钟平--英汉机械化翻译公式

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机械工程英语的翻译技巧_冉明志

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外国语文 dead loads，which include the weight of all the parts of the structure，and live loads，which are due to the weight of people，movable equipment，etc．译文: 一个结构物受到的荷载可以分为静载和活载两种。静载包括该结构物各部分的重量。活载是由于人、可移动的设备等的重量所造成的。以上是机械工程英语复杂长句的一般译法。当采用其在仔细推敲的中一种方法翻译有些复杂长句比较困难时，基础上，需要采取几种译法，或按时间顺序，或按逻辑顺序，、，有顺有逆有主有次地对英语原文进行处理按照汉语表达习惯和专业规范准确、通顺、简练地译出。 2．被动语态的译法由于机械工程英语文献主要阐述客观事实和自然规律，一般着重陈述事物的相互关系和演变过程以及科学理论的逻辑推理和演绎论证的结果，因此，文句强调的重点往往在于动作和事物现象之间的关系以及动作的结果，而非该动作是由谁实施的。为此，机械工程英语文献广泛采用被动语态，翻译成汉语时可作灵活多变的处理。机械工程英语中被动语态的常用译法主要有以下几种。 2． 1 译成汉语被动句在翻译过程中，若要保留英语句子原来的主语，则可使 “被 ” 、 “由” “将 ” 、 “使 ” 、 “加以” “予以 ” 、 “是……的 ” 用或或 “为……所……” ，或译成汉语被动句。如 Stress components associated with the y and z axes can be defined in a similar manner．译为: y 和 z 轴方向的应力分量可按类似的方法加 ( 予) 以确定; 又如 A great deal of information concerning the characteristics of materials may be obtained from a standard tension test．译为: 有关材料特性的许多数据是可以通过标准拉伸试验得到的。 2． 2 译成汉语主动句 “被 ” 有时可以省去字或改变谓语结构( 如将英语句子的谓语动词该译成汉语的动宾结构) 或另立主语( 把英语句子的主语改译成汉语译句的宾语，并酌情另立主语，从而改译成汉语主动句。汉语译句的主语一般可以由英语句子的 “我们 ” 状语改译，有时可以另立泛指一切人的为译句的主语) ，译成汉语主动句形式。如 The elongation per unit length of the bar is called unit strain．译为: 杆件单位长度的伸长叫做单位变形; 又如 The elastic limit is usually obtained by finding the torque corresponding to Johnson’ s elastic limit．译为: 通常，求出约翰逊弹性极限相应的扭矩，则弹性极限可以得到求解; 再如 The mechanical properties of the metal are greatly quality generated improved by the rolling process，and a highprofile is obtained at the same time．译为: 滚轧加工工艺不但大大改善了金属的机械性能，而且所加工出的齿廓质量。很高 2． 3 译成汉语无主句在机械工程英语翻译实践中，有时可以将英语句子的主语译成汉语译句动词的宾语或介词的宾语，但不另立主

日汉翻译技巧与实例解析

日汉翻译技巧与实例解析-标准化文件发布号：（9556-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII书信常用词汇●开头语与结束语的搭配以及使用方法开头语与结束语有许多组合搭配的方式，看起来似乎很繁杂，但是实际上经常使用的组合是非常有限的。

我们可以先最低限度地记住一些基本组合，在日常生活中将之灵活运用。

当有特别郑重的场合可以事先记住一些其它的表达方法。

拝」：再次叩拜行礼其他结尾词都为“敬上”的意思。

·「走筆ご容赦」：潦草书写，敬请原谅其他的同类开头语都是“匆匆奉闻”之意。

「不一」：意兴未尽「草々」：匆忙之中未能尽表心中之意·「冠省」与「前略」相同，都表示“请原谅我省略前言”的意思。

「不乙」「不尽」与「不一」同义，「怱怱」与「草々」同义·「拝誦」：拜读「拝披」：恭敬地打开来信「貴酬」「謹酬」：谨此回信·「かしこ」：谨上「あらあらかしこ」与「草々」同义常用季节寒暄语正式的书信以及业务往来的信函往往使用惯用的季节寒暄用语。

在日常的书信中则可以根据自己对季节的感受，尝试自创一些时令的寒暄语。

（●郑重场合使用的惯用语；■一般的例句）问安以及其他常用寒暄用语序文中，在时令寒暄语之后是互问安康的寒暄用语以及日常的道谢、道歉等寒暄用语。

这些寒暄用语大部分作为惯用表达已经模式化了，可以以此为参考，根据常用的结尾寒暄用语结尾的寒暄用语，并不需要将以下的所有内容悉数照搬，可自行根据正文进行组合搭配。

如与收信人是较为亲密的朋友，则也可以在以下例句的基础进行一些适当的改动。

审校：田村光博（日）主编：韩小龙郑艳副主编：周凌叶郁伟忠目录第一章、脱离文化背景造成的误译 (4)第一节、社会背景不同造成的误译 (4)第二节、表达习惯不同造成的误译 (5)第三节、文化背景试译练习 (5)第二章、偏离语境的误译 (16)第一节、语言性语境的误译 (16)第二节、非语言性语境的误译 (18)第三章、漏译造成的理解错误 (28)第一节、漏译误译简析 (28)第二节、漏词、漏句造成的误译 (29)第三节、漏“义”造成的误译 (44)第四章、增译的利与弊 (51)第一节、增译误译简析 (51)第二节、因增译而生益 (52)第三节、因增译而生弊 (58)第五章、日译汉中语法的误译（1） (61)第一节、日译汉语法误译简析 (61)第二节、主语、对象语的误译 (63)第三节、被动句的对象误译 (74)第四节、敬语的误译 (77)第六章、日译汉中语法的误译（2） (80)第一节、助词、助动词等的误译 (80)第二节、句子关联结构的误译 (91)第三节、其他个别语法错误的误译 (100)第七章、日语词义的灵活意译与创新 (99)第一节、日译汉灵活意译简析 (99)第二节、名词、形容词、形容动词等词类意译 (99)第三节、日译汉短语意译 (99)第八章、短语与惯用句的误译 (116)第一节、短语与惯用句误译简析 (116)第二节、短语的误译 (130)第三节、惯用语的误译 (130)第九章、体言、用言的误译 (130)第一节、体言、用言误译简析 (130)第二节、名词的误译 (130)第三节、动词的误译 (153)第四节、形容词的误译 (153)第五节、形容动词的误译 (153)第十章、其他词类的误译 (165)第一节、其他词类误译简析 (165)第二节、副词的误译 (178)第三节、语气词的误译 (178)第四节、拟声拟态词的误译 (178)第十一章、多义词的辨析 (187)第一节、多义词误译简析 (187)第二节、「いたい」翻译实例 (187)第十二章、文章、片段等中日对比翻译 (195)第一节、《家族写真》原文及其译文 (195)第二节、《伪装》原文及其译文 (195)第三节、《法庭的需要证人》原文及其译文 (195)第一章、文化背景不同造成的误译文化与生活密不可分，文化是生活的内涵，生活是文化的载体。

李海平老师笔译全书

英汉翻译教案Unit 1 翻译概述1.1 翻译的定义与分类翻译是把一种语言文字所表达的思维内容用另一种语言表达出来的双语转换过程或结果。

翻译是一种语言活动过程，又是该活动的结果。

翻译是创造性实践活动，它形成于社会、文化和语言现实之中，同时又为促进社会、文化和语言发展服务。

语言是文化的载体，翻译过程涉及两种语言、两种社会文化；是通过语言机制的转换连接或沟通自身文化和异国文化的桥梁；是具有不同语言文化背景的人互相交际、交流思想，达到相互了解的媒介。

翻译属于交叉学科，它与语言学、符号学、修辞学、心理学、人类学等有着密切联系。

它正在发展成为一个自成体系的独立学科——翻译学。

翻译又是一门艺术。

翻译美学是翻译学的不可分割的组成部分。

翻译是一种融理论、技能、艺术于一体的语言实践活动。

翻译一般分为三类：（1）按翻译手段可分为：口译（interpretation）、笔译（translation）和机器翻译（machine translation）。

（2）按源出语（sourced language）和目的语（target language）的关系，可分为：a）语际翻译（interlingual translation：指发生在不同语言之间的翻译活动，诸如英汉互译、法英互译等。

）b）语内翻译（intralingual translation：指同一语言内部进行的翻译，如方言与民族共同语，古语与现代语等。

）c）符际翻译（intersemiotic translation：指不同符号之间进行的翻译，此类翻译往往只限于通讯及保密等工作。

）（3）按翻译题材，可分为政论翻译、应用文翻译、科技翻译、文学翻译等。

不同类型的翻译有着不同的要求，学习时应注意它们的共性和个性。

1.2 翻译的过程1.3 翻译的标准Unit 2 翻译标准练习练习1： It may be safely assumed that, two thousand years ago, before Caesar set foot in southern Britain, the whole countryside visible from the windows of the room, in which I write, was in what is called ‘the state of nature’.(1)赫胥黎独处一室之中，在英伦之南，背山而面野，槛外诸境，历历如在目下。

汉英机器翻译中时体态处理

汉英机器翻译中时体态处理程节华，戴新宇，陈家骏，王启祥南京大学计算机软件新技术国家重点实验室南京大学计算机科学与技术系，南京，210093摘要作为机器翻译系统，我们必须处理目标语中句子的时态和体态。

本文介绍了汉语中句子的时体态形式，给出了汉语中时态、体态抽取分析算法,归纳出汉英机器翻译时时体态转换规则，介绍了时体态处理系统流程。

关键词机器翻译, 汉语，英语，时体态抽取, 时体态转换中图分类号：TP3910 前言句子的时态提供了说话的时间和句子中所阐述的事件二者之间的时间关系。

无论是自然语言理解和自然语言生成，还是机器翻译中都少不了时态方面的分析。

然而在汉语和英语中，其表示时态的方法是不同的。

英语中，句子的时态是通过动词的形态变化来表示的，而汉语中没有动词的形态变化，也没有明显的时态标记，其时间表达是隐性的，其时态只能由副词、助词、时间短语、上下文信息等来表示。

严格地说，汉语传统意义上的时态概念比较模糊，运用自然语言逻辑方法对汉语时间语义特征进行研究。

本文针对汉语提出时态（tense）和体态（aspect）的概念，分析汉语句子中表达的时体态，并将其转换成英语中相应的时体态，完成汉英句子的翻译。

本文首先介绍汉语句子时体态形式，然后给出汉语时态、体态分析抽取算法，最后介绍汉英时态转换策略。

1汉语中句子时和态抽取分析算法汉语句子的时态、体态比较复杂，各家分类标准不一。

而英语只有16种时态：一般过去时、一般现在时、一般将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在进行时、将来进行时、过去进行时、过去将来完成时、现在完成进行时、将来完成进行时、过去完成进行时、过去将来时、过去将来进行时、过去将来完成进行时。

根据汉语的特点和汉英时体态转换的方便，本文将汉语的体态分为以下几种：实现态、一般态、进行态、经历态和将行态。

汉语中表示时间的概念形式有：过去时、现在时、将来时。

由于汉语中没有动词的形式变化，所以其时体态形式只能通过一些特定的词以及上下文信息来表示，其中包括副词、助词以及时间短语等。

考研英语(二)强化班-翻译(钟平)课件

Although not so world widely accepted, people who are emotionally weak in daily business are often losers who are not able to fulfill any fruitful achievements in their lifetime that they endure.Science developed as an autonomous method of intellectual inquiry that successfully disengaged itself from the social constrains of organized religion and from the political constrains of the centralized modern authority.Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.Private businessmen. striving to make profits, produce these goods andservices in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced.Under a system deployed on the white house website for the first time at last time, those who want to send a message to President Bush must now navigate as many as nine web pages and fill out a detailed form that starts by asking whether the sender of the message supports the white house policy or differs with it.These comments, whether accepted, clarified the norms and requirements of the covenant which was already in power in practice and enabled the committee to make a significant contribution to the justice promotion in a particular right or issue, while other article has failed to function as has been expected in those meetings which was held with great hope.The American economic system is organized around a basicallyprivate-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind and it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.Science moves forward，they say，not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.In short，a leader of the new school contends，the scientific revolution，as we call it，was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.Over the years，tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa（反之）often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.During this transfer，traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Under modern conditions，this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the farreaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century，whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with across-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. Tylor defined culture as “… that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”Being interested in the relationship of the language and thought，Whorf developed the idea that the structure of the language determines the structure of habitual thought in a societyWhorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which，in its strongest from，states that language imprisons the mind，and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce farreaching consequences for the culture of a societyI shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems .Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience ; but this effect is not a part of its original motive。

丁衡祁：汉英英汉翻译的“特效处理”

丁衡祁：汉英英汉翻译的“特效处理”在翻译中文的标语口号、广告语句或其他特殊题材、体裁的内容时，有时会感到十分棘手。

此外，从有些关于翻译技巧的专著或文章中，偶尔也看到一些引用的翻译难题例子。

对于那些翻译上的“疑难杂症”，不但要有正确的处理方法，而且还要在态度上正确对待，不能望文生义，简单从事。

本文拟就此做些初步的探讨，以期达到抛砖引玉的目的。

一．标语口号的翻译标语口号的基本特点是言简意赅；口头表达时有力量、有节奏、易上口；文字形式则简结醒目、耐人寻味。

标语口号虽然非常简短，但其内涵却十分丰富。

例如，北京的申奥口号“新北京、新奥运，”前半句是指北京这个城市的新形象、新面貌和新观念；后半句是指有关奥运会的新概念（绿色奥运、人文奥运、科技奥运）和新水平（管理水平、组织水平、竞赛水平）。

如果我们把“新北京、新奥运，”直译为New Beijing, New Olympics,虽然与原文在字面上的意思是一致的，但New Olympics却有可能引起歧义，好像要把奥运会改头换面，搞成另外一种模式似的。

可能是为了避免误解，翻译者对这一口号采取了一半直译一半意译的做法，将它翻译成New Beijing, Great Olympics。

但是这种译法也有问题，因为great一词在这里没有多实际意义（根据《朗文当代英语词典》，它的常用意思大体上包括：very good, excellent; very suitable; a lot, very much; large; important; influential等）。

据说，一位在北京居住了十多年的澳大利亚朋友指出：Great Olympics中的great一词毫无意义（meaningless）。

显然，Great Olympics无法表达“新奥运”的深刻内涵。

那么“新北京，新奥运”到底如何翻译为好呢？这里提出两个选择供参考：一是New Face to Beijing, New Phase to Olympics（面貌一新的北京立志要把奥运会推向一个新阶段；其特点是face与phase同音）。

钟平考研英语长难句100句解析(免费分享)

考研阅读历年真题长难句荟萃1. The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.4. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.5. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.6. Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.7. Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.8. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.9. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.10. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.11. If its message were confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult if notimpossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising wound be so boring that no one wound pay any attention.12. The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts.13. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.14. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time--consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.15. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.16. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B type fellows.17. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.18. The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programs are now the subject of a nation wide debate in Britain.19. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC--including ordinary listeners and viewer to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.20. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large profess signal element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.21. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.22. Towns like Bournemouth and East bourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that ofdrawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.23. The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good.24. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.25. Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology；the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological.26. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, "A technologist thinks about objects that can not be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process...The designer and the inventor.., are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist".27. Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheel, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea".28. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programs and, tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.29. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: "This book stands for reason itself." And so it does-and all wound be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.30. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.31. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back.32. In Australia- where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.33. There are, of course, exceptions. Small--minded officials, rude waiters, and ill mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.34. We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.35. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant with drawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.36. "Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?" Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. "You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?"37. "The test of any democratic society, he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column', "lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be..."38. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders' meeting, Levin asserted that "music is not the cause of society's ills" and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students.39. Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" of "a touch on the brakes" ，makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth.40. Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since, conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack.41. The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.42. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.43. New ways of organizing the workplace--all that re-engineering and downsizing--are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training,44. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.45. Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from Science and Reason" , held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis) information, which assembled last June near Buffalo.46. A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.47. The 'true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.48. This development--and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead--has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.49. Often they choose--and still are choosing--somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.50. As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970's, to 18.5 percent--little more than two thirds the 1960's growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.51. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.52. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of the plates with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior.53. Wearing a seat belt saves lives; it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half.54. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary--the dangers of drug interactions, for example--and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.55. At the same time, the American Law Institute--a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight--issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.56. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers.57. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.58. An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical education reform.59. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently access how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.60. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.61.But,for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.62. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.63. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning".64. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo's life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.65. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.66. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.67. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team."68. The grand mediocrity of today--everyone being the same in survival and number of off-spring--means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribe.69. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.70. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right--it can hardly be classed as Literature.71. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river--and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, "Pluff! Pluff!" A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."72. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male- domiated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.73. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents".74. With economic growth has come centralization: fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, tow-generation households.75. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.76. Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs--the locations, place names and name brands may change, but suchitems do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.77. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.78. No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professional and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not share its values.79. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom.80. A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.81. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for a mateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century.82. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.83. Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low--level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head--scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.84. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&M wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands.85. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress promoted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming "I wanted to spend more time with my family."86. I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life", and making thealternative move into "downshifting brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.87. While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline-after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late ' 80s-and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class down shifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.88. For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the' 80s, down-shifting in the mid' 90s is not so much a search for the mythical good lift-growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one-as a personal recognition of your limitations.89. If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it' 11 be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman' s notorious bad taste in ties.90. There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their handsaone91. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least' a few decisions for themselves-goals that pose a real challenge.92. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.93. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25---0.5% of GDP.94. One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.95. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects--a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen--is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.96. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficientmediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."97. On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted—suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.98. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end--of--life care.99. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing new.100. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.考研阅读历年真题长难句翻译参考1.美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。

凯迪老师课前预习

用一个公式带你瞬间秒懂中英文互切逻辑
每晚20点直播无回放！务必安排好上课时间！！
Day4
20:00
Day2
20:00
带你进阶公式：深入中英文对切 “灵魂”
Day3
20:00
迸发强烈学习单词欲望：带你从0构建超强万词记忆逻辑
回归强化公式：达到 “我亦无他，唯手熟尔” 的式巧学英语
——强化·公式推开新世界的大门课前预习
讲师钟平
一个公式带你秒懂天下英文
适用人群：
——用数学思维顿悟英文逻辑内核
1、需要应对各类考试的学生党
2、工作繁忙想提升英语先人一步晋升的工作党
3、想帮助孩子学习英语的宝爸宝妈
4、基础薄弱需快速提升的英语学习者
2
Day1
20:00
Day5
20:00
融会贯通境界：到篇章构建英文实战超能力
Day6
20:00
宛如涅槃重生：达到英文学习全面高潮
扫码关注公号，领取福利
3
课前预习大纲强化公式
1. 课前思考--------------------------P5 2. 课前预习：公式-------------------P6 3. 课前预习：单词-------------------P7 4. 课前预习：翻译-------------------P8
6
3.课前预习——单词
体现 reflect
高铁 high-speed railway 签署合同 sign a contract
Ease 放松 Lockdown 封锁
7
4.课前预习——翻译
上课之前，运用公式翻译以下句子。
1. 去年，我们学校修建了在上体育课的时候/可以让同学们用来提高肌肉力量的定语一堵攀岩墙. 2. A meeting between US President Donald Trump and the North Korean leader Kim Jong-un has ended.

机械英语词汇的特点及翻译_吴志芳

第6卷第1期中国水运 Vol.6 No.1 2008年 1月 China Water Transport January 2008收稿日期：2007-11-11作者简介：吴志芳陆凤珍武汉理工大学（430071）机械英语词汇的特点及翻译吴志芳陆凤珍摘要：本文以机械英语为例,主要从词汇方面探讨机械英语的语言特点和翻译技巧。

主要包括词汇的特点即：双重性、派生词构成法、缩略词和复合词的使用、以及词语搭配现象；翻译技巧主要从直译和转译方面进行讨论。

关键词：词汇特点翻译中图分类号：H059 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1006-7973（2008）01-0233-02一、引言随着现代科学技术的飞速发展以及国际间交流的日益频繁,机械英语翻译显得越来越重要和实用。

机械英语的特点是范围广,专业性强,注重条理性和逻辑性。

近年来,新领域、新课题的不断出现更拓展了机械英语的深度和广度,这就对机械英语的翻译提出了更新更高的求，本文就机械英语词汇的某些特点和翻译技巧作一些探讨。

二、机械英语的词汇特点 1．双重性，即一词多义性。

许多人在听英语授课或演讲时，常常会遇到“听清了”但“没听懂”这样的情况。

造成此种情形的原因很大程度上是由于英语中一词多义，一义多词的想象很普遍。

比如：do，make,take,这类普通动词在口语中，其词义多的惊人。

像body, work 这样一些很普通的词，用在不同的专业中，所表示的概念也不同。

work 在金属工艺方面，表示“工件”、“工作物”、 “加工”、“作业”、“工作”；在机械工程方面，表示“结构”、“机构”、“构件”；在电学方面，则表示“工作”、“制品＂等。

在机械英语中存在着大量的普通词汇，除基本词义外，在此领域又有不同的词义。

如 “film”一词，其基本词义是“电影，胶片”，而在机械英语中就是 “薄膜，膜层”的意思；“blank”,其基本词义是“空白”，而在机械英语中就是“坯料，半成品”；“wear”,其基本词义是“穿”，在此就是“磨损”的意思。

《英文观止》1-6课的视频学习笔记

钟平《英文观止》1-6课的视频学习笔记--Peng第一讲：24 mins1.任何一门语言都是一个集合，{中文}、{英文}、{日语}，由单词构成2.语言没有交集3.中文的“出”，英文的“E”4.读法、写法、发音都不是语言差异的标准，都不重要，语言的本质是“内容”5.语言的差别在于，根本原因在于：词的排列顺序不同6.口语不好的原因在于：无法快速进行词语的排序7.语言的本质是：排序8.排序是个单纯的数学问题：排列组合，逻辑组织，只换内容不换逻辑；9.（英文）和（中文）是：相同的词，按照不同的逻辑，排列而成的组合10.任何两组逻辑之间必然存在一种转换的方法，转化是固定的11.英文是x，中文是y，F(x)=y？主要研究：f的表达式12.语言学是理性的，充满理性思维的严密而非常高效的逻辑运行体系13.菜鸟：对长难句，以词为单位，逐词向前推进14.高手：庖丁解牛，目无全牛，整体和局部配合的思想，“全局”15.英文是由三种基本的算法框架构成的（IBM做软件）：介词、分词、从句16.三种基本的算法（介词、分词、从句）的组合顺序不同17.倒叙+并列不变序18.数学是上帝的语言19.机械化翻译公式20.例如：一个女的做了隆胸手术，一个男的看了后，4种表述：（“不”、“一”、“样”、“大“）A.不大一样B.不一样大C.一样不大D.大不一样第二讲：21 mins1.修饰和限定？定于，“定”确定，非限定=不能画范I love my father, who is good to me. I love girls who have long hair2.语言和词无关3.可数（可量化，有相对固定的单位）vs. 不可数（没有相对固定单位）money coin4.On(接触) Off（脱离）land on take off小鸟在（in）树上苹果在（on）树上例子：in on to off 几个介词，（北京、蒙古、英国、日本）在中国的北方第三讲：18 mins1.掌握两种语言各自的排序规则，才能掌握两者之间的转换f （知己知彼），建立“桥梁”2.六步走：（1）比较英汉逻辑排序的异同（2）主干定位(主+谓+宾)（3）“废话”的定位（4）定，状汉化（5）（6）3.英文：主干先行，废话后置商品演绎4.中文：反之。

考研报班了的想报班的都看过来啊!!!!到底报哪个辅导班真是纠结死啊!!

考研报班了的想报班的都看过来啊！！！！到底报哪个辅导班真是纠结死啊！！点击：428 回复：23作者：久久陆发表日期：2011-7-24 10:38:00那啥暑期班我没准备报觉得现在太早了现在我就自己先熟悉题型背背单词什么的还有专业课复习政治什么的都说现在复习太早所以还没下手啊！！现在想把开学之后的辅导班报好尼玛现在的辅导班太多了啊真是琳琅满目啊！！！我就考英语和政治不知道报什么班啊！！！新东方还是海天还是文登啊海天天啊还是什么啊！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！各位同道中人有没有了解的过来解答一下啊！！！以前的学长学姐也来回答一下a!!!!友情提醒：1.请遵守国家的法律法规，不发布违法违规信息，并对自己的行为承担全部民事和刑事责任。

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关注楼主收藏转发至天涯微博∙混了这么久天涯，终于.∙天涯商家∙更多>>作者：圈圈图案的窗帘回复日期：2011-07-2410:42:36@久久陆2011-7-24 10:38:00那啥暑期班我没准备报觉得现在太早了现在我就自己先熟悉题型背背单词什么的还有专业课复习政治什么的都说现在复习太早所以还没下手啊！！现在想把开学之后的辅导班报好现在的辅导班太多了啊真是琳琅满目啊！！！我就考英语和政治不知道报什么班啊！！！新东方还是海天还是文登啊海天天啊还是什么啊！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！各位同道中人有没有了解的过来解答一下啊！！！以前的学...........-----------------------------不用报，没意思当年报过，觉得英语毫无意义，考研复习的效果完全是在十二月份才能体现出来政治呢，怎么说的，辅导班给总结好了，拿着资料背诵确实比较轻松作者：圈圈图案的窗帘回复日期：2011-07-2410:43:33回复@久久陆2011-07-2410:41:46我只能说百度知道里好多人有打广告的嫌疑有木有！！！！！！！！！！！！感觉各种坑爹啊！！！还有那个视频班这个东西没上过啊是不是就给你发视频啊！！！这个好不好啊据说可以重复看什么的但是没有亲身去上课感觉还是有点坑爹啊！！！！用过的同志过来说下好不好用吗！！！！！-----------------------------不过这个时间你可以开始背单词了不要紧张，考什么专业呢？你说具体点，tyer好帮你啊，最近好多考研帖子啊作者：久久陆回复日期：2011-07-2410:44:10回复尼玛看了半天还是想报新东方啊有木有！！！但尼玛这价格贵的把我爹坑死了啊！！！！宿舍里的人1000+他妈就报了文登三科全程班啊！！！我1880就报一门英语还他妈就十几天啊！！！！！！！！他特么奢侈了啊！！！！！！还有那个vip包过班尼玛我有这钞票还考研干嘛啊！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！作者：久久陆回复日期：2011-07-2410:47:41回复@圈圈图案的窗帘2011-07-2410:42:36@久久陆2011-7-24 10:38:00那啥暑期班我没准备报觉得现在太早了现在我就自己先熟悉题型背背单词什么的还有专业课复习政治什么的都说现在复习太早所以还没下手啊！！现在想把开学之后的辅导班报好现在的辅导班太多了啊真是琳琅满目啊！！！我就考英语和政治不知道报什么班啊！！！新东方还是海天还是文登啊海天天啊还是什么啊！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！...........-----------------------------12月份啊！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！那那个月我岂不是要头悬梁什么的了啊！！！！！！其实我还是想老老实实复习个6个月啊！！！！！！这样心里安稳啊！！！！！！12月份的话我好怕我崩溃啊！！！！！！！！！！政治的话您报的啥班啊！！！！！！！！冲刺还是全程还是基础啥啊！！！！！！！作者：久久陆回复日期：2011-07-2410:49:31回复@圈圈图案的窗帘2011-07-2410:43:33@久久陆2011-07-2410:41:46我只能说百度知道里好多人有打广告的嫌疑有木有！！！！！！！！！！！！感觉各种坑爹啊！！！还有那个视频班这个东西没上过啊是不是就给你发视频啊！！！这个好不好啊据说可以重复看什么的但是没有亲身去上课感觉还是有点坑爹啊！！！！用过的同志过来说下好不好用吗！！！！！-----------------------------...........-----------------------------我学设计的我们只要考英语和政治两门公共课啊！！！！！没有高数爽的跟狗似地啊！！！！但是我们要考两门专业课啊！！！！！六小时快题啊苦逼有没有！！！！！！！！！作者：久久陆回复日期：2011-07-2410:50:55回复谁告诉我苏润是神马啊！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！三博士又是神马啊！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！作者：久久陆回复日期：2011-07-2410:53:37回复视频班到底怎么样啊！！！！！！！！！！！有没有高人推荐一点名师的啊！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！政治看谁的啊英语看谁的啊！！！！！！！！！！！作者：久久陆回复日期：2011-07-2410:56:13回复推荐答案下面着重讲一下南京的这些考研班。

钟平复试英语

首先说明一个问题，很多同学一个误区，认为是考英语的口语，当然听力是要考的，跟过去四六级的英语没有区别的，而且在难度上也差不多，但是口语上有一个误区，以为是考口语的能力，因为我有一个尝试告诉大家，英语的口语能力是不可能会在短期之内有所提高，不像写作的能力和单词的能力，如果不花几年的能力，他很难有质的提高，我说这一点不是想打击各位同学，有两点同学们要知道，第一点几乎90%以上考过初试以上的，英语口语都比较差，因为一年都没有复习，所以大家都一样，很少会有英语会很好的。

第二点，中国英语的口语考试，根据我的观点，是一个技巧性非常强的考试，我们的工作或者你复习的核心怎样把你本来的口语打扮的很好，通过一些技术性的一些安排。

这是你现在短期之内所要做的核心的内容。

如何把本来很差的英语包装得比较好这个你要首先知道他的题型弄清楚，考什么题目？分类是最好的办法口语考试的题目主要是这样几块，比如说第一块是自我介绍，自我介绍是第一大块。

第二大块是问答，就是老师跟你提问题你回答。

第三块比较难的就是话题的陈述，就是老师会给你一个话题，或者抽签，抽一个话题出来，这个话题一般都是比较难的话题，不是一些日常生活的话题，往往是一些，尤其考研的考试是一些成人世界的话题，比如环境污染，气候，或者安乐死，比较严肃的话题，让你用英语说两分钟，这个你看起来特别复杂，特别难。

第四类题目是讨论因为特往往是两三个人一起考的，一个比较快，还有一个可以比较。

那么讨论也是一种很大的题目。

最后一种是描述，会给你一幅图或者一个表格，或者漫画图之类的，让你用英语描述一分钟左右的时间，主要是这五类，当然不会都考。

一、口试评分标准一定要非常富有针对性，一个看题型，比如我拿最难的题型做例子，比如话题陈述，这个是绝大多数同学感到非常头疼的，我做考官的时候，感受很深刻的，因为这种话题陈述的题型不光考研复试有，在四六级的考试也有，我当时记得很多同学把这个题目拿到以后，无从下手，他们好像70、80%的人把题目拿到以后，就瞪我一眼，然后开始思考，这个很正常，因为这个话题说实话，你用汉语说也不一定说得很清楚。

英汉翻译技巧第五章英汉翻译中词类的转换[精]

词类的转换是英译汉中很重要的一种翻译技巧。词类转换就是在翻译过程
中为了准确自然表达源出语的精神，而在译入语表达中改变词汇单位词类，以通顺的语言忠实地表达原文的思想内容，进行有效的翻译。不同的语言，其词类类型与结构也不相同。译者在翻译过程中按照源出语的方式准确理解原文的逻辑关系，按照译入语的语言形式自然地表达原义。正确运用这一技巧,可以帮助我们获得弥补英汉两种语言现象和思维表达方式上的差异。词类转换在英译汉时一般有英语名词、介词、形容词或副词等转换为汉语动词；英语动词、副词转换为汉语名词；形容词、英语名词转换为汉语形容词、汉语副词；英语形容词转换为汉语名词、副词等。惟有如此，才能在忠实原文的前提下，摆脱原文形式的束缚，使自己的译文通顺流畅，更符合译文的语言规范。
我发现了郊外一处叫斯丹尼斯劳的美丽地方。这地方就像世外桃源。青翠欲滴、曲径通幽的山林中柔风轻轻吹拂着树枝。
Other men, also looking for gold, had reached the Stanislau
hills of California many years before I did. They had built a town in
英语中的某些名词、形容词、介词、副词，翻译时可转译成汉语中的动词。英语是以综合型为主的语言，它的一个显著特征是词缀丰富。这使得有些动词和形容词很容易派生为名词，从而使名词化现象非常常见（nominalization）。英译汉时，适当多考虑使用动词，以静转动，反之亦然。试看以下几个句子：
(4) “...and that government of the people，by the people，for the people ...”
两种语言的表达方式不同，原文中有的词在译文中需要转换词类，才能使汉语译文通顺自然。本例中出现的形容词weekly在译文里转换为了副词“每周”。

钟平--英汉机械化翻译公式

机械化英语‎翻译法————钟平老师基‎础版听课笔‎记简介：本方法主要‎是运用数学‎的逻辑思维‎，将长难句进‎行划分层次‎，然后运用所‎总结的公式‎进行翻译。

如果真正掌‎握后可以让‎语法近乎白‎痴的人在以‎后不会碰到‎翻译不了的‎句子，但切记：词汇是一切‎的根本。

一、英语之基本‎规则主干先行(主、谓、宾)，废话后置(定、状)二、主干的确定‎构成一句话‎的主要条件‎是：主语+谓语1> 谓语：a.划出所有动‎词；b.排除具有下‎列条件的动‎词：从句中的、句首状语、前面无助动‎词的分词、to do形式（谓语+to do除外，因为它整体‎作谓语）、活用的动词‎（如动词当名‎词用）* 单词的活用‎能通过运用‎简单词，让写出来的‎句子收到意‎想不到的效‎果。

例：Chine‎s e econo‎m y is bette‎r ing!(中国的经济‎越来越好）You were,are and will be in my heart‎.(你永远在我‎心中）2> 主语：a.句首的第一‎个名词性结‎构；b.第一个谓语‎前的第一个‎名词性结构‎。

名词性结构‎：名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式‎、从句、It+……+从句/to do;非名词性结‎构：介词短语中‎的名词性结‎构、从句中的名‎词性结构。

3> 宾语：每个谓语后‎面的名词性‎结构。

三、复杂英文模‎式之计算公‎式：[状语]+主语+(定语)+谓语+[小状语]+宾语+{定语或状语‎}例：[Altho‎u gh not so world‎widel‎y accep‎t ed],peopl‎e (who are emoti‎o nall‎y weak in daily‎busin‎e ss) are [often‎] loser‎s {who are not able to fulfi‎l any fruit‎f ul achie‎v emen‎t s in their‎lifet‎i me that they endur‎e}.子公式(无宾语模式‎)：[状语]+主语+(定语)+谓语+[小状语]* 宾语后一般‎都是定语，除非一开始‎就有表示状‎语的概念（如程度、方式、目的、结果、原因等）四、定状的汉化‎（核心）1> 前提：分别划出各‎定状层次，包括：a.分词结构b‎.从句c.介词短语。

逻辑英语第一季第一节

high-speed railway in Indonesia.
中国政府在上周与马来西亚签署了为马来西亚国家交通提供高速列车的合同。 The Chinese government signed with Malaysia last week a contract to provide high-speed trains for the national transportation of Malaysia.
3 宾语谓语后的独立名词结构宾语可以没有句=主+谓
He left.
He is smart.
中文主干的寻找（四句话看懂中文主干特点）： 1 不作死不会死 2 他很好 3 山无棱天地合，始敢与君绝 4 我的英语是体育老师传授的。
第三步：内部排序的运行算法
I know the man who is singing.
排序逻辑2
• 排序规则2: 并列不变序 • If 123 • 2 and 3 • So 231
• If 12345
• （23 ） and ( 45)
•x
y
• xy1
• 32 54 1
• 在工作中没有激情也没有想法的人不会有进步。
• A man without passion and without ideas at work will not make any progress.
这是一本书。 This is a book. 这是一本书吗？ Is this a book?
不大一样一镜！！！
（状 1）主（定1 ）谓（状2 ）（宾）（定2 \状1） (状1\定1）主（状2）谓（定2）（宾）（状1）
（状 1）主（定1 ）谓（状2 ）（宾）（定2 \状1） (状1\定1）主（状2）谓（定2）（宾）（状1）

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机械化英语翻译法————钟平老师基础版听课笔记简介：本方法主要是运用数学的逻辑思维，将长难句进行划分层次，然后运用所总结的公式进行翻译。

如果真正掌握后可以让语法近乎白痴的人在以后不会碰到翻译不了的句子，但切记：词汇是一切的根本。

一、英语之基本规则主干先行(主、谓、宾)，废话后置(定、状)二、主干的确定构成一句话的主要条件是：主语+谓语1> 谓语：a.划出所有动词；b.排除具有下列条件的动词：从句中的、句首状语、前面无助动词的分词、to do形式（谓语+to do除外，因为它整体作谓语）、活用的动词（如动词当名词用）* 单词的活用能通过运用简单词，让写出来的句子收到意想不到的效果。

例：Chinese economy is bettering!(中国的经济越来越好）You were,are and will be in my heart.(你永远在我心中）2> 主语：a.句首的第一个名词性结构；b.第一个谓语前的第一个名词性结构。

名词性结构：名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、从句、It+……+从句/to do;非名词性结构：介词短语中的名词性结构、从句中的名词性结构。

3> 宾语：每个谓语后面的名词性结构。

三、复杂英文模式之计算公式：[状语]+主语+(定语)+谓语+[小状语]+宾语+{定语或状语}例：[Although not so world widely accepted],people (who are emotionally weak in daily business) are [often] losers {who are not able to fulfil any fruitful achievements in their lifetime that they endure}.子公式(无宾语模式)：[状语]+主语+(定语)+谓语+[小状语]* 宾语后一般都是定语，除非一开始就有表示状语的概念（如程度、方式、目的、结果、原因等）四、定状的汉化（核心）1> 前提：分别划出各定状层次，包括：a.分词结构b.从句c.介词短语。

2> 状语的处理规则1 汉化位置：句子首尾或最近的谓语前面规则2 倒序 If ①②③④⑤则汉化结果为⑤④③②①规则3 并列不变序原则 If ①②③④⑤如果②、③之间的关系为并列(and)、转折(but)或选择(or)，则②、③的顺序不变。

即汉化结果为⑤④②③①；如果②③、④⑤直接存在上述关系，则汉化结果为③②⑤④①即将②③、④⑤分别看成两个整体，不变序，但内部依旧变序。

规则4 If ①②③④⑤如果②、③之间的关系为动词+从句的形式，则②、③的顺序也不变。

汉化结果为⑤④②③①。

3> 定语的处理规则1 位置：英语表达n.+①②③汉语表达③②①+n.(倒序然后放在名词前)规则2 句中有并列和v.+从句形式的处理与状语的处理的规则3、4相同。

规则3 逗号+定语从句形式：分开翻译，用逗号隔开，重复先行词，重新排序。

* 通常which翻译成“这”，who翻译成“其”。

规则4 介词+从句（如in which结构）分开翻译根据以上四个步骤，对下句作如下分析：例：The boy①who has been elected②in the meeting③last week④held ⑤by teachers⑥who are working⑦in that school⑧which located⑨in the center⑩of our city has nnounced a statement①11 saying that he will never give up searching②12for new materials③13 to replace the present one.1>找句子主干：The boy has announced a statement ；2>句子中无状语，故分析句子中的定语层次，标记如上句。

The boy后有10个定语，且没有连接词，故按状语——规则2进行排序翻译：在我们市中心的坐落的那个学校工作地教师所举行的上周的会议中被选举的男孩；a statement后面有3个定语，以同样的方式翻译：为了代替当前材料的新材料的研究他将永远不会放弃。

3>根据汉语习惯整理句子：坐落于我们市中心的那所学校的一位男孩宣布了一项声明声称，他将永远不会放弃用来替代当前材料的新材料的研究，该男孩由在那个学校工作地老师们在上周举行的会议中选举产生。

例：Social science is that branch ①of intellectual enquiry 2 which seeks to study humans and their endeavors ③in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner ④that natural scientists use ⑤for the study⑥of natuarl phenomena.(2003年翻译）1>找主干：Social science is that branch；2>句子中无状语，分析句子中的定语层次，标记如上句。

the branch 后有6个定语，且相互之间无连接词，做如下翻译:为有关自然现象的研究而被那些自然科学家所使用的同样充满逻辑性、道理性、系统性和中立性的方式来寻找研究人类及其行为的智力探寻的分支。

3>根据汉语习惯整理句子：社会科学是研究人类及其行为的智力探寻的分支，它同自然科学家研究自然现象的方法一样，充满逻辑性、道理性、系统性和中立性。

五、复杂英文模式之基本分类英文中经常会出现整个句子由一个或几个连接词连接而成并列、转折或选择结构，在这里将含有两个独立结构句型的句子称作双黄蛋，只有一个句子的当然叫单黄蛋了。

在一句话出现表示并列、转折或选择的连接词时，就要考虑它是不是双黄蛋，甚至多黄蛋，然后着手翻译。

这种情况下将各个分句用公式单独进行分析即可。

至此，机械化翻译的方法已经基本介绍完毕，有些特殊情况由于时间和各方面的原因，钟平老师说将在开课之后进行讲解，但我没有报领航的英语正式班，所以只能自己在以后的联系中积累总结了！大致步骤概括：1.分析句子是不是双黄句或多黄句；2.找主干；3.划层次；（熟练后可以目划）4.汉化翻译。

附：例句练习：1.Thesecomments,whetheraccepted,clarified thenormsandrequirementsofthe covenantwhichwasalready inpowerinpracticeandenablethe committee to makea significantcontributionto the justice promotion in a particular rightorissue,whileotherarticlehasfailedtofunctionashasbeenexpected inthosemeetingswhichwasheldwithgreathope.（1）句子主干：Thesecommentsclarifiedthenormsandrequirements…（2）译文：这些评论，不论是否被接受，都澄清了已经在实践当中生效的公约的标准和要求，并且使得委员会对具体权利和事项的正义的促进做出了重大贡献。

而其他的条款没有起到那些带着重大的期望所召开的会议当中所期待的作用。

2.Under a system deployed on the white house website forthe first time last time,those who want to send a message to President Bush must now navigate asmany as nine web pages and fill out a detailed form that starts by askingwhether the sender of the message supports the white house policy or differs with it.（1）句子主干：those navigate web pages and fill out a detailed form（2）译文：在上次第一次被使用到白宫网站上的一个体系下，那些想给布什总统发送消息的人现在必须浏览多达九个网页，并且填写一个详细的询问是否支持白宫政策开头的表格。

3.Great attention may be given to women's health issues in the ninth session,at which thecommittee devoted general discussion to the right tohealth andemphasizedthe principle of non-discrimination and of theconcept that there is a minimum core content of each right which constitutes a‘floor’below which the conditions should not be permitted to fall in any State Party of this Pact.分析：（1）句子主干：Great attention may be given to women’s health issues（2）译文：在第九次会议上，人们强烈关注女性的健康问题。

在这次会议上，委员会对于健康权做出了基本的讨论，并且强调了无歧视原则以及每个权利都有一个构成核心内容的底线的概念；低于这个底线的情况，不能在公约的成员国家当中发生。

4.This continuum begins on a‘micro’level,that is,the norms and laws governing relationships and resources allocation within the family and the need to reform person al laws,and extends to a‘macro’level, such as thestructure programs （SP ）designed by developing states with the advice and support of international financial institutions that endeavor to sustain the process of the ongoing reforms.分析：（1）句子主干：This continuum begins on a ‘micro’ level and extendsto a‘macro’level.（2）译文：这个过程开始于一个微观的层面，也就是有关家庭当中的资源分配和关系的标准和法律，以及改革个人法律的需求；并且扩展到一个宏观的层面，比如说在那些一直致力于支持不断进行的改革程序的国际财经机构的支持和建议之下，由发展中国家所设计的结构型计划。

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