跨文化交流概念整理

Catalogue

Chapter 1 (2)

Chapter 2 (5)

Chapter 3 (6)

Chapter 4 (8)

Chapter 5 (9)

Chapter 6 (11)

Chapter 7 (12)

Chapter 8 (15)

Chapter 9 (16)

Chapter 1

1．Culture ：

➢Anthropological（人类学）：It consists of patterns, explicit（含蓄的）and implicit（明晰的）, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted（传承的）by symbols, constituting（组成）the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts（工艺品）; the essential core（核心）of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached（关联的）values.”

➢Psychological（心理学）：Culture is the collective programming of the mind which

distinguishes the members of one category of people from another.

➢Sociological（社会学）：Culture is defined as a pattern of learned, group-related perception —including both verbal and nonverbal language attitudes, values, belief system, disbelief

systems, and behavior.

Culture pervades(遍及) all these areas：arts and artifacts, beliefs, behaviors, ceremonies, concept of self, customs, ideas and thought patterns, ideals, knowledge, laws, language,

manners, morals, myths and legends, religion, rituals(仪式), social institutions(社会机构), tools, and values. Culture is the total sum of human society and its meanings.

➢Intercultural（知性）:Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors and artifacts that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.

➢Summary：We define culture as “the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through

individual and group striving.

2．Visible Culture: According to The Concise Oxford Dictionary, culture is “the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”.

3．Invisible Culture:

4．The nature of Culture(文化属性):

a)C ulture is like an iceberg.(参见9,10)

b)C ulture is our software.

c)C ulture is like the water a fish swims in：The fish takes the water for granted because it

is totally surrounded by the water that it really cannot imagine another environment. The

same is true for us. Our culture is so much a part of who we are and what the world is like for us that we do not notice it. We take it for granted.

d)C ulture is the grammar of our behavior: In order to behave appropriately(合适地) in any

society, people need to know the culture. It includes all the rules that make actions

meaningful to the people around them.

5．Characteristic of Culture ：

a)C ulture is learned(习得的)：

We learn our culture: ①through proverbs(谚语)②from folklore(民间故事)③through art

④mass media(大众传媒).

b)C ulture is dynamic(动态的):Four major aspects account for the change of cultures: ①

technological invention②disaster: include natural and human calamities(灾难)③culture

contact(文化接触)④environment factors(环境因素).

c)C ulture is pervasive(普遍的)：Like the air we breathe, culture penetrates(渗透) into every

aspect of our life and influences the way we think, the way we talk, and the way we behave.

d)C ulture is integrated(综合的)：Culture functions as(起到作用) an integrated whole and it is

systemic. You touch a culture in one place and everything else is affected.

e)C ulture is adaptive(具有适应性的)：History abounds(富于) with examples of how cultures

have changed because of laws, natural disasters, wars, or other calamities.