2020考研英语：阅读每日一句解析(一)

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真题】考研英语历年真题逐句翻译-

【真题】考研英语历年真题逐句翻译（2020年Text1）英语二第一段①Rats and other animals need to be highly attuned to social signals from others so they can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid.②To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Loleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats.翻译译文：老鼠等动物需要对同类发出的社交信号高度敏感，这样它们才能分辨哪些是可以合作的朋友，哪些是应该避开的敌人。

为弄清这一敏感性是否在面对非生命物体时仍适用，加州大学圣地亚哥分校的拉蕾·奎因及其同事进行了一项试验，观察老鼠是否能够感知机器鼠发出的社交信号。

第二段①They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat-one social and one asocial-for four days.②The robots rats were quite minimalist, resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with wheels-to move around and colorful markings.翻译译文：研究人员让8只成年鼠与2只不同类型的机器鼠——一只爱社交，一只不合群——共处一室4天。

这两只机器鼠外形相当简约抽象，就像矮胖版的电脑鼠标，靠轮子四处移动，带有鲜艳的标记。

2020年考研英语一真题阅读理解原文及答案解析

2020年考研英语一真题阅读理解原文及答案解析Text 1A group of labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for zozl. Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in E220m of investment and an avalache of arts, out not to be confined to cities. Britain' town, it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Livorpool in 2008. A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for, the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows that will follow- village of culture ? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run "year of culture" washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community . The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organizations. But it can be done : Glasgow' s year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A "town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21. Cooper and her colleagues argue that a "town of culture" award could________[A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22. According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as________[A] a sensible compromise.[B] a self-deceiving attempt.[C] an eye-catching bonus.[D] an inaccessible target.23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it________[A] endeavours to maintain its image.[B] meets the aspirations of its people.[C] brings its local arts to prominence.D] commits to its long-term growth.24. Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present________[A] a contrasting case.[B] a supporting example.[C] a background story,[D] a related topic.25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal ?[A] Skeptical[B] Objective[C] Favourable[D] Critical21 C increase the economic strength of Britain’s towns这道题是细节题。

2020年考研英语一阅读理解

2020年考研英语一阅读理解The 2020 postgraduate entrance examination for English I was a pivotal moment for many aspiring scholars. It was not just a test of language proficiency, but also a gauge of analytical skills and critical thinking.The reading comprehension section was particularly challenging, with passages that spanned a wide array of topics, from scientific breakthroughs to socio-economic issues. Each article required a deep dive into the text to grasp the nuances of the author's argument.One of the passages that stood out was an exploration of urbanization, highlighting the complexities of rapid population growth and its impact on society. The text was dense with information, demanding a meticulous approach to extract the main ideas and supporting details.Another passage delved into the realm of artificial intelligence, discussing its potential to revolutionize various industries. The language was technical, yet the questions were designed to test the candidates' ability to comprehend and infer from the given material.The questions that followed each passage were crafted to assess not only the understanding of the content but also the ability to discern between different levels of inference. It was essential to differentiate between what was explicitlystated and what could be logically inferred.The inclusion of a historical account in the reading section was a surprise to many. It required a different set of skills, focusing on the context and the implications of past events on the present.The diversity of the texts was a testament to the breadth of knowledge expected from postgraduate candidates. It was a comprehensive examination that pushed the boundaries of language skills and critical analysis.In conclusion, the 2020 English I reading comprehension section was a true reflection of the multifaceted nature of the English language and the importance of a well-rounded educational foundation for postgraduate studies.。

2020年英语(一)全国硕士研究生招生考试参考答案及解析

2020年全国硕士研究生招生考试（英语一）参考答案及解析Section Ⅰ Use of English【1】 A.on解析：在某一天，用介词on.【2】 B.Match解析：考察动词，很少有别的美食愉悦可以与之媲美，只有这个符合原文。

【3】 A.enjoyment解析：由this 可知回指上文的pleasure.【4】 C.guarantee解析：空前这种愉悦应该成为另外一种罪恶愉悦，后文是损害健康，所以应该是肯定会损害我们的健康。

【5】 D.issued解析：考察动词，英国食品标准局(FSA)应该是公开或者发布警告。

【6】 A. at解析：和温度搭配只能用at。

【7】 C.avoid解析：上文提到这种化合物在高温下烹饪的一些食物中会形成以及会损害健康，所以应该是要避免这类食物。

【8】 D.partially解析：考察副词，修饰toast烤，前文提到要避免这类烧烤土豆片，拒绝薄皮披萨，所以只能是部分烤面包。

【9】 D. while解析：研究表明丙烯酰胺会对小鼠造成神经损伤和没有确凿的证据表明它会对人类造成癌症之间存在让步关系，所以选择while尽管。

【10】B. conclusive解析：考察形容词，修饰证据，只有conclusive 确凿的最符合语境。

【11】B. likely解析：后文提到没有科学证据，所以前文应该是可能致癌likely.【12】D. on the basic of解析：根据语义，应该是基于预防原则，可以认为遵循FSA的建议是明智的，所以选择D。

【13】A. advisable解析：考察形容词，根据语义，应该是遵循建议是明智的。

【14】C. after all解析：考察逻辑联系词，后文提到吸烟导致癌症的传言已经流传了多年，所以此处毕竟更合适。

解析：上文一直提到的是高温下烧烤的食物应该可能会损害我们健康，所以食物和【15】B. connection致癌之间应该存在的是联系，其他选项不符。

2020年考研英语(一)真题答案及解析

2020年考研英语（一）真题答案及解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families are less likely to sit down to eat together than was once the case, millions of Britons will none the less have partaken this weekend of one of the nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. __1__ a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can __2__it. Yet as we report now, the food police are determined that this __3__ should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure __4__ to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has __5__ a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked __6__ high temperatures.This means that people should __7__ crisping their roast potatoes, spurn thin-crust pizzas and only __8__ toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice? __9__ studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no __10__ evidence that it causes cancer inhumans.Scientists say the compound is "__11__ to be carcinogenic" but have no hard scientific proof. __12__ the precautionary principle, it could be argued that it is __13__ to follow the FSA advice. __14__, it was rumored that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a __15__. Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be __16__ up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables,without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? __17__, the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods __18__, but to reduce their lifetime intake. However, their __19__ risks coming across as exhortation and nannying. Constant health scares just __20__ with no one listening.1. A In B Towards C On D Till2. A match B express C satisfy D influence3. A patience B enjoyment C surprise D concern4. A intensified B privileged C compelled D guaranteed5. A issued B received C ignored D canceled6. A under B at C for D by7. A forget B regret C finish D avoid8. A partially B regularly C easily D initially9. A Unless B Since C If D While10. A secondary B external C inconclusive D negative11. A insufficient B bound C likely D slow12. A On the basis of B At the cost of C In addition to D In contrast to13. A interesting B advisable C urgent D fortunate14. A As usual B In particular C By definition D After all15. A resemblance B combination C connection D pattern16. A made B served C saved D used17. A To be fair B For instance C To be brief D in general18. A reluctantly B entirely C gradually D carefully19. A promise B experience C campaign D competition20. A follow up B pick up C open up D end up解析：今年完形填空的难度较前两年略难，虽然话题不难理解，但不易把握上下文的线索。

2020年考研英语一真题及参考答案解析

考研英语一Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank.and mark[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting __1__ workers productivity. Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect” the extremely influential idea the very__3__to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behaviorThe idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in theplant.According to __5__of the experiments their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the experiment. __7__something was changed productivity rose . A(n) __8__ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be __9__to alter workers' behavior __10__ itselfAfter several decades，the same data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions on record，no systematic __13__was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happened.__15__，lighting was always changed on a Sunday When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with the previous Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__ ，a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers __19__to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case，before __20__a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down1.[A] affected [B]achieved [C]extracted [D]restored2. [A]at [B]up [C]with [D]off3. [A]truth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof4. [A]controversial [B]perplexing [C]mischievous [D]ambiguous5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C]accounts [D]assessments6. [A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work7. [A]as far as [B]for fear that [C]in case that [D]so long as8. [A]awareness [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion9. [A]suitable [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant10. [A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by11. [A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed12. [A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with [D]peculiar to13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading15.[A]In contrast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual16. [A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20.[A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hittingSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A]，[B]，[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points) Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in mostbig-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to def ine ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is nowknown solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout.[D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods.Amazon com received one for its“one-click”online payment systemMerrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.One inventor patented a technique for lying a box。

2020年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a_9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultCome on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking amongteenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg arguesconvincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableA deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear powe r plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never real ly intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblictrust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices. [B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals. [D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist AlbertAzent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection. [B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom. [D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of Americ a’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices.Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but apublic-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured. [B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased. [D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitu de towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culturerequires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players. [F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the pasthalf-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CSince the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingSome internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）1.【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是“_ _法官表现得像政治家”的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain“维持，保持”，其他显然语义不通。

2020 考研英语阅读真题Text 1(英语一)

2020 Text 1（英语⼀）A group of Labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper , are bringing in thenew year with a call to institute a UK "town of culture" award.⼀群⼀党议员，其中包括伊维特·库珀，在新的⼀年⼀呼吁设⼀英国“⼀化⼀镇” 奖。

The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017, and has been awarded to Coventry for 2021. 它应该与现有的“⼀化城市”称号并列，该称号在2017 年由赫尔市夺得，2021 年则花落考⼀垂市。

Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in £220m of investment and an avalanche of arts, ought not to be confined to cities.库珀和她的同事们认为，赫尔市的成功带来了2.2 亿英镑的投资和井喷式的艺术发展，这个称号不应该局限于城市。

Britain's towns, it is true, are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bid to beat their bigger competitors.英国的⼀镇确实没有被禁⼀申请“⼀化城市”称号，但它们普遍缺乏资源，⼀法击败更强⼀的竞争对⼀。

2020英语一阅读理解text1

2020英语一阅读理解text1英文回答：The passage discusses the impact of technology on our lives, specifically focusing on the negative effects it has on our mental health. It argues that while technology has made our lives more convenient, it has also led to increased stress, anxiety, and depression.One of the main points made in the passage is that technology has created a constant need for connectivity and instant gratification. With smartphones and social media, we are constantly bombarded with notifications, messages, and updates. This constant stream of information can be overwhelming and lead to a sense of always being "on" and never being able to truly disconnect or relax. For example, I personally feel a sense of anxiety when I see a large number of unread messages or notifications on my phone. This constant need to be connected can also lead to a fear of missing out (FOMO), as we are constantly exposed to thehighlights of other people's lives on social media. Thiscan create feelings of inadequacy and negatively impact our self-esteem.Another point made in the passage is that technologyhas also affected our ability to focus and concentrate.With the rise of multitasking and constant distractions,our attention spans have become shorter. We are constantly switching between tasks and being pulled in different directions, which can make it difficult to fully engage in any one activity. For instance, I often find myselfchecking my phone or browsing social media while trying to work or study, which significantly reduces my productivity. This constant state of distraction can also lead tofeelings of frustration and dissatisfaction.Furthermore, the passage highlights the impact of technology on our sleep patterns. The blue light emitted by screens can disrupt our natural sleep-wake cycle, making it difficult to fall asleep and stay asleep. Many of us are guilty of using our smartphones or tablets right before bed, which can interfere with the production of melatonin, ahormone that regulates sleep. As a result, we may experience difficulty falling asleep, poor sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness. I have personally experienced this firsthand, as I often find it difficult to fall asleepafter using my phone late at night.In conclusion, while technology has undoubtedly brought many benefits to our lives, it is important to recognize and address the negative impact it can have on our mental health. The constant need for connectivity, the impact on our ability to focus, and the disruption of our sleep patterns are all significant factors that can contribute to increased stress, anxiety, and depression. It is crucial to find a balance and establish healthy habits when it comes to our use of technology.中文回答：这篇文章讨论了科技对我们生活的影响，特别关注了它对我们的心理健康产生的负面影响。

2020英语一阅读解析

2020英语一阅读解析2020年英语一阅读部分共有四篇文章，包括两篇单选题和两篇多选题。

以下是对四篇文章的详细解析。

第一篇文章是一篇关于大熊猫的科普文章。

文章介绍了大熊猫的生活习性、食物来源以及生存环境等。

大熊猫是中国的国宝，它们主要生活在中国的竹林中，以竹子为主要食物。

由于栖息地的破坏和人类活动的干扰，大熊猫的数量正在减少。

为了保护大熊猫，中国政府采取了一系列措施，包括建立自然保护区和人工繁育中心等。

文章最后呼吁人们共同努力保护大熊猫，保护生物多样性。

第二篇文章是一篇关于城市化对鸟类栖息地的影响的研究报告。

研究发现，城市化进程导致了许多鸟类栖息地的破坏和丧失。

城市化带来的人口增长和城市建设对鸟类的生存环境造成了威胁。

研究人员建议采取一些措施来保护鸟类栖息地，例如建立城市公园和保护区，限制城市扩张，减少噪音和空气污染等。

第三篇文章是一篇关于人工智能在医疗领域的应用的报道。

人工智能技术在医疗诊断、药物研发和患者管理等方面有着广泛的应用前景。

文章列举了一些人工智能在医疗中的具体应用案例，例如通过深度学习算法进行癌症诊断，利用机器学习预测疾病风险等。

人工智能的应用可以提高医疗效率和准确性，但也面临着一些挑战，例如数据隐私和伦理问题。

文章最后呼吁医疗行业和政府加强监管，确保人工智能的安全和可靠性。

第四篇文章是一篇关于气候变化对海洋生态系统的影响的研究报告。

研究发现，气候变化导致了海水温度的上升和海洋酸化等问题，对海洋生态系统造成了严重的影响。

文章列举了一些海洋生物受到的威胁，例如珊瑚礁的白化和鱼类的迁徙等。

研究人员呼吁采取一些措施来减缓气候变化的影响，例如减少温室气体排放，保护海洋生态系统等。

以上是对2020年英语一阅读部分四篇文章的详细解析。

每篇文章都涉及到了不同的主题，包括保护动物、城市化对环境的影响、人工智能在医疗领域的应用以及气候变化对海洋生态系统的影响。

文章中提出了问题，并给出了一些解决方案和建议。

2020年英一阅读解析

2020年英一阅读解析在英语考试中，阅读理解一直是重中之重，尤其是在考研英语中，阅读理解更是占据了半壁江山。

本文将针对2020年英语一考试中的阅读理解进行解析，帮助考生更好地理解考试要求和解题技巧。

一、考试要求在2020年英语一考试中，阅读理解部分共有四篇文章，总长度在500字左右。

题型包括选择题（通常为细节题）和主观题（如概括主旨、推理判断、词义猜测等）。

考生需要从所给选项中选出最佳答案，或者根据文章内容进行推断、概括等。

考试时间为60分钟。

二、解题技巧1. 快速阅读：在考试开始前，考生应快速浏览文章和题目，了解文章主题和题型特点，以便在答题时更有针对性。

2. 细节阅读：对于选择题，考生应仔细阅读题目中的细节信息，并在文章中寻找相应的信息点。

此时，考生应关注时间、数字、专有名词等具体信息，避免被干扰项迷惑。

3. 推理阅读：对于需要推理和判断的主观题，考生应结合文章主旨和细节信息进行推理，从而得出正确答案。

此时，考生应关注作者的语气、态度和文章中的暗示信息。

4. 词汇理解：在阅读过程中，考生应注重词义猜测，通过上下文语境和词根词缀等方法猜测生词含义。

对于一些关键词汇，考生应特别注意，因为它们可能是正确答案的提示。

三、真题解析以下以2020年英语一考试阅读理解真题为例，进行详细解析。

例题：原文中出现了“in recent years”，结合上下文可以推断出文章的主题应该是关于环保的。

在回答问题时，考生应关注文章中关于环保措施、环境污染等方面的细节信息。

例如，文章中提到了一些环保组织积极开展环保活动，呼吁人们减少使用塑料袋等。

因此，正确答案应该是与环保组织、环保活动等相关的选项。

四、总结在备考过程中，考生应注重提高自己的阅读速度和理解能力，掌握基本的解题技巧。

同时，考生还应注重词汇积累和语法知识的巩固，为阅读理解打下坚实的基础。

通过不断地练习和总结，考生可以逐步提高自己的阅读水平，在考试中取得更好的成绩。

历年考研英语试题长难句分析(2020英语一text1)

历年考研英语试题长难句分析（2020英语一text1）大家还一定要多做梳理，查漏补缺，放眼全局，把复习过以及没复习到的地方梳理一遍，下面传媒研考小编整理了复习资料，希望可以帮助到大家!首先我们先来看下面的例子，这句话出自于2020考研英语第一篇阅读。

Restrictions that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas -city centres,"school streets", even individual roads-are a response to the absence of a larger effort to properly enforce existing regulations and require auto companies to bring their vehicles into compliance.一部分同学一看到这种长句子心里就慌，觉得太难了。

但是这个句子大家只要认真分析就会觉得其实也很简单。

面对这种长句子，我们先来断句，长句子拆成小单位之后就容易理解了。

首先，我们可以根据标点符号，在破折号处划开，划开为三个部分(破折号中间的内容部分，不再根据逗号划开，因为逗号并列的部分太短)：1.Restrictions that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas2.city centres,"school streets", even individual roads3.are a response to the absence of a larger effort to properly enforce existing regulations and require auto companies to bring their vehicles into compliance.但是这里的第三部分仍然较长，我们再进一步划分。

2020考研英语一阅读text1

文本内容：As we all know, COVID-19, a novel coronavirus, has spread globally since its outbreak in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The impact of the virus has been widespread, leading to social, economic, and health-related disruptions across the world. In the midst of this global crisis, it is crucial for individuals to stay informed and take the necessary precautions to protect themselves and others from the virus.1. The Origins and Spread of COVID-19The COVID-19 virus, officially named SARS-CoV-2, is believed to have originated in bats and may have been transmitted to humans through another animal host at a seafood market in Wuhan. Since then, the virus has rapidly spread to other countries, leading to widespread outbreaks and a pandemic declaration by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020.2. The Impact on Public HealthThe rapid spread of COVID-19 has placed immense str本人n on healthcare systems worldwide. Hospitals and medical facilities have faced challenges in providing adequate care for thoseinfected with the virus, leading to shortages of medical supplies, intensive care unit beds, and healthcare workers. Additionally, the virus has disproportionately affected vulnerable populations, including the elderly and individuals with underlying health conditions.3. Economic DisruptionsThe global economy has suffered significant disruptions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Lockdowns, travel restrictions, and social distancing measures have led to the closure of businesses, a rise in unemployment, and a decline in consumer spending. Governments have implemented various economic relief measures to support businesses and individuals impacted by the pandemic.4. Social and Behavioral ChangesThe pandemic has also brought about significant changes in societal behavior and norms. Practices such as wearing masks,m本人nt本人ning physical distance, and frequent handwashing have bemonplace to mitigate the spread of the virus. Additionally, many individuals have adapted to remote work and virtual forms of social interaction toply with public health guidelines.5. The Role of Science and ResearchEfforts tobat COVID-19 have been driven by scientific research and collaboration. The development of vaccines, antiviral drugs, and diagnostic tests has been a priority for the global scientificmunity. Furthermore, researchers have worked to understand the transmission dynamics of the virus and its impact on human health, contributing to the development of public health strategies.6. The Importance of Education and AwarenessAmid the pandemic, educating the public about the virus and its prevention measures has been paramount. Public health authorities and organizations have disseminated information about COVID-19 through various channels, including websites, social media, and public service announcements. It is crucial for individuals to stay informed and adhere to public health guidelines to protect themselves and others.7. Looking Towards the FutureAs the world continues to grapple with the ongoing challenges posed by COVID-19, it is essential to rem本人n vigilant and united in our efforts to ovee the pandemic. Vaccination camp本人gns, continued research, and international collaboration will be crucial in mitigating the impact of the virus and preventing future outbreaks. It is important for individuals to rem本人n informed, adaptable, and resilient in the face of this global crisis.结语In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic has had far-reaching consequences on public health, the economy, and societal behavior. It is imperative for individuals to stay informed, follow public health guidelines, and support efforts tobat the virus. By working together and rem本人ning resilient, we can ovee the challenges posed by COVID-19 and pave the way for a healthier and more secure future.。

2020考研英语：有关试题经典长难句解析一

2020考研英语：有关试题经典长难句解析一考研英语有许多题目组成，方便大家及时了解，下面由出国留学网小编为你精心准备了“2020考研英语：有关试题经典长难句解析一”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯!2020考研英语：有关试题经典长难句解析一 It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself. 1.重点词汇及短语： describe…with… 用……描述…… articulate 【生义】v. 清楚地表达，描述【熟义】adj. 明晰清楚的 reaction n. 反应 grasp v. 理解，领会(尤指复杂的事情或观点) 2.句子成分分析：本句为主从复合句，主干是It is also the reason...。

why引导定语从句，解释说明the reason。

定语从句中包含了一个时间状语从句when we try to describe music with words。

关系副词why引导限定性定语从句，修饰先行词reason，在定语从句中充当原因状语。

例如： He didn’t tell me the reason why he was so upset. 从句引导词选用关系副词why还是关系代词that/which，取决于先行词reason在从句中充当的成分：先行词reason在从句中作副词性成分，应该用why。

例如：Please tell me the reason why he was late.(先行词reason在从句中作原因状语);先行词reason在从句中作名词性成分，应该用that/which。

例如：Please tell me the reason that/which made him late.(先行词reason在从句中作主语) 3.参考译文：这也是为什么当我们试图用语言描述音乐时，我们只能表达出自己对音乐的感受，而无法领悟音乐本身。

2020考研英语：长难句每日一句翻译解析（1）

2020考研英语：长难句每日一句翻译解析（1）考研英语有许多题目组成，方便大家及时了解，下面由小编为你精心准备了“2020考研英语：长难句每日一句翻译解析(1)”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯!2020考研英语：长难句每日一句翻译解析（1）For example，a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals-no meat， no fur， no medicines.译文：例如，在近期的一次集市上，一位供职于动物权利宣传点的慈祥的女士分发小册子，规劝人们不要使用动物制品和动物实验制品——肉类、毛皮、药物。

点睛：本句的主干为a…woman…was distributing a brochure…。

现在分词短语staffing an animal rights booth作woman的后置定语，brochure后面跟有一个由that引导的定语从句，限定修饰brochure；该定语从句中的anything之后也跟有一个定语从句限定修饰anything。

grandmotherly的意思为“老祖母似的；慈祥的”，类似的还有fatherly“父亲般的；慈祥的”，mothedy“像母亲的，慈母般的”；staff在此句中作动词，意为“作为雇员”。

fair在句中作名词，意为“集会”。

distribute有“分发；分配；散布”等意思，在本句中意为“分发，散发”。

They had distributed the lands among the peasants.他们把土地分给农民。

2020年全国硕士研究生招生考试(英语一)参考答案及解析

2020年全国硕士研究生招生考试（英语一）参考答案及解析SectionⅠUse of English【1】A.on解析：在某一天，用介词on.【2】B.Match解析：考察动词，很少有别的美食愉悦可以与之媲美，只有这个符合原文。

【3】A.enjoyment解析：由this可知回指上文的pleasure.【4】C.guarantee解析：空前这种愉悦应该成为另外一种罪恶愉悦，后文是损害健康，所以应该是肯定会损害我们的健康。

【5】D.issued解析：考察动词，英国食品标准局(FSA)应该是公开或者发布警告。

【6】A.at解析：和温度搭配只能用at。

【7】C.avoid解析：上文提到这种化合物在高温下烹饪的一些食物中会形成以及会损害健康，所以应该是要避免这类食物。

【8】D.partially解析：考察副词，修饰toast烤，前文提到要避免这类烧烤土豆片，拒绝薄皮披萨，所以只能是部分烤面包。

【9】D.while解析：研究表明丙烯酰胺会对小鼠造成神经损伤和没有确凿的证据表明它会对人类造成癌症之间存在让步关系，所以选择while尽管。

【10】B.conclusive解析：考察形容词，修饰证据，只有conclusive确凿的最符合语境。

【11】B.likely解析：后文提到没有科学证据，所以前文应该是可能致癌likely.【12】D.on the basic of解析：根据语义，应该是基于预防原则，可以认为遵循FSA的建议是明智的，所以选择D。

【13】A.advisable解析：考察形容词，根据语义，应该是遵循建议是明智的。

【14】C.after all解析：考察逻辑联系词，后文提到吸烟导致癌症的传言已经流传了多年，所以此处毕竟更合适。

【15】B.connection解析：上文一直提到的是高温下烧烤的食物应该可能会损害我们健康，所以食物和致癌之间应该存在的是联系，其他选项不符。

【16】A.served解析：固定短语serve up端上饭菜等，主语为牛肉等食物，所以serve最合适。

2020年考研英语一新视角下的阅读理解真题及答案分析

2020年考研英语一新视角下的阅读理解真题及答案分析考研英语一新视角下的阅读理解题型在过去几年逐渐增加，要求考生具备更高的阅读理解能力。

本文将选取一道真题，对其进行分析，帮助考生更好地理解和解答该题。

题目：Passage 1The most striking thing about the early history of bridge designs is not their diversity (多样性) but their similarity. Despite all the extraordinary variety of designs, all bridges share the same principle of balance. In physics and engineering, there are three types of stresses: tension (拉力), compression (压力), and shear (剪力). All three type of stresses are present in every bridge design. However, the physical elegance of a well-designed bridge lies in the way it directs and balances these forces.The suspension bridge is the most common form of bridge. The characteristic feature of suspension bridges is that they hang from the ends and the weight of the bridge is directed straight downward. The compression and tension forces can thus be evenly balanced. This design creates a much stronger and more stable bridge structure.Truss bridges are one of the oldest types of modern bridges. A truss bridge is made of steel beams that have been joined together in a certain pattern. The pattern of the truss can vary depending on the location of the bridge, but the principle remains the same: the weights of the traffic on thebridge are directed downward and supported by the truss structure. By distributing the force, truss bridges are able to create a stable structure that can support heavy loads.Arch bridges are another common form of bridge design. These bridges are made of arch-shaped structures that distribute the force of the weights on the bridge. The shape of the arch allows the weight to be directed downwards and supported by the arch structure, creating balance. Arch bridges are often used for short spans because they can support heavy loads without using massive materials.The cantilever bridge is a more modern bridge design. It utilizes large beams that are anchored on one side and extended outwards. This design allows for the force of the weight to be distributed and balanced on both sides of the bridge. Cantilever bridges are often used for long spans and have a unique and recognizable appearance.Questions 1-5Complete the sentences below with words taken from Passage 1.Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.1. The design of all bridges is based on the principle of ________.2. Suspension bridges hang from the _______ and the weight of the bridge is directed straight downward.3. Truss bridges are made of steel beams that are joined together ina certain _______.4. Arch bridges distribute the _______ of the weights on the bridge.5. In cantilever bridges, large beams are anchored on one side and _______ outwards.参考答案及解析：1. balance答案出处：第一段第三句，Despite all the extraordinary variety of designs, all bridges share the same principle of balance.（尽管设计各异，所有桥梁都共享平衡的相同原则。

2020考研英语：阅读每日一句解析(一)

2020考研英语：阅读每日一句解析(一) 考研英语有许多题目组成，方便大家及时了解，下面由出国留学网小编为你精心准备了“2020考研英语：阅读每日一句解析(一)”，持续关注本站将可以持续获取更多的考试资讯! 2020考研英语：阅读每日一句解析(一) The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. 句子的解析：词汇突破：1. reasoned about 思考 2. precise 精确 3. nothing but 不过 4. it is simply 也就是;仅仅是; 确定主干：并列句一： The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind. 科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式并列句二： it is simply the mode (of expression) 也就是表达方式其他成分：by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. 定语从句对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨解释的参考译文：1)科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。

2020考研英语一真题及解析

43题要求判断什么因素有助于基于SBTC的高科技产业的持续发展？客观细节题。后文提到“Furthermore, the relative decline in the wages of low-skilled workers has contributed to a fall in the prices of their non-traded goods and services, which benefits low-skilled consumers.”说明A选项是正确的。
D. SBTC has led to the rise in the relative demand for high-skilled workers.
43. What has contributed to the continued growth of high-tech industries based on SBTC?
Income inequality in the United Stateshas been increasing since the 1970s, particularly in the states of the East and West coasts. Although the causes are debated, based on extensive evidence we argue that the dominating force has been skill-biased technological change (SBTC), which has increased the demand for high-skilled workers more than the demand for low-skilled workers.

2020年考研英语(一)真题~阅读理解答案

2020年考研英语（一）阅读理解答案Text121C这道题是细节题。

题干问库珀和她的同事们认为“文化之城”这一奖项可能会怎样可以定位在第一段第三句：“Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull,……”“赫尔之冠”的成功并不局限于城市，它为赫尔带来了2.2亿欧元的投资和大量艺术作品。

英国的城镇，确实没有被阻止申请，但他们通常缺乏资源来凑齐一点来击败他们更大的竞争对手。

有人认为，“文化之城”奖可以成为一项年度活动，吸引资金并创造就业机会。

所以能看出答案是C.增强英国城镇的经济实力。

22B该题是推断题,题干问:根据第二段，这一提议或许会被一些人认为是…….。

可以定位在第二段第一句“Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that……”“有些人可能会把这个提议看作是一个嘘声，因为英国已经不能再申请更有声望的欧洲文化之都的称号了……”能看出来有些人是持反面态度的。

很多人不认识boo，但是也能从后面的on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for,在绝望地为英国退欧后的世界重塑形象之际，英国即将消失在一场无休止的自我庆祝热潮之中.接下来几个反问句，能看出来是一种自我欺骗的尝试，所以选择B。

23D该题也是细节题,题干问:作者认为这个头衔的持有者是成功的只要它……可以定位到第三段第三句，这些头衔真正成功的持有者，是那些除了为酒店带来收入、带来引人注目的艺术活动和一年的良好报道之外，还做了很多事情的人。

它们转变了当地居民的愿望;他们将城市的自我形象推向更大胆、更乐观的一面。

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