2014上海高考高考带答案
2014年上海高考化学试卷及答案【解析版】
2014年上海高考化学试卷及答案【解析版】D气”属于石油的裂化，属于化学变化，必然要破坏化学键（共价键），答案选B。
5．下列分离方法中，和物质的溶解度无关的是A．升华B．萃取C．纸上层析D．重结晶【答案】A【解析】A、物质从固态直接变成气态的过程（物理变化）叫升华，所以升华分离法只与物质的熔沸点有关，与溶解度无关，A不选；B、萃取（Extraction）指利用化合物在两种互不相溶（或微溶）的溶剂中溶解度或分配系数的不同，使化合物从一种溶剂内转移到另外一种溶剂中。
经过反复多次萃取，将绝大部分的化合物提取出来的方法，B选；C、纸上层析是利用混合物中各组分在固定相和流动相中的溶解度不同而达到分离目的，常用滤纸作载体，滤纸上所吸收的水分作固定相，有机溶剂作流动相，当流动相流过固定相时，各组分以不同的速度移动，从而使混合物分离，C不选；D、重结晶法，就是利用不同物质在同一溶剂中的溶解度的差异，通过先浓缩混合物，使混合物中的各物质含量达到一定比例时，一种物质形成饱和溶液从溶液中结晶析出，D不选。
二、选择题（本题共36分，每小题3分，每题只有一个正确选项）6．今年是门捷列夫诞辰180周年，下列事实不能用元素周期律解释的只有A．碱性：KOH > NaOH B．相对原子质量：Ar > KC．酸性HClO4 > H2SO4D．元素的金属性：Mg > Al【答案】B【解析】A、元素的金属性越强，其原子失电子能力越强、其对应氧化物的水化物碱性越强，金属性K＞Na，则碱性： KOH＞NaOH，A不选；B、相对原子质量的大小与元素周期律无关，B选；C、非金属性Cl＞S＞P，元素的非金属性越强，对应的最高价氧化物的水化物的酸性越强，酸性HClO4> H2SO4，C不选；D、同周期元素从左到右金属性逐渐减弱，故元素的金属性：Mg > Al，D 不选。
7．下列各组中两种微粒所含电子数不相等的是A．H3O＋和OH―B．CO和N2C．HNO2和NO2―D．CH3＋和NH4＋【答案】D【解析】A、H3O＋的电子数等于1×3+8-1=10，OH―的电子数等于1+8+1=10，二者电子数相等，A不选；B、CO的电子数等于6+8=14，N2的电子数等于7×2=14，二者电子数相等，B不选；C、HNO2的电子数等于1+7+8×2=24，NO2―的电子数等于7+8×2+1=24，，二者电子数相等，C不选；D、CH3＋的电子数等于6+1×3-1=8，NH4＋的电子数等于7+1×4-1=10，二者电子数不相等，D 选。
2014年上海市高考语文试卷及答案(全国统一考试)-打印版
2014年上海市高考语文试卷及答案（全国统一考试）2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试（上海卷）一阅读80分（一）阅读下文，完成1—6题。
（18分）受众的新闻素养：能力和意愿①新闻作为一种媒体信息，本应有助于人们了解事情的真相，如信息论的提出者香农就曾把信息定义为“不确定性的消除”，然而信息也会增加人们对真相认识的不确定性。
尤其在这个信息爆炸的时代，如何摆脱这种困境？除了优化信息环境外，更现实的途径是提高受众的新闻素养。
②在信息时代，批判性地解读和使用媒体信息应是社会成员的基本技能。
为什么在今天要特别强调受众的“新闻素养”？这是由新闻的性质和当今新闻的发展趋势决定的。
新闻是帮助公民自治的必要信息，和其他出于私人利益或兴趣而获得的信息不同，它关乎社会群体的公共利益，最终会影响私人生活。
而随着信息技术的发展、商业文化的介入、新闻发布门槛的降低，新闻与评论、娱乐、宣传的界线不再像从前那样清晰，“准新闻”甚至“伪新闻”层出不穷。
③新闻受众应该提高自己的新闻辨别能力，对不同来源的信息设置不同的警惕值，这样才能使自己变得明智。
如何批判性地解读新闻？受众可以从以下几个方面加以考虑：1、报道有无确切的来源？来源可靠吗？2、报道的内容完整吗？是否包含事件的时间、地点、人物、原因、经过等要素？假如不完整，原因是什么？3、报道者提供了什么证据？这些证据是怎样检验或核实的？4、这则新闻除了报道事件外，是否还有其他意图？④有人认为受众都是愿意看到真相的，他们欠缺的仅仅是辨别能力，然而现实中相当多的受众首先欠缺的是寻求事实真相的意愿。
如果说从前的新闻受众在接收信息上缺乏自由的话，那么现在的新闻受众更多是被诱惑，把有限的时间用于关注娱乐新闻，而最危险的是在被抑制和被诱导中养成的对事实真相无所谓的态度，要么是“你知道了真相又能怎样”，要么是“根本就没有真相，一切都是阴谋”。
前者导致老于世故地配合做戏，后者导致愤世嫉俗、拒绝相信一切。
2014年高考上海卷语文试题(附答案)
2014年高考上海卷语文试题（答案）一阅读80分（一）阅读下文，完成1—6题。
（18分）受众的新闻素养：能力和意愿①新闻作为一种媒体信息，本应有助于人们了解事情的真相，如信息论的提出者香农就曾把信息定义为“不确定性的消除”，然而信息也会增加人们对真相认识的不确定性。
尤其在这个信息爆炸的时代，如何摆脱这种困境？除了优化信．．息环境外，更现实的途径是提高受众的新闻素养。
②在信息时代，批判性地解读和使用媒体信息应是社会成员的基本技能。
为什么在今天要特别强调受众的“新闻素养”？这是由新闻的性质和当今新闻的发展趋势决定的。
新闻是帮助公民自治的必要信息，和其他出于私人利益或兴趣而获得的信息不同，它关乎社会群体的公共利益，最终会影响私人生活。
而随着信息技术的发展、商业文化的介入、新闻发布门槛的降低，新闻与评论、娱乐、宣传的界线不再像从前那样清晰，“准新闻”甚至“伪新闻”层出不穷。
③新闻受众应该提高自己的新闻辨别能力，对不同来源的信息设置不同的警惕值，这样才能使自己变得明智。
如何批判性地解读新闻？受众可以从以下几个方面加以考虑：1、报道有无确切的来源？来源可靠吗？2、报道的内容完整吗？是否包含事件的时间、地点、人物、原因、经过等要素？假如不完整，原因是什么？3、报道者提供了什么证据？这些证据是怎样检验或核实的？4、这则新闻除了报道事件外，是否还有其他意图？④有人认为受众都是愿意看到真相的，他们欠缺的仅仅是辨别能力，然而现实中相当多的受众首先欠缺的是寻求事实真相的意愿。
如果说从前的新闻受众在接收信息上缺乏自由的话，那么现在的新闻受众更多是被诱惑，把有限的时间用于关注娱乐新闻，而最危险的是在被抑制和被诱导中养成的对事实真相无所谓的态度，要么是“你知道了真相又能怎样”，要么是“根本就没有真相，一切都是阴谋”。
前者导致老于世故地配合做戏，后者导致愤世嫉俗、拒绝相信一切。
⑤还有一些人尽管有寻求事实真相的意愿，却习惯于把常识当成真相，或者以常识为标准来判断事件是否真实。
2014年上海市高考英语试卷及答案完美解析(word版)
2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷考生注意：1.考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。
2.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分.试卷分为第Ⅰ卷(笫1—12页）和第Ⅱ卷(第13页），全卷共13页.所有答題必须涂(选择题)或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分.3.答題前，务必在答題纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码貼在指定位置上,在答題纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第I卷 (共103分）I。
Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections:In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers。
At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said。
The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once。
After you hear a conversation and the question about it，read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard。
1。
A. policewoman.B。
A judge。
C. A reporter。
D. A waitress.2. A. Confident。
B. Puzzled。
C. Satisfied。
D。
Worried.3.A。
At a restaurant.B。
At a car rental agency。
C. In a bank。
D。
In a driving school.4.A. A disaster. B。
2014年高考真题英语(上海卷)解析版Word版含解析
2014上海高考真题解析Listening Comprehension（Omitted）Grammar and vocabularySection APassage A25. 本题考查非限定性定语从句。
由于先行词为New York，故填关系副词where引导定语从句，同时在从句中做状语。
26. 本题考查不定式在句中做目的状语。
根据后面内容some money to pay the daily expenses （一些钱来支付日常费用）可知，是为了赚钱，故填To earn。
27. 本题考查状语从句的连词。
根据设空以及后面内容I was offered a good position, I would resign at once（我被提供一个好职位，我就马上辞职）的逻辑关系可知，这里填“一……就……”或“只要……”。
故此处填as soon as 或as long as。
28. 本题考查过去分词表示“人的心理感受”。
句意为：经过一段时间，高额的生活费用成了我本来就已经疲惫的肩膀上的负担。
故填exhausted。
29. 本题考查条件状从句的连词。
根据句意…I want to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city“……我想要一个更好的职业发展，我就不得不在城市里找工作”可知，前句表示条件，故填if。
30. 本题考查名词性从句的连词。
根据句式结构可知，本句是一个主语从句做主语，而连词又在从句中做动词had told的宾语，故填连接代词what。
31. 本题考查短语have difficulty in doing sth的搭配，故本空填adapting。
32. 本题考查考查倒装句。
由于从句Not until I returned位于句首，且有否定词，因此句子用部分倒装结构，再根据句子的时态---一般过去时，故填did。
2014年高考英语上海卷及答案解析
绝密★启用前2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试（上海卷）英语考生注意：1. 考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。
2. 本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（第1-11页）和第Ⅱ卷（第12页），全卷共12页。
所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
3. 答题前，务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上，在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第I 卷（共103分）Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension Section ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. A policewoman. B. A judge. C. A reporter. D. A waitress.2. A. Confident. B. Puzzled. C. Satisfied. D. Worried.3. A. At a restaurant. B. At a car rental agency. C. In a bank. D. In a driving school.4. A. A disaster. B. A new roof C. A performance. D. A TV station.5. A. Catch the train. B. Meet Jane. C. Get some stationery. D. Clean the backyard.6. A. Ask for something cheaper. B. Buy the vase she really likes. C. Protect herself from being hurt. D. Bargain with the shop assistant.7. A. Use a computer in the lab. B. Take a chemistry course. C. Help him revise his report. D. Get her computer repaired.8. A. Amused. B. Embarrassed. C. Shocked. D. Sympathetic.9. A. She doesn’t plan to continue studying next year. B. She has already told the man about her plan. C. She isn’t planning to leave her university. D. She recently visited a different university.10. A. It spoke highly of the mayor. B. It misinterpreted the mayor’s speech. C. It made the mayor’s view clearer. D. It earned the mayor’s speech accurately.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage. 11. A. 70.B. 20.C. 25.D. 75. 12. A. The houses there can’t be sold. B. It is a place for work and holiday. C. The cabins and facilities are shared. D. It is run by the residents themselves. 13. A. A skiing resort. B. A special community. C. A splendid mountain.D. A successful businesswoman. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news. 14. A. Those who often sent text messages. B. Those who suffered from heart disease. C. Those who did no physical exercise. D. Those who were unmarried. 15. A. They responded more slowly than usual. B. They sent more messages. C. They typed 10 percent faster on average. D. They edited more passages. 16. A. Why chemical therapy works. B. Why marriage helps fight cancer. C. How unmarried people survive cancer.D. How cancer is detected after marriage.Section CDirections: In Section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet. Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation. Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.-------------在--------------------此--------------------卷--------------------上--------------------答--------------------题--------------------无--------------------效----------姓名________________ 准考证号_____________Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.Ⅱ. Grammar and vocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)My Stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, (25) ______ I might have a better chance to find a good job. (26) ______ (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local café as a waiter. I believe that (27) ______ ______ ______ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already (28) ______ (exhaust) shoulder. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had just said that (29) ______ I want to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps (30) ______ my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty (31) ______ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned (32) ______ I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.(B)The giant vending machine（自动售货机）is a new village shop Villagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the country’s first automatic push-button shop. Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox, who is (33) ______ electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine (34) ______ (equip) with securing cameras and alarms, and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, (35) ______ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark areturn to convenience shopping for rural communities.He said: “I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn’t find a manufacturer who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by (36) ______. The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term ‘automatic shop’ is far (37) ______ (appropriate).”In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains (38) ______ force village shops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, (39) ______ (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new communities stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution (40) ______ these villages without a local shop.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Let’s say you’ve decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don’t have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food 41 at the supermarket. Since you really 42 yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn’t it? This is where a “choice architect” can help 43 some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket—including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.Governments don’t have to 44 healthier lifestyles through laws—for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect—one that encourages us to choose what is best—we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedomof choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with 45 hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called “traffic light system” to 46 foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains 47 by looking at the lights on the package. A green light 48 that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be 49 ; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in 50 . The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.Ⅲ. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we’ve just watched or books we’ve just finished reading, but plain and simple 51 .Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we 52 do with it? We gossip. About others’ behaviour and private lives, such as who’s doing what with whom, who’s in and who’s out—and why; how to deal with difficult 53 situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural 54 , of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It’s not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really 55 issues.Dunbar 56 he traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don’t spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar— 57 , he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the 58 of the higher primates（灵长类动物）like monkeys. By means of grooming—cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or 59 from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar 60 that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the 61 it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to 62 the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be 63 to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more 64 kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有声的）grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one 65 contact.51. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language52. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally53. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural54. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters55. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult56. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens57. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result58. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour59. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance60. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses61. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection62. A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease63. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained64. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. thoughtful65. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secretSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does MotherNature agree? Animals can’t talk, but can they lie in other ways? Canthey lie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call itlying, but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees,behave dishonestly to fool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helpsthem survive.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator（猎食动物）gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the “hurt” adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How? They don’t make nests. Instead, they get into other birds’ nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them.Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner’s hand and start fighting again.Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don’t hear them, and they don’t need to share their food.As children, many of us learn the saying “You can’t fool Mother Nature.” But maybe you can’t trust her, either.66. A plover protects its young from a predator by ______.A. getting closer to its youngB. driving away the adult predatorC. leaving its young in another nestD. pretending to be injured67. By “Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky” (paragraph 5), the author means______.A. chimps are ready to attack othersB. chimps are sometimes dishonestC. chimps are jealous of the winnersD. chimps can be selfish too68. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B. The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner’s hand.C. Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D. Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.69. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Do animals lie?B. Does Mother Nature fool animals?C. How do animals learn to lie?D. How does honesty help animals survive?(B)Let’s say you want to hit the gymmore regularly this year. How doyou make that happen? Considerputting the habit loop to use.Here’s how it works:A habit is a 3-step process. First,there’s a cue, something that tells yourbrain to operate automatically. Thenthere’s a routine. And finally, a reward,which helps your brain learn to desirethe behavior. It’s what you can use tocreate—or break—habits of your own.Here’s how to apply it:Choose a cue, like leaving yourrunning shoes by the door, then pick. areward—say, a piece of chocolatewhen you get home from the gym. Thatway, the cue and the reward becomeinterconnected. Finally, when you seethe shoes, your brain will start longingfor the reward, which will make iteasier to work out day after day. Thebest part? In a couple of weeks, youwon’t need the chocolate at all. Yourbrain will come to see the workout itself as the reward. Which is the whole point, right?70. Which of the following best fits in the box with a “?” in THE HABIT LOOP?A. Pick a new cue.B. Form a new habit.C. Choose a new reward.D. Design a new resolution.71. According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effectively by ______.A. changing the routineB. trying it for a weekC. adjusting your goalD. writing it down72. What’s the purpose of putting the habit loop to use?A. To test out different kinds of cues.B. To do something as a habit even without rewards.C. To work out the best New Year’s resolution.D. To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.73. “This year when I see the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel oran English newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour.” What is the cue in this resolution?A. The Harry Potter poster.B. Reading 30 pages of an English novel.C. An English newspaper.D. Watching TV for half an hour.(C)If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality（虚拟现实）device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. “As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner’s pants,” she said. “That’s the picture I remember best.”The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person’s body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person’s body.Using such technology promises to alter people’s behaviour afterwards—potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism—the bias （偏见）that humans have against those who don’t look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people’s associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants’ bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you’ve “put yourself in another’s shoes” you’re less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. “At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms,” says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. “It’s a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone.”74. The word “swapping” (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting75. We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that ______.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people’s bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes76. In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to controla dark skinned digital character, ______.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them77. It can be concluded from the passage that______.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantlySection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR is made up of three broad layers. The most basic is traditional corporate charity work. Companies typically spend about 1% of pre-tax profits on worthy projects. But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough. In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their behavior. Hence the second layer of CSR, which is a branch of risk management. Starting in the 1980s, with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon Valdez oil spill, industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation.So, companies often responded by trying to manage the risks. They talk to non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and to governments, create codes of conduct（行为准则）and devote themselves to more transparency（透明）in their operations. Increasingly, too, they, along with their competitors, set common rules to spread risks.All this is largely defensive, but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game. The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value. If approached in a strategic way, CSR could become part of a company’s competitive advantage. That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear. The idea of “doing well by doing good” has become popular.Nevertheless, the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executives. Can you measure CSR performance? Should you be cooperating with NGOs and with your competitors? Is there any really competitive advantage to be had from a green strategy?Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities. Done badly, CSR is often just window-dressing and can be positively harmful. Done well, though, it is not some separate activity that companies do on the side, a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue（美德）: it is just good business.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)78. Both _________ in some companies find it no longer enough to simply donate money tocharities.79. Give one example of the defensive measures of risk management according to the passage.80. With the emphasis on opportunity, the third layer of CSR is meant to _______.81. According to the passage, “good business” (paragraph 6) means that corporations _______while making profits第Ⅱ卷（共47分）Ⅰ.TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。
2014年高考(上海卷)及参考答案
2014年高考（上海卷）及参考答案高三2014-06-08 21:032014年高考（上海卷）及参考答案一阅读 80分（一）阅读下文，完成1—6题。
（18分）受众的新闻素养：能力和意愿①新闻作为一种媒体信息，本应有助于人们了解事情的真相，如信息论的提出者香农就曾把信息定义为“不确定性的消除”，然而信息也会增加人们对真相认识的不确定性。
尤其在这个信息爆炸的时代，如何摆脱这种困境？除了优化信息环境外，更现实的途径是提高受众的新闻素养。
②在信息时代，批判性地解读和使用媒体信息应是社会成员的基本技能。
为什么在今天要特别强调受众的“新闻素养”？这是由新闻的性质和当今新闻的发展趋势决定的。
新闻是帮助公民自治的必要信息，和其他出于私人利益或兴趣而获得的信息不同，它关乎社会群体的公共利益，最终会影响私人生活。
而随着信息技术的发展、商业文化的介入、新闻发布门槛的降低，新闻与评论、娱乐、宣传的界线不再像从前那样清晰，“准新闻”甚至“伪新闻”层出不穷。
③新闻受众应该提高自己的新闻辨别能力，对不同来源的信息设置不同的警惕值，这样才能使自己变得明智。
如何批判性地解读新闻？受众可以从以下几个方面加以考虑：1、报道有无确切的来源？来源可靠吗？2、报道的内容完整吗？是否包含事件的时间、地点、人物、原因、经过等要素？假如不完整，原因是什么？3、报道者提供了什么证据？这些证据是怎样检验或核实的？4、这则新闻除了报道事件外，是否还有其他意图？④有人认为受众都是愿意看到真相的，他们欠缺的仅仅是辨别能力，然而现实中相当多的受众首先欠缺的是寻求事实真相的意愿。
如果说从前的新闻受众在接收信息上缺乏自由的话，那么现在的新闻受众更多是被诱惑，把有限的时间用于关注娱乐新闻，而最危险的是在被抑制和被诱导中养成的对事实真相无所谓的态度，要么是“你知道了真相又能怎样”，要么是“根本就没有真相，一切都是阴谋”。
前者导致老于世故地配合做戏，后者导致愤世嫉俗、拒绝相信一切。
2014年高考英语上海卷及答案解析
绝密★启用前2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试（上海卷）英语考生注意：1. 考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。
2. 本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（第1-11页）和第Ⅱ卷（第12页），全卷共12页。
所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
3. 答题前，务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上，在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第I 卷（共103分）Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension Section ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. A policewoman. B. A judge. C. A reporter. D. A waitress.2. A. Confident. B. Puzzled. C. Satisfied. D. Worried.3. A. At a restaurant. B. At a car rental agency. C. In a bank. D. In a driving school.4. A. A disaster. B. A new roof C. A performance. D. A TV station.5. A. Catch the train. B. Meet Jane. C. Get some stationery. D. Clean the backyard.6. A. Ask for something cheaper. B. Buy the vase she really likes. C. Protect herself from being hurt. D. Bargain with the shop assistant.7. A. Use a computer in the lab. B. Take a chemistry course. C. Help him revise his report. D. Get her computer repaired.8. A. Amused. B. Embarrassed. C. Shocked. D. Sympathetic.9. A. She doesn’t plan to continue studying next year. B. She has already told the man about her plan. C. She isn’t planning to leave her university. D. She recently visited a different university.10. A. It spoke highly of the mayor. B. It misinterpreted the mayor’s speech. C. It made the mayor’s view clearer. D. It earned the mayor’s speech accurately.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage. 11. A. 70.B. 20.C. 25.D. 75. 12. A. The houses there can’t be sold. B. It is a place for work and holiday. C. The cabins and facilities are shared. D. It is run by the residents themselves. 13. A. A skiing resort. B. A special community. C. A splendid mountain.D. A successful businesswoman. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news. 14. A. Those who often sent text messages. B. Those who suffered from heart disease. C. Those who did no physical exercise. D. Those who were unmarried. 15. A. They responded more slowly than usual. B. They sent more messages. C. They typed 10 percent faster on average. D. They edited more passages. 16. A. Why chemical therapy works. B. Why marriage helps fight cancer. C. How unmarried people survive cancer.D. How cancer is detected after marriage.Section CDirections: In Section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet. Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation. Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.-------------在--------------------此--------------------卷--------------------上--------------------答--------------------题--------------------无--------------------效----------姓名________________ 准考证号_____________Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.Ⅱ. Grammar and vocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)My Stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, (25) ______ I might have a better chance to find a good job. (26) ______ (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local café as a waiter. I believe that (27) ______ ______ ______ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already (28) ______ (exhaust) shoulder. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had just said that (29) ______ I want to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps (30) ______ my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty (31) ______ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned (32) ______ I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.(B)The giant vending machine（自动售货机）is a new village shop Villagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the country’s first automatic push-button shop. Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox, who is (33) ______ electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine (34) ______ (equip) with securing cameras and alarms, and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, (35) ______ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark areturn to convenience shopping for rural communities.He said: “I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn’t find a manufacturer who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by (36) ______. The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term ‘automatic shop’ is far (37) ______ (appropriate).”In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains (38) ______ force village shops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, (39) ______ (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new communities stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution (40) ______ these villages without a local shop.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Let’s say you’ve decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don’t have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food 41 at the supermarket. Since you really 42 yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn’t it? This is where a “choice architect” can help 43 some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket—including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.Governments don’t have to 44 healthier lifestyles through laws—for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect—one that encourages us to choose what is best—we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedomof choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with 45 hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called “traffic light system” to 46 foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains 47 by looking at the lights on the package. A green light 48 that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be 49 ; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in 50 . The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.Ⅲ. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we’ve just watched or books we’ve just finished reading, but plain and simple 51 .Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we 52 do with it? We gossip. About others’ behaviour and private lives, such as who’s doing what with whom, who’s in and who’s out—and why; how to deal with difficult 53 situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural 54 , of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It’s not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really 55 issues.Dunbar 56 he traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don’t spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar— 57 , he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the 58 of the higher primates（灵长类动物）like monkeys. By means of grooming—cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or 59 from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar 60 that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the 61 it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to 62 the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be 63 to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more 64 kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有声的）grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one 65 contact.51. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language52. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally53. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural54. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters55. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult56. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens57. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result58. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour59. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance60. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses61. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection62. A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease63. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained64. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. thoughtful65. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secretSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does MotherNature agree? Animals can’t talk, but can they lie in other ways? Canthey lie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call itlying, but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees,behave dishonestly to fool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helpsthem survive.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator（猎食动物）gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the “hurt” adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How? They don’t make nests. Instead, they get into other birds’ nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them.Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner’s hand and start fighting again.Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don’t hear them, and they don’t need to share their food.As children, many of us learn the saying “You can’t fool Mother Nature.” But maybe you can’t trust her, either.66. A plover protects its young from a predator by ______.A. getting closer to its youngB. driving away the adult predatorC. leaving its young in another nestD. pretending to be injured67. By “Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky” (paragraph 5), the author means______.A. chimps are ready to attack othersB. chimps are sometimes dishonestC. chimps are jealous of the winnersD. chimps can be selfish too68. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B. The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner’s hand.C. Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D. Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.69. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Do animals lie?B. Does Mother Nature fool animals?C. How do animals learn to lie?D. How does honesty help animals survive?(B)Let’s say you want to hit the gymmore regularly this year. How doyou make that happen? Considerputting the habit loop to use.Here’s how it works:A habit is a 3-step process. First,there’s a cue, something that tells yourbrain to operate automatically. Thenthere’s a routine. And finally, a reward,which helps your brain learn to desirethe behavior. It’s what you can use tocreate—or break—habits of your own.Here’s how to apply it:Choose a cue, like leaving yourrunning shoes by the door, then pick. areward—say, a piece of chocolatewhen you get home from the gym. Thatway, the cue and the reward becomeinterconnected. Finally, when you seethe shoes, your brain will start longingfor the reward, which will make iteasier to work out day after day. Thebest part? In a couple of weeks, youwon’t need the chocolate at all. Yourbrain will come to see the workout itself as the reward. Which is the whole point, right?70. Which of the following best fits in the box with a “?” in THE HABIT LOOP?A. Pick a new cue.B. Form a new habit.C. Choose a new reward.D. Design a new resolution.71. According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effectively by ______.A. changing the routineB. trying it for a weekC. adjusting your goalD. writing it down72. What’s the purpose of putting the habit loop to use?A. To test out different kinds of cues.B. To do something as a habit even without rewards.C. To work out the best New Year’s resolution.D. To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.73. “This year when I see the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel oran English newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour.” What is the cue in this resolution?A. The Harry Potter poster.B. Reading 30 pages of an English novel.C. An English newspaper.D. Watching TV for half an hour.(C)If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality（虚拟现实）device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. “As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner’s pants,” she said. “That’s the picture I remember best.”The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person’s body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person’s body.Using such technology promises to alter people’s behaviour afterwards—potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism—the bias （偏见）that humans have against those who don’t look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people’s associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants’ bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you’ve “put yourself in another’s shoes” you’re less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. “At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms,” says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. “It’s a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone.”74. The word “swapping” (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting75. We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that ______.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people’s bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes76. In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to controla dark skinned digital character, ______.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them77. It can be concluded from the passage that______.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantlySection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR is made up of three broad layers. The most basic is traditional corporate charity work. Companies typically spend about 1% of pre-tax profits on worthy projects. But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough. In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their behavior. Hence the second layer of CSR, which is a branch of risk management. Starting in the 1980s, with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon Valdez oil spill, industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation.So, companies often responded by trying to manage the risks. They talk to non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and to governments, create codes of conduct（行为准则）and devote themselves to more transparency（透明）in their operations. Increasingly, too, they, along with their competitors, set common rules to spread risks.All this is largely defensive, but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game. The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value. If approached in a strategic way, CSR could become part of a company’s competitive advantage. That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear. The idea of “doing well by doing good” has become popular.Nevertheless, the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executives. Can you measure CSR performance? Should you be cooperating with NGOs and with your competitors? Is there any really competitive advantage to be had from a green strategy?Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities. Done badly, CSR is often just window-dressing and can be positively harmful. Done well, though, it is not some separate activity that companies do on the side, a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue（美德）: it is just good business.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)78. Both _________ in some companies find it no longer enough to simply donate money tocharities.79. Give one example of the defensive measures of risk management according to the passage.80. With the emphasis on opportunity, the third layer of CSR is meant to _______.81. According to the passage, “good business” (paragraph 6) means that corporations _______while making profits第Ⅱ卷（共47分）Ⅰ.TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。
2014高考真题——(上海卷)试题及答案
2014年上海高考化学试题考生注意：1． 本试卷满分150分，考试时间120分钟。
2． 本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包括试题与答题要求；所有答题必须涂或写在答题纸上；做在试卷上一律不得分。
3． 答题前，考生务必在答题纸上用钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸正面清楚地填写姓名、准考证号，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上，在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
4． 答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。
相对原子质量： H-1 C-12 O-16 Na-23 S-32 Cl-35.5 Zn-65 As-75一、选择题（本题共10分，每小题2分，每题只有一个正确选项）1．“玉兔”号月球车用UP 23894作为热源材料。
下列关于U P 23894的说法正确的是A. U P 23894与U 23892互为同位素B. U P 23894与U P 23994互为同素异形体C. U P 23894与U 23892具有完全相同的化学性质D. U P 23894与U P 23994具有相同的最外层电子数2. 下列试剂不会因为空气中的氧气而变质的是A.过氧化钠B.氢硫酸C.硫酸亚铁D.苯酚3. 结构为…-CH=CH-CH=CH-CH=CH-CH=CH-…的高分子化合物用碘蒸气处理后，其导电能力大幅度提高。
上述高分子化合物的单体是A.乙炔B.乙烯C.丙烯D.1,3-丁二烯 4. 在“石蜡→液体石蜡→石蜡蒸气→裂化气”的变化过程中，被破坏的作用力依次是 A.范德华力、范德华力、范德华力 B. 范德华力、范德华力、共价键 C.范德华力、共价键、共价键 D. 共价键、共价键、共价键 5.下列分离方法中，和物质的溶解度无关的是A.升华B.萃取C.纸上层析D.重结晶 二、选择题（本题共36分，每小题3分，每题只有一个正确选项） 6. 今年是门捷列夫诞辰180周年。
下列事实不能用元素周期律解释的只有 A.碱性：KOH > NaOH B.相对原子质量：Ar > K C.酸性：HClO 4 >H 2SO 4 D.元素的金属性：Mg>Al 7. 下列各组中两种微粒所含电子数不相等的是A. H 3O + 和OH -B.CO 和N 2C. HNO 2和 NO 2-D.CH 3+和NH 4+ 8. BeCl 2熔点较低，易升华，溶于醇和醚，其化学性质与AlCl 3相似。
2014年高考语文上海卷-答案
2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）语文答案解析一、阅读（一）阅读下文，完成1~6题1.【答案】示例：本应消除不确定性的信息却增加了对真相认识的不确定性。
2.【答案】原因表现3.【答案】D【解析】需排序语段的话题是对“常识”的理解，可按语句间的逻辑关系来排列。
⑤是“常识”的总说，有领起全文的作用，故放在开头。
②中“其实”一词，是对“常识”的进一步解释，故应紧接⑤。
③①紧密相连从反面来论述。
④中的“因此”引领的内容有总结的作用，应放在最后，故选D项。
4.【答案】C【解析】“需要提高新闻的发布门槛”于文无据。
5.【答案】示例：第⑥段指出要提高受众参与新闻生产，与前文受众解读新闻、寻求真相的意愿的相关论述构成了层进关系，使阐述更深入。
6.略。
（依据考生答案与文章第③段提供的四个方面的契合程度，以及考生答案的表达是否准确、逻辑是否严密评分)（二）阅读下文，完成7~12题7.【答案】示例：该句将湖泊比喻为“一块巨大的海绵”，以海绵吸水来比喻湖泊吸音，以海绵的“巨大”突出湖泊吸音能力之强，把作者微妙的主观感受用常见物品传递给读者，形象而生动。
8.【答案】略。
(本题采用整体评分法，对考生选择的角度及针对该角度结合文本进行的赏析做整体评分。
可选择的角度有动词的运用、写景角度的变化、色彩的组合等)9.【答案】“飞溅”一词化静为动，表现了银河耀眼夺目、闪烁生辉的美感。
10.【答案】红杉具有历经沧海的宁静，它的存在使人类清醒镇静，因此，作者认为红杉是一种具有特别含义的树。
11.【答案】B【解析】解答本题，首先要着眼于语段的本身所表现的含义。
A.原文说的是感到惬意，“惬意”不等于欢乐，且“可以获得更多的欢乐”于文无据。
C.假设关系不成立，原文说的是有人共享宁静可使“经历更为丰富完美”，D.“一个人独处时更能感受到宁静的欢乐”于文无据。
12.【答案】作者描写了多种不同的声音：自然界的声音增加了宁静感，也是宁静的一部分，作者写这类声音是为了表现宁静之美；工业文明的喧闹破坏了宁静，作者描写这类声音来表达批评和担忧。
2014年上海市高考英语试卷及答案完美解析(word版)
2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷考生注意:1.考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。
2.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（笫1—12页）和第Ⅱ卷（第13页），全卷共13页.所有答題必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题)在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分.3.答題前，务必在答題纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码貼在指定位置上,在答題纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第I卷（共103分)I。
Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections:In Section A，you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once。
After you hear a conversation and the question about it，read the four possible answers on your paper，and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A。
policewoman.B。
A judge。
C。
A reporter。
D. A waitress。
2。
A。
Confident。
B。
Puzzled. C。
Satisfied。
D. Worried。
3。
A。
At a restaurant. B. At a car rental agency.C. In a bank.D. In a driving school.4。
2014年高考语文上海卷(附答案解析)
语文试卷 第1页（共10页）语文试卷 第2页（共10页）绝密★启用前2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）语文考生注意：1. 本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包括试题与答题要求，所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
2. 答卷前，务必用钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸正面清楚地填写姓名、准考证号，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上。
3. 答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。
4. 考试时间150分钟。
试卷满分150分。
一、阅读 80分（一）阅读下文，完成第1～6题。
（18分）受众的新闻素养：能力和意愿①新闻作为一种媒体信息，本应有助于人们了解事情的真相，如信息论的提出者香农就曾把信息定义为“不确定性的消除”，然而信息也会增加人们对真相认识的不确定性。
尤其在这个信息爆炸的时代，如何摆脱这种困境．．？除了优化信息环境外，更现实的途径是提高受众的新闻素养。
②在信息时代，批判性地解读和使用媒体信息应是社会成员的基本技能。
为什么在今天要特别强调受众的“新闻素养”？这是由新闻的性质和当今新闻的发展趋势决定的。
新闻是帮助公民自治的必要信息，和其他出于私人利益或兴趣而获得的信息不同，它关乎社会群体的公共利益，最终会影响私人生活。
而随着信息技术的发展、商业文化的介入、新闻发布门槛的降低，新闻与评论、娱乐、宣传的界线不再像从前那样清晰，“准新闻”甚至“伪新闻”层出不穷。
③新闻受众应该提高自己的新闻辨别能力，对不同来源的信息设置不同的警惕值，这样才能使自己变得明智。
如何批判性地解读新闻？受众可以从以下几个方面加以考虑：1.报道有无确切的来源？来源可靠吗？2.报道的内容完整吗？是否包含事件的时间、地点、人物、原因、经过等要素？假如不完整，原因是什么？3.报道者提供了什么证据？这些证据是怎样检验或核实的？4.这则新闻除了报道事件外，是否还有其他意图？④有人认为受众都是愿意看到真相的，他们欠缺的仅仅是辨别能力，然而现实中相当多的受众首先欠缺的是寻求事实真相的意愿。
2014年高考英语上海卷-答案
2014年普通高等学校招生统一考试（上海卷）英语答案解析第Ⅰ卷Ⅰ. Listening ComprehensionSection A1.【答案】A【解析】第1题属于典型的身份识别题。
通过theft和stolen很容易辨别出man是在报案，且通过woman 的询问语气就可以得出她是police woman。
2.【答案】D【解析】第2题属于情感态度题，通过take care，drive slowly，promise等词可推测出woman对man在路面结冰时驾车危险，正确的情绪为担心worried．3.【答案】B【解析】第3题是场景题，通过reservation并不能直接判断出答案，反而会让学生以为是restaurant场景而误选，还需要结合后面的driving license推测答案，所以要提醒同学们的是，在做听力题时，不要只听到一个关键词就选，还是要把题干听完整，避免误判。
4.【答案】A【解析】本题又是一道比较典型的场景题，难度在于同学们能不能听出其中的关键字，比如flood，roof，damage，如果光听到roof容易误选B，所以还是要把题听完整，一般来说听力中的场景题关键字不会只有一个，而是由多个词共同锁定某一个场景。
5.【答案】B．【解析】根据man的描述，他要先去车站接Jane，回来后再帮woman的忙。
6.【答案】D【解析】本题是非常典型的意图推测题，需要同学们通过对话中的关键词或者是对话的整体来推测说话人的意图，man说的两句话都非常重要，前一句暗示woman可以用更低的价钱买到她心仪的花瓶，后一句鼓励woman去讨价还价。
所以只要同学们认识D选项中的bargain这个词，本题的答案也就应运而生。
7.【答案】A【解析】本题依然是意图推测题，man的前一句话暗示他不愿意把自己电脑借给woman，后面暗示她可以去用图书馆中的电脑。
8.【答案】Care you kidding同学们是否都能认识，尤其是D选项意为“同情的”。
2014年上海市高考英语试卷及答案完美解析(word版)
2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷考生注意：1.考试时间120分钟，试卷满分150分。
2.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。
试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（笫1-12页）和第Ⅱ卷（第13页），全卷共13页。
所有答題必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
3.答題前，务必在答題纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码貼在指定位置上，在答題纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
第I卷（共103分）I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections:In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. policewoman. B. A judge. C. A reporter. D. A waitress.2. A. Confident. B. Puzzled. C. Satisfied. D. Worried.3. A. At a restaurant. B. At a car rental agency.C. In a bank.D. In a driving school.4. A. A disaster. B. A new roof. C. A performance. D. A TV station.5. A. Catch the train. B. Meet Jane.C. Get some stationery.D. Clean the backyard.6. A. Ask for something cheaper. B. Buy the vase she really likes.C. Protect herself from being hurt.D. Bargain with the shop assistant.7. A. Use a computer in the lab. B. Take a chemistry course.C. Help him revise his report.D. Get her computer repaired.8. A. Amused. B. Embarrassed. C. Shocked. D. Sympathetic.9. A. She doesn't plan to continue studying next year.B. She has already told the man about her plan.C. She iSn’t planning to leave her university.D. She recently visited a different university.10. A. It spoke highly of the mayor. B. It miSinterpreted the mayor’S Speech.C. it made the mayor’S view clearer.D. It carried the mayor’S Sp eech accurately.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. 70 B. 20 C. 25. D. 7512. A. The houses there can't be sold. B. It is a place for work and holiday.C. The cabins and facilities are shared.D. It is run by the residents themselves.13. A. A skiing resort. B. A special community.C. A splendid mountain.D. A successful businesswoman.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news.14. A. Those who often sent text messages. B. Those who suffered from heart disease.C. Those who did no physical exercise.D. whose who were unmarried15. A. They responded more slowly than usual. B. They sent more messages.C. They typed 10 percent faster on average.D. They edited more passages.16. A. Why chemical therapy works.B. Why marriage helps fight cancer.C. How unmarried people survive cancer.D. How cancer is detected after marriage.Section CDirections:In Section C,you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard.Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.17 in London19Dislikes:• 20 shops•small trolleysBlanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.II. Grammar and vocabularySection ADirections:After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)My Stay in New YorkAfter graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, (25)______I might have a better chance to find a good job. (26) ______ (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local café as a waiter. I believed that (27) ______ ______ ______ I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already (28) ______ (exhaust) shoulder. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had just said that (29) ______ I wanted to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps (30) ______my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expected.Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty (31) ______ (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned (32) ______I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.(B)The giant vending machine (自动售货机) is a new village shopVillagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the country’s first automatic push-button shop. Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.Peter Fox, who is (33)______electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine (34)______ (equip) with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, (35)______ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities.He said:“ I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn’t find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by (36)______. The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term ‘automatic shop’is far (37)______ (appropriate)”In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains (38)______ (force )village shops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, (39)______ (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new communities stores.Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution (40)______those villages without a local shop.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Let's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don't have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food __41__ at the supermarket. Since you really__42__ yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't it? This is where a "choice architect" can help__43__some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket-including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.Governments don't have to__44__healthier lifestyles through laws---for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect one that encourages us to choose what is best-we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with__45__hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system" to __46__foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains__47__by looking at the lights on the package. A green light __48__that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be__49__; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in __50__. The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple __51__.Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we __52__ do with it? We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out-and why; how to deal with difficult __53__ situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.So why are we keen on gossiping? Are we just natural __54__, of both time and words? Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life? It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really__55__issues.Dunbar __56__ the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar—__57__, he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the __58__ of the higher primates（灵长类动物）like monkeys. By means of grooming--cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or__59__ from outside it.As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar __60__ that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the __61__ it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to __62__ the pressure and calm everybody down.But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be __63__ to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more __64__ kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有声的）grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one __65__ contact.51. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language52. A. occasionally B. habitually C. independently D. originally53. A. social B. political C. historical D. cultural54. A. admirers B. masters C. users D. wasters55. A. vital B. sensitive C. ideal D. difficult56. A. confirms B. rejects C. outlines D. broadens57. A. for instance B. in addition C. on the contrary D. as a result58. A. motivation B. appearance C. emotion D. behaviour59. A. attack B. contact C. inspection D. assistance60. A. recalls B. denies C. concludes D. confesses61. A. prospect B. responsibility C. leadership D. protection62. A. measure B. show C. maintain D. ease63. A. saved B. extended C. consumed D. gained64. A. common B. efficient C. scientific D. thoughtful65. A. indirect B. daily C. physical D. secretSection BDirections:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does Mother Nature agree? Animals can't talk, but can they lie in other ways? Can they lie with their bodies and behavior? Animal experts may not call it lying, but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behave dishonestly to fool other animals. Why? Dishonesty often helps them survive.Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator（猎食动物）gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How? It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the "hurt" adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How? They don't make nests. Instead, they get into other birds' nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them.Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner's hand and start fighting again.Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don't hear them, and they don't need to share their food.As children, many of us learn the saying "You can't fool Mother Nature." But maybe you can't trust her, either.66. A plover protects its young from a predator by______.A. getting closer to its youngB. driving away the adult predatorC. leaving its young in another nestD. pretending to be injured67. By "Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky" (paragraph 5), the author means______.A. chimps are ready to attack othersB. chimps are sometimes dishonestC. chimps are jealous of the winnersD. chimps can be selfish too68. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.B. The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner's hand.C. Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.D. Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.69. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Do animals lie?B. Does Mother Nature fool animals?C. How do animals learn to lie?D. How does honesty help animals survive?(B)Let's say you want tohit the gym moreregularly this year. Howdo you make that happen?Consider putting thehabit loop to use.Here's how it works:A habit is a 3-stepprocess. First, there's acue, something that tellsyour brain to operateautomatically. Thenthere's a routine. Andfinally, a reward, whichhelps your brain learn todesire the behavior. It'swhat you can use tocreate-or break-habits ofyour own.Here's how toapply it:Choose a cue, like leaving your running shoes by the door, then pick. a reward-say, a piece of chocolate when you get home from the gym. That way, the cue and the reward become interconnected. Finally, when you see the shoes, your brainwill start longing for the reward, which will make it easier to work out day after day. The best part? In a couple of weeks, you won't need the chocolate at all. Your brain will come to see the workout itself as the reward. Which is the whole point, right?70. which of the following beSt fitS in the box with a “?” in the habit loop?A. Pick a new cue.B. Form a new habit.C. Choose a new reward.D. Design a new resolution.71. According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effectively by______.A. changing the routineB. trying it for a weekC. adjusting your goalD. writing it down72. What's the purpose of putting the habit loop to use?A. To test out different kinds of cues.B. To do something as a habit even without rewards.C. To work out the best New Year's resolution.D. To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.73. “thiS year when i See the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel or an English newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour." What is the cue in this resolution?A. The Harry Potter poster.B. Reading 30 pages of an English novel.C. An English newspaper.D. Watching TV for half an hour.(C)If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality（虚拟现实）device. RikkeWahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias（偏见）that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've "put yourself in another's shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. "It's a really nice way to havethis kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone."74. The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting75. We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that______.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people's bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes76. In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtualreality glasses to control a dark skinned digital character, ______.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them77. It can be concluded from the passage that______.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantlySection CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR is made up of three broad layers. The most basic is traditional corporate charity work. Companies typically spend about 1% of pre-tax profits on worthy projects. But many feel that simply writing cheques to charitiesis no longer enough. In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their behavior. Hence the second layer of CSR, which is a branch of risk management. Starting in the 1980s, with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon Valdez oil spill, industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation.So, companies often responded by trying to manage the risks. They talk to non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and to governments, create codes of conduct （行为准则) and devote themselves to more transparency（透明）in their operations. Increasingly, too. they, along with their competitors, set common rules to spread risks.All this is largely defensive, but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game. The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value. If approached in a strategic way, CSR could become part of a company's competitive advantage. That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear. The idea of "doing well by doing good" has become popular.Nevertheless, the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executives. Can you measure CSR performance? Should you be cooperating with ngoS and you’re your competitors? Is there any really competitive advantage to be had from a green strategy?Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities. Done badly, CSR is often just window-dressing and can be positively harmful. Done well, though, it is not some separate activity that companies do on the side, a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue（美德）：it is just good business.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)78. Both _________ in some companies find it no longer enough to simply donate money to charities.79. Give one example of the defensive measures of risk management according to the passage.80. With the emphasis on opportunity, the third layer of CSR is meant to_________.81. According to the passage, "good business" (paragraph 6) means that corporations ________ while making profits.第II卷（共47分）I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。
2014年高考上海语文试题及答案
2014年高考上海语文试题及答案高考研究0624 19532014年高考上海语文试卷一阅读 80分（一）阅读下文，完成1—6题。
（18分）受众的新闻素养：能力和意愿①新闻作为一种媒体信息，本应有助于人们了解事情的真相，如信息论的提出者香农就曾把信息定义为“不确定性的消除”，然而信息也会增加人们对真相认识的不确定性。
尤其在这个信息爆炸的时代，如何摆脱这种困境？除了优化信息环境外，更现实的途径是提高受众的新闻素养。
②在信息时代，批判性地解读和使用媒体信息应是社会成员的基本技能。
为什么在今天要特别强调受众的“新闻素养”？这是由新闻的性质和当今新闻的发展趋势决定的。
新闻是帮助公民自治的必要信息，和其他出于私人利益或兴趣而获得的信息不同，它关乎社会群体的公共利益，最终会影响私人生活。
而随着信息技术的发展、商业文化的介入、新闻发布门槛的降低，新闻与评论、娱乐、宣传的界线不再像从前那样清晰，“准新闻”甚至“伪新闻”层出不穷。
③新闻受众应该提高自己的新闻辨别能力，对不同来源的信息设置不同的警惕值，这样才能使自己变得明智。
如何批判性地解读新闻？受众可以从以下几个方面加以考虑：1、报道有无确切的来源？来源可靠吗？2、报道的内容完整吗？是否包含事件的时间、地点、人物、原因、经过等要素？假如不完整，原因是什么？3、报道者提供了什么证据？这些证据是怎样检验或核实的？4、这则新闻除了报道事件外，是否还有其他意图？④有人认为受众都是愿意看到真相的，他们欠缺的仅仅是辨别能力，然而现实中相当多的受众首先欠缺的是寻求事实真相的意愿。
如果说从前的新闻受众在接收信息上缺乏自由的话，那么现在的新闻受众更多是被诱惑，把有限的时间用于关注娱乐新闻，而最危险的是在被抑制和被诱导中养成的对事实真相无所谓的态度，要么是“你知道了真相又能怎样”，要么是“根本就没有真相，一切都是阴谋”。
前者导致老于世故地配合做戏，后者导致愤世嫉俗、拒绝相信一切。
⑤还有一些人尽管有寻求事实真相的意愿，却习惯于把常识当成真相，或者以常识为标准来判断事件是否真实。
2014年高考语文上海卷高考真题(含答案)
语文试卷 第1页（共10页）语文试卷 第2页（共10页）绝密★启用前2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷）语文考生注意：1. 本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包括试题与答题要求，所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
2. 答卷前，务必用钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸正面清楚地填写姓名、准考证号，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上。
3. 答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。
4. 考试时间150分钟。
试卷满分150分。
一、阅读 80分（一）阅读下文，完成第1～6题。
（18分）受众的新闻素养：能力和意愿①新闻作为一种媒体信息，本应有助于人们了解事情的真相，如信息论的提出者香农就曾把信息定义为“不确定性的消除”，然而信息也会增加人们对真相认识的不确定性。
尤其在这个信息爆炸的时代，如何摆脱这种困境．．？除了优化信息环境外，更现实的途径是提高受众的新闻素养。
②在信息时代，批判性地解读和使用媒体信息应是社会成员的基本技能。
为什么在今天要特别强调受众的“新闻素养”？这是由新闻的性质和当今新闻的发展趋势决定的。
新闻是帮助公民自治的必要信息，和其他出于私人利益或兴趣而获得的信息不同，它关乎社会群体的公共利益，最终会影响私人生活。
而随着信息技术的发展、商业文化的介入、新闻发布门槛的降低，新闻与评论、娱乐、宣传的界线不再像从前那样清晰，“准新闻”甚至“伪新闻”层出不穷。
③新闻受众应该提高自己的新闻辨别能力，对不同来源的信息设置不同的警惕值，这样才能使自己变得明智。
如何批判性地解读新闻？受众可以从以下几个方面加以考虑：1.报道有无确切的来源？来源可靠吗？2.报道的内容完整吗？是否包含事件的时间、地点、人物、原因、经过等要素？假如不完整，原因是什么？3.报道者提供了什么证据？这些证据是怎样检验或核实的？4.这则新闻除了报道事件外，是否还有其他意图？④有人认为受众都是愿意看到真相的，他们欠缺的仅仅是辨别能力，然而现实中相当多的受众首先欠缺的是寻求事实真相的意愿。
2014年上海高考语文真题及详细解释教师版
2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海语文试卷一阅读 80分（一）阅读下文，完成1—6题。
（18分）受众的新闻素养：能力和意愿①新闻作为一种媒体信息，本应有助于人们了解事情的真相，如信息论的提出者香农就曾把信息定义为“不确定性的消除”，然而信息也会增加人们对真相认识的不确定性。
尤其在这个信息爆炸的时代，如何摆脱这种困境．．？除了优化信息环境外，更现实的途径是提高受众的新闻素养。
②在信息时代，批判性地解读和使用媒体信息应是社会成员的基本技能。
为什么在今天要特别强调受众的“新闻素养”？这是由新闻的性质和当今新闻的发展趋势决定的。
新闻是帮助公民自治的必要信息，和其他出于私人利益或兴趣而获得的信息不同，它关乎社会群体的公共利益，最终会影响私人生活。
而随着信息技术的发展、商业文化的介入、新闻发布门槛的降低，新闻与评论、娱乐、宣传的界线不再像从前那样清晰，“准新闻”甚至“伪新闻”层出不穷。
③新闻受众应该提高自己的新闻辨别能力，对不同来源的信息设置不同的警惕值，这样才能使自己变得明智。
如何批判性地解读新闻？受众可以从以下几个方面加以考虑：1、报道有无确切的来源？来源可靠吗？2、报道的内容完整吗？是否包含事件的时间、地点、人物、原因、经过等要素？假如不完整，原因是什么？3、报道者提供了什么证据？这些证据是怎样检验或核实的？4、这则新闻除了报道事件外，是否还有其他意图？④有人认为受众都是愿意看到真相的，他们欠缺的仅仅是辨别能力，然而现实中相当多的受众首先欠缺的是寻求事实真相的意愿。
如果说从前的新闻受众在接收信息上缺乏自由的话，那么现在的新闻受众更多是被诱惑，把有限的时间用于关注娱乐新闻，而最危险的是在被抑制和被诱导中养成的对事实真相无所谓的态度，要么是“你知道了真相又能怎样”，要么是“根本就没有真相，一切都是阴谋”。
前者导致老于世故地配合做戏，后者导致愤世嫉俗、拒绝相信一切。
⑤还有一些人尽管有寻求事实真相的意愿，却习惯于把常识当成真相，或者以常识为标准来判断事件是否真实。
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2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海物理试卷本试卷共7页，满分l50分，考试时间l20分钟。
全卷包括六大题，第一、二大题为单项选择题，第三大题为多项选择题，第四大题为填空题，第五大题为实验题，第六大题为计算题。
考生注意：1、答卷前，务必用钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸正面清楚地填写姓名、准考证号，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上，在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名。
2、第一、第二和第三大题的作答必须用28铅笔涂在答题纸上相应区域内与试卷题号对应的位置，需要更改时，必须将原选项用橡皮擦去，重新选择。
第四、第五和第六大题的作答必须用黑色的钢笔或圆珠笔写在答题纸上与试卷题号对应的位置（作图可用铅笔）。
3、第30、31、32、33题要求写出必要的文字说明、方程式和重要的演算步骤。
只写出最后答案，而未写出主要演算过程的，不能得分。
有关物理量的数值计算问题，答案中必须明确写出数值和单位。
一．单项选择题（共16分，每小题2分。
每小题只有一个正确选项。
）1．下列电磁波中，波长最长的是（ ）A ，（A ）无线电波 （B ）红外线 （C ）紫外线 （D ）γ射线2．核反应方程94Be ＋42He →12 6C ＋X 中的X 表示（ ）D ，（A ）质子 （B ）电子 （C ）光子 （D ）中子3．不能．．用卢瑟福原子核式结构模型得出的结论是（ ）B ， （A ）原子中心有一个很小的原子核 （B ）原子核是由质子和中子组成的（C ）原子质量几乎全部集中在原子核内 （D ）原子的正电荷全部集中在原子核内4．分子间同时存在引力和斥力，当分子间距增加时，分子间（ ）C ，（A ）引力增加，斥力减小 （B ）引力增加，斥力增加（C ）引力减小，斥力减小 （D ）引力减小，斥力增加5．链式反应中，重核裂变时放出的可以使裂变不断进行下去的粒子是（ ）B ，（A ）质子 （B ）中子 （C ）β粒子 （D ）α粒子6．在光电效应的实验结果中，与光的波动理论不矛盾．．．的是（ ）C ， （A ）光电效应是瞬时发生的（B ）所有金属都存在极限频率（C ）光电流随着入射光增强而变大（D ）入射光频率越大，光电子最大初动能越大7．质点做简谐运动，其v -t 关系如图，以x 轴正向为速度v 的正方向（ ）B ，8．在离地高h 处，沿竖直方向同时向上和向下抛出两个小球，它们的初速度大小均为v ，不计空气阻力，两球落地的时间差为（ ）A ，（A ）2v /g （B ）v /g （C ）2h /v （D ）h /v二．单项选择题（共24分，每小题3分。
每小题只有一个正确选项。
）9．如图，光滑的四分之一圆弧轨道AB 固定在竖直平面内，A 端与水平面相切，穿在轨道上的小球在拉力F 作用下，缓慢地由A 向B 运动，F 始终沿轨道的切线方向，轨道对球的弹力为N ，在运动过程中（ ）A ， （A ）F 增大，N 减小 （B ）F 减小，N 减小 （C ）F 增大，N 增大 （D ）F 减小，N 增大10．如图，竖直放置、开口向下的试管内用水银封闭一段气体，若试管自由下落，管内气体（ ）B ，（A ）压强增大，体积增大 （B ）压强增大，体积减小（C ）压强减小，体积增大 （D ）压强减小，体积减小11．静止在地面上的物体在竖直向上的恒力作用下上升，在某一高度撤去恒力。
不计空气阻力，在整个上升过程中，物体机械能随时间变化关系是（ ）C ，12．如图，在磁感应强度为B 的匀强磁场中，面积为S 的矩形刚性导线框abcd 可绕过ad 边的固定轴OO ’转动，磁场方向与线框平面垂直，在线框中通以电流强度为I 的稳恒电流，并使线框与竖直平面成θ角，此时bc 边受到相对OO ’轴的安培力力矩大小为（ ）A ， （A ）BIS sin θ （B ）BIS cos θ （C ）BIS /sin θ （D ）BIS /cos θ13．如图，带有一白点的黑色圆盘，可绕过其中心、垂直于盘面的轴匀速转动，每秒沿顺时针方向旋转30圈，在暗室中用每秒闪光31次的频闪光源照射圆盘，观察到白点每秒沿（ ）D ，（A ）顺时针旋转31圈 （B ）逆时针旋转31圈（C ）顺时针旋转1圈 （D ）逆时针旋转1圈14．一列横波沿水平放置的弹性绳向右传播，绳上两质点A 、B 的平衡位置相距3/4波长，B 位于A 右方，t 时刻A 位于平衡位置上方且向上运动，再经过1/4周期，B 位于平衡位置（ ）D ，（A ）上方且向上运动 （B ）上方且向下运动（C ）下方且向上运动 （D ）下方且向下运动15．将阻值随温度升高而减小的热敏电阻I 和II 串联，接在不计内阻的稳压电源两端，开始时I 和II 阻值相等，保持I 温度不变，冷却或加热II ，则II 的电功率在（ ）C ，（A ）加热时变大，冷却时变小 （B ）加热时变小，冷却时变大（C ）加热或冷却都变小 （D ）加热或冷却都变大16．如图，竖直平面内的轨道I 和II 都由两段细直杆连接而成，两轨道长度相等，用相同的水平恒力将穿在轨道最低点B 的静止小球，分别沿I 和II 推至最高点A ，所需时间分别为t 1、t 2，动能增量分别为∆E k1、∆E k2，假定球在经过轨道转折点前后速度大小不变，且球与I 和II 轨道间的动摩擦因数相等，则（ ）B（A ）∆E k1＞∆E k2，t 1＞t 2 （B ）∆E k1＝∆E k2，t 1＞t 2 （C ）∆E k1＞∆E k2，t 1＜t 2 （D ）∆E k1＝∆E k2，t 1＜t 2（A ） （B ） （C ） （D ）三．多项选择题（共16分，每小题4分。
每小题有二个或三个正确选项。
全选对的，得4分；选对但不全的，得2分；有选错或不答的，得0分。
）17．如图，匀强磁场垂直于软导线回路平面，由于磁场发生变化，回路变为圆形，则该磁场（）C、D，（A）逐渐增强，方向向外（B）逐渐增强，方向向里（C）逐渐减弱，方向向外（D）逐渐减弱，方向向里18．如图，电路中定值电阻阻值R大于电源内阻阻值r，将滑动变阻器滑片向下滑动，理想电压表V1、V2、V3示数变化量的绝对值分别为∆U1、∆U2、∆U3，理想电流表A示数变化量的绝对值为∆I，则（）A、C、D，（A）A的示数增大（B）V2的示数增大（C）∆U3与∆I的比值大于r（D）∆U1大于∆U219．静电场在x轴上的场强E随x的变化关系如图所示，x轴正方向为场强正方向，带正电的点电荷沿x轴运动，则点电荷（）B、C，（A）在x2和x4处电势能相等（B）由x1运动到x3的过程中电势能增大（C）由x1运动到x4的过程中电场力先增大后减小（D）由x1运动到x4的过程中电场力先减小后增大20．如图，在水平放置的刚性气缸内用活塞封闭两部分气体A和B，质量一定的两活塞用杆连接，气缸内两活塞间保持真空，活塞与气缸壁之间无摩擦，左侧活塞面积较大，A、B的初始温度相同，略抬高气缸左端使之倾斜，再使升高相同温度，气体最终达到稳定状态。
若始末状态A、B的压强变化量∆p A、∆p B均大于零，对活塞压力的变化量为∆F A、∆F B，则（）A、D，（A）A体积增大（B）A体积减小（C）∆F A＞∆F B（D）∆p A＜∆p B四．填空题（共20分，每小题4分。
）本大题中第22题为分叉题，分A、B两类，考生可任选一类答题。
若两类试题均做，一律按A类题计分。
21．牛顿第一定律表明，力是物体＿＿＿＿发生变化的原因；该定律引出的一个重要概念是＿＿＿＿。
运动状态，惯性，22A、22B选做一题22A．动能相等的两物体A、B在光滑水平面上沿同一直线相向而行，它们的速度大小之比v A:v B＝2:1，则动量大小之比P A:P B＝＿＿＿＿，两者碰后粘在一起运动，其总动量与A原来动量之比P:P A＝＿＿＿＿。
1:2，1:1，22B．动能相等的两颗人造地球卫星A、B的轨道半径之比为R A:R B＝1:2，它们的角速度之比ωA:ωB＝＿＿＿＿，质量之比m A:m B＝＿＿＿＿。
22:1，1:2，23．如图，两光滑斜面在B处连接，小球由A处静止释放，经过B、C两点时速度大小分别为3m/s和4m/s，AB＝BC。
设球经过B点前后速度大小不变，则球在AB、BC段的加速度大小之比为＿＿＿＿，球由A运动到C的过程中平均速率为＿＿＿＿m/s。
9:7，2.1，24．如图，宽为L 的竖直障碍物上开有间距d ＝0.6m 的矩形孔，其下沿离地高h ＝1.2m ，离地高H ＝2m 的质点与障碍物相距x 。
在障碍物以v 0＝4m/s 匀速向左运动的同时，质点自由下落，为使质点能穿过该孔，L 的最大值为值＿＿＿＿m ；若L ＝0.6m ，x 的取值范围是＿＿＿＿m 。
（取g ＝10m/s 2）0.8，0.8m ≤x ≤1m ， 25．如图，竖直绝缘墙 上固定一带电小球A ，将带电小球B 用轻质绝缘丝线悬挂在A 的正上方C 处，图中AC ＝h ，当B 静止在与竖直方向夹角θ＝30︒方向时，A 对B 的静电力为B 所受重力的33倍，则丝线BC 长度为＿＿＿＿。
若A 对B 的静电力为B 所受重力的0.5倍，改变丝线长度，使仍能在θ＝30︒处平衡，以后由于A 漏电，B 在竖直平面内缓慢运动，到θ＝0︒处A 的电荷尚未漏完，在整个漏电过程中，丝线上拉力大小的变化情况是＿＿＿＿。
33h ，233h ， 五．实验题（共24分）26．（4分）如图，在“观察光的衍射现象”实验中，保持缝到光屏的距离不变，增加缝宽，屏上衍射条纹间距将＿＿＿＿（选填：“增大”、“减小”或“不变”）；该现象表明，光沿直线传播只是一种近似规律，只有在_________情况下，光才可以看作是沿直线传播的。
减小，光的波长比障碍物小得多，27．（5分）在“用DIS 研究在温度不变时，一定质量的气体压强与体积的关系”实验中，某同学将注射器活塞置于刻度为10ml 处，然后将注射器连接压强传感器并开始实验，气体体积V 每增加1ml 测一次压强p ，最后得到p 和V 的乘积逐渐。
（1）由此可推断，该同学的实验结果可能为图_________。
a ，（2）（单选题）图线弯曲的可能原因是在实验过程中_________。
C ，（A ）注射器中有异物（B ）连接软管中存在气体（C ）注射器内气体温度升高（D ）注射器内气体温度降低28．（7分）在“用DIS 测电源电动势和内阻”的实验中（1）将待测电池组、滑动变阻器、电流传感器、电压传感器、定值电阻、电键及若干导线连接成电路如图（a ）所示，图中未接导线的A 端应接在＿＿＿＿点（选填：“B ”、“C ”、“D ”或“E ”）。
C ，光屏单缝激光器 图（a ） 图（b ）图（b ） A B 图（（2）实验得到的U -I 关系如图（b ）中的直线I 所示，则电池组的电动势为＿＿＿＿V ，内电阻阻值为＿＿＿＿Ω。