国际商务期末复习总结

CHAP6 国际贸易理论

Mercantilism suggests that it is in a country’s best interest to maintain a trade surplus -- to export more than it imports（重商主义就是保持贸易顺差以实现一国的最大利益---出口超过进口） Mercantilism advocates government intervention(介入) to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade （重商主义主张政府介入以便实现对外贸易顺差）

It views trade as a zero-sum game - one in which a gain by one country results in a loss by another （将贸易看成零和博弈，一个国家收益一个国家受损）

Absolute Advantage 绝对优势

Adam Smith argued that a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing it

亚当斯密认为一个国家生产一种商品比其他任何国家效率都高时存在绝对优势

According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries 按照亚当斯密的说法，各国应该专门生产具有绝对优势的商品，然后用他们交换其他国家生产的商品

The Benefit of Absolute Advantage and Free Trade

The Principle for International Division of Labor–Absolute Advantage

国际分工的原则---绝对优势

The Consequence（结果） of Division of Labor and Free Trade 分工的结果和自由贸易

1. To Production:

the Flow of the Factor of Production 生产要素的流动

the Efficiency of Factor Distribution 要素分配效率

the Quantity of Production 产品质量

2. To Consumer:

Welfare from Free Trade自由贸易福利

: low price of imports and more consumption 低价格的进口更多的消费

Comparative Advantage比较优势

Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage suggests that countries should specialize in the production of those goods they produce most efficiently and buy goods that they produce less efficiently from other countries, even if this means buying goods from other countries that they could produce more efficiently at home李嘉图的比较优势理论认为一个国家分工生产最有效率的产品，而从别国购买自己生产效率相对较低的产品，甚至从别国购买自己更能有效生产的产品是有意义

choose bigger one in two advantages and smaller one in two disadvantages 两利取重两害取轻

Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 俄林理论

Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin argued that comparative advantage arises from differences in national factor

endowments（天赋）– the extent to which a country is endowed with resources like land, labor, and capital 赫克歇尔和俄林认为比较优势是由各国生产要素禀赋的差异引起的，指一国的一些资源比如土地，劳动力还有资本

The Heckscher-Ohlin theory predicts that countries will export goods that make intensive use of those factors that are locally abundant, while importing goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce赫克歇尔俄琳理论预测一国将出口密集型使用本国充足要素的产品，进口密集使用本国稀缺要素的产品

To take advantage of factor of endowments

New Trade Theory 新贸易理论

New trade theory suggests that the ability of firms to gain economies of scale (unit cost reductions associated with a large scale of output) can have important implications for international trade

New trade theory suggests that:

through its impact on economies of scale, trade can increase the variety of goods available to consumers and decrease the average cost of those goods

贸易可以通过对规模经济的影响增加消费品的种类，降低这些商品的平均成本

in those industries when output required to attain economies of scale represents a significant p roportion of total world demand, the global market may only be able to support a small number of enterprises 一些应该达到规模经济的产业，所生产的产品占世界总需求的比重较大，这样全球市场就只能容纳数量很少的企业

Factor Endowments 要素禀赋

Factor endowments refer to a nation’s position in factors of production n ecessary to compete in a given industry 要素禀赋理论意味着国家态度对一个特定行业生产要素的竞争是很必要的

A nation's position in factors of production can lead to competitive advantage国家对生产要素的使用态度可以

导致比较优势

These factors can be either basic (natural resources, climate, location) or advanced (skilled labor, infrastructure, technological know-how) 要素可以是基础的也可以是高等的

First-Mover Advantages 第一进入者优势

Being a first mover can have important competitive implications, especially if there are economies of scale and the global industry will only support a few competitors

第一进入者有重要的竞争影响，特别是规模经济或者全球行业只有少量竞争者时

Firms that establish a first-mover advantage may dominate global trade in that product

公司建立了第一个优势可能会在全球贸易中占主导地位