油气储运专业英语reading部分翻译
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Petroleum and Its Modern Uses
[1] Petroleum, coal, and natural gas are the most widely used sources of energy in the m odern world. They are of primary importance in the industrialized countries, where vast am ounts of energy are consumed to operate the different kinds of machines used today. The se three energy sources are collectively referred to as fossil fuels.
石油、煤炭和天然气是现代世界最广泛使用的能源。
它们在工业化国家中最为重要,在这些国家,人们消耗大量的能源来操作今天使用的各种机器。
这三种能源统称为化石燃料。
[2] At various depths beneath land and sea, there are accumulations of hydrocarbons form ed millions and even hundreds of millions of years ago by decomposition of animal and v egetable remains. They were covered by sand or mud, which in time was itself covered by the water of the seas. Hydrocarbons are compounds of hydrogen and carbon which, at n ormal temperatures and pressures, may be gaseous, liquid or solid according to their mole cular complexity. The natural deposits are correspondingly gaseous, liquid or solid, dependi ng on the relative proportion of the various hydrocarbons present in mixture. Petroleum is composed largely of the remains of these tiny marine animals and plants that lived so lo ng ago.
在陆地和海洋的不同深处,有数百万年甚至数亿年前由于动物和植物残骸的分解而形成的碳氢化合物的积聚。
它们被沙或泥覆盖着,而沙或泥很快就被海水覆盖了。
碳氢化合物是氢和碳的化合物,在正常的温度和压力下,根据其分子复杂性,碳氢化合物可以是气态、液态或固态的。
根据混合物中各种碳氢化合物的相对比例,天然沉积物相应地是气态、液态或固态的。
石油主要由这些生活在很久以前的微小海洋动植物的残骸组成。
[3] Oil in one form or another has been used by humankind for many centuries to provid
e light and heat. Until only a relatively short time ago, most o
f this oil came from animal or vegetable sources. Olive oil, for example, was used in lamps and for cookin
g in the anc ient civilizations bordering the Mediterranean. Many other kinds of oils have also been co mmercially important, including oil from sesame seeds or cottonseed and oil from whales.
人类用这种或那种形式的油来提供光和热已有许多世纪了。
直到相对较短的时间以前,这些油大部分来自动物或蔬菜来源。
例如,在地中海沿岸的古代文明中,橄榄油被用于灯具和烹饪。
许多其他种类的油在商业上也很重要,包括芝麻油、棉籽油和鲸鱼油。
[4]Petroleum differs from other oils because it comes from a mineral source rather than any ani mai or vegetable source. In fact, the prefix "petr- in the word petroleum is derived from the Gre ek word for rock. When petroleum first went on the market, it was called rock oil to distinguish it from all the other kinds of oil. Since then modern technology has become such an enormous consumer of energy that petroleum is probably the most valuable single product in the world. I ndeed it is often called "black gold".
石油不同于其他石油,因为它来自矿物来源,而不是任何动物或植物来源。
事实上,单词petroleum中的前缀“peter-”源自希腊单词rock。
当石油首次进入市场时,它被称为岩石油,以区别于所有其他种类的石油。
从那时起,现代技术已经成为巨大的能源消费国,石油可能是世界上最有价值的单一产品。
实际上,它通常被称为“黑金”。
[5]Up until the industrial revolution, human beings did not use energy on anywhere near the same scale that we do nowadays. The machines of the ancient world ( which were few and
simple by present-day standards) used the power of water or the muscles of humans or animals. The millstone is the classic example of a machine turned by water.
直到工业革命,人类在任何地方都没有像现在这样使用能源。
古代世界的机器(按现在的标准来说,数量少且简单)使用水或人类或动物的肌肉的力量。
磨石是用水转动机器的典型例子。
[6] The industrial revolution began in England in the eighteenth century, when many machines were being invented that would perform various kinds of work more easily and efficiently. Power for these early machines came from steam, and the energy for changing water into steam came from burning wood or coal. Coal, one of the three fossil fuels, was the energy source that made it possible for the industrial revolution to take place. It has only been since World War II that oil has replaced coal as our primary energy source.
工业革命始于18世纪的英国,当时发明了许多机器,可以更容易、更有效地完成各种工作。
这些早期机器的动力来自蒸汽,将水转化为蒸汽的能量来自燃烧木头或煤。
煤是三种化石燃料之一,是使工业革命得以发生的能源。
自从第二次世界大战以来,石油才取代煤炭成为我们的主要能源。
[7] The enormous growth of the petroleum industry has taken place in just a little more than a hundred year. The origin of the industry can in fact be dated to 1859, when the first underground oil well was drilled in the United States in Titusville, Pennsylvania. Before that have time, the petroleum that had been marketed-only in small quantities-came from seepage in places where pressure had forced oil to leak out onto the surface of the ground.
在短短一百多年的时间里,石油工业取得了巨大的发展。
事实上,石油工业的起源可以追溯到1859年,当时美国在宾夕法尼亚州的提图斯维尔钻了第一口地下油井。
在那之前,只有少量销售的石油来自于压力迫使石油泄漏到地表的渗漏。
[8] The first important commercial product from crude petroleum was kerosene, which quickly replaced whale oil in the kerosene stoves that were also developed for heating purposes. A by-product of the distillation of petroleum in those early years of the industry was asphalt, which was used for paving streets. Another by-product, for which no use could be found, was gasoline. 原油的第一个重要商业产品是煤油,它很快取代了煤油炉中的鲸油,煤油炉也是为加热而开发的。
石油工业早期蒸馏的副产品是沥青,用于铺路。
另一种副产品是汽油,没有任何用途。
[9] After the beginning of the twentieth century the demand for petroleum increased enormously as automobiles came into wider and wider use. In 1990 the United States produced 64 million barrels of oil; by 1925 production had increased to 764 million barrels; in 1950 it was approximately 2 billion barrels. A barrel is the most common measure of oil: it contains forty-two gallons.
二十世纪初以后,随着汽车的广泛使用,对石油的需求急剧增加。
1990年,美国生产了6400万桶石油;到1925年,产量增加到7.64亿桶;到1950年,产量约为20亿桶。
桶是最常用的衡量石油的尺度:它含有四十二加仑。
[10] Some of the early experimental automobiles used steam-or battery- generated electricity. Gasoline turned out to be a more efficient energy source for the internal combustion engine in automobiles. Gasoline, once an unwanted by-product, suddenly became the most popular fuel in the world.
早期的一些实验性汽车使用蒸汽或电池发电。
汽油被证明是汽车内燃机的一种更有效的能源。
汽油,曾经是不需要的副产品,突然成为世界上最受欢迎的燃料。
[11] Oil by-products have also become more efficient and cheaper to use than other fuels, especially coal. Heat for our homes, offices, and schooIs, for example, is furnished to a considerable degree by oil instead of coal. Oil is now used to power most forms of transportation;
it has replaced coal in ships and trains almost everywhere in the world. Oil is also used to lubricate many different kinds of machines, including automobiles. Without lubrication, the moving parts of our machines would quickly wear out.
石油副产品也变得比其他燃料,特别是煤炭更高效、更便宜。
例如,我们的家庭、办公室和学校的取暖,在很大程度上是由石油而不是煤提供的。
石油现在已被用来驱动大多数形式的运输;它几乎取代了世界各地的轮船和火车上的煤炭。
油也用于润滑许多不同类型的机器,包括汽车。
没有润滑,我们机器的运动部件很快就会磨损。
[12]Another principal source of energy in the modern world is electricity. Some electricity is produced by water power; most of it is produced by steam, but as we have already noted steam is the result of changing water to vapor by burning some kind of fuel. Coal was used for this purpose by most electric power plants until only a few years ago; now oil is used in the majority of generating plants.
现代世界的另一个主要能源是电。
有些电是由水力产生的,大部分是由蒸汽产生的,但正如我们已经注意到的,蒸汽是通过燃烧某种燃料将水变成蒸汽的结果。
直到几年前,大多数发电厂都用煤来达到这个目的;现在大多数发电厂都用石油。
[13] Another big use of petroleum these days is for the production of chemicals. These are known by the general name of petrochemicals. Petrochemical factories are nearly as numerous as oil refineries around the world. Two of the biggest groups of petrochemical products are modern plastics and fertilizers. Many medicines are also made. Indeed, the increase in agricultural productivity-also known as the " green revolution"-could not have taken place without petroleum-based chemicals, including not only those that enrich the soil,like fertilizers, but also those that kill weeds, insects and other pests-herbicides, insecticides. and pesticides.
如今,石油的另一大用途是生产化学品。
这些都是众所周知的石化产品的总称。
石油化工厂的数量几乎和世界各地的炼油厂一样多。
石化产品中最大的两类是现代塑料和化肥。
许多药物也被制成。
事实上,农业生产率的提高,也被称为“绿色革命”,如果没有石油化工产品,不仅包括化肥等使土壤肥沃的化学品,还包括杀死杂草、昆虫和其他害虫的除草剂、杀虫剂,是不可能发生的。
还有杀虫剂。
[14] The greatest problem for the future of the oil industry is that petroleum is not a renewable natural resource. All the petroleum that exists, no matter whether it is hidden under the earth or the seas, was created millions of years ago. As the use of oil has increased, so have the predictions that oil will soon be exhausted. Nevertheless, improved techniques for exploration, drilling, and recovery of petroleum have kept the supply ahead of the world's consumption. The oil industry, however, looking forward to the day when the supply of oil will become exhausted, is engaged in research to find not only substitution for oil but also other sources of energy
石油工业未来最大的问题是石油不是可再生的自然资源。
所有现存的石油,不管是藏在地球底下还是海洋里,都是几百万年前创造出来的。
随着石油使用量的增加,人们对石油即将耗尽的预测也随之增加。
然而,改进的石油勘探、钻探和开采技术使石油供应保持在世界消费之前。
然而,石油工业期待着石油供应枯竭的那一天,正在进行研究,不仅要寻找石油的替代品,还要寻找其他能源。
[15] Today, except in some areas, virtually everyone is affected by the availability and price of oil and gas; we are affected directly in terms of domestic use and family transportation and indirectly in terms of jobs and many other aspects of national economies. The share of oil and gas in the total energy spectrum today shows signs of diminishing; even so it seems certain that until the year 2050 or 2100, and probably far beyond, oil and gas will continue to play the major role meeting world requirements for energy.
今天,除了某些地区,几乎所有人都受到石油和天然气的供应和价格的影响;我们直接受到国内使用和家庭运输的影响,间接受到就业和国民经济许多其他方面的影响。
今天,石油和天然气在总能源谱中所占的
份额显示出下降的迹象;尽管如此,似乎可以肯定的是,直到2050年或2100年(可能远远超过了这一年),石油和天然气将继续发挥满足世界能源需求的主要作用。
Natural gas and the environment
[1]Natural gas is an extremely important source of energy for reducing pollution and maintaining
a clean and healthy environment. In addition to being an abundant and secure source of energy, the use of natural gas also offers several environmental benefits over other sources of energy, particularly other fossil fuels.
天然气是减少污染和保持清洁健康环境的一种极其重要的能源。
除了作为一种丰富和安全的能源外,天然气的使用还比其他能源,特别是其他化石燃料,提供了一些环境效益。
[2]Natural gas burns more cleanly than other fossil fuels. It has fewer emissions of sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen than coal or oil, and it has almost no ash particles left afterburning. Being a clean fuel is one reason that the use of natural gas, especially for electricity generation, has grown so much and is expected to grow even more in the future.
天然气比其他化石燃料燃烧得更干净。
它的硫、碳和氮排放量比煤或油少,而且几乎没有余火留下的灰颗粒。
作为一种清洁的燃料,天然气的使用,特别是发电的使用,已经增长了很多,而且预计未来还会增长更多。
[3] Of course , there are environmental concerns with the use of any fuel. As with other
fossil fuels, burning natural gas produces carbon dioxide, which is the most important greenhouse gas. Many scientists believe that increasing levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the earth 's atmosphere are changing the global climate. 当然,使用任何燃料都会引起环境问题。
与其他化石燃料一样,燃烧天然气会产生二氧化碳,这是最重要的温室气体。
许多科学家认为,地球大气中二氧化碳和其他温室气体含量的增加正在改变全球气候。
[4]Natural gas has many uses, residentially, commercially, and industrially Found in reservoirs underneath the earth, natural gas is commonly associated with oil deposits. Production companies search for evidence of these reservoirs by using sophisticated technology that helps to find the location of the natural gas, and drill wells in the earth where it is likely to be found.天然气在地下的储层中有许多用途,如住宅、商业和工业等,天然气通常与石油矿床伴生。
生产公司使用先进的技术来寻找这些储层的证据。
这些技术有助于找到天然气的位置,并在可能找到天然气的地方钻一些井。
[5]Once brought from underground, the natural gas is refined to remove impurities like water, other gases, sand, and other compounds. Some hydrocarbons are removed and sold separately, including propane and butane. Other impurities are also removed, like hydrogen sulfide. After refining, the clean natural gas is transmitted through a network of pipelines. And from these pipelines, natural gas is delivered to its points of use.天然气一旦从地下开采出来,就会被精炼,以除去水、其他气体、沙子和其他化合物等杂质。
一些碳氢化合物被分离出售,包括丙烷和丁烷。
其他杂质也会被去除,比如硫化氢。
净化后的天然气通过管网输送。
从这些管道,天然气被输送到它的使用点。
[6]On a relative basis, natural gas is the cleanest of all the fossil fuels. Composed primarily of methane. the main products of the combustion of natural gas are carbon dioxide and water vapor, the same compounds we exhale when we breathe. Coal and petroleum are composed of much more complex molecules, with a higher carbon ratio and higher nitrogen and sulfur contents.相对而言,天然气是所有化石燃料中最清洁的。
主要由甲烷组成。
天然气燃烧的主要产物是二
氧化碳和水蒸气,与我们呼吸时呼出的化合物相同。
煤和石油是由更复杂的分子组成的,具有更高的碳比和更高的氮硫含量。
[7]Thus, when combusted, coal and oil release higher levels of harmful emissions, including a higher ratio of carbon emissions, nitrogen oxides (NOx). and sulfur dioxide(SO2). Coal and fuel oil also release ash particles into the environment, substances that do not burn but instead are carried into the atmosphere and contribute to pollution. The combustion of natural gas, on the other hand, releases very small amounts of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, virtually no ash or particulate mater, and lower levels of carbon dioxide ,carbon monoxide, and other reactive hydrocarbons.因此,当燃烧时,煤和油释放出更高水平的有害排放,包括更高比例的碳排放、氮氧化物(NOX)。
以及二氧化硫(二氧化硫)。
煤和燃料油也会向环境中释放灰颗粒,这些物质不会燃烧,但会被带入大气中,造成污染。
另一方面,天然气的燃烧会释放非常少量的二氧化硫和氮氧化物,几乎没有灰或颗粒物,二氧化碳、一氧化碳和其他活性碳氢化合物的含量也较低。
Pipeline development
[1] 几个世纪以前建造了用于市政和家庭用水的管道。
今天使用的石油和天然气管道的历史在1859年被认为是宾夕法尼亚州的第一个商业油井之后不久开始。
然而,天然气据报道,管道于1825年铺设。
2] 第一条原油管道于1978年在宾夕法尼亚州建成。
它从油田延伸到火车站。
管道直径为2英寸,长度为9745米。
在此后的近130年里,原油管道的总长度已经增长到超过260万公里。
1985年,美国有103 000公里的管道,前苏联为63 300公里。
如今,国际管道工业发展很快。
2006年,全球建成了超过26 690公里的天然气,原油和成品油系统输送管道。
2007年,完成了34760公里。
[3] 该管道的直径也急剧增加,最大直径为1219毫米。
阿拉斯加管道的石油压力达到8.23兆帕。
在俄罗斯,有四条不同的天然气管道到莫斯科的管道。
四条管道的总长度为10000公里,年产能为50亿立方米。
最近由加拿大和美国联合建造了一条管道。
从阿拉斯加的普拉德霍湾(Prudhoe Bay)延伸到美国的第49平行线以下。
这条管道的长度为7800千米,直径为1420毫米至914毫米。
它的运行压力为9.8MPa,日产量为5.660亿至906万立方米。
为了在永久冻土层中正常运行,必须将气体温度降至-17℃。
[4] 在17世纪之前,天然气使用竹管短距离转移。
到18世纪末,铸铁管被用来输送天然气。
在19世纪90年代,钢管被引入石油管道运营。
随着科学技术的进步,燃气管道行业发展很快。
随着科学技术的进步,燃气管道行业发展很快。
到1974年,世界天然气管道总长度约为740000公里。
其中,4320000公里在美国,8万公里在前苏联,84000公里在现在的欧洲经济共同体。
1980年,总长度为860000公里。
截至2006年,该管道总长度已达到1959500公里,分布在120个国家。
前五个国家是美国(793285公里),俄罗斯(244826公里),加拿大(98544公里)。
中国(49690公里)和乌克兰(42226公里)。
[5] 一些管道带来许多技术障碍,但经济学往往是最大的障碍。
石油和天然气管道的未来将面临额外的技术和经济挑战。
燃料,材料和劳动力成本的稳步上升也将迫使未来管道的建设者和运营商提高效率。
增加成本,增加敌对活动的成本环境,可能使成本削减成为管道行业未来的最大挑战。
Rehabilitation
[1]管道检查的结果并不总是表明需要更换管道。
当外部腐蚀涂层损坏、管道腐蚀或其他损坏导致管道在运行条件下不安全时,可以适当修复管道。
损坏的部分可以拆卸和更换。
而外部腐蚀损伤往往可以通过对管道重新涂层来修复。
[2]根据一份报告,“随着许多管道的使用寿命接近40-50岁,导致外部腐蚀或泄漏的涂层退化是当今美国的一个主要问题”。
认识到这一问题,越来越重视管道的重涂,土壤应力、高温、水压试验、使用不当和时间的推移都会导致管道涂层的劣化。
[3]管道重涂当然不便宜,重涂工作的方法和材料的选择对项目的经济性有很大影响。
可能需要修复管道的原因有几个,包括保护公共安全、避免放弃或减少操作以及可能的收入损失。
保持最经济的运营,遵守监管机构的新法规和检查
[4]管线持续运行所涉及的风险分析应包括对管线物理特性及其运行历史的审查。
其目的是评估潜在问题,如腐蚀、第三方损坏或不合规格的产品。
如果由于管壁腐蚀而必须降低最大允许工作压力,则应考虑减少操作的必要性。
[5]项目的经济分析和替代措施是一个重要的决策工具。
例如,在不超过新建管道成本的情况下,可以挖掘和修复的腐蚀点数量是有限制的。
[6JA修复计划必须符合最初安装管道时不存在的新规章制度。
新的法规更加严格,州和联邦机构都越来越关注旧管道。
例如,DOT管道安全办公室发布了一份警告通知,所有在其系统中安装1970年前ERW管道的操作员应仔细审查、检查和测量系统,并考虑水压试验。