucky ones will find their first job, but, given the pace of change today, even they will have to reinvent, re-engineer and reimagine that job much often than their parents if they want to advance in it.“Finland is one of the most innovative economics in the world,”Wagner said,” and it is the only country where students leave high school ‘innovation-ready.’ They lea rn concepts and creativity more than facts, and have a choice of many elective—all with a shorter school day, little homework, and almost no testing. There are a growing number of “reinvented”colleges like the Olin College of Engineering, the M.I.T. Media L ab and the “D-school” Stanford where students learn to innovate.”61.In his book, Wagner argues that _____.A.the education world is hostile to our kidsB.the business world is hostile to those seeking jobsC.the business world is too demanding on the education worldD.the education world should teach what the marketplace demands62. What does the “tall task” refer to in the third paragraph?A. Sustaining the middle class.B. Saving high-wage, middle-skilled jobs.C. Shifting from “college ready” in “innovation ready.”D. Preventing middle-class jobs from becoming obsolete fast.63. What is mainly expressed in Wagner’s e-mail?A. New hires should be taught the content rather than the ways of thinking.B. Knowledge is more readily available on Internet-connected devices.C. Academic knowledge is still the most important to teach.D. Creativity and skills matter more than knowledge.64. What is implied in the fourth paragraph?A. Jobs favor the lucky ones in every generation.B. Jobs changed slowly in the autho r’s generation.C. The author’s generation led an easier life than their kids.D. It was easy for the author’s generation to find their first job.65. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A. to orient future educationB. to exemplify the necessary shift in educationC. to draw a conclusion about the shift in educationD. to criticize some colleges for their practices in educationPassage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant and marine life and economic activity in Canada’s North are important to the country’s future, says Kent Moore, and atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research has already found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（浮游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. “Animal behavio r can evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade, rather than hundreds of years,” says Moore,“Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly.”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies—will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. “The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft, and they’re easier to deploy,” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will_____.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67. To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage,the international study ____.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate change.C. involves so many countries for different investigationsD. is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he says, “Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly,” what does Moore mean bythat quick?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D. The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic_____.A. becomes more difficult than ever before.B. is likely to build a novel economy in the region.C. will surely lower the average world temperature.D. needs the research-based supporting information.70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will_____.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do now.B. get more data to be required for their research.C. use more novel technologies in research.D. conduct their research at a regular basis.Passage ThreeSkilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential as the basis of the disease diagnosis and management, aided by investigations such as radiological or biochemical tests. Technological advances over the past few decades mean that such investigations now can be refined, or even replaced in some cases, by the measurement of genetic or genomic biomarkers. The molecular characteristics of a disorder or the genetic make-up of an individual can fine tune a diagnosis and inform its management. These new capabilities, often termed “stratified（分层的）” or “personalized” medicine, are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery.Genetic medicine, which uses genetic or genomic biomarkers in this way, has, until recently, been the province of a small minority of specialized physicians who have used it to diagnose or assess risk of inherited disease. Recognition that most disease has a genetic component, the development and application of new genetic tests to identify important disease subsets and the availability of cost-effective interventions mean that genetic medicine must be integrated more widely across healthcare services. In order to optimize benefit equitably across the population, physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working.Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect, so that genetic medicine is incorporated into mainstream specialties. For some clinicians, particularly those involved in clinical research, these advances are already a reality.However, a sizable majority do not yet recognize the relevance of genetics for their clinical practice, perceiving genetic conditions to be rare and untreatable. Maximizing genomic opportunities also means being aware of their limitations, media portrayals that indicate that genetic information gives clear-cut answers are often unrealistic. Indeed, knowing one’s entire genomic seq uence is no the crystal ball of our future that many hope it to be，and physicians will need to be more familiar with what is hype（鼓吹）and what is reality for the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine to be successful.Finally, both professional and public should have a realistic view of what is possible. Although the discovery of genetic risk factors in common diseases such as heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms, the predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low. Developments in bioinformatics will need to evolve considerably before the identification of a particular combination of genetic variants in an individual will have clinical utility for them.71.Which of the following statements does the author most probably agree with?A.Personalized medicine will greatly change the practice of medicine.B.Genetic biomarkers have been largely refined over the past.C.Physical examination remains essential in tine tuning a diagnosis.D.Clinical history-taking is no longer important in the genetic era.72.What, according to the second paragraph, can be said of genetic medicine?A. It can offer solutions to all inherited diseases.B. It has been widely recognized among the physicians.C. It necessitates adaptation of the healthcare community.D. It is monopolized by a small minority of specialized physicians.73. The future of the genomic technologies, for the most part, lies in_____.A. the greater potential of treating rare diseasesB. the greater efforts in the relevant clinical researchC. the greater preparedness of the physicians to employ themD. the greater publicity of their benefits in the media portrayals74. In the last paragraph, the author cautions against_____.A. underestimation of the importance of the genetic risk factorsB. unrealistic expectation of the genetic predicative powerC. abuse of genetic medicine in treating common diseasesD. unexpected evolution of the bioinformatics.75. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?A. Genetic medicine should be the mainstream option for physicians.B. Genetic medicine poses great challenges to medical practice.C. Genetic medicine will exert great influence on medicine.D. Genetic medicine is defined as “stratified” medicine.Passage FourMisconduct is a word that is always on professors’ minds. Incidents in the news tend to describe the most serious violations of scientific standards, such as plagiarism for fabricating data. But these high-profile infractions（违法）occur relatively rarely. Much more frequent are forms of misconduct that occur as part of the intimate relationship between a faculty member and a student.Faculty members don’t need to commit egregious acts such as sexual harass ment or appropriation of students’work to fail in their responsibility to their charges. Being generally negligent as teachers and mentors should also be seen as falling down on the job.What we found most interesting was how respondents had less vehement（强烈的）reactions to a host of questionable behaviors. In particular, they said that faculty members should avoid neglectful teaching and mentoring. These included routinely being late for classes, frequently skipping appointments with advisees, showing favoritism to some students, ignoring those whose interests diverged from their own, belittling colleagues in front of students, providing little or no feedback on students’ theses or dissertations, and take on more graduate advisees than they could handle.The vast majority of US faculty members have simply not been taught how to teach. And these responses suggest that they are subjecting young scientists-in-training to the same neglect.To address this systemic issue, we must do a better job of exposing the current and next generations of scientists to the rules of proper mentoring through seminars. For instance, on online modules. The societies of academic disciplines, institutions and individual departments can play a big part here, by developing codes of conduct and clear mechanisms for students report violations.The most serious behaviors are relatively easy to spot and address, but “inadequate teaching”can be subjective. Still, if universities establish specific rules for academics to follow, real patterns of abuse will be easier to find. For instance, these rules could stipulate that professors must return substantive feedback on drafts within 15 days, provide more than just negative feedback during a student’s oral defense of their thesis, or be availa ble regularly to answer questions.To deal with faculty members who consistently fall short, universities should establish teaching-integrity committees, similar to the research-integrity committees that handle issues of scientific misconduct. These could receive reports from students and decide what action to take, either by following a due process laid out in the faculty manual, or simply by adopting the same process as that of other committees, such as for tenure applications.76.What is implied in the first two paragraphs?A. The misconducts are widely exposed in the news.。
考博病理生理学问答题
1. 肿瘤相关基因种类，概念。
分别举一例说明其在肿瘤发生，发展中的作用机制2. 化学致癌物的分类，其致突变和致癌的分子机制3. 缺血 -在灌注损伤的机制4. 尿毒症的发病机制1，热休克蛋白2，全身炎症反应综合征3，左心衰各期呼吸改变4，再灌注时自由基生成机制1、检测细胞抗原的主要技术方法及原理，举例说明。
2、染色质和染色体的结构，举例说明其在疾病状态下常见异常。
3、IHC 原理，方法和常见问题，举例说明其应用。
4、microRNA 的分子学功能及调控，请举例说明其异常与疾病的关系。
5、细胞生长与死亡的主要分子路径，举例说明其研究方法。
6、举例说明分子异常与疾病的关系，举例设计研究方案。
7、8 题是实验分析题，给一组图分析结果。
1. 肿瘤相关基因种类，概念。
分别举一例说明其在肿瘤发生，发展中的作用机制2.化学致癌物的分类，其致突变和致癌的分子机制 3.缺血-在灌注损伤的机制 4.尿毒症的发病机制1、基因突变的遗传方式及与疾病的关系2、恶性肿瘤细胞膜变化的意义3、解释“瘤基因 - 抑瘤基因学说”4、巨噬细胞在动粥中的作用5、胆汁成分变化在胆石形成中的意义6、胃粘膜的保护因素机制7、血小板激活时的功能变化及机制8、靶细胞脱敏的机制， G- 蛋白与靶细胞脱敏的关系9、心肌缺血坏死的超微结构该编辑部可逆坏死的机制1、染色体畸变及发生机制2、受体病的分类，试举一例说明3、消化性溃疡的发病机制4、胆汁淤积对机体的影响5、肺动脉高压的分类6、ET、ON 的生理学作用7、肿瘤病毒的致瘤机制8、血浆粘度升高的原因9、内皮功能与血栓形成的关系1、如何用峰流率来评价气道高反应性2、肺栓塞的病理与病理生理3、胸腔积液产生的新旧机制4、支气管哮喘的发病机制5、卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎的发病机制6、结节病的发病机制7、通气机相关性肺炎的病理与病理生理1、 LDL和HDL在动脉粥样硬化形成中的作用2、缺血再灌注损伤的发生机制3、心肌梗死后心室重塑的主要机制4、原发性高血压发病中的内分泌因子一、简答题：4题X 5分1. 简述GABA在肝性脑病中的作用2. 为什么部分肺泡通气 / 血流比例下降只导致低氧血症，而不会导致 PaCO2 升高？3. 简述 DIC 时出血的机制4. 肾性高血压的发病机制二、论述题：1. 一患者，血压波动于 160/100 近十年，近期发生左心衰竭，，请分析其发病机制（15 分）2. 试述休克 I 期微循环变化的特点、机制和代偿意义（ 10 分）3. 一肺心病患者，入院呈昏睡状态，查： PH 7.26 ，PaCO2 65.5, HCO3 － 30,C L － 92, Na ＋145, 试分析患者为何种酸碱失衡及电解质紊乱？根据是什么？并分析期昏睡的机制？（15 分）1. 请简述肾素——血管紧张素系统2. 请简述第二心音固定分裂的病理生理基础3. 请简述心室舒张充盈受阻的病理生理基础4. 请简述心源性休克的病理基础5. 请简述环形运动折返的三个条件6. 请描述心肌收缩和舒张的基本过程，并从而阐述心力衰竭发生的基本机制。
病理生理各校考博真题
本人在网内收集各校考博真题,全是园子里的,以利考生复习用,如果能加分,希望加分,谢谢! 2005年中山医大病生试题：一，名词解释：1。
肺性脑病(英文)2。
非少尿型ARF3。
凋亡(英文)4。
过热(英文)二，问答题1。
试述应激反应时下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺激活的生物学效应(利与敝)2。
述肝性脑病时氨基酸失衡的原因和引起肝昏迷的机制。
3。
为何革兰氏阴性菌感染易引起DIC4。
晚期休克引起呼吸衰竭的机制2007交名解1.saline responsive alkalosis2.hypotonic hypoxia3.hypokalemia4.fever5.no reflow6.functional shunt7.hepatorenal syndrome8.CARS简答1、劳力性呼吸困难的原因、机制2、缺血再灌注组织局部白细胞增多、聚集的机制3、CDI？CDI失活与癌细胞发生的关系4、ARF时GFR下降的原因、机制问号这个地方有三个字当时抄的潦草，不认识了。
2007山东大学病生试题：非病理生理专业做1-10题。
病理生理专业做3-12题1. 请列举基因突变的类型；2. 信号转导发生的机制及环节；3. 缺血再灌注损伤时自由基生成增多的主要机制；4. 血液性缺氧的原因及血氧参数变化；5. 发热的时相及各相热代谢的特点；6. 应激与心脑血管疾病的关系；7. 代谢性碱中毒时机体的代偿机制及血气变化的特点；8. 低钠血症的病因和发病机制；9. 心力衰竭时心肌代谢障碍的主要机制；10.休克缺血缺氧期和淤血缺氧期血压变化的主要特点和机制；11.简述肺通气血流比值失调时血气变化及呼吸衰竭的发病关系；12.肾功能衰竭时肾脏内分泌功能的改变及机制1.2006博士全国统考病生试题（回忆版选择题40分单选30分Ｂ型选择4分Ｘ型选择6分简答题20分1.影响组织液生成的影响因素2.急性肾衰出现什么类型的钾代谢紊乱，为什么？3.肝功能受损，激活的星形细胞的变化？4.为什么弥散功能障碍时只有PaO2的降低，PaCO2无变化？论述题40分1.急性肾衰少尿的机制2.长期高血压导致心衰的机制3.严重感染导致ＤＩＣ的机制协和医科大学2005年病理生理学（博士）一、名词解释：每题3分，共30分。
病生博士入学考试题目
简答：8-9分一个1.为何心脏肥大对心功能的代偿是有限的？2.为什么严重肝病易患DIC?3.血管源性休克和低血容量性休克各有哪些问答：15分一个慢性呼衰引起右心衰的机制急性低张性缺氧引起肺水肿的机制急性肾衰少尿期功能代谢变化及机制酸中毒对心血管系统的影响及机制2型呼衰的发病机制，特点和治疗原则一、名词解释（每题分，共20分）1. ischemia-reperfusion injury2. high output heart failure3. apoptosis body4. 呼吸衰竭5. 微血管病性溶血性贫血6. 反常酸性尿7. 代偿性抗炎反应综合征8. 因果交替9. 肝性功能性肾衰竭10. 低张性缺氧二、简答题（每题5分，共30分）1. 简述致热信号传入中枢的途径。
2. 简述应激性溃疡的发生机制。
3. 严重休克为什么导致休克肺？4. 简述生长因子导致细胞增殖的信号转导过程。
5. 血浆氨基酸失衡为什么能引起脑病？6. 早期慢性肾衰与晚期慢性肾衰的酸中毒有何不同？1.哪种类型的脱水易发生休克？为什么？2.心肌肥大有哪两种类型？各有何特点？3.严重感染时为何易发生DIC？4.心衰时因肺循环充血导致的呼吸困难的表现形式及其机制5.什么是肾性高血压？其发生的机制是什么？6.急性肾衰少尿期科发生哪一种类型酸碱平衡紊乱和钾代谢障碍7.呼吸衰竭导致右心衰的发病机制8.凝血酶如何激活血小板？后者在DIC的发生中如何起作用？9.低张性缺氧血液系统有什么变化？其机制如何？10.请分析严重腹泻的患者内环境紊乱的状况。
11.肺通气障碍有哪些类型和原因？治疗时如何给氧，为什么？12.请叙述心力衰竭时肌浆网处理Ca2+功能障碍及其具体环节。
中南大学病理学2018年考博真题考博试卷
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攻 读 博 士 学 位 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 试 卷
医学考博真题试卷
中南大学
2018 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
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考试科目：病理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释 1. 衰老和细胞老化 2. RS 细胞 7. 干线型肝硬化 8. 急性肾炎综合征 9. 烧瓶样溃疡 10. 粉刺癌 11. 肿瘤干细胞 12. 嗜神经现象
考博病理生理学试题
中山大学1998年病生考博试题一、名称解释1、内毒素血症2、假神经递质3、代谢性酸中毒4、自由基二、简答1、呼吸衰竭导致的酸碱平衡失调有哪些表现2、肺源性水肿对机体的影响表现在哪些方面三、论述题1、感染性休克导致DIC机制2、试述肝肾综合征发病机制中山大学2000年病生考博试题一、名称解释1、微血管病性溶血性贫血2、呼吸衰竭3、缺血再灌注损伤二、简答1、内毒素引起DIC机制2、非菌血症性临床败血症的发病机制3、肾性骨营养不良的发生机制4、长居高原地区引起肺源性心脏病的发病机理中山大学2001年病生考博试题一、名称解释1发热2真性分流3血栓调节蛋白4心钠素二、问答1败血症引起休克机制2休克复苏以后，缺血再灌注氧自由基产生增多的原因及其损害机制3高血钾对心血管系统的影响机制4冠心病心力衰竭机制中山大学2002年病生考博试题一、名称解释1、紫绀2、凋亡3、代谢性碱中毒4、高容性高钠血症5、心衰二、问答题1、孕妇急性肝炎诱发DIC机制？20分2、急慢性代谢性酸中毒代偿机制区别？10分3、为什么说氨基酸失衡学说是假性递质学说的补充？20分4、肺心病发病机制？15分5、肺水肿引发呼吸衰竭机制？15分中山大学2003年病生考博试题一、名词解释1、呼吸衰竭2、功能性分流3、MODF二、问答题1、心急重建机制？2、糖尿病代谢失调可能引起的代谢失衡？3、氨代谢失调机制及其对大脑的影响？4、慢性心功能不全病理生理机制/中山大学2004年病生考博试题一、名词解释1 anion gap2 false neurotransmitter3 DIC tCFp44 myocardial remodeling二、问答题1、试述休克导致急性肾功能衰竭的发病机制？2、为什么说氧中毒和缺血再灌注损伤都与活性氧的毒性作用有关3、请从细胞信号转导的角度阐述高血压发病的分子机制4、试述低张性缺氧的代偿性血管反应及其代偿意义中山大学2005年病生考博试题一、名词解释1、肺性脑病2、非少尿型ARF3、凋亡5、过热三、问答题1、试述应激反应时下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺激活的生物学效应（利与弊）？2、试述肝性脑病时氨基酸失衡的原因和引起肝昏迷的机制？3、为何革兰氏阴性菌感染易引起4、晚期休克引起呼吸衰竭的机制中山大学2007年病生考博试题一、名词解释1、Ischemia-reperfusion injury2、Respiratory hypoxia3、Atrial natriuretic peptide ,ANP4、Cardiogenic shock二、问答题1、试述急性肺损伤与慢性阻塞性肺病发生呼吸衰竭机制的异同/2、试述肝功能不全时脑内神经递质改变的原因及其导致昏迷的可能机制？3、试述高镁血症对机体的影响4、试述MODS发生的机制中山大学2008年病生考博试题一、名词解释1、acute phase protein2、DIC3、Pulmonary encephalopathy4、Renal osteodystrophy二、问答题1、神经体液过度代偿反应引发心力衰竭的主要因素？2、举例说明多环节的信号转导异常与疾病的关系3、休克所导致的细胞损伤？4、代谢性酸中毒所致的心血管功能障碍？中山大学2010年病生考博试题一、名词解释1、凋亡2、肝性脑病3、肾性骨病4、HSP二、问答题1、自由基在再灌注中的作用机制？2、慢支与呼衰3、神经体液激活与心衰4、休克与DIC因果及其机制/中山大学2011年病生考博试题一、名词解释1、apoptosis body2、transmembance signal transduction3、myocardial depressant factor4、hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction二、论述题1、举一例说明细胞凋亡的异常与肿瘤发生的机制？2、试述高血压导致心肌肥厚的信号转导通路异常的发生机制？3、肝性脑病的发病机制？4、尿毒症毒素的来源及其对机体的毒性作用/山东大学2007年病生考博试题1、请列举基因突变的类型2、信号转导发生的机制及其环节、3、缺血再灌注损伤时自由基生成增多的主要机制4、血液型缺氧的原因及其血氧参数的变化5、发热的时相及各相热代谢的特点6、应激与心脑血管疾病的关系7、代谢性碱中毒时机体的代偿机制及血气变化的特点8、低钠血症的病因及其发病机制9、心力衰竭时心肌代谢障碍的主要机制10、休克缺血缺氧期和淤血缺氧期血压变化的主要机制和特点11、简述肺通气血流比值失调时血气变化及呼吸衰竭的发病关系12、肾功能衰竭时肾脏内分泌功能的改变及其机制解放军总医院2005年病生考博试题一、名词解释1基因治疗2载脂蛋白3 RAS 4 GP2b/3a受体 5 兴奋收缩欧联二、问答1LDL和HDL在粥样硬化中的作用？2缺血再灌注损伤的发病机制？3心肌梗死后心室重塑的主要机制？4原发性高血压发病中的内分泌因子？解放军总医院2005年病生考博试题一、名词解释1、RV2、TLC3、PSV4、呼吸死腔5、P-V曲线6、气道峰压7、生理无效腔8、弥散功能二、问答题1、如何用峰流率评价气道高反应/2、肺栓塞的病理与病理生理？3、胸腔积液产生的新旧机制？4、支气管哮喘的发病机制？5、卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎的发病机制？6、结节病的发病机制7、通气相关性肺炎的病理与病理生理南方医科大学2005年病生考博试题一、名词解释1、简述GABA在感性脑病中的作用？2、为什么部分肺泡通气\血流比例下降只导致低氧血症而不会导致PaCo2分压升高?3、简述DIC出血的机制？4、肾性高血压的发病机制？二、问答题1、一患者，血压波动与160/100近十年，近期发生左心衰竭，请分析其发病机制？2、试述休克一期循环变化的特点，机制及代偿意义？3、一肺心病患者，如愿呈昏睡状态，查PH：7.26，PaCo2分压65.5，碳酸根离子30，氯离子92，钠离子145，试叙述患者为何种酸碱失衡及电解质紊乱，根据是什么？试分析昏睡期机制？上海第二医科大学1999病生题一问答1、基因突变的遗传方式及与疾病的关系？2、恶性肿瘤细胞膜变化的意义？3、解释“瘤基因-抑瘤基因学说”4、巨噬细胞在动脉粥样硬化中的作用5、胆汁成分变化在胆石形成中的意义？6、胃粘膜的保护因素机制？7、血小板激活时的功能变化与机制？8、靶细胞脱敏的机制，G-蛋白与靶细胞脱敏的关系9、心肌缺血坏死的超微结构与可逆坏死的机制上海第二医科大学20000病生题一问答1、染色体畸变及发生机制？2、受体病的分类，试举一例说明？3、消化性溃疡的发病机制？4、胆汁淤积对机体的影响？5、肺动脉高压的分类6、ET,ON的生理学作用7、肿瘤病毒的致瘤机制？8、血浆粘度升高的原因？9、内皮功能与血栓形成的关系？中国医科大学2004 年博士入学病理生理学试题内科、儿科、妇产科，部分试题如下一、选择题15 分：略二、判断：5分1.人体一次急性失血超过总血量的百分之十五以上，可引起休克2.通气/血流比值大于0.8可致静脉血搀杂3.水可在肾小管髓袢升支粗段与钠离子一起吸收入间质4.血液性缺氧时吸氧效果最好5.甲状腺素抵抗综合征是G蛋白异常性疾病6.动脉粥样硬化时血管平滑肌细胞凋亡和增殖均有增加，以增殖占主要地位7.引起DIC的原因中，血小板黏附聚集不受重视8.脂质A是外毒素致热的主要成分9.应激时胃黏膜蛋白分泌减少10.GFR 下降是ARF的最重要机制三、填空10分1.低镁时，腺苷酸环化酶活性（）CAMP（）PTH 分泌（）血钙症（）2.心室顺应性是指心室在（）变化下引起的（）改变，其倒标是（）3.病因是引起某一疾病的（）因素，它决定疾病的（）性四、概念10分1、SB2、发热3、全身适应综合征4、健康5、细胞凋亡五、简答40分1.简述ARI时肾脏细胞的损伤情况2.简述GABA在肝性脑病发病中的作用3.呼吸衰竭引起心功能衰竭的病因4.心性哮喘的发病机制5.DIC 引起出血的原因6.缺血再灌注损伤时氧自由基生成增多的机制7.血栓调节蛋白的抗凝血作用8.急性期反应蛋白的生物学功能六、论述20分1.为什么说混合性拮抗反应综合征是MSOF 发生发展的基础2.试述血管内皮细胞损伤后，血小板的黏附激活过程上海交通大学2005年病理生理学考博试题名词解释：阴离子间隙；自由基问答：1.全身炎症反应综合症的发病机制2.应激时机体代谢的特点？3.代谢性酸中毒引起心肌收缩力减弱的机制？4.癌基因的活化方式及特点？5.梗阻性黄疸对机体的影响？武汉大学2004年病理生理学考博试题、简答题1 简述凋亡的基本过程2 水中毒的病因和对机体的影响3 低钾血症对机体的影响4 心肌肥大的基本特点5 简述钙超载引起心肌损伤的机制6 何为缺血预处理？它有哪些保护作用？二、论述题1 一例严重感染并发急性肾小管坏死的病人会出现哪些酸硷平衡紊乱，为什么？2 何为自由基？试述它在体内的作用。
2018年考试真题+答案解析
2018年考试真题+答案解析2018年考试试题生理学、病理解剖学一、选择题(每小题1分，共60分)(生理学1-30题，病理解剖学31-60题)在每小题的四个备选答案中选出一个正确答案，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑1.自身调节是指细胞和组织器官在不依赖于神经或体液调节的情况下对刺激所产生的（）A.稳态B.旁分泌C.前馈调节D.适应性反应2.氨基酸进入红细胞膜是属于（）A.单纯扩散B.主动运输C.易化扩散D.吞饮3.骨骼肌细胞外液中钠离子浓度降低使（）A.动作电位幅度变小B.去极化加速C.静息电位增大D.膜电位降低4.动作电位的超射值接近于（）A.钾离子平衡电位B.钠离子平衡电位C.钠离子平衡电位与钾离子平衡电位的代数和D.钠离子平衡电位与钾离子平衡电位的绝对值之差5.血管损伤后止血栓能正确定位于损伤部位有赖于血小板的哪项特性（）A.黏附B.聚集C.收缩D.释放6.Rh阳性是指红细胞膜上含有（）A.C抗原B.D抗原C.e抗原D.E抗原7.内源性凝血途径和外源性凝血途径的最主要区别在于（）A.纤维蛋白形成过程不同B.凝血酶形成过程不同C.启动方式和参与的凝血因子不同D.Ⅲ因子是否参加而不同8.左心室的搏功大于右室的主要原因是下列哪一项的差别（）A.每搏输出量B.射血速度C.心室舒张末期压力D.肺动脉平均血压9.窦房结能成为心脏正常起搏点的原因是（）A.最大复极电位低B.4期自动除极速度快C.0期除极速度低D.阈电位与最大复极电位差距小10.在体循环中，血流阻力最大，血压降落最为显著的区段是（）A.主动脉段B.大动脉段C.微动脉段D.毛细血管段11.引起组织毛细血管交替开放的物质是（）A.组胺B.乙酰胆碱C.局部代谢产物D.激u肽12.在心动周期中，主动脉压最低见于（）A.等容舒张期末B.等容收缩期末C.心房收缩期末D.快速充盈期末13.肺表面活性物质的主要作用是（）A.降低呼吸膜通透性B.增加肺弹性阻力C.保护肺泡上皮细胞D.降低肺泡表面张力14.某人正常平静呼吸时潮气量50m1,解剖无效腔为150ml,呼吸频率每分钟12次。
病理生理学考博试题及答案
病理生理学考博试题及答案病理生理学是研究生物体在疾病状态下的生理变化及其机制的科学。
本试题旨在考察考生对病理生理学基本概念、原理和机制的理解与应用能力。
一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 病理生理学主要研究的是：A. 疾病的预防B. 疾病的治疗C. 疾病的病因D. 疾病状态下的生理变化2. 细胞凋亡是：A. 一种病理性死亡B. 一种生理性死亡C. 细胞分裂D. 细胞生长3. 炎症反应的目的是：A. 清除损伤因子B. 促进细胞增殖C. 抑制细胞凋亡D. 促进组织修复4. 以下哪项不是细胞应激反应的类型？A. 热休克反应B. 氧化应激反应C. 免疫应激反应D. 营养应激反应5. 细胞程序性死亡的调控机制不包括：A. 基因调控B. 信号传导C. 细胞代谢D. 细胞外基质答案：1. D2. B3. A4. C5. C二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）6. 简述病理性钙化的特点及其对机体的影响。
7. 描述缺氧对细胞代谢的影响。
8. 解释什么是细胞信号转导异常，以及它在疾病中的作用。
答案：6. 病理性钙化是指在非骨骼组织中异常沉积的钙盐，其特点包括钙化部位的非特异性、钙化过程的病理性以及可能伴随的组织损伤。
对机体的影响包括影响组织功能、引起疼痛和功能障碍等。
7. 缺氧时，细胞内ATP生成减少，导致细胞代谢活动受限。
细胞可能通过糖酵解途径产生能量，但效率较低。
长期缺氧可导致细胞损伤甚至死亡。
8. 细胞信号转导异常是指细胞内信号传递过程中的某个环节出现问题，导致细胞功能失调。
这可能涉及到信号分子的异常表达、受体功能的改变或信号传导途径的障碍等。
在疾病中，信号转导异常可能导致细胞增殖失控、细胞凋亡受阻等病理变化。
三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）9. 论述细胞凋亡与坏死的区别及其在疾病中的意义。
10. 阐述肿瘤微环境对肿瘤发展的影响。
答案：9. 细胞凋亡是一种有序的、程序化的细胞死亡过程，通常不引起炎症反应，而坏死是一种非程序化的、由外界因素引起的细胞死亡，常伴随炎症反应。
中国医科大学博士入学考试试题汇总
目录目录 (1)中国医科大学病理生理学（基础）博士入学考试试题 (2)2004年（供内科、儿科、妇产科使用） (2)中国医科大学病理生理学（基础）博士入学考试试题2004年（供内科、儿科、妇产科使用）部分试题如下一、选择题15分：略二、判断：5分1.人体一次急性失血超过总血量的百分之十五以上，可引起休克2.通气/血流比值大于0.8可致静脉血搀杂3.水可在肾小管髓袢升支粗段与钠离子一起吸收入间质4.血液性缺氧时吸氧效果最好5.甲状腺素抵抗综合征是G蛋白异常性疾病6.动脉粥样硬化时血管平滑肌细胞凋亡和增殖均有增加，以增殖占主要地位7.引起DIC的原因中，血小板黏附聚集不受重视8.脂质A是外毒素致热的主要成分9.应激时胃黏膜蛋白分泌减少10.GFR下降是ARF的最重要机制三、填空10分1.低镁时，腺苷酸环化酶活性（）CAMP（）PTH分泌（）肾小管重吸收钙（），可导致低血钙症2.心室顺应性是指心室在（）变化下引起的（）改变，其倒数为（），反映心室顺应性的指标是（）3.病因是引起某一疾病的（）因素，它决定疾病的（）性四、概念10分SB 发热全身适应综合征健康细胞凋亡五、简答40分1.简述ARI时肾脏细胞的损伤情况2.简述GABA在肝性脑病发病中的作用3.呼吸衰竭引起心功能衰竭的病因4.心性哮喘的发病机制5.DIC引起出血的原因6.缺血再灌注损伤时氧自由基生成增多的机制7.血栓调节蛋白的抗凝血作用8.急性期反应蛋白的生物学功能六、论述20分1.为什么说混合性拮抗反应综合征是MSOF发生发展的基础2.试述血管内皮细胞损伤后，血小板的黏附激活过程。
2018年全国医学考博英语试题.doc
2018MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
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国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 : Listening comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said, The question will be read only once, After you hear thequestion, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose thebest answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET .Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven ' t had a bite all day.Question: What' s the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She was bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let ' s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B.He won't complain anything.C.He is in good condition.D.He couldn't be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B.She will get a raise.C.The man will get a raise.D.The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B.Her daughter is an exciting child.C.She and her daughter are good friends.D.She and her daughter do nt always understand each other.6. A. She hurt her uncle.B.She hurt her ankle.C.She has a swollen toe.D.She needs a minor surgery.7. A. John likes gambling.8.John is very fond of his new boss.9.John has ups and downs in the new company.10.J ohn has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B.She will undergo some lab tests.C.She will arrange an appointment.D.She will get the test results.9. A. She’ s an odd character.B.She is very picky.C.She is easy-going.D.She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B.In a local shop.C.In a ward.D.In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B.He very much likes his old bicycle.C.He will buy a new bicycle right away.D.He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B.It ’s a minor illness.C.It started two weeks ago.D.It ’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B.The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C.The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D.The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B.The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C.The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D.The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.Section BDirection: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read thefour possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET .Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B.Because it was upsetting his stomach.C.Because he was allergic to it.D.Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’ t play soccer any more.B.He has a serious foot problem.C.He needs an operation.D.He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B.An allergy test.C. A urine test.D.A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergyproblem.20.A. Relieved.B.Anxious.C.Angry.D.Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B.Harmful effects of smoking.C.Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D.Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B.955.C.1909.D.1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B.When smoking exposure is low.C.When the subjects received medication.D.When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B.Genetic differences between men and women.C.Women’ s active metabolic rate.D.Women’ s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B.About 100,000.C.Several hundreds.D.About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B.Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C.Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D.Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B.Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C.Urging people not to eat animals.D.Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B.The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C.The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D.The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B.How to treat Rift Valley fever.C.The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D.Satellites and global health — remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are to choose theword or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then mark your answer ontheANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’ s emptying, produce asmoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brainmetabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left my mindin such a _____________ t hat I couldn’ t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure, in theobese, in cigarette smokers, and in those to prolonged emotionaland mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical, even though the concepthas been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weaken theimmune system,aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidates personality traits, being modest and generous, people in hisfavor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong toa vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be early than even afraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorablySection BDirections: Each of the following sentenceshas a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose the word or phrasewhich can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlined part, Mark your answer on the ANSWERSHEET .41.All Nobel Prize winners ' success is a process of long-term accumulation, in whichlasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen's presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception atBuckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in theform of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances has beenapplied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure of religiouspersecution that exacerbatedtheir conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the originalcomposition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the constructionprogram of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of maritalfidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a fullexamination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For eachblank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET .For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up.However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer ’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad foryour health.It ’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I ’d rather wait until it ’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive ratherthan negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer ’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer ’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer ’s. all 96 mice were then“exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hourperiods each day for seven to nine months. ” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitiveabilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don ’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it ’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer ’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation.However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer ’s means mobile phones __60__ our brainsand bodies in ways not yet explored. And it ’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive.51. A. devicesB.risksC.phenomenaD.claims52. A. at leastB.at mostC.as ifD.as well53. A. blockingB.cookingC.exhaustingD.cooling54. A. ExceptB.EvenC.DespiteD.Besides55. A. untilB.whenC.asD.unless56. A. rangeB.continuumC.spectrumD.field57. A. ReasonablyB.ConsequentlyC.AmazinglyD.Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB.beneficialC.preferableD.susceptible59. A. effortB.methodC.huntD.account60. A. do affectB.did affectC.is affectingD.could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by fivequestions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET .Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks.Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights.This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world ’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. WhenI visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day,seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61.From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us .A.the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB.the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C.the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D.the human misery behind them.62.The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,A.is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B.could have been even exaggerated.C.is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D.is prevailing across the world.63.The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools of theirtrade, they should _______________ .A.have the same concern with the developing countries.B.be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC.pursue good bargains in the international market.D.spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is ______ .A.to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B.to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C.to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D.to improve the transparency of international contracts.65.By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that .A.the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB.the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.boratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D.because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it ’sinaccurate orconfusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in anenvironmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companie’s eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’ s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’ green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered“ green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world ’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index” planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let ’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy — and it s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66.T“he confusion ” at the beginning of the 2 nd paragraph refers to .A.where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB.an array of consumer products to chooseC.a fog of unreliable green informationD.little information on eco-credibility67.From the New Scientist’ s analysis it can be inferred that in many casesA.eco-credibility is abusedB.a green economy is crucialC.an environmental impact is lessenedD.green credentials promote green economy68.From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ______ .A.eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB.neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC.it is vital to build a green economyD.better information is critical69.To address the issue, the author is crying for _.A.transparent corporate managementB.establishing sustainability indexesC.tough academic-led surveillanceD.strict legal weapons70.Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A.The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B.It is time for another green revolution.rmation should be free for all.D.No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats — much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades.Its advocatespoint out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools; a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school ”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors” thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer - looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said.“Any cues that it ’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism”.Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’ s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that, ” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience.There’ s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71.The findings of the study were in favor of ______ .A.the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB.the relation between intelligence and evolutionC.the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD.the human innate ability to cheat72.The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at __ .A.spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB.detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC.spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD.detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73.When she says that …that can't be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________________ .A.cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB.our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC.there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD.the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74.In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ___ .A.it was of great possibilityB.it could be misleadingC.it was unbelievableD.it ’s acquired75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A.Cheating at SchoolB.Cheating as the Human NatureC.Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD.Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’ t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene 人类世）-an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries” that we must stay within to live sustainably. It ispreliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment —a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’ t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’ s 2007 report on climate impacts. Thisreport has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense thatthe IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the repor’ ts headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There ’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom ’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them.76.As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _________________________ .A. a misunderstandingB.a confrontationC. a collaborationD.a consensus77.Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ______.A.we humans have gone far beyond the limitationsB.our human activities are actually moderate in degreeC. a certain level of human impact is naturally acceptableD.it is urgent to modify our relationship with the environment78.The point, based on Rockstrom ’s investigation, is simply that __ .A.they made the first classification of Earth systemsB.it is not to deny but to manage impacts on the planetC.we are approaching the anthropocene faster than expectedD.human beings are rational and responsible creatures on earth79.Critical of the IPCC ’s 2007 report, the author argues that they .A.missed the most serious problems thereB.were poorly assembled for the missionC.cannot be called scientists at allD.value nature above people80.It can be concluded from the passage that if we are to manage the anthropocene successfully, we ______________________________ .A.must redefine our relationship with the environmentB.should not take it seriously but to take it easyC.need a new way of thinking about natureD.need cooler heads and clearer statisticsPassage Five。