微生物专业英语chater 1

微生物学教案Chapter 1 The Introduction of Microbiology Chapter1 The introduction of microbiology

第1 章绪论

Microbiology（微生物学）：Microbiology is specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen with the naked eyes.

Microorganisms（微生物，microbe）：Microorganisms are defined as the organisms that are so small that ，normally，it cannot be seen without the use of a mocriscope.

The word is therefore used to describe virus，bacreria，fungi，protozoom and some algae.

Bacteria（细菌）：Bacteria are some small，single celle organisms. Because they have no nucleus，the cells are described as prokaryotes.

Fungi（真菌）：Fungi （mushrooms（蘑菇），molds（霉菌），and yeasts）have eukaryotic（真核的）cells （with a true nucleus）。Most fungi are multicellular.Fungi obtain nutrients by absorbing organic material from their environment.

Protozoom（原生动物）：Protozoans are unicellular eucaryotes and are classified according to their means of locomotion. Protozoans obtain nourishment by absorption or ingestion through specialized structures.

Algae（藻类）：Alage are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes that obtain nourishment by photosynthesis.Algae produce oxygen and carbohydrates that are used by other organisms.

Viruses（病毒）：Viruses are noncellular entities that are parasites of cells. Viruses consist of a nucleic acid core （DNA or RNA）surrounded by a protein coat. An envelope may surround the coat.

A brief history of microbiology

The science of microbiology did not start until the invention of the microscope in the mid 16th century and it was not until the late 17th century that Antoine van Leeuwenhoek made their first records of fungi，bacteria and protozoa.

The late 19th century was the time when the first real breakthroughs on the role of microbes in the environment and medicine were made. Louis Pasteur disproved the theory of spontaneous generation（自然发生）（that living organisms spontaneously arose from inorganic material）and Robert Koch's development of pure culture techniques allowed him to show unequivocally that a bacterium was responsible for a particular disease. Since then the science has grown dramatically as microbiology impinges on all aspects of life and the environment.

1. Anton van leeuwenhoek，using a simple microscope，was the frist to observe microorganisms（1676）

2. Louis Pasteur stated that microorganisms are in the air everywhere and offered proof of biogenesis

3. Louis Pasteurˊdiscoveries led to the developmemt of aseptic（无菌的）techniques used in laboratory and medical procedures to prevent contamination by microorangisms that are in the air.

4. Louis Pasteur found that yeast ferments（发酵）sugar to alchhol and that can oxidize alcohol to acetic acid.

5. A heating process called pasteurization（巴斯德消毒）is used to kill bacteria in some alcohol beverages and milks.

6. Joseph Lister introduced the use of a disinfectant（消毒）to clean surgical dressings in order to control infections in humans.

7. Robert Koch proved that microorganisms transmit diseases.He used a sequence of procedures called Koch's postulates（科赫法则），Which are used today to prove that a particular microorganism casues a particular disease.

Koch's postulates：

Koch's postulates are a number of criteria that have been used in the past to prove that a bacterium is responsible for a particular disease.

1. The bacteria should be found in all cases and at all sites of the disease.

2. The bacteria should be isolated from the infected person and maintained in pure culture.