Functional Grammar-韩礼德的理论

• Authority I respect, but authoritarianism I deplore. (我尊重权威，但我强烈反对专制。)
• According to Halliday, a clause is the simultaneous realisation of ideational, interpersonal, and textual meanings.
• John built a new house.
• Actor(动作者): John • Process(过程):Material (物质过程) :Creation (创造) : built • Goal(目标):Affected(受影响者): a new house
Hale Waihona Puke Baidu
• Transitivity is simply the grammar of the clause in its ideational aspect.
The Interpersonal Function
• It embodies all uses of language to express social and personal relations. • This includes the various ways the speaker enters a speech situation and performs a speech act.
• • • • • • Material processes(物质过程) Mental processes(心理过程) Relational processes(关系过程) Verbal processes(言语过程) Behavioural processes(行为过程) Existential processes(存在过程)
Functional Grammar
(功能语法)
• Halliday‟s Systemic Grammar contains a functional component, that is, “the interpretation of the grammatical patterns in terms of configurations of functions”.
• Residue refers to the rest of the clause : the predicator, complement, and adjunct. • According to Halliday, of various speech roles, two are the most basic: giving and taking. Commodities: goods-&-service and information. Four principal speech roles: offer, command, statement and question.
• The adult‟s language becomes much more complex and it has to serve more functions, and the original functional range of the child‟s language is gradually reduced to a set of highly coded and abstract functions, which are meta-functions: the ideational, the interpersonal, and the textual functions. • 概念功能，人际功能，语篇功能
The Ideational Function
• Experimental and logical
• To convey new information, to communicate a content that is unknown to the hearer • It mainly consists of “transitivity”(及物性 系统) and “voice”(语态).
The Textual Function
• It refers to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into coherent and unified texts and make a living passage different from a random list of sentences.
• He views language development in children as “the mastery of linguistic functions”.
• • • • • •
the instrumental ~(工具功能) the regulatory~(控制功能), the interactional~(交互功能) the personal~(自指性功能) the heuristic~(探索功能) the imaginational~(想象功能) and the informative~(信息功能)
• It is realised by Mood(语气) and Modality(情态). • Give me the teapot!
• Mood is made up of two parts: the “subject” and the “finite” element(限定成分). • Finite elements are tense morphemes(时态 语素), auxiliary verbs and model verbs. • To argue with the captain is asking for trouble. • Ignoring the problem will not make your work easier.
• 韩礼德的功能语法有一个功能性部分，即 “用功能的配置来解释语法结构”。
He defines a functional grammar as “essentially a „natural‟ grammar, in the sense that everything in it can be explained, ultimately, by reference to how language is used”.