英语词汇学作业答案

1、American women were________the right to vote until1920after many years of hard struggle.1.A.ignored2.B.neglected3.C.denied4.D.refused2、The antonym of soft is in“a________voice”and in“a________cushion”.1.A.rough,hard2.B.rough,rough3.C.hard,rough4.D.hard,hard3、The figure of speech employed in“My father is a sanitary engineer”is _________.1.A.hyperbole2.B.euphemism3.C.litotes4.D.metonymy4、Mrs.Smith is afraid that she and her husband don’t see_________on New Year Resolutions.1.A.face to face2.B.eye to eye3.C.back to back4.D.heart to heart5、Among the synonymous group,old man,daddy,dad,father and male parent,_______would most probably used by a lawyer in the court.1.A.dad2.B.old man3.C.father4.D.male parent6、Our teacher is now not with us.Aha!When the________is away,the________ will play.1.A.tiger,monkeys2.B.cat,mice3.C.hawk,birds4.D.old,young7、I could give an opinion________,but I would rather think about it.1.A.off the sleeve2.B.off the cuffs3.C.off the cuff4.D.off the sleeves8、Choked traffic has been a(n)________to urban transportation system.1.A.archenemy2.B.primary enemy3.C.main enemy4.D.major enemy9、Which one of the following abbreviations means“and so on”?________.1.A.i.e.2.B.e.g.3.C.etc.4.D.viz.10、“ex-”in ex-husband reads________and means_______.1.A./iks/,“out”2.B./iks/,“former”3.C./eks/,“out”4.D./eks/,“former”11、Our work calls for mutual support.We shouldn’t________each other's efforts.1.A.activate2.B.interact3.C.counteract4.D.active12、I am not sure whether I should fly to London or take the train.I’m really caught between two________.1.A.choices2.B.options3.C.alternatives4.D.stools13、Hey!Don’t sit there and count your________.You need to work really hard.1.A.chicken2.B.chickens3.C.duck4.D.ducks14、The figure of speech employed in“The past is a bucket of ashes”is _________.1.A.metaphor2.B.euphemism3.C.irony4.D.litotes15、When the crowd saw the prize-fighter stretched out on the canvas,shouts and cheers________from it.1.A.broke up2.B.broke forth3.C.broke through4.D.break upon16、persona non grata means________.1.A.someone who is not acceptable or welcome2.B.someone who is slim3.C.someone who does not take the leading role4.D.someone who has graduated with no degree17、The figure of speech employed in“I haven’t seen you for ages”is________.1.A.metaphor2.B.hyperbole3.C.irony4.D.metonymy18、Communication is the process of________a message from a source to an audience via a channel.1.A.transmitting2.B.submitting3.C.transforming4.D.switching19、Johnson had already________in an intimate book.1.A.thrown out the beans2.B.thrown out his beans3.C.spilled the beans4.D.spilled his beans20、Free medical treatment in this country covers sickness of mind as well as ________sicknesses.1.A.normal2.B.ordinary3.C.average4.D.regular21、For an English word,the shift of stress may indicate a change of part of speech;export is a perfect exampleT22、dies,died,dying,dead,etc.are different word forms of the same lexeme DIE.F23、The figurative use of words is an important cause for words to develop new meaningsT24、An idiom is semantically integrated,thus an idiom cannot be understood even if you know all its componentsF25、In the sentence,“More hands are needed on the farm”,metonymy is employedT26、air-conditioner is a word derived from adding-er to air-conditionF27、house is the superordinate of wall,roof,floor,etc.F28、According to cognitive semantics,our mind can be explored via the studyof linguistic meanings T29、Word equivalents are a necessary part for lexicology and all phrases fall within the range of lexicologyT30、Compared with horse,gee-gee is stylistically more formal.F31、In standard AmE,the letter r is pronounced wherever it appears as in bar, board,park,etc T32、The most important role for derivation is word class transformation.T33、Lexical semantics is not only a subset of lexicology,but also a subset of semantics.T34、“sense”,as a term in semantics,denotes the relationship between words within language.T36、Celtic is a branch of the Indo-European Language Family.F37、de-urbanization is a word composed of5morphemes,all of which are bound onesF38、Human languages have originated from human’s natural cries for pain, anger and joy,etc F39、The word nice has gone through a semantic change called“generalization F40、Answering the question“Will you marry me?”with“Yes,I will”,the speaker is usingsubstitutionF35、Absolute synonyms are not easy to found in any language41、Define the following term and give examples when needed.lexemeLexeme is an abstract unit of meaning with all its grammatical inflectional endings wiped out.Most of the words listed in the dictionary are lexemes42、Define the following term and give examples when needed.grammarGrammar is a set of rules or regularities applied to form complex expressions via simpler ones.43、Define the following term and give examples when needed.polysemyPolysemy refers to semantic phenomenon where a single word or phrase has several meanings.44、Define the following term and give examples when needed. generalizationGeneralization refers to the extension of the word range,or the widening of thesemantic scope.45、Define the following term and give examples when needed.context of situationContext of situation refers to the immediate environment of the text.46、Define the following term and give examples when needed.function wordA function word is a word that contributes to the major structure of a sentence. It belongs to the close-class elements of the vocabulary of a given language in the sense that their numbers is small and fixed.47、Define the following term and give examples when needed.clippingClippings are forms abbreviated from larger words but share a common function with words they are clipped from.48、Define the following term and give examples when needed.affixAn affix is the morpheme added to a root and contributes to the meaning of a word as a whole.For example,"dis-"in"dishonest"is an affix.49、Answer the following question with appropriate illustration.What are the characteristics of native element in English vocabulary?The following are the7general characteristics of native(Aglo-Saxon)elements: 1.All-national character.Native element is shared by all the native speakers, regardless of whether he is a king under the crown,a fisherman on the sea or avagrant on the street.2.Monosyllabicity.Most of the native element in Modem English has only one syllable.e.g.sun,cow,go,run,etc.3.Productivity.Most of the native elements are monosyllabic or root words and are semantically basic.Thus,they are productive in the sense that clusters of words are derived or compounded from them.For example,the word hand,has brought such derivatives and compounds as handy,handle,handkerchief, handiwork,handicraft,handful,handbook,handbarrow,handcuff,etc.4.Collocational extensiveness.The native element has a wide range of collocation.Many native words enter quite a number of expressions,idioms, phrases and proverbial sayings.For example,the word heel is found in the following units:Achilles’heel(a vulnerable point),heelover head or head over heels(upside down),cool one’s heels(be kept waiting),show a clean pair of heels,take to one’s heels(run away),turn on one’s heels(turn sharply round), etc.5.Semantic polysemy.The native words are highly polysemic because they have gonethrough semantic changes due to their frequent use in daily life.For example, the verb tell conveys the following meanings:make known,express,explain, utter,confide in order,distinguish,count,reveal,scold,etc.6.High-frequency value.The native element forms the bulk of the most frequent elements used in any style of speech.Every writer uses considerably more nativewords than borrowed ones.Corpus investigations show that about90percent of the words in Shakespeare’s works and94percent of words in King James Bible are native words.7.Stylistic neutrality.Most native words are stylistically neutral and are equally fit to be used in a lecture,a poem,or when speaking to a child.This can be observed by a simple comparison,for example begin(neutral)mence (formal).50、Answer the following question with appropriate illustration.What is the context and its role in shaping word meaning?Word meaning is sensitive to context,speakers and hearers usually rely heavily on context in constructing and interpreting word meaning.Contextual information can exert two major effects.More specifically,it influences the interpretation of a word,on the one hand,and speeds up lexical access,on the other.In most cases,the contextual aspect plays a crucial role in recognizing the specific meaning of a word.1.Context has the crucial role to resolve ambiguity.e.g.Please give me a hamburger,a cup of cola,and some chips.[a small piece of wood,the potato chip,or electronic circuit]I saw a tattoo of dragon on the back of that naked young guy,The big John has been accustomed to the constant tattoos,Hearing the sound of tattoo,soldiers returned to the quarter as quickly as possible.[tattoo1a signal sounded on a drum or bugle to summon soldiers or sailors to their quarters at night;tattoo2a display of military exercises offered as evening entertainment;tattoo3a design that is drawn on someone’s skin using needles to make little holes and filling them with colored dye.]2.Context gives rise to the joking effect of puns.e.g.A:Why can’t a bicycle stand on its own?B:Because it is two-tired.[a thick piece of rubber of vehicles,to having used a lot of energy and wanting a rest]3.Context is beneficial to the understanding of deixis.There are three major kinds of deixis,that is,person deixis(I,you,we),spatial deixis(here,there),and temporal deixis(now,yesterday).e.g.I didn’t see her yesterday.It only with the contextual information can the reader know whom the personal deixis her refers to.And the same is the case with the deixises in the following example:Only contextual information can provides clues to the understanding of I,her and yesterday.51、Translate the following into Chinese and pay special attention to the bold typed part.His behavior means that you should stay a bit longer他的行为表明,你得再呆一段时间。