Verbs 动词用法

I．Verbs not Used with Continuous TensesWe usually use the following verbs with simple tenses only (not continuous tenses): ∙hate, like, love, need, prefer, want, wish∙believe, imagine, know, mean, realize, recognize, remember, suppose, understand∙belong, concern, consist, contain, depend, involve, matter, need, owe, own, possess∙appear, resemble, seem,∙hear, see∙I want a coffee.∙I don't believe you are right.∙Does this pen belong to you?Notice that we often use can + see/hear:∙I can see someone in the distance.∙I can't hear you very well.*With verbs that we don't use in the continuous tense, there is no real action or activity. Compare "to hear" and "to listen". "To hear" means "to receive sound in your ears". There is no real action or activity by you. We use "to hear" with simple tenses only. But "to listen" means "to try to hear". You make an effort to hear. There is a kind of action or activity. We can use "to listen" with simple or continuous tenses.Verbs with Two Meanings:think (认为，思考), consider （认为，考虑）, measure（尺寸，测量）, have （拥有，从事）, taste（有…味道，品尝）, be (是，表现)II．Future TimeGoing togoing to is not a tense. It is a special expression to talk about the future.Going to: intentionWe use the special "going to" construction when we have the intention to do something before we speak. We have already made a decision before speaking. Look at these examples:∙I have won $1,000. I am going to buy a new TV.∙We're not going to see my mother tomorrow.∙When are you going to go on holiday?Going to: predictionWe often use "going to" to make a prediction about the future. Our prediction is based on evidence. We are saying what seems sure to happen. Here are some examples:∙The sky is very black. It is going to snow.∙It's 8.30! You're going to miss the train!∙I crashed the company car. My boss isn't going to be very happy!In these examples, the present situation (black sky/the time/damaged car) gives us a good idea of what is going to happen.*We use will for prediction when we have no real evidence: "It will rain tomorrow." (It's my feeling but I can't be sure.)We use going to for prediction when there is some real evidence: "It's going to rain." (There's a big, black cloud in the sky and if it doesn't rain I'll be very surprised.)Present Continuous:for prior planWe often use the present continuous tense to talk about the future. Of course, we normally use the present continuous to talk about action happening in the present, but if we add a future word, we can use it to talk about the future. (By "future word" we mean words like "tomorrow", "next week", "in June" etc. The future word may be clearly expressed or understood from the context.)We use the present continuous only when a plan exists before we speak. Look at these examples: ∙Mary is taking her music exam next year.∙They can’t play tennis with you tomorrow. They 're working.∙We’re going to the theatre on Friday.*Sometimes there is no real difference between an intention ("Going To") and a plan (Continuous Present). In this case, it doesn't matter which we use.∙We're going to paint the bedroom tomorrow.∙We're painting the bedroom tomorrow.Present Simple:for scheduleWhen an event is on a schedule or timetable (for example, the take-off time for a plane), we often use the present simple to express the future. We usually also use a future word (expressed or understood) like "tomorrow", "at 6.30pm", "next week".Only a few verbs are used in this way, for example:∙be, open, close, begin, start, end, finish, arrive, come, leave, returnLook at these sentences:∙The train leaves Detroit at 9pm tonight.∙John starts work next week.∙Tomorrow is Thursday.III．For & Since for TimeWe often use for and since when talking about time.for + periodA period is a duration of time, for example: 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years. For means "from the beginning of the period until the end of the period." For can be used with all tenses.since + pointA point is a precise moment in time, for example: 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday. Since means "from a point in the past until now." Since is normally used with perfect tenses.For can be used with all tenses. Here are a few examples:∙They study for two hours every day.∙They are studying for three hours today.For is not used with "all day", "all the time" etc.∙I was there all day. (not *for all day)Since is normally used with perfect tenses:∙He has been here since 9am.∙He has been working since he arrived.∙I had lived in New York since my childhood.Since can also be used in the structure "It is [period] since...":∙It is a year since I saw her.∙How long is it since you got married?IV．Plural Verbs with Singular SubjectsWe often use singular nouns that refer to groups of people (eg government, committee, team) as if they were plural. This is particularly true in British English. This is because we often think of the group as people, doing things that people do (eating, wanting, feeling etc). In such cases, we use:∙plural verb∙plural pronoun (they)∙who (not which)Here are some examples:∙The committee want sandwiches for lunch. They have to leave early.∙My family, who don't see me often, have asked me home for Christmas.∙The team hope to win next time.Here are some examples of words and expressions that can be considered singular or plural:∙choir, class, club, committee, company, family, government, jury, school, staff, team, union, the BBC, board of directors, the Conservative Party, Manchester United, the Ministry of HealthBut when we consider the group as an impersonal unit, we use singular verbs and pronouns:∙The new company is the result of a merger.∙An average family consists of four people.∙The committee, which was formed in 1999, is made up of four men and four women.Notice that this is often a question of style and logic. The important thing is to be consistent. V．SubjunctiveThe subjunctive is a special, relatively rare verb form in English.Construction of the SubjunctiveThe structure of the subjunctive is extremely simple. For all verbs except the past tense of to be, the subjunctive is the same as the bare infinitive (infinitive without "to"):Use of the SubjunctiveWe use subjunctives mainly when talking about events that are not certain to happen. For example, we use the subjunctive when talking about events that somebody:∙wants to happen∙hopes will happen∙imagines happeningLook at these examples:∙The President requests that you be present at the meeting.∙It is vital that you be present at the meeting.∙If you were at the meeting, the President would be happy.The subjunctive is typically used after two structures:∙the verbs: ask, command, demand, insist, propose, recommend, request, suggest + that∙the expressions: it is desirable, essential, important, necessary, vital + thatHere are some examples with the subjunctive:∙The manager insists that the car park be locked at night.∙The board of directors recommended that he join the company.∙It is essential that we vote as soon as possible.∙It was necessary that every student submit his essay by the weekend.Notice that in these structures the subjunctive is always the same. It does not matter whether the sentence is past or present. Look at these examples:∙Present: The President requests that they stop the occupation.∙Past: The President requested that they stop the occupation.∙Present: It essential that she be present.∙Past: It was essential that she be present.*The use of the subjunctive as above is more common in American English than in British English, where should + infinitive is often used:∙The manager insists that the car park should be locked at night.∙It was essential that we should vote as soon as possible.We usually use the subjunctive were instead of "was" after if (and other words with similar meaning). Look at these sentences:∙If I were you, I would ask her.∙Suppose she were here. What would you say?Why do we say "I were", "he were"?The if I were you structure does not use the past simple tense of the verb "to be". It uses the past subjunctive of the verb "to be". In the following examples, you can see that we often use the subjunctive form were instead of "was" after: if, as if, wish, supposeSome fixed expressions use the subjunctive. Here are some examples:∙Long live the King!∙God bless America!∙Heaven forbid!∙Be that as it may, he still wants to see her.∙Come what may, I will never forget you.∙We are all citizens of the world, as it were.Helping Verbs (auxiliary verbs)Helping verbs have no meaning on their own. They are necessary for the grammatical structure of a sentence, but they do not tell us very much alone. We usually use helping verbs with main verbs. They "help" the main verb.Primary helping verbs (3 verbs)These are the verbs be, do, and have (Note that we can use these three verbs as helping verbs or as main verbs.). We use them in the following cases:∙beo to make continuous tenses (He is watching TV.)o to make the passive (Small fish are eaten by big fish.) ∙haveo to make perfect tenses (I have finished my homework.) ∙doo to make negatives (I do not like you.)o to ask questions (Do you want some coffee?)o to show emphasis (I do want you to pass your exam.)o to stand for a main verb in some constructions (He speaks faster than she does.)Modal helping verbs (10 verbs)We use modal helping verbs to "modify" the meaning of the main verb in some way. A modal helping verb expresses necessity or possibility, and changes the main verb in that sense. These are the modal verbs:∙can, could∙may, might∙will, would,∙shall, should∙must∙ought to*Semi-modal verbs (3 verbs)The following verbs are often called "semi-modals":∙need∙dare∙used to。