语言学十套题名词解释

Test1

narrow transcription:the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred t o as narrow transcription.

Negative transfer负迁移is the obstruction of or interference with new learning because of previous learning, and relates to the experience with one set of events could hurt performance on related tasks

Complementary distribution is the mutually exclusive relationship between two phonetically similar segments. It exists when one segment occurs in an environment where the other segment never occurs. set of environments.

Sequential rules Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. inflectional affixes The manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, tense, degree and case.

polyseme is a word or phrase with different, but related senses.

pragmatics studies how people comprehend and produce a communicative act or speech act in a concrete speech situation which is usually a conversation

illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.

complementary antonymy:互补反义关系------- members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each field completely

Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time.

Test2

Argument is an expression that helps complete the meaning of a predicate,[ and in this regard, the complement is a closely related concept.

General linguistic t he study of the structure and development of language in general Reference----what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.

A syntactic category :is a set of words and/or phrases in a language which share a significant number of common characteristics.

"Derivational affixes" serve to alter the meaning of a word by building on a base.

Context The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language, it’s generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.

converse antonym y反向反义关系-------: a special kind of antonymy in that members of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition,such as buy;sell,

bilingual : able to speak and understand two languages，using or expressed in two languages

co-hponym : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms

applied linguistics' refers to a broad range of activities which involve solving some language-related problem or addressing some language-related concern.

Test3

descriptive and prescriptiv e :A linguistic study is “descriptive” if it only describes and analys es the facts of language, and “prescriptive” if it tries to lay down rules for “correct” languag