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化学专业外文文献初稿和译文稿

化学专业外文文献初稿和译文稿引言该文档旨在提供化学专业的外文文献初稿和译文稿。

以下是一个初步概述，其中包含选定的文献和简要讨论。

文献1：《化学反应动力学研究》- 作者：John Smith- 出版年份：2020年- 摘要：本文研究了化学反应的动力学，并通过实验数据对反应速率进行了建模和计算。

作者使用了不同的方法来确定反应活化能和动力学常数，并通过分析反应机理来解释实验结果。

文献2：《化学反应的溶剂效应》- 作者：Emily Johnson- 出版年份：2018年- 摘要：本文研究了不同溶剂对化学反应速率和选择性的影响。

通过在不同溶剂中进行反应实验，并分析实验结果，作者确定了溶剂对反应速率和选择性的重要性，并提出了一种新的溶剂选择指南。

译文稿请注意，以下是对上述两篇文献的简要翻译稿，仅供参考。

文献1翻译稿《化学反应动力学研究》是John Smith于2020年发表的一篇关于化学反应动力学的研究论文。

该文研究了化学反应的动力学，并通过实验数据对反应速率进行了建模和计算。

作者使用了不同的方法来确定反应活化能和动力学常数，并通过分析反应机理来解释实验结果。

文献2翻译稿《化学反应的溶剂效应》是Emily Johnson于2018年发表的一篇关于溶剂对化学反应速率和选择性的影响的研究论文。

该文通过在不同溶剂中进行反应实验并分析实验结果，确定了溶剂对反应速率和选择性的重要性，并提出了一种新的溶剂选择指南。

结论该文档提供了两篇化学专业的外文文献初稿和译文稿的简要介绍。

这些文献涵盖了化学反应动力学和化学反应的溶剂效应两个重要研究领域。

通过阅读这些文献，读者可以了解到关于化学反应动力学和溶剂选择的最新研究成果，并为进一步的研究提供了参考依据。

化学专业外文文献原稿和译文

外文文献原稿和译文原稿Facile synthesis of hierarchical core–shell Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH@Au as magnetically recyclable catalysts for catalytic oxidation of alcoholsA novel core–shell structural Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH@Au nanocatalyst was simply synthesized via supporting Au nanoparticles on the MgAl–LDH surface of Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH nanospheres. The catalyst exhibited excellent activity for the oxidation of 1-phenylethanol, and can be effectively recovered by using an external magnetic field.The selective oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl compounds is a greatly important transformation in synthesis chemistry. Recently, it has been disclosed that hydrotalcite (layered double hydroxides: LDH)-supported Cu, Ag and Au nanoparticles as environmentally benign catalysts could catalyse the oxidation of alcohol with good efficiency. In particular, the Au nanoparticles supported on hydrotalcite exhibit high activity for the oxidation of alcohols under atmospheric O2 without additives. It has been extensively demonstrated that the activity of the nanometre-sized catalysts will benefit from decreasing the particle size. However, as the size of the support is decreased, separation using physical methods, such as filtration or centrifugation, becomes a difficult and time-consuming procedure. A possible solution could be the development of catalysts with magnetic properties, allowing easy separation of the catalyst by simply applying an external magnetic field. From the green chemistry point of view, development of highly active, selective and recyclable catalysts has become critical. Therefore, magnetically separable nanocatalysts have received increasing attention in recent years because the minimization in the consumption of auxiliary substances, energy and time used in achieving separations canresult in significant economical and environmental benefits.Magnetic composites with a core–shell structure allow the integration of multiple functionalities into a single nanoparticle system, and offer unique advantages for applications, particularly in biomedicine and catalysis. However it is somewhat of a challenge to directly immobilize hierarchical units onto the magnetic cores. In our previous work, the Fe3O4 submicro-spheres were first coated with a thin carbon layer, then coated with MgAl–LDH to obtain an anticancer agent-containing Fe3O4@DFUR–LDH as drug targeting delivery vector. Li et al. prepared Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH through a layer-by-layer assembly of delaminated LDH nanosheets as a magnetic matrix for loading W7O24as a catalyst. These core–shell structural nanocomposites possess the magnetization of magnetic materials and multiple functionalities of the LDH materials. Nevertheless, these reported synthesis routes need multi-step and sophisticated procedures. Herein, we design a facile synthesis strategy for the fabrication of a novel Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH@Au nanocatalyst, consisting of Au particles supported on oriented grown MgAl–LDH crystals over the Fe3O4 nanospheres, which combines the excellent catalytic properties of Au nanoparticles with the superparamagnetism of the magnetite nanoparticles. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first instance of direct immobilization of vertically oriented MgAl–LDH platelet-like nanocrystals onto the Fe3O4 core particles by a simple coprecipitation method and the fabrication of hierarchical magnetic metal-supported nanocatalysts via further supporting metal nanoparticles.As illustrated in Scheme 1, the synthesis strategy of Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH@Au involves two key aspects. Nearly monodispersed magnetite particles were pre-synthesized using a surfactant-free solvothermal method. First, the Fe3O4 suspension was adjusted to a pH of ca. 10, and thus the obtained fully negatively charged Fe3O4spheres were easily coated with a layer of oriented grown carbonate–MgAl–LDH via electrostatic attraction followed by interface nucleation and crystal growth under dropwise addition of salts and alkaline solutions. Second, Au nanoparticles were effectively supported on thus-formed support Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH by a deposition–precipitation method (see details in ESI).Fig. 1 depicts the SEM/TEM images of the samples at various stages of the fabrication of the Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH@Au nanocatalyst. The Fe3O4nanospheres (Fig. 1a) show asmooth surface and a mean diameter of 450 nm with a narrow size distribution (Fig. S1, ESI). After direct coating with carbonate–MgAl–LDH (Fig. 1b), a honeycomb like morphology with many voids in the size range of 100–200 nm is clearly observed, and the LDH shell is composed of interlaced platelets of ca. 20 nm thickness. Interestingly, the MgAl–LDH shell presents a marked preferred orientation with the c-axis parallel to, and the ab-face perpendicular to the surface of the magnetite cores, quite different from those of a previous report. A similar phenomenon has only been observed for the reported LDH films and the growth of layered hydroxides on cation-exchanged polymer resin beads. The TEM image of two separate nanospheres (Fig. 1d) undoubtedly confirms the core–shell structure of the Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH with the Fe3O4 cores well-coated by a layer of LDH nanocrystals. In detail, the MgAl–LDH crystal monolayers are formed as large thin nanosheet-like particles, showing a edge-curving lamella with a thickness of ca. 20 nm and a width of ca. 100 nm, growing from the magnetite core to the outer surface and perpendicular to the Fe3O4surface. The outer honeycomb like microstructure of the obtained core–shell Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH nanospheres with a surface area of 43.3 m2g_1 provides abundant accessible edge and junction sites of LDH crystals making it possible for this novel hierarchical composite to support metal nanoparticles. With such a structural morphology, interlaced perpendicularly oriented MgAl–LDH nanocrystals can facilitate the immobilization of nano-metal particles along with avoiding the possible aggregation.Scheme 1 The synthetic strategy of an Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH@Au catalyst.Fig. 1 SEM (a, b and c), TEM (d and e) and HRTEM (f) images and EDX spectrum (g) of Fe3O4 (a), Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH (b and d) and Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH@Au (c, e, f and g).Fig. 2 XRD patterns of Fe3O4 (a), Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH (b) and Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH@Au(c).The XRD results (Fig. 2) demonstrate that the Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH nanospheres are composed of an hcp MgAl–LDH (JCPDS 89-5434) and fcc Fe3O4 (JCPDS 19-0629). It canbe clearly seen from Fig. 2b that the series (00l) reflections at low 2θ angles aresignificantly reduced compared with those of single MgAl–LDH (Fig. S2, ESI), while the (110) peak at high 2θangle is clearly distinguished with relatively less decrease, as revealed by greatly reduced I(003)/I(110) = 0.8 of Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH than that of MgAl–LDH (3.9). This phenomenon is a good evidence for an extremely well-oriented assembly of MgAl–LDH platelet-like crystals consistent with the c-axis of the crystals being parallel to the surface of an Fe3O4core. The particle dimension in the c-axis is calculated as ~ 25 nm using the Scherrer equation (eqn S1, ESI) based on the (003) line width (Fig. 2b), in good agreement with the SEM/TEM results. The energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) result (Fig. S3, ESI) of Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH reveals the existence of Mg, Al, Fe and O elements, and the Mg/Al molar ratio of 2.7 close to the expected one (3.0), indicating the complete coprecipitation of metal cations for MgAl–LDH coating on the surface of Fe3O4.The FTIR data (Fig. S4, ESI) further evidence the chemical compositions and structural characteristics of the composites. The as-prepared Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH nanosphere shows a sharp absorption at ca. 1365 cm_1 being attributed to the ν3 (asymmetric stretching) mode of CO32_ ions and a peak at 584 cm_1 to the Fe–O lattice mode of the magnetite phase, indicating the formation of a CO32–LDH shell on the surface of the Fe3O4 core. Meanwhile, a strong broad band around 3420 cm_1 can be identified as the hydroxyl stretching mode, arising from metal hydroxyl groups and hydrogen-bonded interlayer water molecules. Another absorption resulting from the hydroxyl deformation mode of water, δ(H2O), is recorded at ca. 1630 cm_1.Based on the successful synthesis of honeycomb like core–shell nanospheres, Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH, our recent work further reveals that this facile synthesis approach can be extended to prepare various core–shell structured LDH-based hierarchical magnetic nanocomposites according to the tenability of the LDH layer compositions, such as NiAl–LDH and CuNiAl–LDH (Fig. S3, ESI).Gold nanoparticles were further assembled on the honeycomb likeMgAl–LDH platelet-like nanocrystals of Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH. Though the XRD pattern (Fig. 2c) fails to show the characteristics of Au nanoparticles, it can be clearly seen by the TEM of Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH@Au (Fig. 1e) that Au nanoparticles are evenly distributed on the edgeand junction sites of the interlaced MgAl–LDH nanocrystals with a mean diameter of 7.0 nm (Fig. S5, ESI), implying their promising catalytic activity. Meanwhile, the reduced packing density (large void) and the less sharp edge of LDH platelet-like nanocrystals can be observed (Fig. 1c and e). To get more insight on structural information of Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH@Au, the HRTEM image was obtained (Fig. 1f). It can be observed that both the Au and MgAl–LDH nanophases exhibit clear crystallinity as evidenced by well-defined lattice fringes. The interplanar distances of 0.235 and 0.225 nm for two separate nanophases can be indexed to the (111) plane of cubic Au (JCPDS 89-3697) and the (015) facet of the hexagonal MgAl–LDH phase (inset in Fig. 1f and Fig. S6 (ESI)). The EDX data (Fig. 1g) indicate that the magnetic core–shell particle contains Au, Mg, Al, Fe and O elements. The Au content is determined as 0.5 wt% upon ICP-AES analysis.Table 1 Recycling results on the oxidation of 1-phenylethanol The VSM analysis (Fig. S7, ESI) shows the typical superparamagnetism of the samples. The lower saturation magnetization (Ms) of Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH (20.9 emu g_1) than the Fe3O4 (83.8 emu g_1) is mainly due to the contribution of non-magnetic MgAl–LDH coatings (68 wt%) to the total sample. Interestingly, Ms of Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH@Au is greatly enhanced to 49.2 emu g_1, in line with its reduced MgAl–LDH content (64 wt%). This phenomenon can be ascribed to the removal of weakly linked MgAl–LDH particles among the interlaced MgAl–LDH nanocrystals during the Au loading process, which results in a less densely packed MgAl–LDH shell as indicated by SEM. The strong magnetic sensitivity of Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH@Au provides an easy and effective way to separate nanocatalysts from a reaction system.The catalytic oxidation of 1-phenylethanol as a probe reaction over the present novel magnetic Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH@Au (7.0 nm Au) nanocatalyst demonstrates high catalytic activity. The yield of acetophenone is 99%, with a turnover frequency (TOF) of 66 h_1,which is similar to that of the previously reported Au/MgAl–LDH (TOF, 74 h_1) with a Au average size of 2.7 nm at 40 1C, implying that the catalytic activity of Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH@Au can be further enhanced as the size of Au nanoparticles is decreased. Meanwhile, the high activity and selectivity of the Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH@Au can be related to the honeycomb like morphology of the support Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH being favourable to the high dispersion of Au nanoparticles and possible concerted catalysis of the basic support. Five reaction cycles have been tested for the Au nanocatalysts after easy magnetic separation by using a magnet (4500 G), and no deactivation of the catalyst has been observed (Table 1). Moreover, no Au, Mg and Al leached into the supernatant as confirmed by ICP (detection limit: 0.01 ppm) and almost the same morphology remained as evidenced by SEM of the reclaimed catalyst (Fig. S8, ESI).In conclusion, a novel hierarchical core–shell magnetic gold nanocatalyst Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH@Au is first fabricated via a facile synthesis method. The direct coating of LDH plateletlike nanocrystals vertically oriented to the Fe3O4 surface leads to a honeycomb like core–shell Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH nanosphere. By a deposition–precipitation method, a gold-supported magnetic nanocatalyst Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH@Au has been obtained, which not only presents high 1-phenylethanol oxidation activity, but can be conveniently separated by an external magnetic field as well. Moreover, a series of magnetic Fe3O4@LDH nanospheres involving NiAl–LDH and CuNiAl–LDH can be fabricated based on the LDH layer composition tunability and multi-functionality of the LDH materials, making it possible to take good advantage of these hierarchical core–shell materials in many important applications in catalysis, adsorption and sensors.This work is supported by the 973 Program (2011CBA00508).译文简易合成易回收的分层核壳Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH@Au磁性纳米粒子催化剂催化氧化醇类物质一种新的核壳结构的Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH@Au纳米催化剂的制备只是通过Au离子负载在已合成的纳米粒子Fe3O4@MgAl–LDH球体的MgAl–LDH的表面上。

化学专业类英文科研文献

Conjugation vs hyperconjugation in molecular structure of acroleinSvitlana V.Shishkina a ,⇑,Anzhelika I.Slabko b ,Oleg V.Shishkin a ,caDivision of Functional Materials Chemistry,SSI ‘Institute for Single Crystals’,National Academy of Science of Ukraine,60Lenina Ave.,Kharkiv 61001,Ukraine bDepartment of Technology of Plastic Masses,National Technical University ‘Kharkiv Polythechnic Institute’,21Frunze Str.,Kharkiv 61002,Ukraine cDepartment of Inorganic Chemistry,V.N.Karazin Kharkiv National University,4Svobody Sq.,Kharkiv 61077,Ukrainea r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 4August 2012In ﬁnal form 16November 2012Available online 29November 2012a b s t r a c tAnalysis of geometric parameters of butadiene and acrolein reveals the contradiction between the Csp 2–Csp 2bond length in acrolein and classical concept of conjugation degree in the polarized molecules.In this Letter the reasons of this contradiction have been investigated.It is concluded that the Csp 2–Csp 2bond length in acrolein is determined by inﬂuence of the bonding for it p –p conjugation and antibonding n ?r ⁄hyperconjugation between the oxygen lone pair and the antibonding orbital of the single bond.It was shown also this bond length depends on the difference in energy of conjugative and hyperconjuga-tive interactions.Ó2012Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionButadiene and acrolein belong to the most fundamental mole-cules in the organic chemistry.They are canonical objects for the investigation of phenomena of p –p conjugation between double bonds and polarization of p -system by heteroatom [1].According to many experimental [2–16]as well as theoretical studies [13,17–23]the molecular structure of butadiene is determined by conjugation between p -orbitals of two double bonds and may be described as superposition of two resonance structures (Scheme 1).The presence of zwitterionic structure causes the shortening of the central single Csp 2–Csp 2bond as compare with similar unconjugated bond [24].Acrolein differs from butadiene by presence of the oxygen atom instead terminal methylene group.According to classical concepts of organic chemistry such replacement should causes polarization of p -system due to presence of highly polar C @O bond [25].This leads to signiﬁcant increase of the contribution of the zwitterionic resonance structure (Scheme 1)reﬂecting strengthening of conju-gation between p -systems of double bonds.Therefore the central Csp 2–Csp 2bond must be shorter in acrolein as compared with one in butadiene.However numerous investigations of acrolein by experimental [26–28]and theoretical methods [26,27,29–36]demonstrate an opposite situation:the Csp 2–Csp 2bond length varies within the range 1.469Ä1.481Åin acrolein as compared with 1.454Ä1.467in butadiene.Based on these data one can conclude that conjugation between double bonds in acrolein is weaker than in butadiene.At that time the rotation barrier obtained from quan-tum-chemical calculations is higher in acrolein [26,27],conﬁrming stronger conjugation between double bonds.Thus,results of experimental and theoretical investigations demonstrate the con-tradiction between the strengthening of the conjugation in acrolein as compare with butadiene and the values of the Csp 2–Csp 2bond length in these molecules.Recently such illogical situation was observed also in derivatives of cyclohexene containing conjugated endocyclic and exocyclic double bonds [37].It was assumed that elongation of the Csp 2–Csp 2bond in cycloxen-2-enone as compare with one in 3-methylene-cyclohexene is caused by the inﬂuence of n ?r ⁄hyperconjugation.In this Letter we demonstrate the results of the investigation of intramolecular interactions in butadiene and acrolein which ex-plain the experimentally observed contradiction between the length of the Csp 2–Csp 2bond and degree of conjugation in acrolein.2.Method of calculationsThe structures of all investigated molecules were optimized using second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory [38].The standard aug-cc-pvtz basis set [39]was applied.The character of stationary points on the potential energy surface was veriﬁed by calculations of vibrational frequencies within the harmonic approximation using analytical second derivatives at the same level of theory.All stationary points possess zero (minima)or one (saddle points)imaginary frequencies.The veriﬁcation of the calculation method was performed using optimization of butadi-ene and acrolein by MP2/aug-cc-pvqz,CCSD(T)/cc-pvtz and CCSD(T)/6-311G(d,p)methods [40].The geometry of saddle points for the rotation process was lo-cated using standard optimization technique [41].The barrier of the rotation in all molecules was calculated as the difference be-tween the Gibbs free energies at 298K of the most stable s-trans0009-2614/$-see front matter Ó2012Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved./10.1016/j.cplett.2012.11.032Corresponding author.Fax:+3805723409339.E-mail address:sveta@ (S.V.Shishkina).conformer and saddle-point conformation.All calculations were performed using the G AUSSIAN 03program [42].The intramolecular interactions were investigated within the Natural Bonding Orbitals theory [43]with N BO 5.0program [44].Calculations were performed using B3LYP/aug-cc-pvtz wave func-tion obtained from single point calculations by G AUSSIAN 03program.The conjugation and hyperconjugation interactions are referred to as ‘delocalization’corrections to the zeroth-order natural Lewis structure.For each donor N BO (i )and acceptor N BO (j ),the stabiliza-tion energy E (2)associated with delocalization (‘2e-stabilization’)i ?j is estimated asE ð2Þ¼D E ij ¼q iF ði ;j Þ22j À2i;where q i is the donor orbital occupancy,e j and e i are the diagonal elements (orbital energies),and F (i,j )is the off-diagonal N BO Fock matrix element.3.Results and discussionThe equilibrium geometry of s-trans and s-cis conformers of butadiene and acrolein calculated by MP/aug-cc-pvtz method (Ta-ble 2)agrees very well with obtained earlier results [2–23,25–34]and data of higher and more computationally expensive methods (Table 1).It can be noted that the C–C bond length in acrolein(Tables 1and 2)is longer as compared with butadiene in all sta-tionary points on the potential energy surface.Such relation does not agree with the conception of the resonance theory [45–47].Analysis of intramolecular interactions in both molecules using N BO theory indicates that acrolein differs from butadiene by pres-ence of intramolecular interaction between lone pair of the oxygen atom and antibonding orbital of the C–C bond (Figure 1)as well as the polarization of one double bond containing more electronega-tive ually the interactions between lone pair and antibonding orbital of single bond are stronger than the interac-tions between the C–H bond and antibonding orbital [48]and they can inﬂuence geometrical characteristics.Such type of interactions is named by anomeric effect and it is studied very well for the case when the central bond between interacted orbitals is single [48,49].It is investigated in details [49]an inﬂuence of classical anomeric effect on conformation of the substituents about central single bond as well as on values of bond lengths.In the case of hyperconjugation interactions along double bond in acrolein orien-tation of substituents around it is determined by its double charac-ter.Therefore,n ?r ⁄hyperconjugative interaction can inﬂuence on the bond lengths of interacted ones only.It can assume the dou-ble character of the central bond must also promote some strengthening of this inﬂuence due to shorter distance between the lone pair of the oxygen atom and antibonding orbital of the C–C bond.Results of N BO analysis of intramolecular interactions in butadi-ene and acrolein demonstrate that the energy of n ?r ⁄interaction between lone pair of the oxygen atom and antibonding orbital of the C–C bond in acrolein is twice as high of the energy of r ?r ⁄interaction between the C–H bond and antibonding orbital of the C–C bond in butadiene (Table 2).At that time the energy of n ?r ⁄interaction is close enough to the energy of p –pTable 2The equilibrium geometries (bond lengths,Åand C @C–C @X (X =CH 2,O)torsion angle,deg.),transition state of the rotation process,bond length alternation (BLA)parameter,related energy (D E rel ,kcal/mol),related stability (D G 298,kcal/mol)and energy of strongest intramolecular interactions (E (2),kcal/mol)for butadiene and acrolein optimized by MP2/aug-cc-pvtz method.The wave function calculated by b3lyp/aug-cc-pvtz method was used for N BO analysis.ConformerBond lengths (Å)C @C–C @X torsion angle deg.BLA (Å)D E rel(kcal/mol)D G 298(kcal/mol)E (2)(kcal/mol)C @CC–C C @X p –pn ?r ⁄(C–C)r ?r ⁄(C–C)Butadiene s-trans 1.341 1.453 1.340180.0+0.1120030.74–8.67gauche 1.340 1.465 1.34036.8+0.125 2.83 2.8921.04–8.94TS 1.3361.4801.336101.8+0.1446.446.102.32–10.66Acrolein s-trans 1.339 1.469 1.219180.0+0.1300027.7518.06–s-cis 1.338 1.481 1.2190.0+0.143 2.26 2.2224.6319.05–TS1.334 1.492 1.21692.5+0.1588.017.46–18.78–Acrolein +BH 3s-trans 1.341 1.449 1.235180.0+0.1080033.12 2.4511.43s-cis 1.340 1.460 1.2340.0+0.120 2.45 2.3829.61 2.6011.43TS1.334 1.476 1.23193.7+0.1429.258.61–2.3911.55Table 1The Csp 2–Csp 2bond length in butadiene and acrolein optimized by different quantum-chemical methods.Method of calculationCsp 2–Csp 2bond length (Å)D (Csp 2–Csp 2)(Å)ButadieneAcrolein MP2/aug-cc-pvtz 1.453 1.4690.016MP2/aug-cc-pvqz 1.451 1.4670.016CCSD(T)/cc-pvtz1.461 1.4780.017CCSD(T)/6–311G(d,p)1.4681.4870.019S.V.Shishkina et al./Chemical Physics Letters 556(2013)18–2219conjugation between two double bonds.Therefore it can assume that the inﬂuence of p–p conjugation and n?r⁄hyperconjuga-tion on the C–C bond length should be comparable.However two strongest intramolecular interactions in the acrolein differ from each other:p–p conjugation between double bonds causes the shortening of the C–C bond in contrary to n?r⁄hyperconjugation which leads to the elongation of the C–C bond owing to the popu-lation of its antibonding orbital.Taking into account this situation it is possible to conclude that length of the Csp2–Csp2single bond in acrolein is determined by balance of two opposite factors namely p–p conjugation and n?r⁄hyperconjugation which may be considered as bonding and antibonding interactions for this bond(Figure1).In this case the length of the Csp2–Csp2bond in acrolein depends on the con-tribution of each of these factors.The changing of the delocaliza-tion of the structures due to inﬂuence of intramolecular interactions can be analyzed easier by mean of the bond length alternation(BLA)parameter(Table2).The analysis of BLA shows the presence of n?r⁄hyperconjugative interaction in acrolein what results in the increasing of alternation of double bonds as compare with butadiene.Clear estimation of inﬂuence of both interactions on geometri-cal parameters of molecule may be performed by comparison of properties of single C–C bond and BLA parameter in equilibrium s-trans conformation and in situations where one or both intramo-lecular interactions are absent.It is well known that p–p conjugation between double bonds decreases appreciably up to disappearing(in acrolein)in the tran-sition state for the rotation around single bond process(Figure2). The data of N BO analysis for butadiene and acrolein in the transition state conﬁrm this evidence(Table2).As expected the absence of p–p conjugation results in the elongation of the Csp2–Csp2bond and increasing of BLA as compare with equilibrium geometry.At that time single C–C bond remains longer in the transition state for acrolein as compare with one for butadiene’s transition state.1.4921.4691.4491.476π−π is present n σ* is presentπ−π is absentn σ* is absent without π−πwithout n σ∗Figure2.Inﬂuence of p–p⁄conjugation and n?r⁄hyperconjugation on the C–Cbond length in acrolein.Table3The energy(E(2),kcal/mol)of the conjugative(bonding)and hyperconjugative(antibonding)intramolecular interactions inﬂuencing the Csp2–Csp2bond length in butadiene, acrolein and its complex with BH3.Molecule Bonding interactions E(2)(kcal/mol)Antibonding interactions E(2)(kcal/mol)Butadienes-trans BD(2)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-C430.74BD(1)C1-H5–BD(1)C2-C38.67 BD(1)C2-H7–BD(1)C3-H87.68BD(1)C4-H9–BD(1)C2-C38.67 gauche BD(2)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-C421.04BD(1)C1-H5–BD(1)C2-C38.94 BD(1)C2-H7–BD(1)C3-C4 5.36BD(1)C4-H9–BD(1)C2-C39.01BD(1)C3-H8–BD(1)C1-C2 5.36TS BD(1)C1-C2–BD(1)C3-C4 3.5BD(1)C1-H5–BD(1)C2-C310.66 BD(1)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-C4 3.46BD(1)C4-H9–BD(1)C2-C310.66BD(1)C3-C4–BD(2)C1-C2 3.46BD(2)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-C4 2.32BD(1)C3-H8–BD(2)C1-C29.57BD(1)C2-H7–BD(2)C3-C49.57Acroleins-trans BD(1)C1-C2–BD(1)C3-O4 2.73BD(1)C1-H5–BD(1)C2-C38.25 BD(2)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-O427.75LP(2)O4–BD(1)C2-C318.06BD(1)C2-H7–BD(1)C3-H8 5.95s-cis BD(2)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-O424.63BD(1)C1-H5–BD(1)C2-C38.76 BD(1)C2-H7–BD(1)C3-O4 4.05LP(2)O4–BD(1)C2-C319.05BD(1)C3-H8–BD(1)C1-C2 5.01TS BD(1)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-O4 2.98BD(1)C1-H5–BD(1)C2-C39.07 BD(1)C3-O4–BD(2)C1-C2 4.48LP(2)O4–BD(1)C2-C318.78BD(1)C3-H8–BD(2)C1-C2 5.85BD(1)C2-H7–BD(2)C3-O4 6.16Acrolein+BH3s-trans BD(1)C1-C2–BD(1)C3-O4 3.07BD(1)C1-H6–BD(1)C2-C38.09 BD(2)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-O433.12BD(1)C2-C3–BD(1)O4-B511.43BD(1)C2-H8–BD(1)C3-H9 5.97LP(1)O4–BD(1)C2-C3 2.45 s-cis BD(1)C1-C2–BD(1)C3-H9 4.98BD(1)C1-H6–BD(1)C2-C38.51 BD(2)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-O429.61BD(1)C2-C3–BD(1)O4-B511.43BD(1)C2-H8–BD(1)C3-O4 4.41LP(1)O4–BD(1)C2-C3 2.60 TS BD(1)C1-C2–BD(1)C3-O40.55BD(1)C1-H6–BD(1)C2-C39.05 BD(1)C1-C2–BD(2)C3-O4 3.01BD(1)C2-C3–BD(1)O4-B511.55BD(2)C1-C2–BD(1)C3-O4 4.90LP(1)O4–BD(1)C2-C3 2.39BD(1)C3-H9–BD(2)C1-C2 6.13BD(1)C2-H8–BD(2)C3-O4 6.8820S.V.Shishkina et al./Chemical Physics Letters556(2013)18–22It is additional argument about the inﬂuence of n?r⁄hypercon-jugation on the C–C bond length through the C@O double bond.In contrary to p–p conjugation n?r⁄hyperconjugation is present in all stationary points on the potential energy surface for acrolein(Table2).But this interaction can be shielded by for-mation of dative bond involving lone pair of the oxygen atom and unoccupied orbital of Lewis acid,for example,BH3.The formed O–B bond has r-character and the energy of its interaction with antibonding orbital of the central C–C bond is very close to the en-ergy of similar C–H?r⁄(C–C)interaction in butadiene(Table2). The absence of n?r⁄hyperconjugation results signiﬁcant short-ening of the Csp2–Csp2bond and decreasing of BLA in all stationary points for acrolein.It is more interesting that the C–C bond in acro-lein becomes shorter and p–p conjugation becomes stronger as compare with ones in butadiene in the case of absence of n?r⁄hyperconjugative interaction(Table2)what agrees well with the resonance theory.This evidence is conﬁrmed also by values of BLA parameter.It is very interesting the situation when both strong intramolec-ular interactions are absent namely acrolein with shielded by BH3 lone pair in the transition state for the rotation process.In absence of p–p conjugative and n?r⁄hyperconjugative interactions the C–C bond length is almost equal to mean value for length of this bond for s-trans and s-cis conformers of acrolein with both interac-tions(Table2).This fact conﬁrms that the C–C bond length in acro-lein in the equilibrium state is determined by balance of p–p conjugation and n?r⁄hyperconjugation.Taking into account the opposite inﬂuence of two types of intra-molecular interactions on the C–C bond one may assume that its length depends on the difference in energy of bonding and antibonding interactions for this bond.In such case all bonding for C–C bond and antibonding for it interactions(Table3)must be taken into account.Specially,this is important for transition states where p–p conjugative interaction is minimal and r(c-H)–p interaction appears instead it.This interaction has bond-ing for Csp2–Csp2bond character and it is weaker as compare with p–p interaction.Analysis of relation between C–C bond length and total energy of intramolecular interaction inﬂuencing on it demon-strates good correlation between them(Figure3)with correlation coefﬁcient aboutÀ0.93.The barrier of the rotation around ordinary C–C bond is also sensitive to intramolecular interactions.The absence of n?r⁄hyperconjugation in acrolein results the increase of conjugation in molecule what leads to the increase of the rotation barrier (Table2).4.ConclusionsResults of quantum-chemical calculations demonstrate the structure of acrolein does not correspond to conventional views about inﬂuence of the polarization of p-system by the oxygen atom.According to classic viewpoint this effect should lead to in-crease of conjugation between double bonds and shortening of central single C–C bond as compared to butadiene.However,anal-ysis of intramolecular interactions shows that the geometry of acrolein is determined by counteraction of p–p conjugation and n?r⁄hyperconjugation.The energies of these interactions are very close but ones inﬂuence on the C–C bond lengths in opposite directions.Conjugation promotes the shortening of the central sin-gle bond due to the overlapping of the p-orbitals of two double bonds.In the contrary the n?r⁄hyperconjugation causes the elongation of the C–C bond due to the population of its antibonding orbital.The absence of conjugation in the transition state for the rotation about the C–C bond process results in the elongation of the single bond in conjugated system.In turn the shielding of n?r⁄hyperconjugation by the formation of dative bond between lone pair of oxygen atom and vacant orbital of Lewis acid causes the shortening of the C–C bond in acrolein.The C–C bond length correlates well with the difference between two strong intramolec-ular interactions.The absence of both interactions does not almost change the C–C bond length.Thus,these data clearly indicate that molecular structure of conjugated systems containing heteroatoms is determined by not only p–p conjugation but also by n?r⁄hyperconjugation.References[1]F.A Carey,R.J.Sundberg,Advanced Organic Chemistry.Part A:Structure andMechanisms,Springer,Virginia,2007.[2]Yu.N.Panchenko,Yu.A.Pentin,V.I.Tyulin,V.M.Tatevskii,Opt.Spectrosc.13(1962)488.[3]A.R.H.Cole,G.M.Mohay,G.A.Osborne,Spectrochim.Acta23A(1967)909.[4]K.Kuchitsu,T.Fukuyama,Y.Morino,J.Mol.Struct.1(1967–1968)463.[5]R.L.Lipnick,E.W.Garbisch Jr.,J.Am.Chem.Soc.95(1973)6370.[6]Yu.N.Panchenko,Spectrochim.Acta31A(1975)1201.[7]Yu.N.Panchenko,A.V.Abramenkov,V.I.Mochalov,A.A.Zenkin,G.Keresztury,G.J.Jalsovszky,J.Mol.Spectrosc.99(1983)288.[8]W.Caminati,G.Grassi,A.Bauder,Chem.Phys.Lett.148(1988)13.[9]M.E.Squillacote,T.C.Semple,P.W.Mui,J.Am.Chem.Soc.107(1985)6842.[10]Y.Furukawa,H.Takeuchi,I.Harada,M.Tasumi,Bull.Chem.Soc.Jpn.56(1983)392.[11]B.R.Arnold,V.Balaji,J.W.Downing,J.G.Radziszewski,J.J.Fisher,J.Michl,J.Am.Chem.Soc.113(1991)2910.[12]J.Saltiel,J.-O.Choi,D.F.Sears Jr.,D.W.Eaker,F.B.Mallory,C.W.Mallory,J.Phys.Chem.98(1994)13162.[13]K.W.Wiberg,R.E.Rosenberg,J.Am.Chem.Soc.112(1990)1509.[14]J.Saltiel,D.F.Sears Jr,A.M.Turek,J.Phys.Chem.A105(2001)7569.[15]M.S.Deleuze,S.Knippenberg,J.Chem.Phys.125(2006)104309-1.[16]P.Boopalachandran,N.C.Craig,ane,J.Phys.Chem.A116(2012)271.[17]H.Guo,M.Karplus,J.Chem.Phys.94(1991)3679.[18]R.Hargitai,P.G.Szalay,G.Pongor,G.Fogarasi,J.Mol.Struct.(THEOCHEM)112(1994)293.[19]G.R.De Maré,Yu.N.Panchenko,J.V.Auwera,J.Phys.Chem.A101(1997)3998.[20]J.C.Sancho-García,A.J.Pérez-Jiménez,F.Moscardó,J.Phys.Chem.A105(2001)11541.[21]N.C.Craig,P.Groner,D.C.McKean,J.Phys.Chem.A110(2006)7461.[22]D.Feller,K.A.Peterson,J.Chem.Phys.126(2007)114105.[23]D.Feller,N.C.Craig,A.R.Maltin,J.Phys.Chem.A112(2008)2131.[24]D.Feller,N.C.Craig,J.Phys.Chem.A113(2009)1601.[25]H.-B.Burgi,J.D.Dunitz,Structure Correlation,vol.2,VCH,Weinheim,1994.[26]K.B.Wiberg,R.E.Rosenberg,P.R.Rablen,J.Am.Chem.Soc.113(1991)2890.[27]K.B.Wiberg,P.R.Rablen,M.Marquez,J.Am.Chem.Soc.114(1992)8654.[28]K.Kuchitsu,T.Fukuyama,Y.Morino,J.Mol.Struct.1(1967–1968)463.[29]G.Celebre,M.Concistré,G.DeLuca,M.Longeri,G.Pileio,J.W.Emsley,Chem.Eur.J.11(2005)3599.[30]R.J.Loncharich,T.R.Schwartz,K.N.Houk,J.Am.Chem.Soc.109(1987)14.[31]G.R.DeMare,Yu.N.Panchenko,A.J.Abramenkov,J.Mol.Struct.160(1987)327.S.V.Shishkina et al./Chemical Physics Letters556(2013)18–2221[32]G.R.DeMare,Can.J.Chem.63(1985)1672.[33]Y.Osamura,H.F.Schaefer III,J.Chem.Phys.74(1981)4576.[34]C.E.Bolm,A.Bauder,Chem.Phys.Lett.88(1982)55.[35]B.Mannfors,J.T.Koskinen,L.-O.Pietilä,L.Ahjopalo,J.Mol.Struct.(THEOCHEM)393(1997)39.[36]J.I.García,J.A.Mayoral,L.Salvatella,X.Assfeld,M.F.Ruiz-López,J.Mol.Struct.(THEOCHEM)362(1996)187.[37]S.V.Shishkina,O.V.Shishkin,S.M.Desenko,J.Leszczynski,J.Phys.Chem.A112(2008)7080.[38]C.Møller,M.S.Plesset,Phys.Rev.46(1934)618.[39]R.A.Kendall,T.H.Dunning Jr.,R.J.Harrison,J.Chem.Phys.96(1992)6792.[40]W.H.Hehre,L.Radom,P.V.R.Schleyer,J.A.Pople,Ab initio Molecular OrbitalTheory,Wiley,New York,1986.[41]P.Culot,G.Dive,V.H.Nguyen,J.M.Ghuysen,Theor.Chim.Acta82(1992)189.[42]M.J.Frisch et al.,G AUSSIAN,Inc.,Wallingford CT,2004.[43]F.Weinhold,in:P.V.R.Schleyer,N.L.Allinger,T.Clark,J.Gasteiger,P.A.Kollman,H.F.Schaefer III,P.R.Schreiner(Eds.),Encyclopedia of Computational Chemistry,vol.3,John Wiley&Sons,Chicheste,UK,1998.1792–1792. [44]E.D.Glendening,J.K.Badenhoop,A.E.Reed,J.E.Carpenter,J.A.Bohmann,C.M.Morales,F.Weinhold,N BO5.0Theoretical Chemistry Institute,University of Wisconsin,Madison,WI,2001.[45]E.D.Glendening,F.Weinhold,put.Chem.19(1998)593.[46]E.D.Glendening,F.Weinhold,put.Chem.19(1998)610.[47]E.D.Glendening,J.K.Badenhoop,F.Weinhold,put.Chem.19(1998)628.[48]A.J.Kirby,Stereoelectronic Effects,Oxford University Press,New York,1996.[49]I.V.Alabugin,K.M.Gilmore,P.W.Peterson,WIREs Computational MolecularScience1(2011)109.22S.V.Shishkina et al./Chemical Physics Letters556(2013)18–22。

分析化学类SCI期刊

二者有何区别？Thomson Reuters公司本身做了分区，按Thomson Reuters的学科分类，分四区，四等分。经咨询Thomson Reuters工作人员，Thomson Reuters的分区是按照学科进行的，就是把某一个学科的所有期刊都按照上一年的影响因子降序排列，然后平均4等分(各25%)，分别是Q1 ，Q2，Q3，Q4。SCI期刊影响因子一般是在每年的6月下旬发布前一年的JCR，比如 2013年的六月发布的是JCR 2012。
ISI所谓最有影响力的研究成果，指的是报道这些成果的文献大量地被其它文献引用。设置了 “引文索引”（Citation Index）。即通过先期的文献被当前文献的引用，来说明文献之间的相关性及先前文献对当前文献的影响力。 Citation 引文，参考文献 Citing 引用 Cited 被引用 Cites 引用（被引用）次数
某一领域的论文发表情况；
某一作者在某一领域的论文发表情况；
某一作者在某一期刊的论文发ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้情况；
某一期刊发表某一领域的论文情况；
SCI也有自身的局限性
SCI更侧重反映核心期刊的文章收录情况，并不能完全、准确地反映文章的质量。被收录到 SCI杂志中的文章水平可能参差不齐。
其次，SCI侧重于反映一些共性和前沿性的基础科学研究领域，对生态环境保护、地理等一些地域特色较强的科研成果关注不够。在国际上不具备广泛性，属于“偏门”、“冷门”，很难在国际核心期刊上发表。
分析化学类SCI期刊及影响因子
SCI
SCI----Science Citation Index(科学引文索引)。美国科学情报所（ Institute for Scientific Information，简称ISI）出版的一部世界著名的期刊文献检索工具。网址：其出版形式包括印刷版期刊和光盘版及联机数据库，现在还发行了互联网上Web版数据库。

分析化学英文文献

I. vocabularyabsorbance吸光度acetic acid 乙酸acetone 丙酮acetonitrile 乙腈aliquot 等份（试液）aluminum foil 铝箔analytical chemistry 分析化学American Chemical Society (缩写ACS) 美国化学会autosampler 自动进样器beaker 烧杯bibliography 参考书目blender 混合器,搅拌机buffer solution 缓冲溶液burette 滴定管cartridge 柱管centrifugation 离心Chemical Abstracts (缩写CA) 化学文摘chemical analysis 化学分析chromatograph 色谱仪chromatogram色谱图cloud point extraction（缩写CPE）浊点萃取confidence level 置信水平conical flask 锥形瓶daughter ion 子离子dichloromethane 二氯甲烷Diode array detector （缩写DAD）二极管阵列检测器dilution 稀释（n.）disperser solvent 分散剂dispersive liquid–liquidmicroextraction 分散液液微萃取distilled water 蒸馏水dropping pipet 滴管electrochemical analysis电化学分析electrode 电极electrolyte 电解质electromagnetic spectrum 电磁波谱electrospray ionization (缩写ESI ) 电喷雾离子化eliminate 消除（v.）eluate 洗出液eluent 洗脱剂elute 洗脱(v.)elution 洗脱（n.）Encyclopedia of analytical chemistry分析化学百科全书The Engineering Index （缩写EI ）工程索引enrichment factor 富集因子Evaporative Light Scattering Detector(缩写ELSD) 蒸发光散射检测器extract 萃取（v.）、萃取物(n.)extraction efficiency 萃取效率filter 过滤（v.）、过滤器(n.) filtrate 滤出液filtration 过滤fluorescence荧光fluorometry荧光分析法formic acid 甲酸funnel 漏斗gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (缩写GC–MS) 气相色谱-质谱gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry （缩写GC–MS/MS）气相色谱-串联质谱gel filtration chromatography凝胶过滤色谱法gel permeation chromatography凝胶渗透色谱法graduated cylinder 量筒high performance liquid chromatography (缩写HPLC) 高效液相色谱homogenate 匀浆(n.) homogenize 使均质，将……打成匀浆hydrophobic 疏水的identification 鉴定Impact Factor影响因子incubation time 温育时间Index to Scientific Technical Proceedings （缩写ISTP）科技会议录索引indicator 指示剂instrumental analysis 仪器分析interference 干扰ion enhancement 离子加强ion exchange chromatography离子交换色谱法ion source 离子源ion suppression 离子抑制limit of detection （缩写LOD）检出限limit of quantitation (缩写LOQ)定量限linearity 线性linear range 线性范围linear regression equation 线性回归方程liquid chromatography tandem massspectrometry （缩写LC-MS/MS）液相色谱串联质谱liquid chromatography withelectrospray ionizationtandem mass spectrometry （缩写LC-ESI-MS/MS）液相色谱电喷雾串联质谱liquid-liquid partition chromatography液液分配色谱法liquid-solid adsorptionchromatography 液固吸附色谱法mass analyzer 质量分析器Mass Spectrometer 质谱仪mass spectrum 质谱图mass-to-charge ratio 质荷比matrix effect 基质效应maximum absorption 最大吸收maximum value 最大值measuring pipet 吸量管methanol 甲醇micelle 胶束microwave assisted extraction 微波辅助提取minimum value 最小值mobile phase 流动相molarity 摩尔浓度monograph专著Multiple-reaction monitoring 多反应监测(缩写MRM)normal phase liquid chromatography正相液相色谱法nominal concentration 标示浓度optimization 优化outlier 离群值parent ion 母离子pipette 移液管polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 多环芳烃potentiometry电位法preconcentration 预浓缩primary literature一次文献quadrupole-time- of-flight massspectrometry 四极杆-飞行时间质谱（缩写Q-TOF MS）qualitative analysis 定性分析quality assurance and quality control（缩写QA/QC）质量保证和质量控制quantification 定量quantitative analysis 定量分析reconstitute 重组、复溶（v.）recovery 回收率refractive index detector 折光指数检测器，示差折光检测器relative abundance 相对丰度relative standard deviation （缩写RSD）相对标准偏差reproducibility 重现性reversed phase liquid chromatography（缩写RPLC）反相液相色谱法Royal Society of Chemistry（缩写RSC）英国皇家化学会Science Citation Index （缩写SCI ）科学引文索引Science Citation Index Expanded (缩写SCIE) 科学引文索引扩展版Scientific notation 科学计数法signal to noise ratio （缩写S/N）信噪比size exclusion chromatography尺寸排除色谱法secondary literature二次文献solid-phase extraction （缩写SPE）固相萃取solid-phase microextraction （缩写SPME）固相微萃取spike 添加（v.）standard solution标准溶液stationary phase 固定相stirring bar 搅拌棒stoichiometric point化学计量点surfactant 表面活性剂supernatant 上清液syringe 注射器tap water 自来水Teflon 聚四氟乙烯tetrahydrofuran 四氢呋喃titrant 滴定剂titration滴定Ultra performance liquidchromatography (缩写UPLC) 超高效液相色谱Ultraviolet/VisibleSpectrophotometry 紫外/可见分光光度法vacuum 真空vessel 容器volumetric flask 容量瓶volumetric analysis容量分析法voltammetry 伏安法II. Terms and their definitionsAccuracy 准确度A measure of the agreement between an experimental result and its expected value.Analysis 分析A process that provides chemical or physical information about the constituents in the sample or the sampleitselfAnalyte 被测物，被分析物The constituent of interest in sampleCalibration curve 校准曲线The result of a standardization showing gr aphically how a method’s signal changes with respectto the amount of analyte.Calibration method 校准方法The basis of quantitative analysis: magnitude of measured property is proportional toconcentration of analyteChromophore 生色团A functional group which absorbs a characteristic ultraviolet or visible wavelengthGradient elution 梯度洗脱T he process of changing the mobile phase’s solvent strength to enhance the separation of bothearly and late eluting solutes.Gravimetric analysis重量分析A type of quantitative analysis in which the amount of a species in a material is determined by converting the species into a product that can be isolated and weighed.Isocratic elution 等度洗脱the use of a mobile phase whose composition remains constant throughout theseparation.Matrix 基质All other constituents in a sample except for the analytesMethod blank方法空白A sample that contains all components of the matrix except the analyte.Outlier 离群值Data point whose value is much larger or smaller than the remaining data.Precision精密度An indication of the reproducibility of a measurement or resultQuantitative analysis 定量分析The determination of the amount of a substance or species present in a material. Quantitative transfer 定量转移The process of moving a sample from one container to another in a manner that ensures allmaterial is transferred.Selectivity选择性A measure of a method’s freedom from interferences as defined by the method’s selectivity coefficient. Significant figures有效数字The digits in a measured quantity, including all digits known exactly and one digit (the last) whosequantity is uncertain.Spectrophotometry分光光度法. An analytical method that involves how light interacts with a substanceStock solution储备液 A solution of known concentration from which other solutions are prepared.Titration curve滴定曲线A graph showing the progress of a titration as a function of the volume of titrant added.Validation（方法）确证，验证The process of verifying that a procedure yields acceptable results.Titration error滴定误差The determinate error in a titration due to the difference between the end point and the equivalencepoint.III. Common knowledges1.Some key journals in Analytical Chemistry: Analytical ChemistryTrends in Analytical ChemistryJournal of Chromatography AJournal of Chromatography BAnalystAnalytica Chimica ActaTALANTACritical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry Analytical and Bioanalytical ChemistryELECTROPHORESIS2. Types of articles published in scientific journals:Full Length Research PapersRapid CommunicationsReviewsShort CommunicationsDiscussions or Letters to the Editor(Some journals publish all types of articles, while others are devoted to only a single type.)3. The structure of a scientific paper:•Title•Authors (with affiliations and addresses) • Abstract (summary)• Key words•Introduction•Experimental•Results and discussion•Conclusion•Acknowledgement•References4. How to Read a Scientific Paper:Five Helpful Questions•1) WHY did they do this set of experiments?•2) HOW were the experiments actually done?•3) WHAT are the results?•4) WHAT can be concluded from the results?•5) Did they do everything correctly?5. Five-step analyzing process1) Identify and define the problem.2) Design the experimental procedure.3) Conduct an experiment and gather data.4) Analyze the experimental data.5) Report and suggestionIV. Translation exercises1. 用分散液- 液微萃取法对杀菌剂的水样品中的测定（杀真菌剂）开发的。

化学专业英语

化学专业英语化学专业英语在学习和工作中扮演着重要角色，对于化学领域的专业人士来说，掌握一定的英语能力是必不可少的。

本文将介绍化学专业英语的重要性、常用术语及学习方法。

重要性在当今全球化的社会中，英语已成为国际交流的通用语言。

化学作为一门重要的自然科学学科，与许多其他领域有着千丝万缕的联系。

因此，化学专业人士需要与不同国家和地区的同行进行交流，参与国际性的研究合作。

良好的英语能力可以帮助化学专业人士更好地理解和沟通最新的研究成果，实现信息共享和合作。

此外，化学领域的文献、期刊、会议报告等大多数都是用英语进行撰写和交流的。

若想深入研究和了解前沿化学知识，就必须具备良好的英语阅读和写作能力。

常用术语以下是化学专业中常用的一些英语术语：•Atom - 原子•Molecule - 分子•Chemical Bond - 化学键•Chemical Reaction - 化学反应•Element - 元素•Compound - 化合物•Organic Chemistry - 有机化学•Inorganic Chemistry - 无机化学•Physical Chemistry - 物理化学•Analytical Chemistry - 分析化学•Biochemistry - 生物化学•Polymer - 聚合物熟练掌握这些术语对于化学专业学习和工作至关重要。

学习方法要提高化学专业英语水平，以下是一些建议的学习方法：1.多读英文文献：阅读化学领域的英文期刊、论文或专业书籍，可以帮助提升英语阅读能力和专业术语的熟练掌握。

2.参加英语课程：参加专门针对化学专业英语的培训班或课程，系统学习化学领域的英语知识。

3.与外国同行交流：积极参与国际会议、学术交流活动，与外国同行进行交流，提高英语口语表达能力。

4.写作练习：多写化学相关的英文论文摘要、实验报告等，提升英语写作技巧。

5.背单词：每天坚持背诵一些化学专业英语词汇，扩大词汇量。

分析化学英文课件04 酸碱平衡Acid-Base Equilibria

Autoprotolysis
As the elemental unit of positive charge, the proton possesses a charge density which makes its independent existence in a solution extremely unlikely. Thus, in order to transform HB into B-, a proton acceptor must be present. Often as in the dissociation of acetic acid in water, this base may be the solvent(H2O) itself.
HAc = H+ + Ac- , H2O + H+ = H3O+
Combination of this two equations, HAc + H2O = H3O+ + Ac-
The protonated water molecule or hydrated proton H3O+, may be called a “hydronium ion”, but it is usually designated simply by “hydrogen ion” and often written as “H+”.
According to Arrhenius theory, acids dissociate into
hydrogen ions and anions, and bases dissociate into
hydroxide ions and cations.

化学专业英语之化学文献检索

化学专业英语之化学文献检索化学专业英语之化学文献检索THE LITERATURE MATRIX OF CHEMISTRYThe literature of chemistry and chemical technology is a rich and vast knowledge resource through which we can interact with those who have shaped our past and who are shaping our present.On accepting the invitation to write this book, I hoped to achieve the following objectives:To give the reader an appreciation of the value of the literature matrix and the vital role it has played in the progress of chemistry and technology.To delineate the scope and content of the literature matrix so that the reader can interact with and gain access to it effectively.To orient the book to students majoring in chemistry and chemical engineering and to scientists and engineers employed by the chemical industry in research arid development and in plant operations. Whereas a minority of chemists and chemical engineers affect the literature as authors, all are affected by the literature as readers and users. Reading and using the literature are not only a tradition; they are a necessity if we are to maintain scientific growth(self-education) .relate facts (idea seeking), and establish background information for new research programs (insurance against repeating what has already been done).Too many graduates leave the educational environment with the belief that learning goes on in academic buildings and nowhere else. To limit thinking within the bounds of formaleducation and training makes us artisans and our science an art. and courts technical obsolescence within a decade1.The chemical literature offers professional chemists and chemical engineers an opportunity for continuous .lifelong self-education. Ideally .every course in science and engineering curriculums should train students to utilize the literature for self-education. The student should be taught not only segmented disciplines, but also how to learn science and technology that is changing rapidly in directions that cannot be anticipated easily.The amount of information to be taught has increased so much that most professor? find little time to teach the literature.Furthermore ,chemistry and chemical technology are increasingly segmented into new disciplines and subdisciplmes .such as polymer chemistry, material science, and environmental science. The need to teach electronics and computer science in addition to the new disciplines have forced the elimination of courses in literature, history, and philosophy of chemistry from the majority of curriculums. Of the approximately 2000 colleges and universities that grant degrees in chemistry, only a few offer courses in the literature of chemistry and still fewer m the history and philosophy of chemistry. Paradoxically when the chemical literature was relatively small, the literature and history of chemistry were considered to be important components of the curriculum, and a high percentage of colleges and universities had courses in those subjects. Many textbooks written for students of the late nineteenth and the first three decades of the twentieth century emphasized the literature. and history of chemistry. Unfortunately, this is no longer the case.f he twentieth century has been a period of rapid growth in the chemical industry and in governmental laboratories, inresearch and development funding by both the chemical industry and the federal government, and in the numbers of chemists and chemical engineers. The result has been a correspondingly rapid growth of the literature in a multitude offragmented disciplines and subdisciplines. The size, growth, and complexity of the literature became such in the twentieth century, and particularly since 1940, that a multitude of information services were created and a number of guide books were written to aid the user of the literature. One of the best known of these was A Guide t& the Literature of Chemistry by E.J. Crane and A.M. Patterson, published in 1927 by John Wiley &. Sons. This book enjoyed wide use as a text for courses in the literature of chemistry, as did the second edition (1957) by Crane, Patterson, and E.B. Marr, Two other highly regarded and much used texts were Chemical Publications--Their Nature and Use by M. G. Mellon (1928, 1940, and 1948; McGraw-Hill) and Library Guide for the Chemist by B. A. Soule (1938, McGraw-Hill).Another response to the size, growth and complexity, of the literature was the appearance of a new specialist, the chemical information scientist, and a new subdiscipline of chemistry, chemical information science—now a well-established career for thousands of chemists. Although the activities engaged in by these chemists are taught in colleges and universities, the courses are not a part of the chemistry curriculum, nor do they constitute a curriculum for chemical information science2. Chemical information scientists edit and write technical material, translate, index, abstract, search the literature, design information systems rand relate the 'literature to the needs of anenvironment. As computers became increasingly important in processing information, chemical information scientists played an important role in employing this new tool for computerized information systems and services.In the nineteenth century the literature of chemistry consisted t)f personal contacts,: lectures, correspondence, books, and a few journals. As late as World War I it was-not very difficult for a chemist to read practically everything of importance published in chemistry. Thereafterit became increasingly difficult, and by the, 1930s it was impossible to read everything of importance.Today, the chemical literature consists of books .encyclopedias, treatises, data compilations, handbooks, patents, journals, abstract journals, trade literature, government publications, market research reports, and a variety of computer-based information services. Although a part of this literature matrix is discussed in books by Crane, Patterson, and Marr; Mellon; Soule; and others, the character of the literature has changed radically since these books were written. The present book includes the earlier literature, which is still of importance for retrospective searching, and the significant traditional literature and information services, which are essential for maintaining current awareness and for retrospective searching.Books, encyclopedias, treatises, data compilations, etc., are the vade mecum of students in all subject areas, especially in science and engineering. These are the subjects covered in Chapters 1, 2, and 3. Books are the major resource utilized in the educational process, and one who has not learned how to use school and public libraries can hardly claim to be educated. The books one acquires during the academic years are but a drop inthe ocean of literature, and this drop evaporates rather quickly into obsolescence. Throughout one's professional career it is important to gain familiarity with a large number of books, encyclopedias, treatises, etc. , and with sources that give information about new books. The survey of books in Chapter 1 is neither definitive nor all-inclusive; it is, however, highly selective, based on my own use of many of the books listed or on the evaluations of others. Year of publication is not given for every book because many undergo periodic revision; the reader should seek the latest edition.Familiarity with treatises and encyclopedias, such as those listed and discussed in Chapter 2, is a sine qua non for all practicing chemists and engineers. Organic chemists cut their teeth on Beilstein and Houben-Weyl, and inorganic chemists on Gmelin. The most important general reference book today is the Kirk—Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Considerable searching and learning time is saved by knowing and consult-ing these encyclopedias and treatises. Like most other tools of chemistry .expertise comes with frequent use.Every chemist and chemical engineer should have a personal copy of a single-volume handbook, such as Lange's, Perry's, or CRC's, and should be aware of and frequently consult comprehensive works, such as Landolt-Bornstein, International Critical Tables, and the special data compilers of critical data discussed in Chapter 3.Patents constitute an integral resource of the chemical literature. They have a unique literary form, written to satisfy legal requirements, and very unlike that used for reports or journal literature. Most important, they are an essential and useful source of chemical technology, and they play a critical role in theconduct of research and development in the chemical industry. The number of abstracts of basic patents published in Chemical Abstracts, which very recently has been in excess of 60000 per year, gives an indication of the size of this literature. Chapter 4 discusses patents as a resource and how to use them. Journal literature has been the fastest growing segment of the chemical literature. Whereas books, encyclopedias, and treatises discuss the past events of chemistry, journals record the current happenings. Journals came into existence in the seventeenth century as a better and faster communication medium than letter, pamphlet, or book, and slowly evolved into the dominant medium for reporting and communicating activities in。

化学毕业论文英文献及翻译

化学毕业论文英文献及翻译负载水杨醛1,3丙二酸二异丙酯二亚胺(BSPDI)的活性炭分离富集食物样品中某些重金属——火焰原子吸收光谱法测定摘要:在已有的报导中有一种灵敏而又简单的方法，能同时富集实际样品3+3+2+2+2+2+中的Cr、Fe、Cu、Ni、Co和Zn。

在该方法的基础上，将BSPDI 负载-1-1到活性炭上，再用8ml 2mol.L的硝酸的丙酮溶液或10ml 4mol.L的硝酸溶液对改性的活性炭洗提后吸附金属。

经调查分析，包括采样体积和PH值都是影响结果的分析参数。

检测分析物的残留物上的基质离子的影响，通常分析物的回收率是能测定的。

该方法已成功地应用于对一些食物样品中某些金属的内容评价。

1、介绍在包括自然水域的环境样品中，对微量金属的测定是为了表明生态污染程度和有关健康问题。

通常先确定所分离的元素是样品的主要组成部分，而后才涉及到时对这些微量组成的分离富集。

对微量金属的分析存在于各种样品中，像自然界的废水，泥沙和一些分析技术能直接测定的组织。

比如由于其他离子的基质影响、样品中金属离子的浓度转低和选择性低灵敏性低的分析技术而使原子吸收方法就不能用来真接测定。

事实上，固相萃取是一个强大的工具，能分离富集各种无机有机分析物。

在技术上它有风几个优点:固相稳定性好，可重复性好，能达到较高的富集效果，分离富集的动力条件温和，无需特殊的有机溶剂，试剂消耗低产生费用小。

几个选择性的用物理负载或化学绑定的鳌合剂等不同载体的固相萃取物已经准备好，例如:硅胶，活性炭，涂SDS氧化铝，改性硅藻土载体，标记离子聚合物，XAD-2000安伯来树脂。

活性炭是一种广泛应用在水、高纯度物质、蔬菜样品等分析物的多元微量富集的收集物。

一般使用活性炭对金属富集的方法是通过简单调整水溶液的PH到适当的值后与金属进行螯合，此过程的缺点是它需要一系列的络合步骤，因此，最近提出使用螯合活性炭。

金属螯合物可以提供高选择性和高富集效果，寻找这样一种分离富集技术。

英语化学文献综述范文

英语化学文献综述范文The field of chemistry has a rich and diverse body of literature that spans centuries of scientific exploration and discovery. From the ancient alchemists to the modern-day researchers, the chemical sciences have been at the forefront of our understanding of the natural world. In this literature review, we will delve into the various aspects of chemistry-related literature, exploring its historical development, current trends, and future directions.The origins of chemistry can be traced back to the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China, where early practitioners sought to understand the fundamental nature of matter and its transformations. The emergence of alchemy, a precursor to modern chemistry, was marked by a blend of scientific inquiry and mystical beliefs. The alchemists of the Middle Ages and Renaissance periods were driven by the pursuit of transmuting base metals into gold, as well as the search for the elixir of life.As the scientific revolution took hold in the 16th and 17th centuries, the study of chemistry began to evolve into a more systematic andempirical discipline. Pioneers such as Robert Boyle, Antoine Lavoisier, and John Dalton laid the foundations for the modern understanding of atomic theory, chemical reactions, and the periodic table of elements. The 19th century saw the rapid development of organic chemistry, with the synthesis of numerous compounds and the elucidation of the structure of complex molecules.The 20th century marked a period of unprecedented advancements in the field of chemistry. The rise of quantum mechanics and the development of advanced analytical techniques, such as spectroscopy and chromatography, have revolutionized our understanding of the atomic and molecular world. The discovery of new elements, the synthesis of complex organic compounds, and the application of chemistry in diverse fields, such as materials science, biotechnology, and environmental science, have all contributed to the ever-expanding body of chemical literature.One of the key aspects of the chemical literature is its interdisciplinary nature. Chemistry is inherently connected to other scientific disciplines, such as physics, biology, and engineering, and the literature reflects this interconnectedness. Researchers in these fields often collaborate and publish their findings in interdisciplinary journals, furthering our understanding of the natural world and the technological applications of chemical principles.Another important aspect of the chemical literature is the role of peer-reviewed journals. These scholarly publications serve as the primary channels for the dissemination of new research findings, as well as the critical evaluation of existing knowledge. The peer-review process ensures the quality and reliability of the published work, contributing to the overall credibility of the chemical literature.In recent years, the chemical literature has also been shaped by the increasing availability of digital resources and the rise of open-access publishing. The digitization of scientific journals and the proliferation of online databases have made it easier for researchers to access and share information, fostering greater collaboration and accelerating the pace of scientific progress. The open-access movement has also challenged the traditional publishing model, making more research freely available to the global scientific community.Looking to the future, the chemical literature is poised to continue its evolution, driven by emerging technologies, new areas of research, and the changing landscape of scientific communication. The increasing use of artificial intelligence and machine learning in data analysis and the development of advanced computational methods are expected to transform the way research is conducted and disseminated.Additionally, the growing emphasis on interdisciplinary andcollaborative research, as well as the need to address global challenges such as climate change, sustainable energy, and human health, will likely shape the future direction of the chemical literature. The ability to effectively communicate and share scientific knowledge will be of paramount importance, as researchers and policymakers work together to address the pressing issues of our time.In conclusion, the chemical literature is a vast and dynamic body of knowledge that reflects the rich history and ongoing evolution of the chemical sciences. From the early alchemists to the modern-day researchers, the literature has been shaped by the pursuit of scientific understanding, the development of new technologies, and the need to address the pressing challenges facing our world. As we move forward, the chemical literature will continue to be a vital resource for advancing our knowledge and shaping the future of the field.。

高校化学专业仪器分析英文文献阅读翻译

高校化学专业仪器分析英文文献阅读翻译As an AI language model, I can help you write a 1500-word article on the topic of "Chemical Instrument Analysis in Higher Education Institutions: Reading and Translating English Literature". Please note that I won't be able to provide a formatted document like a contract or essay. However, I can write the content in a well-structured manner that adheres to your requirements. Here's the article:Chemical Instrument Analysis in Higher Education Institutions: Reading and Translating English LiteratureIntroductionChemical instrument analysis plays a crucial role in the field of chemistry, enabling scientists and researchers to study and understand the structure, composition, and properties of various substances. In higher education institutions, students pursuing a degree in chemistry are often required to read and translate English literature related to chemical instrument analysis. This article aims to provide insights into the process of reading and translating such literature effectively.1. Importance of Reading English Literature in ChemistryIn the globalized world, scientific research and literature are often published in English, making it essential for chemistry students to develop reading skills in this language. By reading English literature, students can access the latest advancements, methodologies, and research studies in chemical instrument analysis, gaining a broader understanding of the subject.2. Strategies for Effective Readinga) Skimming and Scanning: When approaching an English literature text, students are advised to skim and scan the material first. Skimming helps to get a general overview of the content, while scanning involves searching for specific information, such as experimental procedures or analytical techniques. These strategies allow students to identify relevant sections for in-depth reading and comprehension.b) Active Reading: Active reading involves actively engaging with the text by highlighting key points, jotting down questions, and making connections with prior knowledge. This approach promotes a deeper understanding of the concepts and facilitates effective translation later on.c) Building Vocabulary: Chemical instrument analysis literature often includes technical terms and specialized vocabulary. Students should continuously expand their vocabulary by referring to dictionaries, glossaries, and scientific resources. Creating word lists and using flashcards can also aid in memorization.3. Approaches to Translationa) Contextual Understanding: Accurate translation requires a solid grasp of the context. Students should analyze the text's purpose, identify the intended audience, and consider the cultural nuances that may affect the translation process. Maintaining the author's original intent is essential during the translation process.b) Language Competence: Fluency in both English and the native language is crucial for translation. Students need to have a strongunderstanding of grammatical structures, idiomatic expressions, and technical terminology in both languages. Regular practice in translating various types of literature can enhance language competencies.c) Collaborative Learning: Engaging in group discussions and peer review sessions can be beneficial for improving translation skills. By discussing different interpretations and translations, students can learn from others' perspectives and refine their own approach to ensure accuracy and clarity.4. Resources for Assistancea) Online Databases: Higher education institutions often provide access to reputable scientific databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. These platforms offer a wealth of English literature on chemical instrument analysis, through which students can access research articles, journals, and conference proceedings.b) Academic Support Centers: Many universities have dedicated academic support centers that offer language and translation assistance. Seeking guidance from language experts or attending workshops on scientific writing and translation can significantly improve students' skills in reading and translating English literature.c) Professional Translation Services: In cases where the complexity or volume of the text exceeds the students' abilities, professional translation services can be considered. However, it is crucial to review the translations carefully and compare them with the original text to maintain accuracy.ConclusionProficiency in reading and translating English literature related to chemical instrument analysis is a valuable skill for students pursuing a chemistry degree in higher education institutions. By employing effective reading strategies, developing strong language competencies, and utilizing available resources, students can enhance their understanding of the subject and contribute to the advancement of chemical instrument analysis.Overall, the ability to read and translate English literature in the field of chemical instrument analysis expands students' knowledge, promotes cross-cultural exchange, and prepares them for successful careers in scientific research and development.。

分析化学英文

High throughput and high speed 高通量、快速分析
auto- 自动化、micro- 微型化、image- 图像化
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College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
7
How to estimate a method? 分析方法的评价
because of salary 6. Sample throughput 7. Costs of reagents
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College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
8
What are we interested?
Evaluating analytical data (parts in chapter 2-4 )
agreed on units for measurements.
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College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
10
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College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
Chemical analysis --- titration (chapter 9)
Acid-base, Complexation,
Redox,
Precipitation.
Instrumental analysis (chapter 10, parts in chapter11-12)
Spectrscopic methods,
2019/5/3
College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

14本外文版《分析化学》参考书

/imgres?imgurl=/images/P/0521644844.01._SCLZZZ ZZZZ_.jpg&imgrefurl=/bbs/simple/index.php%3Ft86231.html&usg=__8sZFYXnFe3-i PbQnrSxE1_Ss0eE=&h=475&w=325&sz=28&hl=zh-CN&start=10&um=1&tbnid=C0LSGPf-kiq9jM:&tbnh= 129&tbnw=88&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%25E5%2588%2586%25E6%259E%2590%25E5%258C%2596 %25E5%25AD%25A6%26um%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-CN%26newwindow%3D1%26sa%3DG查看完整版本:[--14本分析化学外文书下载！--]1.分析化学的样品制备技术Publisher: Wiley-Interscience Number OfPages: 488Publication Date: 2003-09-12 ISBN /ASIN: 0471328456链接：ed2k://|file|Wiley%20Sample%20Preparation%20Techniques%20in%20Analytical%20Chemistry%202003.pdf|4851928|D9913ACEC46C89AF2869D7B458A1586F|/2.分析化学统计方法Statistical Methods in Analytical Chemistry (ChemicalAnalysis: A Series of Monographs on Analytical Chemistryand Its Applications) By Peter C. Meier, Richard E. Zünd,Publisher: Wiley-Interscience Number OfPages: 456Publication Date: 2000-04-13 ISBN / ASIN: 0471293636EAN: 9780471293637链接：/dl/ec287d8dcc5bfd1fc12c4dcf00f913bc/461e3fad/5-9e748n-5324293/ statistical_methods_in_analytical_chemistry.pdf pdf, 25 M3.分析化学中Excel的使用How to Use Excel in Analytical Chemistry and in GeneralScientific Data AnalysisBy Robert de Levie, Robert de Levie,Publisher: Cambridge University PressNumber Of Pages: 502Publication Date: 2001-02-15Sales Rank: 697117ISBN / ASIN: 0521644844EAN: 9780521644846链接：/file/3410027/10a3b93d/how_to_use_excel_in_analytical_chemistry_and_in_general_scientific_data_analysis.htmlModern Analytical ChemistryBy David T HarveyPublisher: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/MathNumber Of Pages: 816Publication Date: 1999-10-14Sales Rank: 841100ISBN / ASIN: 0072375477EAN: 9780072375473链接：/eyc3fa5.生物传感器及现代生物特异性分析技术Biosensors and Modern Biospecific Analytical Techniques (Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry)ByNumber Of Pages: 644Publication Date: 2005-06-01Sales Rank: 2164258ISBN / ASIN: 0444507159EAN: 9780444507150链接：/files/22958850/biosensors_and_modern_biospecific_analytical_ techniques.rarAnalytical Chemistry: Theoretical and Metrological FundamentalsBy K. DanzerPublisher: SpringerNumber Of Pages: 315Publication Date: 2006-12Sales Rank: 3506816ISBN / ASIN: 3540359885EAN: 9783540359883联结：/dl/03f24b2e095490a8ca680d1252 d99ce5/461e43ad/13-6vam3d-5325266/files_19749339_analytical_chemistry.rar7.分析化学仪器分析技术手册ByPublisher: Prentice HallNumber Of Pages: 995Publication Date: 1997-06-04Sales Rank: 1282911ISBN / ASIN: 0131773380EAN: 9780131773387链接：/yvith28.分析化学手册Dean's Analytical Chemistry Handbook (McGraw-Hill Handbooks)By Pradyot PatnaikPublisher: McGraw-Hill ProfessionalNumber Of Pages: 1280Publication Date: 2004-05-28Sales Rank: 985763ISBN / ASIN: 0071410600EAN: 0639785507819联结：/files/22452446/deans_anal ytical_chemistry_handbook_www. .rar9.组合化学中的分析技术Analytical Techniques in Combinatorial Chemistry ByPublisher: CRCNumber Of Pages: 320Publication Date: 2000-02-18Sales Rank: 3862433ISBN / ASIN: 0824719395EAN: 9780824719395联结：/files/14527534/aticc_www.f .rarpass: 10.分析化学原理与实践Principles and Practice of Analytical ChemistryBy F. W. Fifield, D. Kealey,Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, Incorporated Number Of Pages: 576Publication Date: 2000-08-01Sales Rank: 1275552ISBN / ASIN: 0632053844EAN: 9780632053841链接：/r5jeoc11.溶剂的性质The Properties of Solvents (Wiley Series in Solutions Chemistry)By Yizhak MarcusPublisher: WileyNumber Of Pages: 254Publication Date: 1998-10-30Sales Rank: 2118870ISBN / ASIN: 0471983691EAN: 9780471983699链接：/files/2063746/TPoS.rar12.实验室中的样品处理Sampling and Sample Preparation for Field and Laboratory (Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry) By Janusz PawliszynPublisher: Elsevier ScienceNumber Of Pages: 1160Publication Date: 2002-08-01Sales Rank: 2001730ISBN / ASIN: 0444505113EAN: 9780444505118链接：/redirect.id:c518be0c4b7fa04a 46d444aa2a251a34.url13.光谱中的辉光放电等离子体Glow Discharge Plasmas in Analytical Spectroscopy ByPublisher: WileyNumber Of Pages: 498Publication Date: 2003-01-27Sales Rank: 1895723链接：ISBN / ASIN: 0471606995EAN: 9780471606994http://rapidshare.de/files/15467419/GDPAS.pdf14.石油产品分析手册Handbook of Petroleum Product Analysis (ChemicalAnalysis: A Series of Monographs on AnalyticalChemistry and Its Applications)By James G. SpeightPublisher: Wiley-InterscienceNumber Of Pages: 409Publication Date: 2002-10-02Sales Rank: 1184985ISBN / ASIN: 0471203467EAN: 9780471203469链接：/dl/4cda973f76fc7fb57fe6a987b75dfd31/461e4942/12-ngbz1t- 5326649/hppanalysis.rar分析化学刊名：分析化学Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry主办：中国化学会;中国科学院长春应用化学研究所周期：月刊出版地：吉林省长春市语种：中文开本：大16开ISSN 0253-3820CN 22-1125/O6邮发代号12-6创刊年：1972中国期刊方阵来源刊ASPT来源刊中国期刊网来源刊2004年度核心期刊《分析化学》是中国化学会和中国科学院长春应用化学研究所共同主办的专业性学术期刊，主要报道我国分析化学创新性研究成果，反映国内外分析化学学科前沿和进展。

化学文献检索

1．化学物质索引中包含的物质 ⑴已知的元素、化合物及衍生物 N，Nitrogen，Benzoic acid，Citric acid，Naphthalene，1-Naphthalenol， 2-Propenoic acid，1H-Pyrido indole ⑵各种金属的合金、各种矿物（不同于岩石） Copper alloy，Al2(Si2O7)· 2H2O 确定分子结构 ⑶各种化合物的混合物、聚合物 (CH2)x Ethene（乙烯），polymer homopolymer（均聚物）
《化学文摘》简介
。
《化学文摘》简介
美国《化学文摘》，Chemical Abstracts，简称 CA，是世界上著名的检索刊物之一 ①创刊于1907年，由美国化学协会化学文摘社（CAS of ACS，Chemical Abstracts Service of American Chemical Society）编辑出版, CA自称是“打开世界化学化工文献的钥匙”，在每一期CA的封面上都印有“KEY TO THE WORLD'S CHEMICAL LITERATURE”。
化学文献检索
美国《化学文摘》，Chemical Abstracts，简称 CA，是世界上著名的检索刊物之一 ①创刊于1907年，由美国化学协会化学文摘社（CAS of ACS，Chemical Abstracts Service of American Chemical Society）编辑出版, CA自称是“打开世界化学化工文献的钥匙”，在每一期CA的封面上都印有“KEY TO THE WORLD'S CHEMICAL LITERATURE”。
CA出版物
1文摘本 ①文摘部分 ②Keyword Index ④Patent Index

分析化学五大版英文

electrode potential, light absorption or emission, mass-to-charge ratio, fluorescence etc.) are made using instrumentation.
The Role of Analytical Chemistry
• Chromatographic M Nhomakorabeathods: Separation techniques and quantitation is based on calibration curve.
• Electroanalytical Methods: Involve the measurement of electrical properties such as voltage, current, resistance and quantity of electrical charge.
CHEM-3245 Quantitative Analysis
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry
Chapter 1 The Nature of Analytical Chemistry
▪Analytical Chemistry deals with methods for
• All branches of chemistry draw on the ideas and techniques of analytical chemistry.
• The interdisciplinary nature of chemical analysis makes it a vital tool in medical, industrial, government and academic laboratories.

关于化学的英文文献

关于化学的英文文献When it comes to chemical literature, there are numerous sources available to researchers and students. One of the most well-known and comprehensive databases for chemical literature is the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), which is a division of the American Chemical Society. CAS provides access to a vast collection of scientific information, including journal articles, patents,conference proceedings, and more.Another important source of chemical literature is the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), which publishes a wide range of high-quality journals covering various aspects of chemistry. These journals include "Chemical Communications," "Chemical Science," and "Journal of the American Chemical Society," among others.In addition to these databases and journals, there are also many books and reference materials available on the subject of chemistry. For example, "The Merck Index" is awell-known reference book that contains detailed information on chemicals, drugs, and biologicals. Another important reference work is the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics," which provides a wealth of data on chemical compounds and physical properties.Furthermore, online platforms such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate are valuable resources for accessing a wide range of chemical literature, including research articles, reviews, and conference papers.In conclusion, the field of chemical literature is vast and diverse, with numerous resources available to researchers and students. Whether it's through databases, journals, books, or online platforms, there is a wealth of information to explore in the world of chemistry.。

分析化学类英文文献讲解西北大学著

three typical steps: micelle fusion and crystal nucleation (Step1), crystal growth and aggregation (Step 2), and
differen2t02g0r/1o/1wth rate in longitudinal direction (Step 3).
9
硅纳米棒（SiNRs）的表征
Figure 5. (a−e) TEM images of the SiNRs obtained at different reaction times (0, 10, 20, 40, 60 min) with a milk
concentration of 3 mg/mL(reaction temperature: 150 °C). (f−j) Photographs of the SiNRs aqueous solution under
100%. (b) Morphology of cells incubated with SiNRs of different concentrations (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 mg/mL) for
0.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Multicolor confocal images of (c) HeLa cells and (d) C. elegans treated by the SiNRs.
5
Figure 1.(b−i) TEM and HRTEM images of SiNRs with different lengths: (b, f) 250 nm; (c, g) 180 nm; (d, h) 140 nm; and (e, (i) 100 nm at different milk concentrations ranging from 1 to 4 mg/mL. Insets in (b−e) represent corresponding length distribution analysis (histograms) determined by TEM and DLS spectra(blue curves).

一篇关于化学的英文文献

一篇关于化学的英文文献Title: Recent Advances in Green Chemistry: Innovations and ApplicationsAbstract:Green chemistry, also known as sustainable chemistry, emphasizes the development of environmentally friendly processes and products that minimize toxicity and waste generation. This article provides an overview of recent advances in green chemistry, highlighting innovative approaches and their applications in various fields.Introduction:Traditional chemical processes often result in the release of hazardous substances, leading to pollution and ecological damage. Green chemistry aims to address these issues by utilizing renewable materials, reducing waste and energy consumption, and promoting the development of safer and sustainable alternatives.1. Sustainable Synthesis:Recent innovations in green chemistry have revolutionized the synthesis of chemicals and pharmaceuticals. One example is the use of renewable feedstocks, such as biomass and bio-based materials, as alternatives to fossil fuels. These sustainable sources can be converted into valuable products through efficient and environmentally benign processes, reducing carbon dioxide emissions and dependence on finite resources.2. Catalysis and Reaction Optimization:Catalysis plays a crucial role in green chemistry, enabling moreefficient and selective reactions with lower energy requirements. Researchers have explored the use of catalysts derived from earth-abundant metals, enzymes, and even biomimetic catalysts inspired by natural systems. Additionally, reaction optimization techniques, like flow chemistry and microwave-assisted synthesis, have been developed to improve reaction rates and minimize waste generation.3. Waste Minimization and Reutilization:Green chemistry emphasizes the reduction, reuse, and recycling of waste materials. Advances in this area include solvent replacement with greener alternatives, such as ionic liquids or supercritical fluids, which can be recovered and recycled. Furthermore, innovative approaches, such as bioremediation and enzymatic degradation, have been utilized to transform hazardous waste into harmless substances.4. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Sources:Efficient energy utilization is central to green chemistry. Methods like microwave heating and ultrasonic irradiation have been employed to enhance reaction rates and reduce energy consumption. Moreover, the integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind energy, into chemical processes has gained significant attention, offering sustainable solutions for the industry.5. Designing Safer Chemicals:Green chemistry promotes the development and use of less toxic and bio-degradable chemicals. Molecular design strategies, like quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) and computer-aided molecular design (CAMD), enable the creation of safer and more sustainable compounds, reducing the associated risks to human health and the environment.Conclusion:Recent advancements in green chemistry have paved the way for a more sustainable and environmentally conscious chemical industry. By integrating innovative technologies and strategies, researchers are continuously developing greener synthesis routes, minimizing waste generation, and promoting the use of safer chemicals. These advancements contribute to the overall goal of achieving a more sustainable future.。

分析化学文献

M. Aragón et al. / J. Chromatogr. A 1303 (2013) 76–82
Thermal desorption-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method to determine phthalate and organophosphate esters from air samplesଝ
M. Aragón, F. Borrull ∗ , R.M. Marcé
a r t i c l e
i n f o
a b s t r a c t
A method based on thermal desorption-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (TD-GC–MS) has been developed to determine four organophosphate esters, seven phthalate esters, and bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate in tபைடு நூலகம்e gas phase from harbour and urban air samples. The method involves the sampling of 1.5 L of air in a Tenax TA sorbent tube followed by thermal desorption (using a Tenax TA cryogenic trap) coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The repeatability of the method expressed as %RSD (n = 3) is less than 15% and the MQLs are between 0.007 ␮g m−3 (DMP, TBP, BBP, TPP and DnOP) and 6.7 ␮g m−3 (DEHP). The method was successfully applied in two areas (urban and harbour) testing two and three points in each one, respectively. Some of these compounds were found in both urban and harbour samples. Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate was the most abundant compound found in both areas at concentration levels between 6.7 ␮g m−3 and 136.4 ␮g m−3 . This study demonstrates that thermal desorption is an efﬁcient method for the determination of these semi-volatile compounds in the gas phase fraction of air samples © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

2.9分析化学与分析化学实验文献简介

2.9分析化学与分析化学实验文献简介分析化学文献属化学文献和科技文献之一，是指在一定载体上用文字、图形、符号、声频、视频等手段对科技信息所做的记录。

分析化学文献按其出版形式可分为图书、期刊、科技报告、会议资料、学位论文、专利、技术标准等；按文献的性质，则可分为一级文献、二级文献、三级文献和四级文献。

一级文献即原始文献，如期刊上发表的论文、科技报告、学位论文、会议资料及专利说明书。

二级文献即检索工具，是把大量分散的原始文献加以收集、摘录并进行科学分类、组织、整理，以便查阅的文摘、索引、题录等。

三级文献是指通过二级文献，选择一级文献的内容而编写出来的成果，如专题评论、综述、动态、进展报告、手册、指南等。

四级文献是指以磁带（盘）为载体，把题录、文摘，甚至全文经过编号存入计算机所形成的机读文献。

一级文献是检索的对象和目的，二级文献是检索的手段和工具，三、四级文献既可作为检索的手段，从中得到检索文献的线索，又可作为检索对象，从中得到所需的知识与信息。

2.9.1 丛书、大全、手册和教科书1．分析化学丛书“分析化学丛书”是我国科学出版社组织编辑的一套分析化学丛书，共6卷29册。

已部分出版。

如：第一卷第一册化学分析原理第四册分析化学中的溶剂萃取第五册络合滴定第七册分析化学中的数理统计方法第二卷第二册近代有机定量分析第三卷第一册色谱理论基础第二册气相色谱法第五册纸色谱和薄层色谱第四卷第一册分光光度分析第五卷第一册电分析化学导论第四册极谱电流理论第五册极谱催化波第六卷第一册放射化学分析2．分析化学大全大全（treatise或monograph）又称专著，是指围绕某一学科或某一专题进行系统且较深入论述的著作，其学术价值比较高。

专著中所列录的参考文献，往往可以为某些课题的研究工作提供重要的文献线索。

1）Treatise on Analytical Chemistry（分析化学大全）（英文）这是分析化学专业中一套堪称最权威的巨著，其内容包括经典分析化学和近代分析化学的各个方面。

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14本外文版《分析化学》参考书

化学文献检索

分析化学 五大版 英文

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分析化学类英文文献讲解西北大学著

一篇关于化学的英文文献

分析化学文献

2.9分析化学与分析化学实验文献简介

分析化学五大版英文