第15章-底栖生物

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Chapter 18 - The Benthos: Dwellers of the Sea Floor
9. Epifauna live on the surface of the marine sediments. 底表动物生活在海洋沉积层的表面。 TRUE 10. Animals that burrow into the seafloor are members of the epifauna. 钻入海床内生活的动 物称为底表动物。 FALSE 11. Where benthic, burrowing detritus feeders are found in great numbers, the sediments are likely to have a high-organic content. 海底发现有大量掘食碎屑的底栖生物时，表明沉积物 中有机质含量很高。 TRUE 12. Few algae are found growing on gravel and sand beaches. 砂砾和沙质海滩上很少发现有 藻类生长。 TRUE 13. Bacteria are a valuable source of protein for other marine organisms. 细菌是海洋生物有价 值的蛋白质食源。 TRUE 14. Numbers of organisms and diversity of species decrease as depth increases. 海洋生物数量 及其种类多样性随着水深的增加而减少。 FALSE 15. Human activities are among the greatest threats to the world's coral reefs. 人类活动是对全 世界珊瑚礁的重大威胁之一。 TRUE 16. Clams found growing around hydrothermal vents have higher growth rates and mature more quickly than shallow water clams. 海底热液喷口周围所生长蛤蚌的生长率和成熟速 度均高于浅水区的个体。 TRUE 17. Species of epifauna are less abundant than species of infauna. 底上动物的种类丰富程度 低于底内动物。 FALSE 18. Episodes of coral bleaching have become more frequent and more severe in the last twenty years. 过去20年，珊瑚白化事件的发生变得更频繁也更严重。 TRUE
多选题
33. Animals and algae living attached to the bottom are members of the 在海底栖息的动物和 藻类属于 A. phytoplankton. 浮游植物 B. zooplankton. 浮游动物 C. nekton. 游泳生物 D. benthos. 底栖生物 E. All of these are correct. 以上皆是 34. Marine algae are found in which sequence from sea surface to deeper water? 海洋藻类从 海表面向深水区是以何顺序分布的？ A. green, brown, red 绿藻，褐藻和红藻 B. red, brown, green 红藻，褐藻和绿藻 C. green, red, brown 绿藻，红藻和褐藻 D. brown, green, red 褐藻，绿藻和红藻 E. red, green, brown 红藻，绿藻和褐藻 35. Intertidal zonation on a rocky beach is primarily controlled by the 基岩海滩潮间带分带的 依据是： A. type of bottom. 底质类型 B. prey-predator relationships. 捕食和被捕食关系 C. salinity, temperature, and pressure. 盐度，水温和压力 D. amount of time an organism spends out of water. 生物在海水外生活的时间 E. organisms's metabolism. 生物的新陈代谢 36. Chemosynthetic communities are found associated with 营化学合成生活的生物群落常 见于 A. hydrothermal vents. 热泉喷口 B. oil and gas seeps. 石油和天然气渗出区 C. salt brine seeps. 高盐水渗出区 D. All of these are correct. 以上皆是 E. None of these are correct. 以上皆否
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Chapter 18 - The Benthos: Dwellers of the Sea Floor
31. Most animals that live within the sand and mud feed on detritus. 大多数住在沙地和泥地 中的动物摄食碎屑。 TRUE 32. Intertidal communities have low productivity because of high wave activity. 因为强烈的 波浪作用，潮间带群落的生产力很低。 FALSE Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 18 - The Benthos: Dwellers of the Sea Floor
Chapter 18 The Benthos: Dwellers of the Sea Floor
True / False Questions
判断题
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1. Large benthic algae (seaweeds) have holdfasts that absorb nutrients in the same way roots absorb nutrients for land plants. 大型海藻具有固着基，像陆生植物的根一样，用于吸收营 养物质。 FALSE 2. The stem is the part of seaweeds that connects the blade to the holdfast. 茎是连接海藻的固 着基与叶片的部分。 FALSE 3. Large algae (seaweeds) growing attached to the bottom create a specialized environment for other marine organisms. 大型海藻固着在海底生长，它们为其它海洋生物提供了一种特殊 的栖息环境。 TRUE 4. The green seaweeds are the largest of the marine algae; they are also known as kelps. 绿色 海草是大型海洋藻类，又被称为巨藻。 FALSE 5. Eel grass is a marine plant. 篦藻是一种海洋植物。 TRUE 6. There are more kinds of benthic animals than there are pelagic animals. 底栖动物的种类远 多于海水中上层中的动物。 TRUE 7. More than 75% of the benthic animals belong to the epifauna. 75%以上的底栖动物属于底 表动物 TRUE 8. Sessile organisms live attached to the seafloor. 固着底栖生物在海床上营固着生活。 TRUE
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Chapter 18 - The Benthos: Dwellers of the Sea Floor
19. Cold seeps and salt seeps have no associated animal communities. 冷泉和咸水泉附近没 有相应的动物群体。 FALSE 20. Triploid oysters are sterile, larger than normal oysters, and harvestable in the summer season. 三倍体牡蛎无生育能力，体型大于正常牡蛎，可在夏季随时采捕。 TRUE 21. Few benthic organisms produce biologically active compounds. 底栖生物很少能产生生 物活性物质的。 FALSE 22. The largest known octopus is found in caves on coral reefs. 最大型的章鱼是在珊瑚礁处 的洞穴内被发现的。 FALSE 23. Coral bleaching is produced by the invasion of crown of thorns starfish (Acanthaster). 珊 瑚白化是由于棘冠海星入侵引起的。 FALSE 24. Algae form the base of the trophic system for hydrothermal vent communities. 海藻构成了 海底热泉喷口群落的营养基础。 FALSE 25. Some shrimp in vent communities are able to detect radiation from hot vents. 热泉喷口群 落里一些虾类能探测到来自喷口的辐射能。 TRUE 26. The base of the food chain in hydrothermal vent communities is phytoplankton. 热泉喷口 群落的食物链基础是浮游植物。 FALSE 27. The holdfast that attaches seaweed to rocks or shells is a root. 海藻附着在岩石或贝壳上 的附着基是它们的根。 FALSE 28. Blades are the photosynthetic organ of seaweed. 叶片是海藻进行光合作用的器官。 TRUE 29. Sea slugs or nudibranchs are predators. 海蛞蝓等裸鳃类是捕食者。 TRUE 30. Octopuses are mollusks. 章鱼是软体动物。 TRUE
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Chapter 18 - The Benthos: Dwellers of the Sea Floor
37. Increasing wild harvest of marine crustaceans and mollusks has been accomplished by 野 生海产甲壳动物和软体动物的渔获量的增加是由于 A. increasing world fishing efforts. 世界捕捞努力量的增加 B. expanding mariculture. 海水养殖业的发展 C. enlarging fishing fleets. 捕捞船队的扩大 D. increasing world fishing efforts and enlarging fishing fleets. 世界捕捞努力量的增加和捕 捞船队的扩大 E. None of these are correct; the harvests have not increased. 以上皆否，渔获量没有增加 38. CLOD or Coral Lethal Orange Disease 珊瑚致命橘菌病 A. attacks and kills coral polyps.攻击并杀死珊瑚虫 B. kills zooxanthellae causing bleaching. 杀死虫黄藻引起白化 C. kills algae that cement sand debris to form a hard surface reef. 杀死可沉积碳酸钙形成珊 瑚礁硬质表面的海藻 D. kills clams and crabs on coral reefs.杀死珊瑚礁上的蛤蚌和螃蟹 E. attacks and kills coral polyps, kills zooxanthellae causing bleaching, and kills algae that cement sand debris to form a hard surface reef. 攻击并杀死珊瑚虫，杀死黄藻引起白化，杀 死可沉积碳酸钙形成珊瑚礁硬质表面的海藻