医学论文翻译实例
有关医学的英语作文带翻译
Medicine is a field that has always fascinated me. It is a science that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, alleviation, or treatment of human diseases. The medical profession is one of the most respected and revered professions in society. It is a calling that requires a great deal of dedication, compassion, and knowledge.Doctors are the frontline warriors in the battle against disease. They are responsible for the health and wellbeing of their patients. They must be knowledgeable about the latest medical advancements and must be able to apply this knowledge in a practical and effective manner. They must also possess excellent communication skills to interact with their patients and their families.In addition to treating diseases, doctors also play a crucial role in promoting health and preventing illness. They educate their patients about healthy lifestyles, the importance of regular checkups, and the benefits of a balanced diet and exercise. They also advocate for public health policies that can improve the overall health of the community.However, the field of medicine is not without its challenges. Doctors often work long hours and are under immense pressure to provide the best possible care for their patients. They must also deal with the emotional toll of witnessing suffering and sometimes, the loss of life.Despite these challenges, the rewards of a career in medicine are immense. The ability to make a difference in peoples lives, to alleviate suffering, and to contribute to the advancement of medical science is incredibly fulfilling. It is a profession that offers a unique blend of intellectual stimulation, personal fulfillment, and the opportunity to serve humanity.In conclusion, medicine is a noble and essential profession. It requires a combination of knowledge, skill, and compassion. For those who are passionate about helping others and making a difference, a career in medicine can be incredibly rewarding.翻译：医学是一个一直让我着迷的领域。
医学英文作文翻译
医学英文作文翻译As a medical professional, it is important to stay updated on the latest research and developments in the field. This can be achieved through attending conferences, reading medical journals, and participating in continuing education courses.One of the most rewarding aspects of working in the medical field is the opportunity to make a positive impact on the lives of patients. Whether it's providing a diagnosis, offering treatment options, or simply lending a compassionate ear, the ability to help others is truly fulfilling.In the fast-paced environment of a hospital or clinic, effective communication is key. Whether it's relaying important information to colleagues, explaining treatment plans to patients, or providing support to family members, clear and empathetic communication is essential in providing quality care.Medical professionals often face challenging and complex cases that require critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Being able to quickly assess a situation, consider various options, and make informed decisions is a crucial aspect of the job.The field of medicine is constantly evolving, with new technologies and treatments emerging regularly. Embracing innovation and staying open to new approaches is essential for providing the best possible care to patients.In addition to treating patients, medical professionals also play a role in educating the public about important health issues. Whether it's promoting preventative care, raising awareness about specific diseases, or advocatingfor healthy lifestyle choices, there is a significant educational component to the work of a medical professional.。
翻译公司医学试验翻译范文
Thinness< 20% loss in weight from baseline.Subtle muscle wasting and mild prominence of spine.The condition is often observed with other clinical signs, such as lethargy and ruffled fur.瘦弱体重由基线水准降低不到20%。
轻微的肌肉萎缩和脊柱突出。
该症状还常伴有其它临床体征，如嗜睡和毛皮褶皱。
Conjunctivitis(pinkeye)Inflammation of the conjunctiva which presents with swollen, pink tissue exposed from within the eyelids; it may result in ocular discharge.结膜炎（红眼病）结膜发炎，表现为结膜组织变肿、变红并暴露在眼睑外。
该症状可导致产生眼分泌物。
Hydrocephalus(domed head)Fluid buildup deep within the cavities of the brain, resulting in increased intracranial pressure.Young animals present with a domed head.Lethargy and poor body condition are typical; severe cases present as moribund.脑积水（圆顶头）脑腔内有大量积液，导致颅内压升高。
幼仔表现为头顶呈圆顶状。
通常有嗜睡和体况不良症状；重者呈现濒死症状。
Emaciation(extreme thinness)> 20% loss in weight from baseline.Significant muscle wasting and prominence of spine.The condition is often observed with other clinical signs, such as lethargy and ruffled fur.消瘦（极度瘦弱）体重由基线水准降低超过20%。
专业的翻译案例
专业的翻译案例翻译是一项十分重要的工作，它不仅在全球化背景下起到了举足轻重的作用，同时也是沟通不同国家和文化之间的桥梁。
为了帮助读者更好地理解专业的翻译案例，下面将介绍一个关于医学领域的翻译案例。
在医学领域，准确的翻译非常关键，因为一个错误的译文不仅可能导致医疗事故，还可能给患者带来风险和误解。
这就要求翻译人员具备一定的专业背景知识，以便将原文的含义准确地传达出来。
以下是一个医学翻译案例的示例：原文：Recently, a new breakthrough in cancer treatment has been discovered, which targets specific genetic mutations in tumor cells.译文：最近，一项新的癌症治疗突破被发现，该治疗针对肿瘤细胞中特定的基因突变。
在这个例子中，翻译人员需要准确地理解原文中的关键词和专业术语，并将其翻译为目标语言中医学领域常用的术语。
这就需要翻译人员具备扎实的医学知识和专业背景。
不仅如此，翻译人员还需要注意原文中的语境和情感因素，以确保译文的准确传达。
在医学领域，一个词的错误翻译可能导致完全不同的解读，从而对患者的诊断和治疗产生严重后果。
此外，翻译人员还需要考虑目标读者的背景和文化差异。
在不同的国家和地区，医学术语和习惯用语可能各不相同。
因此，在翻译过程中，翻译人员需要根据目标读者的需求和理解水平，选择合适的词汇和表达方式。
在专业翻译中，准确性和流畅性同样重要。
作为一名优秀的翻译人员，除了精通目标语言和源语言，还需要具备一定的写作能力。
只有将原文的意思准确地传达出来，并以流畅的语言表达出来，读者才能更好地理解和接受翻译的内容。
总的来说，专业的翻译案例需要翻译人员具备扎实的领域知识和语言能力。
在医学领域的翻译工作中，准确性、语境、文化差异和流畅性都是需要被考虑的因素。
只有在综合考虑这些因素的基础上，才能产生优秀的翻译作品。
医学英文作文翻译
医学英文作文翻译英文：As a medical professional, I believe that effective communication with patients is crucial for providingquality care. It is important to not only explain medical conditions and treatment options in a clear and concise manner, but also to actively listen to patients' concerns and questions.One way to improve communication with patients is to use plain language. Medical jargon can be confusing and intimidating for patients, so it is important to use language that is easily understood. For example, instead of using the term "hypertension," I might say "high blood pressure."Another important aspect of communication is nonverbal cues. As a physician, I try to maintain good eye contact with my patients and use body language to convey empathyand understanding. This helps to build trust and rapportwith patients, which is essential for effective communication.Finally, I believe that active listening is key to effective communication. This means giving patients my full attention, asking open-ended questions, and acknowledging their concerns. By doing so, I can better understand their needs and provide tailored care.中文：作为一名医疗专业人士，我认为与患者有效沟通对于提供优质护理至关重要。
八篇医学论文英汉翻译实践报告
八篇医学论文英汉翻译实践报告八篇医学论文英汉翻译实践报告引言：医学论文的翻译工作对促进医学研究的国际交流和学术合作起到至关重要的作用。
本文将介绍我在进行八篇医学论文翻译实践过程中所遇到的挑战和经验。
这八篇论文包括心脏疾病、癌症、药物治疗等不同领域的专题，旨在提高我在医学翻译领域的专业水平和技巧。
一、心脏疾病的翻译在翻译心脏疾病相关的论文时，我发现其中的专业术语和研究方法对于一般读者来说非常晦涩难懂。
因此，在翻译过程中，我尽可能选择简洁明了的词汇，并结合相关的图表来解释概念，以使读者更好地理解。
二、癌症研究的翻译癌症研究领域的论文常常涉及到新的治疗方法和药物的开发。
这些都属于前沿科研成果，因此，准确的翻译对于保证学术交流的准确性和权威性至关重要。
在翻译这类论文时，我会参考相关专家的意见，确保术语和表达方式的准确性。
同时，为了提高读者的理解，我还会在适当的地方插入一些解释性的注解。
三、药物治疗的翻译药物治疗领域的论文往往包含大量的化学式和药物命名。
这对于一般读者来说非常困难，因此，在翻译这类论文时，我会尽可能使用简明扼要的语言，并提供相关药物的普通名称，以便于读者的理解。
四、阅读背景资料的重要性在进行这八篇论文的翻译前，我会事先阅读相关的背景资料，了解研究领域的基本概念和发展动态。
这有助于我更好地理解作者的研究内容，提高翻译的准确性和专业性。
五、重视团队合作医学翻译工作通常需要与科研团队进行紧密合作。
在翻译这八篇论文过程中，我与作者和专家进行了多次的讨论和交流，以确保对于研究成果的准确传达。
同时，我也从这些专家中获得了宝贵的意见和建议，不断提高自己的翻译技巧和专业水平。
六、语言表达的灵活运用医学翻译中，常常会遇到一些专有名词和术语，翻译时需要根据上下文和读者的理解能力进行灵活运用。
在这八篇论文的翻译过程中，我不仅注重术语的准确性，还要让译文通顺地体现原文的逻辑和表达方式。
七、负责任的态度作为医学翻译人员，我们肩负着传递科学信息和促进学术交流的重要职责。
医学论文英文摘要翻译——实例讲解(1)
Promotion of rapid testing for HIV in primary care (RHIVA2): a cluster-randomised群组随机的 controlled trial
初诊治疗中快速检测HIV的推广(艾滋病协会康复分会试验 之二): 一个群组随机对照试验 primary care (由医护人员提供的)最初保健护理(其后病人可转到专 科就诊);初诊治疗;初级治疗;初级医疗保健.
Methods
In this cluster randomised controlled trial in Hackney (London, UK), general practices were randomly assigned (1:1) to offer either opt-out rapid HIV testing to newly registering adults or continue usual care. All practices were invited to take part. Practices were randomised by an independent clinical trials unit statistician with a minimisation program最小化程序, maintaining allocation concealment隐秘性. 在哈克尼（英国伦敦）进行的群组随机对照试验中，全科医生被 〔1 随机分配（1：1），一组对新注册的成年病人进行opt-out 〕 HIV快速检测 / 常规HIV快速检测 ；另一组则继续常规护理。
CD4细胞计数低于200个/ μL的患者在干预组中和对照组中分 别为28％及46％（0.60，0.32〜1.13）（增译法） 所有快速检测诊断出的患者均顺利转入专科治疗。无不良事 件发生。
医药学类文献双语版_汉译英
介导性shRNA能抑制肺癌细胞中livin沉默基因的表达从而促进SGC-7901细胞凋亡背景—由于肿瘤细胞抑制凋亡增殖,特定凋亡的抑制因素会对于发展新的治疗策略提供一个合理途径。
Livin是一种凋亡抑制蛋白家族成员，在多种恶性肿瘤的表达中具有意义。
但是, 在有关胃癌方面没有可利用的数据。
在本研究中,我们发现livin基因在人类胃癌中的表达并调查了介导的shRNA能抑制肺癌细胞中livin沉默基因的表达，从而促进SGC-7901细胞凋亡。
方法—mRNA及蛋白质livin基因的表达用逆转录聚合酶链反应技术及西方吸干化验进行了分析。
小干扰RNA真核表达载体具体到livin基因采用基因重组、测序核酸。
然后用Lipofectamin2000转染进入SGC-7901细胞。
逆转录聚合酶链反应技术和西方吸干化验用来验证的livin基因在SGC-7901细胞中使沉默基因生效。
所得到的稳定的复制品用G418来筛选。
细胞凋亡用应用流式细胞仪(FCM)来评估。
细胞生长状态和5-FU的50%抑制浓度(IC50)和顺铂都由MTT比色法来决定。
结果—livin mRNA和蛋白质的表达检测40例中有19例(47.5%)有胃癌和SGC-7901细胞。
没有livin基因表达的是在肿瘤邻近组织和良性胃溃疡病灶。
相关发现在livin基因的表达和肿瘤的微小分化和淋巴结转移一样(P < 0.05)。
4个小干扰RNA真核表达矢量具体到基因重组的livin基因建立。
其中之一,能有效地减少livin基因的表达,抑制基因不少于70%(P < 0.01)。
重组的质粒被提取和转染到胃癌细胞。
G418筛选所得到的稳定的复制品被放大讲究。
当livin基因沉默,胃癌细胞的生殖活动明显低于对照组(P < 0.05)。
研究还表明,IC50上的5-Fu 和顺铂在胃癌细胞的治疗上是通过shRNA减少以及刺激这些细胞(5-Fu proapoptotic和顺铂)(P < 0.01)。
英文医学论文摘要翻译练习
摘要翻译练习1. 中药灯盏细辛注射液治疗急性缺血性脑卒中：随机对照试验的系统评价和荟萃分析Chinese herbal medicine Dengzhan Xixin injection for acute ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials目的评价中药灯盏细辛注射液治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的有效性和安全性。
方法在6个电子数据库中，使用计算机检索有关灯盏细辛注射用于急性缺血性脑卒中的随机对照试验，使用Cochrane偏倚风险工具评估随机对照试验的方法学质量。
使用RevMan 5.3进行数据合成，并给出平均差异或相对风险及其95％置信区间。
使用GRADEpro（版本3.6）生成研究发现结果的总结表。
结果共纳入25项随机对照临床试验，含有2498名参与者，所有试验均采用在双臂的常规治疗。
大多数研究具有较高的偏倚风险。
在治疗期间（14-35天），常规治疗合并灯盏细辛注射液没有明显改善死亡率（RR : 0.27，95％CI: 0.05至1.63），但是可以提高Barthel指数评分（MD: 10.20, 95％CI: 8.16至12.25），降低神经功能缺损评分（（MD: -3.99，95％CI：-5.68 至-2.30），根据NFDS方法; （MD: -1.67，95％CI：-2.59至-0.76），根据NIHSS方法），治疗失败率较低（RR: 0.40, 95％CI: 0.31至0.52）。
13项试验（52％）报告了不良事件的结果，但未报告严重不良事件。
结论低质量证据表明灯盏细辛注射夜似乎可改善急性缺血性卒中患者的神经功能。
但是，需要大规模和严格的临床试验来进一步研究这种可能的益处。
Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Chinese herbal medicine Dengzhan Xixin (Erigeron breviscapus) injection for acute ischemic stroke.Methods Six electronic databases were searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of Dengzhan Xixin (DZXX) injection for acute ischemic stroke. The methodological quality of RCTs was assessed by the Cochrane risk of bias tool.Data synthesis was performed using RevMan 5.3 and was presented with mean difference (MD) or relative risk (RR) and their 95% confidence interval (CI). A summary of finding table was generated by GRADEpro (version 3.6).Results Twenty-five RCTs with 2498 participants were included and all trials adopted conventional therapy (CT) in both arms. Most of the studies had high risk of bias.The addition of DZXX to CT showed no significant benefit on death (RR 0.27, 95% CI 0.05–1.63) within the treatment period (14–35 d), but showed higher Barthel index score (MD 10.20, 95% CI 8.16–12.25), lower neurological function deficit score (MD −3.99, 95% CI −5.68 to −2.30, by NFDS; MD −1.67, 95% CI −2.59 to −0.76, by NIHSS), and lower treatment failure (RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.31–0.52). Thirteen trials (52%) reported the outcome of adverse events, but no serious adverse events were reported.Conclusion Low quality evidence implied that DZXX injection appeared to improve neurological function in patients with acute ischemic stroke. However, this potential benefit should be further studied in large, rigorous trials.2. 目的运用Meta分析法评价中医药降低早期糖尿病肾病患者尿蛋白水平的疗效。
论文外文文献翻译
论文外文文献翻译以下是一篇700字左右的论文外文文献翻译：原文题目：The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Diagnostics: A Review原文摘要：In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of medical diagnostics. AI has the potential to improve the accuracy and efficiency of medical diagnoses, and can assist clinicians in making treatment decisions. This review aims to examine the current state of AI in medical diagnostics, and discuss its advantages and limitations. Several AI techniques, including machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing, are discussed. The review also examines the ethical and legal considerations associated with the use of AI in medical diagnostics. Overall, AI has shown great promise in improving medical diagnostics, but further research is needed to fully understand its potential benefits and limitations.AI在医学诊断中发挥的作用：一项综述近年来，人工智能（AI）在医学诊断领域的应用引起了越来越多的关注。
医学论文翻译
医学论文翻译Medical Journal Translation (700 words)Title: The Role of Genetic Factors in the Development of Cardiovascular DiseasesAbstract:Cardiovascular diseases are a major global health concern, accounting for a significant percentage of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While several environmental and lifestyle factors have been identified as risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, recent research has also highlighted the role of genetic factors in their development. This paper aims to review the current understanding of the genetic basis of cardiovascular diseases, including the identification of specific genes and genetic variants that are associated with increased disease risk. Additionally, it will discuss the potential implications of these findings for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.Introduction:Cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease, hypertension, and stroke, remain leading causes of mortality worldwide. Although considerable progress has been made in identifying and managing traditional risk factors such as smoking, high cholesterol, and sedentary lifestyle, a significant proportion of individuals still develop cardiovascular diseases without obvious risk factors.Genetic factors have long been suspected to contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Twin and family studieshave consistently demonstrated a heritable component in the risk of these diseases. Recent advances in genomics have allowed for the identification of specific genes and genetic variants that are associated with increased susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases.Genetic studies in different populations have revealed a variety of genes and genetic variants that influence cardiovascular disease risk. For example, variations in the ACE gene have been found to be associated with an increased risk of hypertension and heart disease. Polymorphisms in the LDL receptor gene have been linked to elevated cholesterol levels and a higher risk of atherosclerosis. Additionally, certain variants in the APOC3 gene have been shown to be associated with increased triglyceride levels and cardiovascular disease risk.Understanding the genetic basis of cardiovascular diseases has several important implications. First, genetic testing may enable the early identification of individuals at higher risk for developing these diseases, allowing for targeted interventions and preventive measures. For example, individuals with genetic variants associated with a higher risk of hypertension can be closely monitored and receive appropriate management strategies to prevent the development of complications.Furthermore, the identification of specific genes and pathways related to cardiovascular diseases may lead to the development of novel therapeutic targets. Drugs targeting specific genetic variants or pathways could potentially provide more personalized and effective treatment options for individuals with cardiovascular diseases.In conclusion, genetic factors play a crucial role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Advances in genomics have enabled the identification of specific genes and genetic variants associated with increased disease risk. These findings have important implications for risk assessment, prevention, and the development of targeted therapies for cardiovascular diseases. Further research is needed to fully understand the complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors in the development and progression of these diseases.。
医学论文英文摘要翻译——实例讲解(2)
infarction, stroke, diabetes, cancer, pneumonia, 在中位随访4· 0年期间（IQR2· 9-5· 1），我们评估了 全因死亡率，心血管病死亡率，非心血管病死亡， 心肌梗死，中风，糖尿病，癌症，肺炎；
hospital admission for pneumonia or chronic obstructive
Grip strength was a stronger predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality than systolic blood pressure. We found no significant association between grip strength and incident diabetes, risk of hospital admission for pneumonia or COPD, injury from fall, or fracture.
在高收入国家，癌症风险与握力呈正相关（0· 916， 0· 880-0· 953，P<0· 0001），但在中低等收入国家无 此关联性。
Three sources were positively associated with mental fatigue and body fatigue.
医学英语文章带翻译
医学英语文章带翻译医学英语文章带翻译1椎间盘突出Unit 2 Text A Herniated Disc (Disc Herniation of the Spine)第二单元主题A 椎间盘突出症Many patients with back pain, leg pain, or weakness of the lower extremity muscles arediagnosed with a herniated disc.许多患腰腿疼痛，下肢肌端乏力的病患均为椎间盘突出症。
When a disc herniation occurs, the cushion that sits between the spinal vertebra is pushedoutside its normal position.椎间盘突出发生时，脊柱间的缓冲带将发生侧突。
A hrniated disc would not be a problem if it werent for the spinal nerves that are very close tothe edge of these spinal discs.如果脊神经不是离椎间盘特别近的话，椎间盘突出就不是什么大问题了。
HOW ARE THE SPINE AND ITS DISCS *****D脊柱与椎间盘The vertebras are the bony building blocks of the spine.脊椎是建造脊柱的构件。
Between each of the largest parts (bodies) of the vertebrae are the discs.各椎骨之间为椎间盘。
Ligaments are situated around the spine and discs.脊椎和椎间盘周围散布着韧带。
The spine has seven vertebrae in the neck (cervical vertebrae), 12 vertebrae in the mid-back(thoracic vertebrae) , and five vertebrae in the low back (lumbar vertebrae).颈部有7条椎骨，胸部为12条，腰部有5条。
医学中英文对照文章
医学中英文对照文章随着信息化社会的高速发展,国民的健康意识不断提高,我国借鉴发达国家先进的健康管理经验,初步形成了具有一定中国国情的健康管理模式,国民参与健康管理的意识大大增强。
下面是小编带来的医学中英文对照文章，欢迎阅读!医学中英文对照文章1美国科学家研究起死回生术A groundbreaking trial to see if it is possible to regenerate the brains of dead people, has won approval from health watchdogs.探究死者大脑能否重获新生的开创性实验已获卫生监管部门批准可以开展。
A biotech company in the US has been granted ethical permission to recruit 20 patients who have been declared clinically dead from a traumatic brain injury, to test whether parts of their central nervous system can be brought back to life.美国一家生物科技公司获得伦理许可，将招募20位因脑创伤被宣布临床死亡的病人，用于测试他们的部分中枢神经系统能否被复苏。
Scientists will use a combination of therapies, whichinclude injecting the brain with stem cells and a cocktail of peptides, as well as deploying lasers and nerve stimulation techniques which have been shown to bring patients out of comas.科学家们将合用多种治疗方法，包括给大脑注入干细胞和混合多肽，以及利用激光和神经刺激技术等等。
医学英语作文及翻译
医学英语作文及翻译Title: The Role of Stem Cell Therapy in Modern Medicine。
Stem cell therapy, a revolutionary approach in modern medicine, holds immense promise for treating a myriad of diseases and injuries. Stem cells possess the remarkable ability to differentiate into various cell types, making them a potent tool for regenerative medicine. In this essay, we will explore the applications, challenges, and future prospects of stem cell therapy in healthcare.Firstly, let us delve into the diverse applications of stem cell therapy. One of the most notable uses is in the treatment of degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and multiple sclerosis. By replacing damagedor dysfunctional cells with healthy ones derived from stem cells, researchers aim to restore function and alleviate symptoms in affected individuals. Moreover, stem cell therapy shows great potential in repairing damaged tissues and organs, offering hope to patients with conditionsranging from heart disease to spinal cord injuries.However, despite its promises, stem cell therapy faces several challenges. Ethical concerns surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells have sparked debates worldwide. Additionally, ensuring the safety and efficacy of stemcell-based treatments remains a significant hurdle. Therisk of tumorigenesis and immune rejection necessitates rigorous testing and careful patient selection to minimize adverse effects. Furthermore, the high cost of treatment and limited accessibility pose barriers to widespread adoption, particularly in developing countries.Despite these challenges, the future of stem cell therapy appears promising. Advances in technology, such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), offer a viable alternative to embryonic stem cells, circumventing ethical dilemmas while retaining therapeutic potential. Moreover, ongoing research endeavors aim to enhance the efficiency and safety of stem cell-based treatments through genetic engineering and innovative delivery methods. As our understanding of stem cell biology continues to deepen, wecan expect further breakthroughs in regenerative medicine.In conclusion, stem cell therapy represents a paradigm shift in healthcare, offering hope for millions of individuals suffering from debilitating diseases and injuries. While challenges persist, ongoing research and technological advancements hold the key to unlocking the full potential of this groundbreaking approach. By addressing ethical concerns, improving safety measures, and enhancing accessibility, we can harness the power of stem cells to usher in a new era of healing and regeneration in medicine.(Translated into Chinese):标题，干细胞治疗在现代医学中的作用。
医学文献翻译(中英对照)
Current usage of three-dimensional computed tomography angiography for the diagnosis and treatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysmsKenichi Amagasaki MD, Nobuyasu Takeuchi MD, Takashi Sato MD, Toshiyuki Kakizawa MD, Tsuneo Shimizu MD Kanto Neurosurgical Hospital, Kumagaya, Saitama, JapanSummary Our previous study suggested that 3D-CT angiography could replace digital subtraction (DS) angiography in most cases of ruptured cerebral aneurysms, especially in the anterior circulation. This study reviewed our further experience. One hundred and fifty patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms were treated between November 1998 and March 2002. Only 3D-CT angiography was used for the preoperative work-up study in patients with anterior circulation aneurysms, unless the attending neurosurgeons agreed that DS angiography was required.Both 3D-CT angiography and DS angiography were performed in patients with posterior circulation aneurysms, except for recent cases that were possibly treated with 3D-CT angiography alone. One hundred sixteen (84%) of 138 patients with ruptured anterior circulation aneurysms underwent surgical treatment, but additional DS angiography was required in 22 cases (16%).Only two recent patients were treated surgically with 3D-CT angiography alone in 12 patients with posterior circulation aneurysms. Most patients with ruptured anterior circulation aneurysms could be treated successfully after 3D-CT angiography alone. However, additional DS angiography is still necessary in atypical cases. 3D-CT angiography may be limited to complementary use in patients with ruptured posterior circulation aneurysms.a 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Keywords: 3D-CT angiography, cerebral aneurysm, subarachnoid haemorrhage, surgeryINTRODUCTIONRecently, three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) angiography has become one of the major tools for the identification of cerebral aneurysms because it is faster, less invasive, and more convenient than cerebral angiography.1–7 Patients with ruptured aneurysms could be treated under diagnoses based on only 3D-CT angiography.5;6 3D-CT angiography has some limitations for the preoperative work-up for ruptured cerebral aneurysms, so additional digital subtraction (DS) angiography is still necessary, especially for aneurysms in the posterior circulation.8 Our previous studysuggested that 3D-CT angiography could replace DS angiography in most patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms in the anterior circulation.1 This study reviewed our experience of treating ruptured cerebral aneurysms in the anterior and posterior circulations based on 3D-CT angiography in 150 consecutive patients to assess the current usage of 3D-CT angiography.METHODS AND MATERIALPatient populationWe treated 150 patients, 60 men and 90 women aged from 23 to 80 years (mean 57.5 years), with ruptured cerebral aneurysm identified by 3D-CT angiography between November 1998 and March 2002.Managementof casesThe presence of nontraumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) was confirmed by CT or lumbar puncture findings of xanthochromic cerebrospinal fluid. 3D-CT angiography was performed routinely in all patients. DS angiography was performed in patients with anterior circulation aneurysms only if additional information was considered necessary following a consensus interpretation of the initial CT and 3D-CT angiography by four neurosurgeons. Patients with rupturedaneurysms in the posterior circulation underwent both 3D-CT angiography and DS angiography except for two recent patients with typical vertebral arteryposterior inferior cerebellar artery (VA-PICA) aneurysm.Typical saccular aneurysms were treated by clipping surgery. Fusiform and dissecting aneurysms were treated by proximal occlusion by either surgery or endovascular treatment with or without bypass surgery. Regrowth of bleeding aneurysms was treated by either surgery or endovascular treatment. Postoperatively, all patients were managed with aggressive prevention and treatment of vasospasm including intra-arterial infusion of papaverine or transluminal angioplasty.3D-CT angiography acquisition and postprocessing CT angiography was performed with a spiral CT scanner (CT-W 3000 AD; Hitachi, Ibaraki, Japan). Acquisition used a standard technique starting at the foramen magnum, with injection of 130 ml of nonionic contrast material (Omnipaque; Daiichi Pharmaceutical,Tokyo, Japan). The source images of each scan were transferred to an off-line computer workstation (VIP station; Teijin System Technology, Japan). Bothvolume-rendered images and maximum intensity projection images of the cerebral arteries were constructed. The anteriorcirculation and posterior circulation were evaluated separately on the volume-rendered images, after a general superior view was obtained. The anterior circulation was evaluated by first observing the anterior communicating artery (ACoA) by rotating the view, and then each side of the carotid system by rotating the image with editing out of the contralateral carotid artery. The posterior circulation was also evaluated by rotating the image but without editing out of any vessel. Once a possible rupture site was found, the view was zoomed and closely rotated with the other vessels edited out. Theaneurysm size was measured on 3D-CT angiography as the larger of the length of the dome or the width of the neck. Manipulation was performed by the scanner technician, with a neurosurgeon to provide editing assistance.DS angiography acquisitionStandard selective three- or four-vessel DS angiograms with frontal, lateral, and oblique projections were obtained. The 3D-CT angiogram was always available as a guide for possible additional DS angiography projections. Aneurysm size was measured with DS angiography when the quality of 3D-CT angiography was inadequate. All patients except elderly patients or patients in severe condition underwent DSangiography postoperatively.Grading of patientsThe clinical conditions of the patients at admission were classified according to the Hunt and Kosnik grade.9 Clinical outcome was determined at 3 months according to the Glasgow OutcomeScale.10RESULTSThe aneurysm locations and sizes are shown in Table 1. One hundred sixteen (84%) of 138 cases of aneurysms in the anterior circulation were treated after only 3D-CT angiography, and 22 cases (16%) required additional DS angiography. Ten of 12 cases of aneurysms in the posterior circulation required both 3D-CT angiography and DS angiography, but two recent cases of typical VA-PICA aneurysm were clipped after only 3D-CT angiography (Fig.1). The first 10 of the 22 cases in the anterior circulation, which required additional DS angiography were described previously, 1 so the most recent 12 patients are listed in Table 2. These recent cases included some atypical aneurysms. Cases 6 and 8 had a fusiform aneurysm of the internal carotid artery (ICA). Additional DS angiography was performed to obtain haemodynamic information. ICA trapping with superficialtemporal artery-middle cerebral artery anastomosis was performed in Case 6 because the atherosclerotic arteries failed to demonstrate the balloon occlusion test (Fig. 2). ICA occlusion by endovascular treatment was performed in Case 8 because the patient could tolerate the balloon occlusion test. Cases 4, 9, and 10 suffered regrowth of bleeding aneurysms after clipping surgery. Clip artifacts prevented evaluation of the ruptured site as well as identification of de novo aneurysms in these cases (Fig. 3). Surgical clipping was performed in Cases 4 and 10 and endovascular treatment in Case 9. Case 11 had an ACoA aneurysm associated with an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) (Fig. 4). DS angiography was performed to evaluate the AVM. Case 12 had a large ICA-posterior communicating artery (PCoA) aneurysm, and additional DS angiography was performed because the PCoA could not be detected by 3D-CT angiography (Fig. 5). Cases 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 presented with small aneurysms, and DS angiography was performed to exclude other lesions as well as to obtain information about the proximal ICA for patients with supraclinoid type aneurysms.Table 1 Distribution and size of cerebral aneurysms in 150 consecutive patientsSite No. of patientsAnterior circulation 138ICA (supraclinoid) 3ICA bifurcation 1ICA-OphA 3ICA-PCoA 39 (1) ICA fusiform 2ACoA 50Distal ACA 4MCA 36 (1) Posterior circulation 12PCA 1BA tip 3BA-SCA 1BA trunk 1 (1) VA-PICA 3VA dissecting 3 (1) Size (mm)<5 42P5 to <12 99P12 9Number in parentheses indicates patients who underwent endovascular treatment.OphA, ophthalmic artery; ACA, anterior cerebral artery; MCA, middle cerebral artery; PCA, posterior cerebral artery; BA, basilar artery; SCA, superior cerebellar artery.Table 2 Twelve patients with ruptured anterior circulation aneurysms whounderwent additional DS angiographyCase No. Location Size (mm)1 lt. ICA-PCoA 3.12 ACoA 2.23 lt. ICA supraclinoid 1.64 lt. ICA-PCoA 7.85 lt. ICA supraclinoid 2.46 lt. ICA (fusiform) 11.87 lt. ICA-PCoA 3.28 rt. ICA (fusiform) 18.89 lt. MCA 9.610 lt. ICA-PCoA 10.511 ACoA 10.112 lt. ICA-PCoA 18.2The surgical findings correlated well with the 3D-CT angiography or DS angiography. Table 3 shows the condition on admission and outcome at 3 months after surgery. Some patients with good grades on admission died of severe spasm, acute brain swelling, or poor general condition, but these outcomes were not related to the preoperative radiological information. DISCUSSIONThe present study of ruptured aneurysms in both anterior and posterior circulations found that the indications for additional DS angiography in the anterior circulation are similar to that found previously, but we experienced some new atypical cases. Treatment of fusiform aneurysms depends on the haemodynamic information, which could only be obtained by DS angiography. ACoA aneurysm associated with AVM, although the initial CT indicated that the aneurysm had bled, required accurate evaluation of the AVM prior to surgery. Clip artifacts affected 3D-CT angiography in cases of recurrent SAH after clipping surgery, so 3DCT angiography is not indicated for such cases.3D-CT angiography was only of complementary use in most of the 12 cases of posterior circulation aneurysms. Only two cases oftypical VA-PICA aneurysms were treated based on only 3D-CT angiography. Typical basilar artery-superior cerebellar artery and VA-PICA aneurysms can be treated surgically after only 3D-CT angiography. DS angiography should always be performed for basilar tip aneurysms to evaluate the perforating arteries nearby as well as assess the vessel tortuosity for the possibility of endovascular treatment. Treatment of VA dissecting aneurysms needs information about the true and false lumens of the VA which requires DS angiography. The small population of posterior circulation aneurysms in this study indicates that the variation of aneurysms as well as the treatment choices in the posterior circulation require DS angiography in most cases.In our series, most aneurysms measured 5–12 mm, and typical saccular aneurysms of that size could be treated after 3D-CT angiography. However, there were problems with some large aneurysms. DS angiography was not necessary if the neck and nearby arteries of a large aneurysm were clearly detected. DS angiography was necessary in two cases of large aneurysms. A case of large ophthalmic artery aneurysm was located close to the anterior clinoid process.1 Small PCoA aneurysms may not be detected by 3D-CT angiography, but the artery would not bedifficult to observe during the operation. In our case of a large PCoA aneurysm, DS angiography was performed because the large neck would prevent intraoperative observation of the PCoA.Although not experienced in our series, treatment including bypass surgery for some large or giant aneurysms will require the haemodynamic information provided by DS angiography. Some small aneurysms (less than 4 mm) required additional DS angiography. 3D-CT angiography may be better for detecting small aneurysm than DS angiography.11;12 However, we suggest DS angiography is still necessary in the following cases. Firstly, compatibility of the initial CT scan and aneurysm location by 3DCT angiography is important. Patients with ruptured aneurysm and asymmetrical SAH with laterality compatible with the rupture site present no problem. However, we cannot always depend on the initial CT scans if the SAH is diffuse or symmetrical, especially if ACoA aneurysm or basilar tip aneurysm is not found the responsible lesion. DS angiography is more useful to exclude other lesions because of the smooth opacification of the vessels.Secondly, cases with small aneurysm located on the supraclinoid portion require proximal ICA control during the operation. DSangiography is necessary to provide information about the haemodynamics including the cross circulation.Magnetic resonance (MR) angiography is potentially the only modality required for preoperative assessment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms.13 However, MR imaging is time-consuming and access to MR scanners may be restricted. Patients could be in an unstable condition in the very early period of SAH, so that the emergent condition of the patients could be much easier to manage in the CT facility. On the other hand, MR angiography does reduce the use of contrast medium, so is a safe diagnostic tool.MR angiography may be the best modality for diagnosis in patients with good grade presenting several days after the onset, because the risk of rerupture falls with time.3D-CT angiography has been used to analyze the anatomical structures for surgery.14;15 Information about the venous and arterial structures near the aneurysm are preferable, but do not always reflect the findings of DS angiography. Normal anatomical structures, such as perforating arteries and veins, are likely to be encountered during surgery although not detected clearly by 3D-CT angiography.This study of the overall management of ruptured cerebralaneurysms with 3D-CT angiography and additional DS angiography indicates that more patients with anterior circulation aneurysms will be treated after only 3D-CT angiography except for the following cases requiring additional DS angiography: Aneurysms close to bone structures, such as an ICA-ophthalmic artery aneurysm; fusiform aneurysms, and large or giant aneurysms requiring accurate neck information and haemodynamic information for bypass surgery; patients with discrepancies between the distribution of SAH on CT and the location of the aneurysm, especially small aneurysms, to exclude other lesions; small aneurysms located on the supraclinoid portion of ICA, which require information about haemodynamics and proximal ICA control; regrowth of aneurysms that leads clip artifacts; and aneurysms associated with AVM in related locations. A clear conclusion about patients with posterior circulation aneurysms cannot be reached because of the small population. Typical basilar artery-superior cerebellar artery and VA-PICA aneurysms can be treated surgically after only 3D-CT angiography, but 3D-CT angiography may be limited to complementary use for basilar tip aneurysms and other posterior circulation aneurysms because of the need for close observation of nearby perforating arteries and the possibility ofendovascular treatment. Dissecting aneurysm, which is often observed in the VA, requires DS angiography to detect true and false lumens.REFERENCES1. Amagasaki K, Sato T, Kakizawa T, Shimizu T. Treatment of ruptured anterior circulation aneurysm based on computerized tomography angiography: surgical results and indications for additional digital subtraction angiography. J Clin Neurosci 2002; 9: 22–29.2. Anderson GB, Steinke DE, Petruk KC, Ashforth R, Findlay JM. Computed tomographic angiography versus digital subtraction angiography for the diagnosis and early treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery 1999; 45: 1315–1322.3. Hsiang JN, Liang EY, Lam JM, Zhu XL, Poon WS. The role of computed tomographic angiography in the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms and emergent aneurysm clipping. Neurosurgery 1996; 38: 481–487.4. Lenhart M, Bretschneider T, Gmeinwieser J, Ullrich OW, Schlaier J, Feuerbach S. Cerebral CT angiography in the diagnosis of acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Radiol 1997; 38: 791–796.5. Matsumoto M, Sato M, Nakano M et al. Three-dimensionalcomputerized tomography angiography-guided surgery of acutely ruptured cerebral aneurysms. J Neurosurg 2001; 94: 718–727.6. Velthuis BK, Van Leeuwen MS, Witkamp TD, Ramos LM, Van Der Sprenkel JW, Rinkel GJ. Computerized tomography angiography in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: from aneurysm detection to treatment without conventional angiography. J Neurosurg 1999; 91: 761–767.7. Zouaoui A, Sahel M, Marro B et al. Three-dimensional computed tomographic angiography in detection of cerebral aneurysms in acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 1997; 41: 125–130.8. Carvi y Nievas MN, Haas E, Hollerhage HG, Drathen C. Complementary use of computed tomographic angiography in treatment planning for posterior fossa subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2002; 50: 1283–1289.9. Hunt WE, Kosnik EJ. Timing and perioperative care in intracranial aneurysm surgery. Clin Neurosurg 1974; 21: 78–79.10. Jennett B, Bond M. Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage. Lancet 1975; 1: 480–484.11. Hashimoto H, Iida J, Hironaka Y, Okada M, Sakaki T. Use of spiral computerized tomography angiography in patients withsubarachnoid hemorrhage in whom subtraction angiography did not reveal cerebral aneurysms. J Neurosurg 2000; 92: 278–283.12. Takabatake Y, Uno E, Wakamatsu K et al. Thethree-dimensional CT angiography findings of ruptured aneurysms hardly detectable by repeated cerebral angiography. No Shinkei Geka 2000; 28: 237–243 (Jpn).13. Watanabe Z, Kikuchi Y, Izaki K, Watanabe K et al. The usefulness of 3D MR angiography in surgery for ruptured cerebral aneurysms. Surg Neurol 2001; 55: 359–364.14. Kaminogo M, Hayashi H, Ishimaru Het al. Depicting cerebral veins by three-dimensional CT angiography before surgical clipping of aneurysms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002; 23: 85–91.15. Velthuis BK, van Leeuwen MS, Witkamp TD, Ramos LM, van der Sprenkel JW, Rinkel GJ. Surgical anatomy of the cerebral arteries in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: comparison of computerized tomography angiography and digital subtraction angiography. J Neurosurg 2001; 95: 206–212.三维CT血管造影对破裂脑动脉瘤的诊断和治疗的当前应用Kenichi Amagasaki MD, Nobuyasu Takeuchi MD, Takashi Sato MD, Toshiyuki Kakizawa MD, Tsuneo Shimizu MD Kanto Neurosurgical Hospital, Kumagaya, Saitama, Japan摘要我们以往的研究表明，3D-CT血管造影破裂脑动脉瘤大多数情况下，可以取代（DS）的数字减影造影，尤其是前循环的动脉瘤。
医学论文摘要翻译 (简)
• 例如: 为了防止出现新的症状, 请立即与 医生联系找医生。 • Contact your physician immediately in case of any new symptoms.
• 例: The objective of the study was to obtain the gene of human Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase used in gene therapy for Parkinson’ s disease.
compare to: The objective of the study was to obtain the gene of human Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase which is used in gene therapy for Parkinson’ s disease.
Translation of Abstracts
1. Voice
2. Tense
3. Faithfulness
4. Conciseness
5. Consistency
4. Conciseness
• 1. 选词力求简单，正确，正式，规范使用 术语。
• 2. 句式尽量采用- ing 分词和- ed 分词作 定语,少用关系代词which , who 等引导的 定语从句,既能简化语句,又能减少时态判 定的失误。
3) 正确选词 “病灶” ill kitchen arrange × perifocal “膏药” “阿胶” medical cream × dog – skin plaster donkey-skin glue× ass-skin glue
“清凉油” essential balm
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High heterogeneity of HIV-related sexual risk among transgender people in Ontario, Canada: a province-wide respondent-driven sampling survey 文章题目就按顺序翻译看看与transgender people ；HIV相关的然后标注参考文献。
可以大段翻译也可以有价值的句子单蹦翻译。
这例子里面红色的是翻译的。
字不用这么小看着英语费劲。
AbstractBackground: Studies of HIV-related risk in trans (transgender, transsexual, or transitioned) people have most often involved urban convenience samples of those on the male-to-female (MTF) spectrum. Studies have detected high prevalences of HIV-related risk behaviours, self-reported HIV, and HIV seropositivity.背景:在这些跨性别人群中研究HIV相关的风险,往往是在MTF人群中。
研究已经发现HIV 相关的风险行为,自我报告的HIV和血清阳性的HIV呈高流行率结果。
Results:Trans people in Ontario report a wide range of sexual behaviours with a full range of partner types. High proportions–25% of female-to-male (FTM) and 51% of MTF individuals–had not had a sex partner within the past year. Of MTFs, 19% had a past-year high-risk sexual experience, versus 7% of FTMs. The largest behavioural contributors to HIV risk were sexual behaviours some may assume trans people do not engage in: unprotected receptive genital sex for FTMs and insertive genital sex for MTFs. Overall, 46% had never been tested for HIV; lifetime testing was highest in Aboriginal trans people and lowest among non-Aboriginal racialized people. Approximately 15% of both FTM and MTF participants had engaged in sex work or exchange sex and about 2% currently work in the sex trade. Self-report of HIV prevalence was 10 times the estimated baseline prevalence for Ontario. However, given wide confidence intervals and the high proportion of trans people who had never been tested for HIV, estimating the actual prevalence was not possible.在安大略省报告指出，这些变性的人群与各种类型的人都有广泛的性行为。
在过去的一年高达25%的女变男(FTM)和51%的男变女（MTF）没有性伴侣。
在这MTF中,19%的人去年有高危的性经历,而FTM为7%。
最大的艾滋病风险行为诱因就是性行为。
总体而言,46%的人从未进行HIV检测,寿命测试发现，原住居民的变性人群寿命最高，非原住居民的变性人寿命最短。
大约15%的人从事了性工作，大约2%的人目前从事性交易。
In a recent international meta-analysis of 25 studies from 14 countries [6], overall HIV prevalence was 27.3% in MTF sex workers versus 14.7% in MTFs not engaged in sex work, 15.1% in cisgender(non-trans) male sex workers, and 4.5% in cisgender female sex workers. Overall, MTF sex workers had a 4- fold increased risk of HIV infection compared with cisgender female sex workers. High prevalences have been observed even among youth. In a recent study of reported that 2% of FTMs in a San Francisco sample were HIV positive, versus 35% of MTFs 在最近的一项来自14个国家25项研究分析中,总体对于HIV患病率来说，MTF性工作者为27.3%，相对于不从事性工作的MTF 14.7%。
男性（非变性）性工作者为15.1%，女性性工作者为4.5%。
总的来说, 相对于女性性工作者，MTF性工作者有4倍之高的HIV感染风险。
甚至在青年中，这种高流行率也已得到关注。
最近的一份研究报告指出, 在圣弗朗西斯2%的FTM样本是HIV阳性,而MTF为35%。
In the U.S., higher prevalences of HIV have been identified for African-American MTFs, with seroprevalences as high as 63% [1]. Summary measures from a meta-analysis estimate self-reported HIV positivity at 30.8% for African-American MTFs, and seroprevalence at 56.3% [3]. Considering historical and contemporary differences between the U.S. and Canada with regard to colonialism, slavery, immigration policies and patterns, and human rights policy, it is not clear to what extent ethno-racial inequities observed in the U.S. may apply in Canada. However, given the impact of experiences of racism, HIV vulnerability among racialized groups of trans people in Canada is a concern. Despite long- standing recognition of HIV vulnerabilities among Aboriginal Canadians, concerns regarding HIV among Aboriginal trans people have only begun to be addressed. Aboriginal people represented 3.8% of the Canadian population, 8% of all prevalent HIV infections, and 12.5% of all new infections in 2008 [10].在美国,HIV的高流行率被认为是来自非裔美国人中的MTF，其血清阳性率高达63%[1]。
从一项分析中的总结可估计，在非裔美国人MTF中HIV阳性达30.8%,血清阳性率达56.3%[3]。
加拿大人口的3.8%为原住居民,8%感染HIV, 而在2008年为12.5% [10]。
Studies have described behavioural sexual risk factors for HIV among MTFs in particular. These factors include compulsive sexual behaviour [11], sex work [11,12], multiple sex partners [1], unprotected receptive anal sex [13], and sex under the influence of drugs or alcohol [13]. Having sex with cisgender men who have sex with men [14], or having a partner of an unknown HIV status [15], were also documented risk factors for HIV.研究报道了特别是在MTF中感染HIV高风险的性行为因素。
这些因素包括强迫性性行为[11],性工作[11、12],多重性伴侣[1],无保护的肛交[13],药物和酒精影响下的性交[13]。
和男男性交过的男性发生性关系[14],或有一个未知HIV状况性伙伴[15]。
DiscussionThis study contributes significant and critical information to the literature addressing HIV-related risk in trans communities. First, the study uses respondent-driven sampling, which through design and analysis strategies minimizes biases associated with convenience sampling that are present in the published literature. The estimates of HIV-related risk behaviours are considerably lower than in studies where convenience samples were used.Trans people were also more heterogeneous with regard to sex partner numbers and types, as well as for the types of sex they engaged in, with the majority not at high risk for sexually acquired HIV within the past year.A high proportion (one quarter of FTMs and half of MTFs) did not have any past-year sex partners, contributing to low prevalences of high-risk sex.FTMs reported unprotected receptive genital sex and MTFs insertive genital sex as the most common high-risk behaviours. Unlike other studies, high-risk sex did not differ across ethno-racial groups, though HIV testing history did. Low rates of HIV testing among trans people in Ontario were reported, compared to other jurisdictions, with the lowest lifetime testing among non-Aboriginal racialized people and the highest among Aboriginal people. In addition, while the focus of previous studies suggests that sexwork is largely the purview of MTFs, in this study,MTFs and FTMs did not differ in both their historic and current engagement in sex work. Finally, prevalences of HIV infection were lower compared with other studies that used convenience sampling. Given low prevalences of testing and low statistical precision, however, estimates for self-reported HIV prevalence of 0.6% for FTMs and 3% for MTFs should be interpreted with caution.这些跨性别的人也对性伴侣的数量和类型，以及他们发生性关系的类型均不相同，在近一年内大多数感染HIV的人没有处在高风险的性行为中。