语言学复习资料

F. De Saussure is considered to be the “father of modern linguistics”.

Linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of language

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

Properties of language:

Arbitrariness(任意性)the form of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.

Duality(二层性)Language is a system which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels, and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.

Productivity(creativity创造性)Language is resourceful. It makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. Displacement(移位性)This property of human language provides speakers with the opportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from the barriers caused by remoteness in time and place.

Branches of linguistics Phonetics(语音学) 研究语言，包括语言的产生(发出，传递，感知)，对语音，词语和连

续言语的描写和分类

Phonology(音系/位学) 研究支配语音分布和

排列的规则以及音节的形式

Morphology(形态学/词形学) 内在构造，研

究意义最小的单位-语素和构词过程

Syntax(句法学) 研究产生和理解正确的句

子所遵循的规则

Semantics(语义学) 意义如何在语言中被编

码

Pragmatics(语用学) 在语境中研究意义

Prescriptive(规定式)Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on “high” written language. It tries to lay down rules for “correct” or standard language behavior.

Descriptive(描写式)Modern linguistics is descriptive, which means its investigations are based on authentic, and mainly spoken language data. Modern linguistics mainly describes and analyses the facts of language. Synchronic(共时)现代语言学主要是共时性，侧重于现代语言；Diachronic(历时)

Langue(语言)抽象规则is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by.

Parole(言语)实际运用is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules.

Competence(语言能力)is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance(语言运用) is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.

Three sub-branches of phonetics: Articulatory phonetics发音语音学the study of the production of speech sounds

Auditory phonetics听觉语音学the study of the perception of speech sounds by the human ear.

Acoustic phonetics声学语音学studies the physical properties of speech sounds.

V ocal cords: the first modification of the airstream from the lungs.

Airstream(气流)通过trachea(气管) 到达larynx(喉咙) vocal cords(声带) 发出voiceless(清音)、voiced(浊音)、glottal stop(爆破音) voiced(浊音)经velum（软腭）由oral cavity(口腔)、nasal cavity(鼻腔)发出

元音和辅音区根本区别在于气流是否受阻

Consonants→ Place of articulation & Manner of articulation

Vowels →High mid low vowels & Front central back vowels & Rounded or unrounded vowels

Minimal pair最小对立体

Phoneme & Allophone (音位、音位变体) Suprasegmental Features超音段特征Stress重音, Tone音调, Intonation语调Syllable: the syllabic structure of English words英语单词的音节结构

Stress: word stress and sentence stress单词重音和句子重音

Morpheme语素(the smallest unit of language) Allomorph语素变体