中医专业英语

Professional English for Traditional Chinese MedicineChinese medicine is to study the relationship between human and nature. It is a natural science which has a long history and rich contents, including basic theory, diagnostics, medicine, clinical medicine, acupuncture, massage, and health rehabilitation. The theoretical system is based on syndrome differentiation, concept of holism and constant dynamic. Nowadays, the significance of TCM has become more obvious.Channel Meridia经络Acupoint穴位Massage推拿Moxibustion艾灸moxa艾条Cupping拔罐The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic 《黄帝内经》The Classic of Difficult Issues 《内经》Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases 《伤寒杂病论》Shen Nong’s Classic of the Materia Medica 《神农本草经》The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic: The Spiritual Pivot 黄帝内经灵枢The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic: Basic Questions 黄帝内经素问Essentials from the Golden Cabinet 金匮要略Yin-yang and Five-element Theory（阴阳五行）2.Mutual Rooting of Yin and Yang 阴阳互根互用3.Waxing and Waning of Yin and Yang 阴阳消长yin waning with yang waxing 阴消阳长yang waning with yin waxing 阳消阴长4.Yin-yang Conversion 阴阳转化Excess of yin or yang 阴阳偏盛Excess of yang——excess-heat syndromeDeficiency of yin or yang 阴阳偏衰——syndrome of deficiency-cold”treating heat with cold”.热者寒之”treating cold with heat”.寒者热之Conception of Five-element TheoryFive-element theory holds that all things in the natural world can be derived fromwood,fire,earth,metal and water and maintain a harmonious balance through the activities of Characteristics of the five elementsThe characteristics of wood: growth,smoothness and regulation（生长、升发、条达、舒畅）.木曰曲直。

The characteristics of fire: heat and ascent pertain to fire.（温热、上升）火曰炎上The characteristics of earth: growth and change ,bearing and accepting pertain to earth.（生化、承载、受纳）土爰稼穑The characteristics of metal: descent and astringency pertain to metal.（沉降、肃杀、收敛）金曰从革The characteristics of water: descending,moistening,coldness and chill and storing pertain to （滋润、下行、寒凉、闭藏）水曰潤下Interaction among five elements五行相生Inter-generation explains the meaning of mutual production and assistance. The law ofinter-generation among the five elements is:wood generates fire,fire generates earth,earth generates metal,metal generates water,water generates wood.2.Inter--restriction among the five elements 五行相克Inter--restriction contains the meanings of mutual restriction,conquering and suppression. The law of inter-restriction among the five elements is :wood restricts earth,,earth restricts water;water restricts fire .fire restricts metal,metal restricts wood.visceral manifestation（五脏）Zang-organs: heart,liver,spleen,lung,kidneyFu-organs: gall bladder, stomach, small intestine, bladder, large intestine, sanjiao Extraordinary fu-organs:brain, marrow, bone, vessel, uterus, gall bladder1、HeartHeart governing bloodHeart controlling the mindThe heart corresponds to the vesselsThe heart manifests on the faceThe heart opens at the tongue2、LungLung dominating qiDominating respiration, dominating qi through the bodyLung regulating the waterwaysThe lung corresponds to the skin and manifests on the body hairThe lung opens at the nose3、SpleenSpleen governing the transportation and transformationSpleen containing bloodThe spleen corresponds to the muscles and the limbsThe spleen manifests on the lipsThe spleen opens at the mouth4、LiverLiver governing free flow of qiLiver storing bloodThe liver corresponds to the tendonsThe liver manifests on the nailsThe liver opens at the eyes5、KidneyKidney storing essence to govern growth, development and reproduction Kidney governing waterKidney governing reception of qiThe kidney governs the bonesThe kidney manifests on the hairThe kidney opens at the ears, the external genitals and the anus6、gallbladder makes decisions7、stomach governing receptionStomach governing decompositionStomach qi governing descending8、small intestine receiving the chimeSmall intestine separating the clear from the turbid9、Sanjiao: upper jiao, middle jiao, lower jiaoBasic knowledge of Chinese Medical Medica(中药)道地药材：genuine regional materia media中药性能：property and action of Chinese medicinal副作用：side effect 毒性：toxicity四气（四性）：four properties 五味：five flavors升：ascending 降：descending 浮：floating 沉：sinking归经：meridian/channel tropism ['tropɪzəm]炮制：processing 炒：stir-frying 炙：stir-frying with liquid adjuvant ['ædʒəvənt] 煅：calcining 煮：decocting 蒸：steaming中药炮制的作用：(1) Removing or reducing the toxicity and side effects of some medicinals to ensure medicinals safety.(2) Promoting the therapeutic effects to improve the clinical efficacy.(3) Modifying the properties and actions of medicinals so as to make them suitable for therapeutic requirements.(4) Changing certain shape and character of medicinals to facilitate decocting and taking medicinal, making preparation and storing medicinal.(5) Taking away the impurity, non-pharmaceutical parts to make the medicinals clean and pure.(6) Correcting the unpleasant odor or tastes, thus making the medicinals convenient for patients to take.配伍：combination（compatibility ）配伍禁忌：prohibited combination相须：mutual reinforcement 相使：mutual assistance相畏：mutual restraint 相杀：mutual suppression相恶：mutual inhibition 相反：mutual antagonism [æn'tæɡənɪzəm]水煎：decocted with water 先煎：to be decocted first后下：to be decocted later 包煎：wrap-boiling另煎：decocted separately 单煎：decocted alone酒煎：decocted with wine冲服：take infused 顿服：administered at draught烊化：melting 代茶饮：taking as tea噙化：melting in mouth火候：control of time and temperature 临睡服：administrated before sleep平旦服：administrated before breakfast 文火(慢火)：mild fire (slow fire)武火(急火)：strong fire 剂量：dose（dosage）解表药：exterior-releasing medicinal清热药：heat-clearing medicinal泻下药：purgative [`pə:ɡətɪv] medicinal祛风湿药：wind-damp-dispelling medicinal化湿药：damp-resolving medicinal利水渗湿药：damp-draining diuretic [daɪərɛtɪk]温里药：warming interior medicinal理气药：Qi-regulating medicinal消食药：digestant medicinal止血药：hemostatic medicinal活血化瘀药：blood-activating and stasis-resolving medicinal化痰药：phlegm-resolving medicinal止咳平喘药：antitussive and antiasthmatic medicinal [ænti`tʌsɪv] [ænti`æz`mætɪk]安神药：tranquilizing medicinal平肝熄风药：liver-pacifying wind-extinguishing medicinal [`pæsəfaɪ]开窍药：resuscitative [rɪ`sʌsɪtə`tɪve] medicinal补虚药：tonifying medicinal收涩药：astringent [ə`strɪndʒənt] medicinal涌吐药：emetic [ɪ`mɛtɪk] medicinal外用药及其他：externally applied and other medicinalsCMM(中药学) is a subject focusing on the knowledge of the basic theories of the CMM and its sources, production areas, collection, processing, properties, efficacies, and clinical applications. Property and action of CMM:The four natures ;The five flavors ; The four directions; MeridianTropism; Toxicity1.Four natures:cold;cool;warm;heat2.Five flavors:sour;bitter; sweet; pungent;salty3.Four direction theoryAscending: moving toward the upperDescending: moving toward the lowerFloating: dispersing and moving outwardSinking: absorbing and consolidating, relaxing the bowels and promoting diuresis4.Meridian tropism5.ToxicitySingle application （单方）Mutual reinforcement（相须）Mutual assistance（相使）Mutual restraint（相畏）Mutual suppression（相杀）Mutual inhibition（相恶）Mutual antagonism（相反）Basic knowledge of Chinese Medical formulas(方剂学基本知识)Chinese medical formulas is a subject dealing with the therapeutic methods and the theories of compatibility of formulas as well as the clinical application. A formula is composed of different Chinese medicinals and suitable doses in their rational combination.(1) Chinese medicinals of similar action, if used simultaneously, can strengthen the therapeutic effect for serious diseases.(2) Chinese medicinals of different actions in combination can broaden the therapeutic scope in the treatment of complex conditions.(3) Drastic or toxic Chinese medicinals may be applied with some Chinese medicinals capable of reducing or removing their side effect or toxicity.2 Composition of the formulasIt is necessary to follow the principle of sovereign (jun), minister (chen), assistant (zuo), and guide (shi) medicinal in a formula.Sovereign medicinal: It is an essential ingredient in a formula, it treats the main syndrome or disease.Minister medicinal: It mainly helps the sovereign medicinals strengthen the curative effect Assistant medicinal: There are three meanings:1. An assistant medicinal may be a “supplementary medicinal”, used for the process of strengthening medical treatment along with sovereign medicinal and minister medicinal, and is also used directly for secondary accompanying diseases or syndromes.2. An assistant medicinal may bea “restraining medicinal”, used for reducing or removing the drastic actions, toxicity and disadvantages factors of sovereign or minister medicinal.3. An assistant medicinal may be a “corrigent medicinal”, with the properties and flavor opposite to sovereign medicinal, but plays supplementing role in the treatment, used to prevent the patients from vomiting the medicinal in case of serious diseases due to excessive pathogenic factor. Guide medicinal: There are two meanings: A guiding medicinal is known as the meridian ushering['ʌʃər] medicinal, guiding the other medicinals in the formula to the affected site. A guiding medicinal is also called medicating medicinal, harmonizing the effects of various ingredients in the formula.Syndrome Differentiation（辨证论治）Syndrome Differentiation is the diagnosis based on overall analysis of symptoms and signs，the cause，nature and location of the illness and the patient，s condition according to the basic theories of TCM.Eight principles Syndrome Differentiation（八纲辨证）The eight principles refer to the guiding principles of the exterior，interior，cold，heat，deficiency，excess，yin and yang Syndrome . The eight principles is a general guidelines abstracted from those individual characters of every specific Syndrome .It is a Syndrome Differentiating method used to analyze the commonness of all kinds of disease .It is also the basic of other Syndrome Differentiating methods and play a guiding role during diagnostic process.一、Exterior - interior Syndrome Differentiation1.Exterior syndrome[Key Points in Syndrome Differentiation]Aversion to wind and cold,or aversion to cold with fever, and floating pulse.2.Interior syndrome[Key Points in Syndrome Differentiation]There is no aversion to cold and fever,the pulse is not floating,the coating is not white and thin, 3.Half-exterior and half- interior syndrome[Key Points in Syndrome Differentiation]Alternating chill and fever，distress and fullness in the chest and hypochondrium，bitter taste in the mouth，dry throat，dizzy vision and wiry pulse.二、Cold-heat Syndrome Differentiation1.Cold Syndrome[Key Points in Syndrome Differentiation]Aversion to cold，preference for warmth, clear and thin sputum，saliva and nasal discharge. Heat Syndrome[Key Points in Syndrome Differentiation]Fever ,aversion to heat, sticky and turbid secretion and excretion.三、Deficiency and Excess Syndrome Differentiation1.Deficiency Syndrome[Key Points in Syndrome Differentiation]Clinically ,they are marked by “deficiency ,looseness ,decline”.2.Excess Syndrome[Key Points in Syndrome Differentiation]Clinically ,they are marked by “excess ,exuberance ,and retention”.四、Yin and yang Syndrome DifferentiationYin and yang syndromes(1) yang syndrome : Exterior,heat ,excess yin syndrome : Interior,cold, deficiency(2) yin deficiency and yang deficiency. yin collapse and yang collapse .1.Yin deficiency syndrome[Key Points in Syndrome Differentiation]Dry mouth and throat ,flushed cheeks, heat in palms ,chest and soles ,tidal fever，red tongue with scanty coating .2.Yang deficiency syndrome[Key Points in Syndrome Differentiation]Fear of cold, bland taste in mouth ，absence of thirst, cold body,pale ,enlarged tongue , fatigue,lassitude .3.Yin collapse Syndrome[Key Points in Syndrome Differentiation]Great dripping and oily sweating,extreme thirst, thready,rapid and swift pulse.4.Yang collapse Syndrome[Key Points in Syndrome Differentiation]Great dripping and cold sweating ，reversal cold of limbs，pale complexion，faint pulse.Qi-blood , body fluid and Visceral Syndrome Differentiation(气血津液辩证)Qi,blood and body fluids have close connection with function activities of the zang-fuorgans .Physiologicall, Qi,blood and body fluids are not only the material fundament but also the output of functional activities of zang-fu organs .Pathologically, they often affect eachother.So,we study the syndromes of them together today.一、Differentiation of Qi-Diseases1 .Qi deficiency Syndrome[Key Points in Syndrome Differentiation]Shortage of qi and disinclination to talk , lassitude, dizziness ,spontaneous sweating ,worse when active ,weak pulse.2.Qi sinking Syndrome[Key Points in Syndrome Differentiation]Straining feeling,prolapse of zang-fu organs, and other symptoms of qi deficiency.3.Qi stagnation Syndrome[Key Points in Syndrome Differentiation]Distending ,stuffy, pain.4.Qi counterflow Syndrome5.Qi collapse Syndrome[Key Points in Syndrome Differentiation]Extremely faint breath,great dripping sweating，urinary and fecal incontinence，and faint pulse.6.Qi block Syndrome[Key Points in Syndrome Differentiation]Sudden onset syncope, reversal cold of limbs ,fainting ，colicky pain, urine retention .二、Blood-disease Syndrome Differentiation1.Syndrome of Deficiency of Blood[focal Points in Syndrome Differentiation]Pale complexion，1ips ,eyelids ，and nails ，dizziness ，pale tongue and thready pulse.2.Blood stasis Syndrome[Focal Points in Syndrome Differentiation]Stabbing pain ，pain with fixed locations，1ump，hemorrhage，cyanotic lips ，tongue and nails ，and rough pulse．3.B1ood Cold Syndrome[Focal Points in Syndrome Differentiation]Local co1d pain and limbs ，purple skin，cold body and limbs ，deep ，slow and unsmooth or tight pulse．4.Blood Heat Syndrome[Focal Points in Syndrome Differentiation]Acute bleed with bright red and stickyb1ood, feverish sensation a11 over the body ，thirst ,local redness,sense of heat and pain ,deep red tongue ,rapid and forceful pulse.三、Body Fluid Syndrome Differentiation1 Body fluid Deficiency Syndrome[Focal Points in Syndrome Differentiation]Dry mouth ，throat ，lips ，nose ，tongue, skin，o1iguria and dry stoo1s2.Water Retention syndrome2.1 Phlegm Syndrome[Focal Points in Syndrome Differentiation]Cough and vomiting or spitting Sputum ，chest distress，nausea，1umps，greasy tongue coating and slippery pulse．2.2 Fluid Retention Syndrome[Focal Points in Syndrome Differentiation]Vomiting or spitting clear water ，thin sputum and saliva ，sound of water shaking in the stomach ，profuse sputum ，failure to 1ie flat，ful1ness and distending pain in the chest and hypochondrium ,slippery tongue coating and wiry pulse．3.Water Retention Syndrome[Focal Points in Syndrome Differentiation]Edema, retention of urine ，enlarged tongue with white slippery coating．Therapeutic Principle and Method（治则治法）Therapeutic Principle is the rule for treating disease.It is formulated under the guidance of methods, formula clinically.therapeutic Method:the general rule aiming at the clinical disorder and guiding the method; while the therapeutic method is the concrete method aiming at a concrete syndrome (or a type of syndrome), being the concrete embodiment of the principle.Therapeutic Principle (治则)1.治病求本：treating disease from the root2.扶正祛邪：strengthening healthy qi and eliminating pathogens3.重视整体：Attaching importance to the general condition4.三因制宜：Treatment Suitable for the Season，Locality and IndividualTherapeutic Method（治法）1.治病求本：treating disease from the root1.1 标本缓急：emergency or chronicity of the root and the branch急则治其标:treating the branch for emergency缓则治其本:treating the root in chronicity标本兼治:treating the branch and root simultaneously1.2 正治和反治：正治：routine treatment寒者热之：cold treated with warm热者寒之：heat treated with cool虚则补之：asthenia requiring tonification实则泻之：sthenia requiring purgation反治：contrary treatment寒因寒用：treating coldness with the cold热因热用：treating hotness with the heat塞因塞用：treating obstruction with tonics通因通用：treating openness with purgatives2.扶正祛邪The contents of strengthening healthy qi and eliminating pathogens扶正以祛邪：Strengthening the Vital to Dispel the PathogenReplenishing qi——益气Nourishing blood ——养血Supplementing yin——滋阴Strengthening yang——补阳祛邪以扶正：Dispelling the Pathogen to Strengthen the Vital先攻后补：Dispelling the Pathogen before Strengthening the Vital先补后攻：Strengthening the Vital before Dispelling the Pathogen攻补兼施：Strengthening the Vital and Dispelling the Pathogen Simultaneously3.重视整体The content of attaching importance to the general condition3.1协调阴阳:coordinating yin and yangEliminating the surplus:损其有余Excess of yin or yang—reducing what is excessive——实则泻之；Supplementing the deficient:补其不足Deficient of yin or yang—reinforcing what is deficient ——虚则补之3.2调整脏腑：regulating the function of the viscera1) Indirectly invigorating and purging 间接补泻2) Treating sense organs based on the conditions of Zang-viscera 从脏治官3.3调理气血：regulating qi and blood三因制宜：Treatment Suitable for the Season，Locality and Individual因时制宜：climate-concerned treatment因地制宜：environment –concerned treatment因人制宜：individuality-concerned treatment。