英语简史_ABRIEFHISTORYOFENGLISH

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英语发展简史精选文档

英语发展简史精选文档 TTMS system office room 【TTMS16H-TTMS2A-TTMS8Q8-英语发展简史在罗马人入侵英格兰之前﹐来自欧洲地区的凯尔特人(Celts﹕属于今天苏格兰﹐爱尔兰人和威尔士人的祖先)已经在英伦列岛居住多年。

罗马人自公元前55年代开始﹐发动对英格兰的入侵﹐但直到公元43年才完全征服英格兰﹐自罗马人入侵到公元410年撤出英格兰﹐罗马人已经在英格兰盘居长达四百年之久。

在罗马人离开后﹐来自欧洲西日耳曼部落‘Angelen’ 地区的盎格鲁人(Angles) ﹑其它部落的撒克逊人(Saxon) ﹑朱特人(Jutes) 和弗里斯兰人(Frisian)开始跨海西迁进入英格兰地区(英语中的‘English’就是出自古词‘englisc ’﹐‘englise’中的‘ Engle’表示‘ the Angles ’﹐即是‘盎格鲁人’的意思)﹐并与当地的凯尔特人(Celts) 为争寻土地发生了长期的战争﹐经历几代后也续渐在英格兰各处定居下来。

凯尔特人(Celts)的国王 Arthur在Celts与日耳曼人之间长久的战争中﹐虽然曾一度与日耳曼停战﹐但最终凯尔特人还是不敌日耳曼人而被驱赶到今天的爱尔兰﹑威尔士和马恩(Man)岛地区﹐日耳曼人称威尔士地区的Celts为‘wealas’意即外国人﹐‘ Welsh ’和‘Wales’亦因此而得名。

英语作为最初期日耳曼人使用的语言﹐自从在英伦半岛生根成长到今天﹐整个语言的演进基本上可以划分为以下4个时期﹕1. Pre-old English. 前古英语时期(从日耳曼人入侵开始至公元500年罗马人撤出英格兰)2. Old English. 古英语时期(公元500-1100)3. Middle English. 中古英语时期(公元1100-1500)4.Modern English. 现代英语时期(公元1500-现在)古英语时期在前古英语时期﹐表记文字只有凯尔特人和日耳曼人受罗马字母影响而产生的RUNES字母。

A-Brief-History-of-English

A-Brief-History-of-EnglishA Brief History of EnglishN o understanding of the English language can be very satisfactory without a notion of the history of the language. But we shall have to make do with just a notion. The history of English is long and complicated, and we can only hit the higl1 spots.不了解英语的历史很难真正掌握这门语言，然而对此我们只能做到略有所知。

因为英语的历史既漫长又复杂，我们只能抓住其发展过程中的几个关键时期。

At the time of the Ro1nan Empire, the speakers of what was to become English were scattered along the northern coast of Europe. They spoke a dialect of Low German. More exactly, they spoke several different dialects, since they were several different tribes. The names given to the tribes who got to England are Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, who are referred to collectively as Anglo-Saxons4.在罗马帝国时期，散居在欧洲北部沿海的居民说一种西部德语的方言，这就是英语的前身。

更确切地说，由于隶属于不同的部落，他们说的是几种不同的方言。

关于英语的历史

关于英语的历史英语的历史开始于盎格鲁—撒克逊人对英格兰的占领与统治。

此前，英国本土上的早期语言是当地凯尔特人使用的凯尔特语(Celtic)，其中含有一些拉丁语成分。

此后，英语经历了古英语(Old English)、中古英语(Middle English) 和现代英语(Modern English)三个发展阶段。

公元前 700 年左右，凯尔特人开始越过海峡，迁徙到对岸的不列颠岛上。

这些人中，有一支名叫布立吞人 Britons 的民族成为岛上的主体民族，因此罗马人称该岛为布里塔尼亚 Britannia(布立吞人之地)，英语中的不列颠 Britain 由此而来。

古英语(Old English)古英语时期(公元449-1150年)，英语词汇量约有五六万，其主体是统治者使用的盎格鲁—撒克逊语(Anglo-Saxon)，词汇属于西耳曼支的日耳曼词(Germanic)。

这部分词汇构成今天称之为本族语词(Native Words)的主体公元 43 年，罗马征服不列颠，将其划为帝国西北边陲的一个行省。

然而，北方的皮克特人 Picts 却经常南下骚扰罗马占领下的不列颠。

于是在公元 122 年，哈德良皇帝下令在罗马占领区北面修筑了一条长长的防御工整，这长墙因此被称为哈德良墙。

哈德良墙后来也成为不列颠岛上两个主体民族英格兰人和苏格兰人之间的分界线。

公元 449 年，北方的皮克特人和爱尔兰人大举进犯不列颠。

布立吞人 Britons 从欧洲搬来了几支日耳曼部族的救兵，主要有三支，分别是盎格鲁人 Angles、撒克逊人Saxons 和朱特人 Jutes。

日耳曼援兵们轻松击溃了皮克特人和爱尔兰人，却将本地的布立吞人 Britons 四处驱逐。

入侵者在不列颠建立了七个主要王国，从此不列颠开始被以盎格鲁人为首的日耳曼部族所占领，他们的语言开始发展成一种新语言，即英语English(盎格鲁人的语言)，这个阶段的英语被称为古英语由于公元六世纪晚期基督教的引入，超过 400 个拉丁词被借用引入英语，包括：priest, paper, school 等词，以及一些较少的希腊语词汇公元十、十一世纪，古英语受到了属于北日耳曼语支的古诺尔斯语的强烈影响。

A Brief History of English知识分享

A B r i e f H i s t o r yo f E n g l i s hA Brief History of EnglishN o understanding of the English language can be very satisfactory without a notion of the history of the language. But we shall have to make do with just a notion. The history of English is long and complicated, and we can only hit the higl1 spots.不了解英语的历史很难真正掌握这门语言，然而对此我们只能做到略有所知。

因为英语的历史既漫长又复杂，我们只能抓住其发展过程中的几个关键时期。

the brief history of English

Modern English(1500-present)
Some important influences on modern English:
•The Renaissance (文艺复兴) •William Shakespeare •The advent of the printing press •Bible •Industrial Revolution and the rise of the technological society • The expansion of the British Empire and the growth of global trade •American English
Middle English(1100-1500)
the conquest of England by the Norman French
1066, Normans conquered England.
The country now had three languages: French for the nobles, Latin for the churches and English for the common people. So French were usually used to describe the life in the upper society. For example, Englishmen live in houses while Frenchmen live in towers.
The introduction of Christianity: impact on English
Christianity religion enriched English with 400 to 500 words from Greek and Latin. Such as:

history of english英语简史(2)

1.The Great Vowel Shift in English?It happens from 1450 to 1600.V owels that changed:Long vowelsStressed vowelsMonophthongsHigh vowel: /u/ became /au/, house;/i/ became /ai/, my;Mid vowel: /e/ became /i/, feet;/o/ became /u/, do;Low back vowel: /a/ became /ei/, name.But there are some exceptions, steak, great, break, they were not changed.2.Phrases form Shakespeare’s works that have entered common English usage.Love is blind; Salad days; Cold comfort; What the dickens; a foregone conclusion; in my minds eye; it’s Greek to me; play fast and loose;a tower of strength; make a virtue of necessity; at one fell swoop; to the manner born; I must be cruel only to be kind; brevity s the soul of wit; a good riddance; a fool’s paradise.3.Phrases from the King Jame Bible that have entered common English usage.An eye for an eye; My brother’s keeper; Apple of his eye; Go from strength to strength; the skin of my teeth; a drop in the bucket; leopard change his spots; at their wit’s end; handwrit ing is on the wall; tried and found wanting.New Testament examples:To walk the second mile; the straight and narrow path; signs of the times; a law unto himself; filthy lucre; fight the food fight; patience of Job.4.What was Samuel Johnson’s attitude tow ards language change? How and why did he change his mind about it?At the beginning, Samuel Johnson was prescriptive. Afterwards, tended to be descriptive.5. Some phrasesTo coinGlossaryDiphthongTo fixA Table Alphabeticall补充The words English got from other languages.French: explore, progress, essay, entrance, duel, mustache;Spanish: banana, cannibal, maize,potato, tomato, tobacco;Italian: balcony, violin, stanza, volcano, granite, alto;Dutch: smuggler, cruise, knapsack;Polynesian: tattoo;Arabic: sofa, sherbet, mohair;North America: canoe, raccoon,moose, skunkCoffee: Arabic “gahwah”, Turkish “kahveh”, Italian “caffe”.2.The reasons for the great surge in the English language and its literature lie in theunprecedented rate of change in Europe. They are the confluence of three immensely influential historical developments: the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the emergence of England as a maritime power.3.The influence of the Renaissance.The printing press transformed society. It accelerated the education of the rising middle class and half the population had some kind of minimal literacy. The economics of the book trade also encouraged the spread of the vernacular.The revival of learning and the study of classical models produced a new breed of scholar-writers from Thomas More to Francis Bacon. The ransacked classical past provided new words from Latin and Greek.The Renaissance was also a scientific revolution and English had to accommodate these changes. New words were created to describe the new discoveries and new inventions. There were French, Italian, Spanish borrowings.The importance of the Renaissance to the English language was that it added between 10,000 and 12,000 new words to the lexicon.4.The “Lost Colony” story exemplifies the adven turous, maritime side of the Elizabethans. It also shows that the settlement of the New World was extremely hazardous and difficult. In retrospect, that settlement, and the extension of the sway of the English language into a potentially huge arena, seems inevitable, obvious, and natural.5.ShakespeareShakespeare put the vernacular to work and showed those who came after what could be done with it. He filled a universe with words. He had great impact on the patterns and stuff of everyday English speech.。

第一章英语简史

的盎格鲁、撒克逊以及朱特部落的白人所说的语言演变而来，并通过英国的殖民
活动传播到了世界各地。由于在历史上曾和多种民族语言接触，它的词汇从一元变为多元，语法从“多曲折”变为“少曲折”，语音也发生了规律性的变化。在
19至20世纪，英国以及美国在文化、经济、军事、政治和科学在世界上的领先地
1 位使得英语成为一种国际语言。如今，许多国际场合都使用英语做为沟通媒介。
• 5、时态 • 6、语法
• 过去分词：The car was stolen. -en；Fred has talked to the police. -ed，但亦有不规则变化。 • 动名词：Working is good for the soul. -ing • 复数：Fred has two blue eyes. -s（如果名词的尾字是s、x或sh，则需加es，如boxes，dishes） • 比较级：Fred is smarter than Rick.形容词末尾加-er，多音节（3+）在前面加more，如“more difficult” • 最高级：Fred has the fastest car.形容词末尾加-est，多音节（3+）词在前面加most，如“the most difficult”
6
五、语言结构
• 1、音系
• 英语音系学是指对英语音系（亦即声音系统）的研究。正如所有语言，无论考虑历史与否，英语口语的发音大（总计990,000个），《牛津英语字典》（第二版）收录了超过五十万个条目，包括文学与日常对话中的标准词汇，无论当代、废弃或古语，也包括主要的科技词汇和大量方言、俚语。 • 自从电子计算机普及以来，使不少与这范畴相关的词语进入大众的生活；另一方面，与电信科技相关的新词，有不少都是透过词缀的组合来构成新词。

英语简史(English Version)

A Brief Look at the History of EnglishThe history of English is conventionally, if perhaps too neatly, divided into three periods usually called Old English (or Anglo-Saxon), Middle English, and Modern English. The earliest period begins with the migration of certain Germanic tribes from the continent to Britain in the fifth century A. D., though no records of their language survive from before the seventh century, and it continues until the end of the eleventh century or a bit later. By that time Latin, Old Norse (the language of the Viking invaders), and especially the Anglo-Norman French of the dominant class after the Norman Conquest in 1066 had begun to have a substantial impact on the lexicon, and the well-developed inflectional system that typifies the grammar of Old English had begun to break down. The following brief sample of Old English prose illustrates several of the significant ways in which change has so transformed English that we must look carefully to find points of resemblance between the language of the tenth century and our own. It is taken from Aelfric's "Homily on St. Gregory the Great" and concerns the famous story of how that pope came to send missionaries to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity after seeing Anglo-Saxon boys for sale as slaves in Rome:Eft he axode, hu ðære ðeode nama wære þe hi of comon. Him wæs geandwyrd, þæt hi Angle genemnode wæron. Þa cwæð he, "Rihtlice hi sind Angle gehatene, for ðan ðe hi engla wlite habbað, and swilcum gedafenað þæt hi on heofonum engla geferan beon."A few of these words will be recognized as identical in spelling with their modern equivalents -- he, of, him, for, and, on -- and the resemblance of a few others to familiar words may be guessed -- nama to name, comon to come, wære to were, wæs to was -- but only those who have made a special study of Old English will be able to read the passage with understanding. The sense of it is as follows: "Again he [St. Gregory] asked what might be the name of the people from which they came. It was answered to him that they were named Angles. Then he said, 'Rightly are they called Angles because they have the beauty of angels, and it is fitting that such as they should be angels' companions in heaven.' " Some of the words in the original have survived in altered form, including axode (asked), hu (how), rihtlice (rightly), engla (angels), habbað (have), swilcum (such), heofonum (heaven), and beon (be). Others, however, have vanished from our lexicon, mostly without a trace, including several that were quite common words in Old English: eft "again," ðeode "people, nation," cwæð"said, spoke," gehatene "called, named," wlite "appearance, beauty," and geferan "companions." Recognition of some words is naturally hindered by the presence of two special characters, þ, called "thorn," and ð, called "edh," which served in Old English to represent the sounds now spelled with th.Other points worth noting include the fact that the pronoun system did not yet, in the late tenth century, include the third person plural forms beginning with th-: hi appears where we would use they. Several aspects of word order will also strike the reader as oddly unlike ours. Subject and verb are inverted after an adverb -- þa cwæð he "Then said he" -- a phenomenonnot unknown in Modern English but now restricted to a few adverbs such as never and requiring the presence of an auxiliary verb like do or have. In subordinate clauses the main verb must be last, and so an object or a preposition may precede it in a way no longer natural: þe hi of comon "which they from came," for ðan ðe hi engla wlite habbað"because they angels' beauty have."Perhaps the most distinctive difference between Old and Modern English reflected in Aelfric's sentences is the elaborate system of inflections, of which we now have only remnants. Nouns, adjectives, and even the definite article are inflected for gender, case, and number: ðære ðeode "(of) the people" is feminine, genitive, and singular, Angle "Angles" is masculine, accusative, and plural, and swilcum "such" is masculine, dative, and plural. The system of inflections for verbs was also more elaborate than ours: for example, habbað "have" ends with the -að suffix characteristic of plural present indicative verbs. In addition, there were two imperative forms, four subjunctive forms (two for the present tense and two for the preterit, or past, tense), and several others which we no longer have. Even where Modern English retains a particular category of inflection, the form has often changed. Old English present participles ended in -ende not -ing, and past participles bore a prefix ge- (as geandwyrd "answered" above).The period of Middle English extends roughly from the twelfth century through the fifteenth. The influence of French (and Latin, often by way of French) upon the lexicon continued throughout this period, the loss of some inflections and the reduction of others (often to a final unstressed vowel spelled -e) accelerated, and many changes took place within the phonological and grammatical systems of the language. A typical prose passage, especially one from the later part of the period, will not have such a foreign look to us as Aelfric's prose has; but it will not be mistaken for contemporary writing either. The following brief passage is drawn from a work of the late fourteenth century called Mandeville's Travels. It is fiction in the guise of travel literature, and, though it purports to be from the pen of an English knight, it was originally written in French and later translated into Latin and English. In this extract Mandeville describes the land of Bactria, apparently not an altogether inviting place, as it is inhabited by "full yuele [evil] folk and full cruell."In þat lond ben trees þat beren wolle, as þogh it were of scheep; whereof men maken clothes, and all þing þat may ben made of wolle. In þat contree ben many ipotaynes, þat dwellen som tyme in the water, and somtyme on the lond: and þei ben half man and half hors, as I haue seyd before; and þei eten men, whan þei may take hem. And þere ben ryueres and watres þat ben fulle byttere, þree sithes more þan is the water of the see. In þat contrében many griffounes, more plentee þan in ony other contree. Sum men seyn þat þei han the body vpward as an egle, and benethe as a lyoun: and treuly þei seyn soth þat þei ben of þat schapp. But o griffoun hath the body more gret, and is more strong, þanne eight lyouns, of suche lyouns as ben o this half; and more gret and strongere þan an hundred egles, suche as we han amonges vs. For o griffoun þere wil bere fleynge to his nest a gret hors, 3if he may fynde him at the poynt, or two oxen 3oked togidere, as þei gon at the plowgh.The spelling is often peculiar by modern standards and even inconsistent within these few sentences (contré and contree, o [griffoun] and a [gret hors], þanne and þan, for example). Moreover, in the original text, there is in addition to thorn another old character 3, called "yogh," to make difficulty. It can represent several sounds but here may be thought of as equivalent to y. Even the older spellings (including those where u stands for v or vice versa) are recognizable, however, and there are only a few words like ipotaynes "hippopotamuses" and sithes "times" that have dropped out of the language altogether. We may notice a few words and phrases that have meanings no longer common such as byttere "salty," o this half "on this side of the world," and at the poynt "to hand," and the effect of the centuries-long dominance of French on the vocabulary is evident in many familiar words which could not have occurred in Aelfric's writing even if his subject had allowed them, words like contree, ryueres, plentee, egle, and lyoun.In general word order is now very close to that of our time, though we notice constructions like hath the body more gret and three sithes more þan is the water of the see. We also notice that present tense verbs still receive a plural inflection as in beren, dwellen, han, and ben and that while nominative þei has replaced Aelfric's hi in the third person plural, the form for objects is still hem. All the same, the number of inflections for nouns, adjectives, and verbs has been greatly reduced, and in most respects Mandeville is closer to Modern than to Old English.The period of Modern English extends from the sixteenth century to our own day. The early part of this period saw the completion of a revolution in the phonology of English that had begun in late Middle English and that effectively redistributed the occurrence of the vowel phonemes to something approximating their present pattern. (Mandeville's English would have sounded even less familiar to us than it looks.) Other important early developments include the stabilizing effect on spelling of the printing press and the beginning of the direct influence of Latin and, to a lesser extent, Greek on the lexicon. Later, as English came into contact with other cultures around the world and distinctive dialects of English developed in the many areas which Britain had colonized, numerous other languages made small but interesting contributions to our word-stock.The historical aspect of English really encompasses more than the three stages of development just under consideration. English has what might be called a prehistory as well. As we have seen, our language did not simply spring into existence; it was brought from the Continent by Germanic tribes who had no form of writing and hence left no records. Philologists know that they must have spoken a dialect of a language that can be called West Germanic and that other dialects of this unknown language must have included the ancestors of such languages as German, Dutch, Low German, and Frisian. They know this because of certain systematic similarities which these languages share with each other but do not share with, say, Danish. However, they have had somehow to reconstruct what that language was like in its lexicon, phonology, grammar, and semantics as best they can through sophisticated techniques of comparison developed chiefly during the last century. Similarly, because ancientand modern languages like Old Norse and Gothic or Icelandic and Norwegian have points in common with Old English and Old High German or Dutch and English that they do not share with French or Russian, it is clear that there was an earlier unrecorded language that can be called simply Germanic and that must be reconstructed in the same way. Still earlier, Germanic was just a dialect (the ancestors of Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit were three other such dialects) of a language conventionally designated Indo-European, and thus English is just one relatively young member of an ancient family of languages whose descendants cover a fair portion of the globe.。

brief of history of english

Brief History of EnglishLanguages in Britain1.In addition to English, Scottish Gaelic is spoken in Scotland, Irish Gaelic is spoken in Ireland, Welsh is spoken in Wales, Romany has been spoken by travelling gypsies for centuries all over Europe including Britain, Manx was spoken in the Isle of Man until the middle part of this century, and Cornish was spoken2. in Cornwall until about the end of the eighteenth century. English is primarily a Germanic language stemming from invading Angle, Saxon, Jute and Frisian tribes of northern Germany who settled in England in the 5th century, the beginning of the Old English Period. This language derived from Proto-Germanic, which was the mother3. Tongue of German, English, Dutch, Swedish, Danish, and Norwegian. It was the main branch of the prehistoric Indo- European language. The Angel-Seaxans were the English Saxons, as opposed to the Ald-Seaxans. The Old Saxons of the continent. English evolved into a distinct language separate from the original speech of4. The Angels and Saxons by around the 10th century. Of the 1000 most frequently used words 83% are of Old English origin. Of our remaining vocabulary about 30% are Anglo- Saxon survivals. Tens of thousands of our current words are of French and Latin origin.Periods of History of English450-1150 Old English1150-1500 Middle English (Chaucer)1500-1800 Early Modern (Shakespeare)1800-1900 19th century (Industrial Revolution & Victorians)1900-1993 Modern (Technology)Old English1. Celts dominated southern Germany and the northern Alps in the 1st millennium BC. They began migrating in all directions in the 5th century BC, though it is not known when they reached Britain. They were eventually pushed back to the Scottish Highlands in the north, Wales in the west, and Cornwall2. in the southwest, by the invading Anglo-Saxons who began arriving in the 5th century AD. In the 6th century a large group from South Wales and Cornwall emigrated to Brittany in northern France where they still speak Breton. In the 7th century Scottish Gaelic was introduced from Ireland. Little is known of the Picts whose language died out in the 10th3. Century as the people merged with the Scots. Old English is predominantly Anglo-Saxon. It also borrowed from church Latin (~450 words) and from Old Norse. 7th century Christian missions to Britain brought learning and literacy, initially entirely in Latin, but an Old English written language did emerge in4. The northeast and in the West Saxon kingdom of Alfred the Great in the second half of the 9th century.The first known written English sentence"This she-wolf is a reward to my kinsman, “This is an Anglo Saxon runic inscription on a gold medallion (about the size of a 50› piece) found in Suffolk, dated about AD 450-480.Norman French joins in the language1. With his invading Normans, William the Conqueror (1066) established French Domination. They were originally Danes (`Northmen') who settled the northern coast of France (Normandy) in the 8th and 9th centuries. All Old English nobility were wiped out. Norman French became the language of the aristocracy2. And government (Normanized Latin was used in government, church and learning), and English remained the speech of the masses. So until about 1200 it was bilingual, when many french words were absorbed into English. (English: ox, sheep, swine, calf. French: beef, mutton, pork, veal.)French a cultivated or a native languageBy the mid-1300s English had reasserted itself, with a statute in 1362 enacted in Parliament that all lawsuits be conducted in English. French became a cultivated rather than a native language. The Hundred Y ears' War (1337-1453) meant French was the language of the enemy country.Middle English1. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400). Chaucer's English (the variety or dialect spoken in London) established itself as the standard. However, from 1250-1400 English adopted the greatest number of French words (40%), and of the nearly 10,000, 75% are still in use. It also changed in fundamental ways,2. Especially in pronunciation and grammar (simpler), from highly inflected (Germanic) to a very analytical (modern). Some dialects retain some of the early pronunciations for a few words (/doon/ for down in northern England and Scotland). Early Modern English 1500-1800 (Renaissance)Early Modern1650-1800: The Age of Reason (Augustan Age), characterized by a strong sense of order and value of standards and regulations. The language of this time is recognizable today. The `Great V owel Shift' occurred , and spelling reform. A strong central government used English as the national language for all purposes19th century1. despite the revival of the classics. Latin and Greek were the most important sources of new words, followed by French, Italian, and Spanish. Most Latin and Greek introductions were deliberate attempts by 16th and early 17th century writers to enrich the language, to elevate `low' English. Words also came in from 50 other languages,2. Largely due to the expansion of the British Empire. 19th Century English 1800-1900 (No change - just expansions) The Industrial Revolution and the Victorian Age. Words began to come to England from America. English dialect terms became Standard English.American English1. The first settled English colony was in Jamestown, V irginia in 1607 who were contemporaries of William Shakespeare (1564-1616), Francis Bacon (1561-1626), Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) and Donne (1572-1631). By the 18th century American was recognized as distinct from British English. The earliest sign is perhaps the absorption of Indian words,2. Almost exclusively the Algonquian speaking tribes. American also borrowed many words from Africans brought in with the slave trade, and European immigrants, but they tended to be regional: African in the South, French in Louisiana, Spanish in the Southwest, German in Pennsylvania, Dutch in New Y ork,3. Spanish being the most pervasive European language that American borrowed from. Many words and pronunciations died out in England but survive in American. Words adopted new meanings in the new world. Great changes were wrought i n 20th century American, with global economic, political, and technological prominence.Modern EnglishScience and Technology, the entertainment industry, the world wars, the car have contributed to the English lexicon. Formations: `self-explaining compounds', Greek and Latin compounds, borrowings from other languages, deliberate coinages, extending meaning of current words, slang, and acronyms; are used ever more frequently.。

英语发展简史 History of the English Language

英语发展简史作为英语的爱好者或憎恶者，你到底对其了解多少呢？让我们从它的出身一探其面吧标签：英语起源美式英语拉丁语A brief chronology of EnglishBC 55 Roman invasion of Britain by Julius Caesar. Local inhabitants speakCeltishBC 43Roman invasion and occupation. Beginning of Roman rule of Britain.436 Roman withdrawal from Britain complete. 449 Settlement of Britain by Germanic invaders begins 450-480 Earliest known Old English inscriptions. Old English1066William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, invades and conquers England.c1150 Earliest surviving manuscripts in Middle English. Middle English1348English replaces Latin as the language of instruction in most schools.1362English replaces French as the language of law. English is used in Parliament for the first time.c1388 Chaucer starts writing The Canterbury Tales . c1400 The Great Vowel Shift begins.1476 William Caxton establishes the first English printing press. Early Modern English1564 Shakespeare is born.Part of Beowulf , a poem written in Old English.An example of Middle English by Chaucer.Hamlet's famous "To be, or not to be" lines, written in Early Modern English by Shakespeare.英语发展历史英语起源与发展的简短介绍英语真正的历史应该从公元5世纪时入侵英国的三个日耳曼部落说起. 这几个部落分别是：盎格鲁人，撒克逊人和朱特人，他们从今天的德国北部和丹麦出发，然后横渡北海。

英语简史-A BRIEF HISTORY OF ENGLISH

1. Alliteration- repetition of consonant sounds
2. Kenning- a metaphor expressed as a compound noun - “whale-path” for the seaCaesura- a break or pause in poetry
Anglo-Saxon Poetry and Riddles The Book of Exeter
Contains more than 30 poems and 90 riddles. Written down by monks in about 975, our primary source of Anglo-Saxon poetry Dominant mood in poetry is elegiac, or mournful Dominant tone of riddles is light and somewhat bawdy (for entertainment purposes- think SNL).
Beowulf...
The major text we will read from this period is the EPIC Beowulf. It is the story of a Scandinavian (GEAT) warrior or knight probably in the sixth century, who comes to help a neighboring tribe, the Danes, who are being attacked by a monster.
Celts (Brythons and Gaels) up to 55 B.C.

A Brief History of English(word文档良心出品)

在词汇上，古英语也与现代英语有诸多不同之处。古英语中的绝大多数单词如今被称为英语本土词，即自英语作为印欧语言的一部分起就存在的，而不是从其他语言引入的词汇。虽然古英语中也有一些外来词，除了古挪威语之外，还有不少词来自于拉丁语，如cheese, butter, bishop, kettle, angel, candle, priest, martyr, radish, oyster, purple, school, spend等。但是古英语的主体是英语本土词，而这些词只占现代英语词汇的百分之十四。
这些部落何时迁移到英格兰的，我们没有掌握确切信息。但是据我们所知，在很长一段时间内他们为自卫而战。与凯尔特人的战争持续了一百多年，直到英格兰境内的凯尔特人不是被杀，就是被迫流亡到威尔士或沦为奴隶。到了公元550年前后，盎格鲁-撒克逊人才定居下来。英语从此来到了英格兰。
It is customary to dividethe historyof the English, language into three periods: Old English, Middle English,Modern English.Old English runsfromthe earliest records-i. e. seventhcentury - to about 1100; Middle English from 1100 to 1450 or 1500; Modern English from 1500 to the present day.
我们习惯上把英语的发展分为三个时期：古英语，中世纪英语和现代英语。古英语时期从最早的历史记载即公元七世纪到1100年；中世纪英语时期从1100年到1450或1500年；现代英语时期从1500年至今。

英语发展史 the history of English

language of the wealthy and
在且多言世征成
powerful, and English was spoken 。许词。纪，为年
mostly by poorer people. In the late fourteenth century, English became the first language again. By this time, many words used in English came from French or Latin, and a lot of the early words no
经过1500年的变迁，英语从几个日耳曼部族的语言发展为今天具有重大国际影响的语。词汇的国际性便是他的优点之一。从本单元简略地回顾中可以看出英语善于吸收外来词。一方面英语属于日尔曼语族，有日尔曼语的共同词语，另一方面又长期与法语及其它罗曼语族语言的联系密切，同时吸收了大量古典词语。可以说，英语把代表欧洲主要文化的词语兼收并蓄于一身，这在欧洲各语言中间是独特的。从语法角度看，英语词尾变化简单，没有复杂的性数格变化。英语正在不断向分析性语言的方向发展，向简化的方向发展，英语的词序起的作用越来越大，这也使英语比较容易学习，特别是容易入门了
英语的历史从1500多年前的北欧开始。在公元5世纪左右，称为盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人的部落从德国和丹麦旅行向西过北海。他们迁入英国，并在7世纪末以前，他们所讲的即为早期形式的英语。
In the late eighth century, the Vikings attacked England. Fighting continued for years. During this time, almost two hundred many Latin, Danish, and Norse words entered the English language. Latin gave English words like kitchen and cup. From Danish and Norse, English borrowed skin, leg, and the pronouns them, their, and they. many synonyms from the Norse language became integrated into English, for example, wrath(English),anger(Norse);sick(English),i ll(Norse).

简明英语发展史

英语发展历史英语起源与发展的简短介绍英语真正的历史应该从公元5世纪时入侵英国的三个日耳曼部落说起. 这几个部落分别是：盎格鲁人，撒克逊人和朱特人，他们从今天的德国北部和丹麦出发，然后横渡北海。

那时候英国的本地居民都说凯尔特语。

但由于入侵者的逼迫，他们都被赶到了西部和北部-主要是现在的威尔士，苏格兰和爱尔兰。

盎格鲁人来自Englaland他们的语言称为Englisc（古英语）-这两个词就是现在England和English的前身。

日耳曼入侵者在公元5世界通过英国东海岸和南海岸进入英国。

古英语时代（450-1100AD）用古英语写就的诗，《贝奥武夫》的一部分入侵英国的这几个日耳曼部落，其语言基本相近，这些语言的融合形成了我们现在称的古语言。

古英语的发音与书写与现在的英语并不一样。

因此以英语为母语的人对于阅读古英语也有很大的困难。

然而，现代英语最常用的词语中，大约就有一半起源于古英语。

例如be,strong和water。

古英语一直被使用到1100年左右。

中世纪英语(1100-1500)乔叟著作，语言为中世纪英语1066年，诺曼底（现法国的一部分）公爵威廉率兵征服了英国。

征服者带来了他们的语言-一种法语，而这也成为皇室，统治阶级和商人阶级的语言。

曾经一段时间，出现了以语言区分阶级的现象，下层阶级说英语，上层阶级说法语。

在14世纪英语重新成为英国主流语言，但也增加了许多法语单词，这就是中世纪英语。

伟大的诗人乔叟就是这种语言，但对于今天的人来说仍旧十分难懂。

现代英语早期现代英语(1500-1800)莎士比亚用早期现代英语写就的《哈姆雷特》中的著名语句“To be,or not t o be”随着中世纪英语的泯灭，发音突然发生了很大的变化（元音大推移），元音的发音越来越短。

而从16世纪起英国与世界的接触多了起来，再加上文艺复兴的影响，导致越来越多的单词和短语被添加到英语中。

印刷术的发明使得书面语流行起来。

书变得越来越便宜，更多的人开始学习阅读。

A Brief History of the English Language (英语语言简史)

A Brief History of the English Language (英语语言简史)Old English, until 1066Immigrants from Denmark and NW Germany arrived in Britain in the 5th and 6th Centuries A.D., speaking in related dialects belonging to the Germanic and Teutonic branches of theIndo-European language family. Today, English is most closely related to Flemish, Dutch, and German, and is somewhat related to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish. Icelandic, unchanged for 1,000 years, is very close to Old English. Viking invasions, begun in the 8th Century, gave English a Norwegian and Danish influence which lasted until the Norman Conquest of 1066.Old English WordsThe Angles came from an angle-shaped land area in contemporary Germany. Their name "Angli" from the Latin and commonly-spoken, pre-5th Century German mutated into the Old English "Engle". Later, "Engle" changed to "Angel-cyn" meaning "Angle-race" by A.D. 1000, changing to "Engla-land". Some Old English words which have survived intact include: feet, geese, teeth, men, women, lice, and mice. The modern word "like" can be a noun, adjective, verb, and preposition. In Old English, though, the word was different for each type: gelica as a noun, geic as an adjective, lician as a verb, and gelice as a preposition.Middle English, from 1066 until the 15th CenturyThe Norman Invasion and Conquest of Britain in 1066 and the resulting French Court of William the Conqueror gave the Norwegian-Dutch influenced English a Norman-Parisian-French effect. From 1066 until about 1400, Latin, French, and English were spoken. English almost disappeared entirely into obscurity during this period by the French and Latin dominated court and government. However, in 1362, the Parliament opened with English as the language of choice, and the language was saved from extinction. Present-day English is approximately 50% Germanic (English and Scandinavian) and 50% Romance (French and Latin).Middle English WordsMany new words added to Middle English during this period came from Norman French, Parisian French, and Scandinavian. Norman French words imported into Middle English include: catch, wage, warden, reward, and warrant. Parisian French gave Middle English: chase, guarantee, regard, guardian, and gage. Scandinavian gave to Middle English the important word of law. English nobility had titles which were derived from both Middle English and French. French provided: prince, duke, peer, marquis, viscount, and baron. Middle English independently developed king, queen, lord, lady, and earl. Governmental administrative divisions from French include county, city, village, justice, palace, mansion, and residence. Middle English words include town, home, house, and hall.Early Modern English, from the 15th Century to the 17th CenturyDuring this period, English became more organized and began to resemble the modern version of English. Although the word order and sentence construction was still slightly different, Early Modern English was at least recognizable to the Early Modern English speaker. For example, the Old English "To us pleases sailing" became "We like sailing." Classical elements, from Greek and Latin, profoundly influenced work creation and origin. From Greek, Early Modern English received grammar, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. Also, the "tele-" prefix meaning "far" later used to develop telephone and television was taken.Modern English, from the 17th Century to Modern TimesModern English developed through the efforts of literary and political writings, where literacy was uniformly found. Modern English was heavily influenced by classical usage, the emergence of the university-educated class, Shakespeare, the common language found in the East Midlands section of present-day England, and an organized effort to document and standardize English. Current inflections have remained almost unchanged for 400 years, but sounds of vowels and consonants have changed greatly. As a result, spelling has also changed considerably. For example, from Early English to Modern English, lyf became life, deel became deal, hoom became home, mone became moon, and hous became house.Advantages and Disadvantages of Modern EnglishModern English is composed of several languages, with grammar rules, spelling, and word usage both complimenting and competing for clarity. The disadvantages of Modern English include: an alphabet which is unable to adequately represent all needed sounds without using repeated or combined letters, a limit of 23 letters of the 26 in the alphabet which can effectively express twice the number of sounds actually needed, and a system of spelling which is not based upon pronunciation but foreign language word origin and countless changes throughout history. The advantages of Modern English include: single consonants which are clearly understood and usually represent the same sounds in the same positions, the lack of accent marks found in other languages which permits quicker writing, and the present spelling displays European language origins and connections which allows European language speakers to become immediately aware of thousands of words.Modern English WordsBritish English, known as Standard English or Oxford English, underwent changes as the colonization of North American and the creation of the United States occurred. British English words changed into American English words, such as centre to center, metre to meter, theatre to theater, favour to favor, honour to honor, labour to labor, neighbour to neighbor, cheque to check, connexion to connection, gaol to jail, the storey of a house to story, and tyre for tire. Since 1900, words with consistent spelling but different meanings from British English to American English include: to let for to rent, dual carriageway for divided highway, lift for elevator, amber for yellow, to ring for to telephone, zebra crossing for pedestrian crossing,and pavement for sidewalk.American English, from the 18th Century until Modern TimesUntil the 18th Century, British and American English were remarkably similar with almost no variance. Immigration to America by other English peoples changed the language by 1700. Noah Webster, author of the first authoritative American English dictionary, created many changes. The "-re" endings became "-er" and the "-our" endings became "-or". Spelling by pronunciation and personal choice from Webster were influences.Cough, Sought, Thorough, Thought, and ThroughWhy do these "ough" words have the same central spelling but are so different? This is a characteristic of English, which imported similarly spelled or defined words from different languages over the past 1,000 years.CoughFrom the Middle High German kuchen meaning to breathe heavily, to the French-Old English cohhian, to the Middle English coughen is derived the current word cough.SoughtFrom the Greek hegeisthai meaning to lead, to the Latin sagire meaning to perceive keenly, to the Old High German suohhen meaning to seek, to the French-Old English secan, to the Middle English sekken, is derived the past tense sought of the present tense of the verb to seek. ThoroughFrom the French-Old English thurh and thuruh to the Middle English thorow is derived the current word thorough.ThoughtFrom the Old English thencan, which is related to the French-Old English word hoht, which remained the same in Middle English, is derived the current word thought.ThroughFrom the Sanskrit word tarati, meaning he crossed over, came the Latin word, trans meaning across or beyond. Beginning with Old High German durh, to the French-Old English thurh, to the Middle English thurh, thruh, or through, is derived the current word through.(。

abriefhistoryofenglish读后感

abriefhistoryofenglish读后感（原创版）目录一、引言二、英语的起源和发展三、英语在全球范围内的影响力四、英语学习的重要性五、结论正文【引言】英语作为全球使用最广泛的语言之一，其历史和发展引起了广泛的关注。

近期，我阅读了一篇名为“A Brief History of English”的文章，对英语的起源、发展以及其在全球范围内的影响力有了更深入的了解。

这篇文章让我深感英语学习的重要性，下面我将结合文章内容，谈谈我的读后感。

【英语的起源和发展】英语属于印欧语系日耳曼语族，起源于公元 5 世纪的英格兰。

最初，英语是由盎格鲁 - 撒克逊人使用的一种日耳曼语。

在随后的几个世纪里，英语受到了许多其他语言的影响，如拉丁语、法语和希腊语等，这些语言的词汇和语法规则对英语产生了深远的影响。

16 世纪，英国文艺复兴时期，英语开始逐渐摆脱其他语言的影响，逐渐发展成为现代英语。

【英语在全球范围内的影响力】随着大英帝国的扩张，英语逐渐传播到世界各地。

如今，英语已经成为全球最通用的语言，许多国家和地区都将其作为官方或第二语言。

英语的广泛使用不仅促进了国际间的交流与合作，而且也使各国人民更容易接触到世界先进的科技、文化和思想。

【英语学习的重要性】在当前全球化的背景下，英语学习显得尤为重要。

对于我们国家来说，掌握英语不仅有助于提高国民素质，还可以促进经济、科技、文化等领域的发展。

此外，学好英语还可以为个人拓展更广阔的发展空间，提高国际竞争力。

【结论】总之，阅读“A Brief History of English”这篇文章让我深刻认识到英语在全球范围内的影响力以及学习英语的重要性。

英语的简史有些范文

English, as we know it today, has a long and fascinating history. From its humble beginnings as a Germanic dialect in the fifth century, to the global phenomenon it is today, English has undergone a remarkable transformation. In this article, we will take a brief look at the history of English and its evolution over time.Old English (450-1100 AD)As mentioned earlier, English was first spoken as a Germanic dialect by the Anglo-Saxons in England in the fifth century. This early form of English, known as Old English, is vastly different from the modern language we use today. Itwas a highly inflected language, in which the meaning of a word was conveyed by changing its form, rather than by using word order. Old English was also very different in terms of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation.Middle English (1100-1500)Middle English is the period of English between the endof Old English and the beginning of Modern English. Thisperiod saw significant changes in the English language, particularly with regard to spelling, grammar, and vocabulary.The most significant event of this period was the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, which introduced many French words into English vocabulary.During the Middle English period, the language gradually became more standardized. The first English dictionary, the Promptorium Parvulorum, was published in the 15th century, and the first English printing press was established in 1476.Early Modern English (1500-1700)The Early Modern English period was characterized by the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Age of Exploration. This period saw a massive influx of words from Latin and Greek, which changed the English language significantly. The printing press allowed for the widespread dissemination of knowledge and ideas, and English literature flourished, with the works of Shakespeare, Milton, and others.Late Modern English (1700-Present)Late Modern English is the period of English from the18th century to the present day. This period saw many significant changes in the English language, particularlywith regard to vocabulary and usage. The rise of the British Empire and American power led to English becoming the lingua franca of the world, and English became the global language of business, science, and technology.ConclusionIn conclusion, the history of English is a fascinating story of its evolution over time. From its humble beginnings as a Germanic dialect to becoming the global language of today, English has undergone significant changes over the years. While the language has become more standardized and formalized over time, it remains a dynamic and evolving language, constantly changing with the times.。