中西文化之鉴最终版

Cultures are always changing
The impact of events Contact with other cultures
Cultures are changing and evolving.
Beginning to do culture
Raise your level of awareness.
源自文库 Example:
Like any creature a fish scans its environment to find food, reproduce and protect itself from danger. It notices everything except the water it is swimming in.
Culture is shared
Are meanings built into things?
Definitely NO. A gesture ,a painting, or a contract has no meaning until someone assigns it.
Humans are the meaning-making animals, and it is in making meanings that our human ancestors created culture and the particular cultures within which we all live.
Culture is like an iceberg.
Culture is our software.
Culture is like the water a fish swims in.
CULTURE
Culture is the story we tell ourselves.
Culture is the grammar of our behavior.
有位留学生汉语讲得很好，有一次对一个中国姑娘说 ：“你真漂亮。”姑娘谦虚地说：“哪里哪里。”留 学生一紧张母语就出来了，“every where， every where.”
这则笑话的产生是留学生一方面不懂得“哪里 哪里”的非疑问句法，另一方面是不了解中国 的文化，中国人听到称赞通常会谦虚，不然就 显得轻浮自大。
Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.
Chapter 2 Becoming Aware
What is culture?
Simply put, culture is a system of meaning. That is too abstract a definition to really understand, so consider the following images.
CONCLUSION: CULTURE IS
A MAN’S SECOND NATURE
A WAY OF OVERCOMING VULNERABILITY ACQUIRED THROUGH SOCIALIZATION
THUS, MAN IS THE PRODUCER OF CULTURE AND THE PRODUCT OF CULTURE
神 的 子 民
Culture
the story of Adam & Eve
Garden of Eden
human beings
revere
dominate
Human beings are created by the Lord God
God
religion
But stories also change to adapt to changing
Culture is shared
Are meanings built into things?
We are constantly but unconsciously creating order and predictability out of the raw material of our day-to-day experience by assigning meaning to it. Sharing culture is sharing meanings.
Example: A fish in unfamiliar waters
A Chinese student
Confident in her knowledge of American culture
American people
Take it for granted
Quoting famous people
-- Most part of culture is unconscious
Objective culture
art, literature, history music, dance, customs, language, game, cooking, clothes …
Subjective culture
Out-of –date metaphor
follow the prescribed order
Like to do something unexpected
People tell stories to tell who they are .
小时候，妈妈对我说~
你是哪里哪里船上抱来的。
…………
中
就餐习惯 聚餐围坐，共享一席
西
单盘独碟、分而食之
礼仪
相互敬酒、劝菜
自己动手
氛围
和睦、团圆
随意自由
Characteristics of culture
Culture is shared
People with the same culture
?
share ideas, ways of behaving, and a whole way of life
circumstances.
What is widely acknowledged now is that……
I
Mother
Grandmother
Great-great grand-mother ……
Great-grandmother
change
The ape（类人猿）
Man has evolved from the ape.
Values and beliefs, customs, gestures, certain foods and ways of eating, history and artifacts, artistic tradition
What causes members of a particular culture to agree that certain behaviors or historical events have certain meanings.
• People learn their cultural grammar unconsciously and apply them automatically in order to behave appropriately in any society.
cultural grammars are repetitive.
Practice seeing your culture the way others who
are not a part of it see it.
Gain some distance from your home culture by
looking at it as if you were a scientist observing it systematically with no prejudgment as to what you will find.
feelings and attitudes about how things are and how they should be …
Example:
称呼不同
西方
中国 非对等式 权势、尊卑 垂直式
价值观不同
称呼类型 文化取向 社会关系
对等式 平等 平行
Culture is the basic operation system that makes us human. We think of our physical selves as the hardware, but we cannot be human when programmed with the software of culture. Culture fades into the background, just know that we can be.
原来我不是亲生的！
中国古人的官方解释
第一功臣：女娲——“大地之母”（孤独的女神）
女娲造人
某天，她灵机一动：“虽 然，世间各种各样的生物 都有了，可单单没有像自 己一样的生物，那为什么 不创造一种像自己一样的 生物加入到世间。”
以下皆为个人观点：
为什么会有女娲造人 的故事？
1.崇神。女娲是神，地位崇高，人是神造的， 自然不同凡响。 2.早期血缘时代是母系社会，女性占主导 地位。所以是 女娲 造人。