实用英语翻译1

Contents
• • • • • Introduction to this course Basic difference between English and Chinese Translation of words Translation of sentences (clause) Text types and translation
早在１９世纪末，翻译家严复（１８５３—１ ９２１）就提出了“信、达、雅”的翻译标准， 对后世的影响极大。 • “信”——Being faithful to the original （忠实于原文） • “达”——Being explicit and smooth （明白晓畅） • “雅”——Being elegant in diction (words) （措辞优雅）
Criteria of Translation: What is a good translation?
• 译者不但要求达义，并且要以传神为目的，译 文必须忠实于原文之字神句气与言外之意。 翻译标准是衡量译文质量的尺度， • ――林语堂 又是指导翻译实践的准则。 • 以效果而论，翻译应像临画一样，所求的不在 形似，而是神似。 • ――傅雷 • 文学翻译的最高标准可以说是“化”。把作品 从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既不能因语言 习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全 保存原作的风味，那就算得入于“化境”。 • ――钱钟书



A translation is taken to be any target-language utterance which is presented or regarded as such within the target culture, on whatever grounds. —Gideon Toury Translation is the production of a functional target text maintaining a relationship with a given source text that is specified according to the intended or demanded function of the target text. —Christiane Nord
Is translation easy?
Can you see what is wrong with the translations provided below?



1. He is easily the best student in the class. 他无疑/绝对是班上最好的学生。 他很容易的成了班上最好的学生。 2. The stranger robbed his wife. 那个陌生人抢了他妻子的钱（东西）。 那个陌生人抢了他的妻子。 3. I can’t agree more. 我不能同意更多的了。 我完全同意。 4. I have no opinion of him. 我觉得他不怎么样。 我对他没有看法。 5. Their panic was their only punishment. 惊恐是他们受到的唯一处罚。 他们只是虚惊一场。
An English-Chinese Translation Course
实用英汉互译教程
Introduction
• Purpose • Contents & Textbook • How the class is conducted • Evaluation • Request & requirement
• 翻译是科学：翻译有规律可循 • 翻译是艺术：翻译是译者对原文进行再创造的过程。 • 翻译是技能：翻译有技巧，这些技巧可以通过讲授和 翻译实践获得。
Scope of Translation
1.
in terms of languages:
语内翻译（intralingual translation） 语际翻译（interlingual translation）
unceasing struggle for existence
“战事炽然，强者后亡，弱者先绝。年年 岁岁，偏有遗留。”
• As a matter of fact, different types of translation, the actual purpose of translation, the target readership, and the demand of the designator of translation, etc. may all affect the standard of translation required.
3.commanding basic translation strategies and translation skills 4. sense of responsibility Howe gazed at the mushroom fortress (堡垒) with astonishment as it loomed (隐约可见) indistinctly but grandly through a morning fog. 这座像雨后春笋般一下子冒出来的堡垒影影绰 绰地但傲然地出现在晨雾中。郝将军凝视了一 下，不胜惊讶。 晨雾中，这座蘑菇状的堡垒依稀可辨，巍然矗 立，郝将军惊愕地注视着它。
2．理解逻辑关系
为了透彻理解原文，译者往往还得准确地理解原文 的逻辑关系，包括语言的逻辑（如语法等）、作者的思 维逻辑、严格的形式逻辑，还有不那么严格的生活逻辑、 艺术审美逻辑等等。例如： You are late for the last time. 如果这是一位公司老板对其经常迟到的雇员说的话， 他的意思就是“你被解雇了（不可能再迟到了）”， 而不是“下次不能再迟到了”。

Be a competent translator.
• • • • 1. bilingual competence He sleeps late. 他起的晚。 I shall not expect you until I see you. • 我不期待你直到我见到你。 • 你随便什么时候来都行。
Definition of Translation


Translating is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). —J. C. Carford To translate is to change into another language, retaining as much of the sense as one can. —Samuel Johnson
2 a very wide horizon of knowledge

“八大山人” “eight famous recluse monks ” 清僧人画家朱耷 “二十五史” “the history of twenty-five dynasties ” 二十五部史书，不是“二十五个朝代的历史”
– EST translation – Translation of abstract, ads, …
•
Translation as Cross-cultural communication
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Evaluation of this subject consists of:
I. Class Attendance II. Class Performance III. Final Exam
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Basic Questions in This Course
• • • • Definition of Translation Criteria of Translation Is translation easy? Process of Translation
What is TRANSLATION ? Your ideas?

Translating is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. —Columbia Encyclopedia
Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.（ 翻译是指从语义到文 体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原 文的信息。） —Eugene A. Nida



The police went out in force to control the crowd. 警察出动武力去控制人群。 警察大批出动去控制人群。 Some people swap(交换) houses for a holiday. 有的人以房子换假期。 有的人异地度假互换房子住。
培根的《谈读书》的译文就是典型的一例：
Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man;... Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确， ……读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密， 科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞学使人善 辩。
2.
in terms of the mode:
笔译（translation） 口译（interpretation） 连续传译（consecutive translation） 同声传译（simultaneous translation
3. 4.
in terms of materials to be translated: in terms of disposal: (full-text translation, abridged translation, adapted translation
Process of translation
翻译的过程是正确理解原文和创造性地用 另一种语言再现原文的过程，大体上可分为理 解、表达和校对三个阶段。
1．了解语言现象
• 译者必须上下有联系地理解原文的词汇含义、 句法结构和惯用法等等。 例如： • You can’t be too careful. • 你怎么小心都不过分。 • Peter is now with his parents in Beijing; it is already three years since he was a pop singer. • 彼得现在同父母住在北京；他不唱流行歌曲已 有三年了。 • （since从句中的系动词was或were过去式是 指一种状态的结束。）


John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.” 约翰为人可靠，他既忠实又正直。 to eat no fish: loyalty. to play the game: 公平对待，举止光明正大， 为人正直


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