2017上海市杨浦区高三化学一模试卷

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上海高三化学一模试卷

上海高三化学一模试卷

上海高三化学一模试卷一、选择题(本大题共10小题,每小题3分,共30分。

每小题只有一个选项符合题意。

)1. 下列物质中,属于混合物的是A. 纯水B. 空气C. 氧气D. 蒸馏水2. 化学反应中,能量变化的表现形式包括A. 热能B. 光能C. 电能D. 以上都是3. 下列化合物中,属于共价化合物的是A. NaClB. HClC. FeD. MgO4. 根据元素周期表,下列元素中属于第ⅢA族的是A. 铝B. 硼C. 硅D. 磷5. 根据化学平衡移动原理,下列条件中,能使化学平衡向正反应方向移动的是A. 增加反应物浓度B. 减少生成物浓度C. 增加生成物浓度D. 减少反应物浓度6. 根据酸碱中和反应原理,下列物质中,属于酸的是A. NaOHB. HClC. KOHD. NaCl7. 根据氧化还原反应原理,下列物质中,具有还原性的是A. FeB. Fe^{2+}C. Fe^{3+}D. Cu8. 下列物质中,属于电解质的是A. 蔗糖B. 酒精C. 氯化钠D. 氨气9. 根据原子结构,下列元素中,最外层电子数为8的是A. 氦B. 氖C. 氩D. 氪10. 下列物质中,属于非金属单质的是A. 铁B. 碳C. 铜D. 硫二、填空题(本大题共5小题,每小题4分,共20分。

)11. 写出下列元素的化学符号:钠______,氯______。

12. 写出下列化合物的化学式:硫酸铜______,碳酸钠______。

13. 写出下列物质的化学名称:NaOH______,HCl______。

14. 写出下列物质的化学式:氢氧化钙______,氯化铵______。

15. 写出下列物质的名称:CO______,SO_{2}______。

三、简答题(本大题共2小题,每小题10分,共20分。

)16. 简述什么是氧化还原反应,并举例说明。

17. 解释什么是化学平衡,并说明影响化学平衡的因素。

四、计算题(本大题共2小题,每小题15分,共30分。

杨浦区一模试卷高三化学

杨浦区一模试卷高三化学

杨浦区一模试卷高三化学一、选择题(本大题共10小题,每小题3分,共30分。

每小题只有一个选项是正确的,请将正确答案的字母填入题后的括号内。

)1. 下列物质中,属于纯净物的是()A. 空气B. 矿泉水C. 蒸馏水D. 食盐水2. 化学反应中,能量变化的主要形式是()A. 热能B. 光能C. 电能D. 机械能3. 根据化学平衡移动原理,下列说法正确的是()A. 增大反应物浓度,平衡不移动B. 升高温度,平衡向吸热方向移动C. 增大压强,平衡向气体分子数多的方向移动D. 催化剂能改变化学平衡4. 下列实验操作中,正确的是()A. 用酒精灯直接加热试管中的液体B. 用滤纸过滤溶液时,滤纸边缘应低于漏斗边缘C. 配制溶液时,先称量固体,后量取液体D. 用pH试纸测定溶液的pH值时,试纸应先湿润5. 根据原子结构,下列说法错误的是()A. 原子核由质子和中子组成B. 电子在原子核外以一定轨道运动C. 原子核外电子的排布遵循泡利不相容原理D. 原子核内的质子数决定了元素的化学性质6. 下列关于氧化还原反应的描述,正确的是()A. 氧化剂在反应中被还原B. 还原剂在反应中被氧化C. 氧化还原反应中一定有电子的转移D. 氧化还原反应中元素的化合价一定不变7. 下列物质中,不是电解质的是()A. 硫酸B. 氯化钠C. 蔗糖D. 氢氧化钠8. 根据酸碱中和反应的原理,下列说法错误的是()A. 酸和碱反应生成盐和水B. 强酸和强碱反应生成中性盐C. 强酸和弱碱反应生成酸性盐D. 弱酸和强碱反应生成碱性盐9. 下列物质中,属于非金属单质的是()A. 铁B. 硫磺C. 氢气D. 钠10. 下列关于原子价的描述,错误的是()A. 原子价表示一个原子与其他原子结合的能力B. 原子价是原子最外层电子数C. 原子价与元素的化学性质有关D. 原子价是固定的,不会改变二、填空题(本大题共5小题,每小题4分,共20分。

请将答案填在横线上。

杨浦区2017学年度第一学期高三模拟高质量调研

杨浦区2017学年度第一学期高三模拟高质量调研

杨浦区2017学年度第一学期高三模拟质量调研英语学科试卷2017. 12 本试卷分为第I卷(第1-11页)和第II卷(第12页)两部分。

全卷共12页。

满分140分。

考试时间120分钟。

考生注意:1.答第I卷前,考生务必将条形码粘贴在答题纸的指定区域内。

2. 第I卷(1-20小题,31---70小题)由机器阅卷,答案必须全部涂写在答题卡上。

考生应将代表正确答案的小方格用铅笔涂黑。

注意试题题号和答题卡编号一一对应,不能错位。

答案需要更改时,必须将原选项用橡皮擦去,重新选择。

答案写在试卷上一律不给分。

第I卷中的第21-30小题,IV. Summary Writing部分和第II卷的试题,其答案用钢笔或水笔写在答题纸的规定区域内,如用铅笔答题,或写在试卷上则无效。

第I卷(共100分)I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. In a professor's office. B. In a second-hand book shop.C. In a library.D. In a hospital.2. A. 10 yuan. B. 20 yuan.C. 30 yuan.D. 50 yuan.3. A. House agent and customer. B. Shop assistant and customer.C. Car mechanic and car owner.D. Employer and employee.4. A. The man doesn't believe what the woman says.B. The weather report spoils the man's good mood.C. They will cancel the hiking due to the bad weather.D. The man thinks it unnecessary to give up the adventure.5. A. She always talks bad about her colleagues.B. She has a good reputation among her colleagues.C. She is good at handling complicated relationships.D. She has good relations with her colleagues and boss.6. A. Harmony in a community. B. Safety in the neighborhood.C. Preparation for Christmas.D. Ways to save electricity.7. A. Watching advertisements may help ease eyestrain(眼疲劳).B. It's a great chance to break the habit of watching TV.C. The advertisements are long enough for her to have a nap.D. Focusing eyes on the screen for a long time is harmful to eyes.8. A. The man decides to go home by rail.B. Most people travel by car during the festival.C. Most people arrive beyond the scheduled time.D. The man will have a sound sleep on the bus.9. A. He is not a bit overweight.B. He likes his fitness instructor.C. She has set too many rules for him.D. She should talk with his personal trainer.10. A. Greeks are not allowed to get married before 18.B. Greek kids are not as independent as American kids.C. American parents don’t pay for children's wedding.D. Greek parents will take care of children until they are 18.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear several longer conversation(s) and short passage(s), and you will be asked several questions on each of the conversation(s) and the passage(s). The conversation(s) and passage(s) will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. The burn is 20 millimeters across.B. The burn is small but very painful.C. The burn takes away the victim's feeling.D. The burn is small but the skin is damaged.12. A. Use a clean plastic bag to keep warm.B. Bind up the burn with bandage or cloth.C. Treat the burned area with cold running water.D. Flush(冲洗)the burn with ice water for several minutes.13. A. To avoid infection. B. To ease pain.C. To speed recovery.D. To reduce stickiness. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. A cell phone. B. A leather wallet.C. A mini camera.D. An alarm clock.15. A. The wallet will sound an alarm.B. It will track the thief with GPS system.C. It will contact the bank to block balance.D. Its owner will receive a picture of the thief.16. A. It's out-dated in this digital age.B. It can text messages automatically.C. It is a multifunctional wallet.D. It is unique in appearance and function.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17. A. The concert is beyond her curfew(宵禁).B. She can’t go out on school night.C. Her mother is not available.D. She doesn’t like the band.18. A. His parents set a strict rule for him.B. His parents don’t care when he is back.C. He is self-disciplined and trustworthy.D. He envies those who have curfews.19. A. Promoting maturity. B. Giving sense of security.C. Improving sense of responsibility.D. Discouraging independence.20. A. It’s a severe punishment. B. It’s for her good.C. It’s a ridiculous practice.D. It’s an exceptional case.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.It’s interesting when you think about how Japan is a nation (21) ______ appreciates the virtues of silence and good manners, and yet when it comes to eating noodles, Japanese people can be (22) ______ (loud) in the world.According to lifestyle website grapee.jp, slurping (发出"哧溜"声) when eating noodles (23) ______ (encourage) in Japanese culture. It’s believed that taking air into your mouth (24) ______ enhance the flavor of the noodles, and that it helps cool down the noodles. It’s also considered to be a way to show appreciation for the dish. Sometimes, just making the noise alone seems to make the noodles more enjoyable.It wasn’t until a new expression –“noodle harassment(骚扰)”-- came out last year on social media (25) ______ Japanese people started to realize that the slurping noise is making some foreign visitors uncomfortable.(26) ______ a response, Japanese instant noodle maker Nissin introduced a so-called noise-canceling fork last month. The fork, which looks like an electric toothbrush, is connected wirelessly to a smart phone. When the person using the fork starts to slurp, the fork sends asignal to the person’s phone, (27) ______ (make) it play a sound to mask the slurping noise.But is it really necessary? Dining traditions do vary. (28) ______ is considered to be proper table manners in one country is likely to be seen as rude in another. In India, people eat with their hands (29) ______ they think in this way they build a connection with the food. However, people who are used to eating with forks might find it uncomfortable to get their hands (30) ______ (cover) in oil and bits of food. But this eating method is part of Indian's culture, just like Japan's slurping is part of its own.“So, if your are eating noodles, whether that’s ramen, uudon, or soba, please slurp,” wrote reporter Brian Ashcraft on blog Kotaku. “If anyone gets annoyed while you are doing that, pay them no mind because they're missing the point entirely.”Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. tissueB. treatedC. potentialD. engineeringE. environmentF. limitedG. procedure H. commercial I. promising J. expanding K. internalScientists have developed a new surgical glue that could transform emergency treatments by sealing up critical wounds in the skin or the organs, without the need for staples or sutures(钉合或缝合).It’s called MeTro. It was developed by researchers from both Harvard Medical School and the University of Sydney, led by Nasim Annabi, an assistant professor of chemical __31__. The glue is made from a modified (改良的)human protein that responds to UV light, allowing the application and drying of the gel-like substance in just a minute.According to the international team of researchers behind the glue,it could quite literally be a lifesaver, sealing up wounds in 60 seconds without stopping the natural __32__ and relaxing of the organ or the skin it’s applied to. Wounds __33__ with MeTro can heal up in half the time compared with stitches or staples, the researchers claim, and if surgeryis required then MeTro can simplify that __34__ too. It's also one of several ways researchers are exploring to engineer our body's own natural substances to help repair it when needed.The __35__ applications are powerful – from treating serious __36__ wounds at emergency sites such as following car accidents and in war zones, as well as improving hospital surgeries.MeTro is simple to apply, can be easily stored, and works closely with natural __37__ to heal a wound. What’s more, it degrades without leaving any kind of poisonous leftovers in the body.For now the trials are __38__ to animal models. But human trials are in the works, and the results to date are incredibly __39__. If the MeTro can be further developed into a __40__ product, it could become an essential part of a first responder’s toolkit.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Competition is good for businesses. In the world of navigation(导航) systems, however, competition is also a necessity --- it may not be wise to rely on foreign systems for positioning and tracking services. Now, ___41___ remarkable accuracy and reliability, China’s BeiDou system has made its presence felt.The BeiDou project was set up in 1994. The first BeiDou satellite was not launched until 2000. Now, ___42___, there are already more than 20 BeiDou satellites in orbit (轨道) . They form a ___43___ network that provides positioning, navigation and timing services for China and several other Asian countries.This “home-grown" system is now ___44___ a major upgrade. Earlier this month, two BeiDou-3 satellites, the first of China’s most powerful ___45___of navigation satellites, were launched into space. The launch marks the beginning of the global ___46___ of the BeiDou navigation system. Over the next three years, China plans to send up 30 more BeiDou-3 satellites; The expanded navigation system will ___47___ create a network that is able to support military and civilian applications around the world.Scientists involved in the project said the new system would give civilian users an accuracy of 2.5 meters to five meters, overtaking that of the ___48___ positioning technologies. BeiDou’s chief designer said the new satellites would be able to __49___ which lane a car is using on a motorway and __50___ the swing of a building in high winds. It will also be able to guide fire trucks to the nearest water hydrant (消防栓).The Chinese military, meanwhile, will be able to use coded signals for millimeter(毫米)___51___ .China is only the third country in the world to develop a navigation system on its own, after the United States (GPS) and Russia (GLONASS). Developing BeiDou is a necessity. The system __52___ national security by ending a reliance on foreign systems. Moreover, it enhances China’s international reputation for technological ___53___.For most of us, the benefits of the new satellite system will be felt in a couple of years when more phones are ___54___ with BeiDou chips (芯片). Many smartphones today still use GPS and GLONASS. That’ll soon change with the development of BeiDou. One product manager ___55___ mostsmartphones to be able to receive BeiDou signals. He says: “In three years’time, people may still say ‘I’m using GPS’, but in fact, their phone is tune in to BeiDou. ”41. A. dominating B. boasting C. shifting D. inputting42. A. however B. afterwards C. moreover D. therefore43. A. continental B. local C. domestic D. regional44. A. enduring B. encountering C. undergoing D. processing45. A. generation B. information C. examination D. revolution46. A. extension B. expansion C. interaction D. invasion47. A. objectively B. eventually C. sufficiently D. essentially48. A. existing B. progressing C. upcoming D. everlasting49. A. explore B. investigate C. spot D. remind50. A. detect B. prevent C. protect D. adjust51. A. privacy B. accuracy C. fluency D.currency52. A. convinces B. insures C. highlights D. strengthens53. A. innovation B. consumption C. emission D. exhibition54. A. decorated B. furnished C. equipped D. connected55. A. respects B. instructs C. inspects D. expectsSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)A Swedish power plant is taking reuse and recycle to the next level by burning unusable clothing instead of coal, Bloomberg reports.Retail giant Hennes & Mauritz, more commonly known as H&M, is helping the utility transition away from coal through its moldy (发霉的) or otherwise unsalable clothing.The multi-fuel power and heating station in Västerås, central Sweden, is planning to be completely fossil-fuel free by 2020. It’s thelargest station of its kind and Sweden claims it’s one of Europe’s cleanest. To kick its coal habit, the station is turning instead to other burnable materials including recycled wood, rubbish and yes, clothes.“Our goal is to use only renewable and recycled fuels,” Jens Neren, head of fuel supplies at the utility company which owns and operates the Västerås plant, told Bloomberg.Johanna Dahl, head of communications for H&M in Sweden, told Bloomberg that the company allows only the burning of clothes which are no longer safe to use.“It is our legal obligation to make sure that clothes that contain mold or do not meet the requirements of our strict restriction on chemicals are destroyed,” she said.The Västerås plant has burned around 15 tons of old H&M clothes so far this year, compared with about 400,000 tons of rubbish, Neren told Bloomberg.Sweden has one of the world’s greener energy generating systems, and has invested in bioenergy, solar power and electric buses. In 2015, the Scandinavian country announced an ambitious aim to become one of the first nations in the world to end its dependence on fossil fuels. According to the Swedish government, the country has already heavily reduced its dependence on oil, which accounted for 75% of the energy supply in 1970, and now makes up a 20% share.56. Which of the following can serve as fuel in the Västerås plant?A. Fashionable coats in H&M chain store.B. Old TV sets deserted as rubbish.C. Wooden furniture in second-hand shop.D. H&M clothes unsuitable for sale.57. The underlined word in the last paragraph “generating” is closestin meaning to ______.A. eliminatingB. adjustingC. producingD. circulating58. What can we learn from the passage?A. The Swedish government discourages the development of bioenergy.B. Clothes only take up a small proportion of the burning material.C. Sweden’s fossil-fuel free plan is almost accomplished by now.D. Sweden has an ambition to be the cleanest country in the world.59. What is the main idea of the passage?A. A Swedish power plant is burning unusable H&M clothes for fuel.B. The Swedish government aims high and is taking effective action.C. H&M is looking for a new way to strengthen its position in fashion.D. Coal and oil are no longer regarded as the primary fuels in Sweden.(B)60. Before an adventure, a trekker should ______.A. tell the park officials his destination and time scheduleB. pack up some jungle fruit juice and pre-cooked mealsC. consult a local guide about the most adventurous routeD. have his fitness level assessed at the tourist center61. Which of the following is NOT suitable for a rainforest trekking?A. Long-sleeved cotton shirts.B. Tight sports shorts.C. Hiking boots.D. A wide brimmed hat.62. If a trekker starts out at dawn, he may ______.A. escape being caught in the rainB. sight scared wildlifeC. enjoy the heat of the tropical sunD. see animals seeking food(C)The largest genetic study of mosquitoes has found their ability to resist insecticides is evolving rapidly and spreading across Africa, putting millions of people at higher risk of contracting malaria(疟疾).British scientists who led the work said mosquitoes' growing resistance to control tools such as insecticide-treated bed nets and insecticide spraying, which have helped cut malaria cases since 2000, now threatens “to disturb malaria control” in Africa.“Our study highlights the severe challenges facing public efforts to control mosquitoes and to manage and limit insecticide resistance,” said Martin Donnelly of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, who worked on the study with a team from Britain’s Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.Latest World Health Organization (WHO) data show that 216 million people were infected last year with the malaria parasite(寄生虫), which is transmitted by blood-sucking Anopheles mosquitoes.The disease killed 445,000 people in 2016, and the majority of them were children in sub-Saharan Africa.To understand how mosquitoes are evolving, the researchers sequenced the DNA of 765 wild Anopheles mosquitoes taken from 15 locations across eight African countries. Their work, published in the journal Nature on Wednesday, created the largest data resource on natural genetic variation for any species of insect.Analyzing the data, the scientists found that the Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes(冈比亚疟蚊)were extremely genetically diverse (多样化的)compared with most other animal species. This high genetic diversity enables rapid evolution, they said, and helps to explain how mosquitoes develop insecticide resistance so quickly.The data also showed the rapid evolution of insecticide resistance appeared to be due to many previously unknown genetic variants(变体)within certain genes. The scientists said these genetic variants for insecticide resistance were not only emerging independently in different parts of Africa, but were also being spread across the continent by mosquito migration.Michael Chew, an expert at Britain’s Wellcome Trust global health charity which helped fund the research, said the finds underlined the importance of pushing scientific research ahead to control malaria.Global efforts to control malaria through effective vaccine, insecticides and the best drug combinations require urgent, united action by scientists, drug companies, governments and the WHO.63. Which of the following is scientists’ headache?A. The number of mosquitoes in Africa is growing rapidly.B. Some genetic variants of mosquitoes are still unknown.C. The existing insecticides aren’t as effective as they used to be.D. Millions of African people have resistance to medicines for malaria.64. Malaria cases can be cut by ______.A. threatening drug companiesB. spraying insecticidesC. limiting blood donationD. transmitting data65. What CANNOT be concluded from the passage?A. Children are more likely to be bit by mosquitoes.B. Many previously unknown variants are found in the study.C. The mosquito migration contributes to the spread of variants.D. Anopheles mosquitoes have great genetic diversity.66. Which is FALSE about the genetic study of mosquitoes?A. It created the largest data on natural genetic variation for any insect species.B. It found the possible causes for the rapid evolution of insecticide resistance.C. It discovered where the genetic variants emerged and how they were spread.D. It highlighted the public efforts and appealed to limit the use of insecticides.Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Imagine you're standing in line to buy an afterschool snack at a store. You step up to the counter and the cashier scans your food. Next, you have to pay. But instead of scanning a QR code with your smartphone, you just hold out your hand so the cashier can scan your fingerprint. Or, a camera scans your face, your eyes or even your ear.__________67__________ As technology companies move away from traditional password, biometric(生物识别) security, which includes fingerprint, face and voice ID, is becoming increasingly popular.In 2013, Apple introduced the iPhone 5s, one of the first smartphones with a fingerprint scanner. Since then, using one’s fingerprint to unlock a phone and make mobile payments has become commonplace, bringing convenience to our lives. And since last year, Samsung has featured eye-scanning technology in its top smartphones, while Apple’s new iPhone X can even scan a user’s face.__________68__________ “Biometrics, ideally, are good,”John Michener, a biometric expert, told tech website Inverse. “In practice, not so much.”When introducing the new iPhone’s Face ID feature at Apple’s Keynote Event in September, Phil Schiller, Apple’s senior vice president, said, “__________69__________”But it’s already been done. In a video posted on community website Reddit on Nov 3, two brothers showed how they were each able to unlock the same iPhone X using their own face, Quartz reported. And they aren’t even twins.“We may expect too much from biometrics,” Anil Jain, a computer science professor at Michigan State University, told CBS news. “No security systems are perfect.”Earlier this year, Jain found a way to trick biometric security. Using a printed copy of a thumbprint, she was able to unlock a dead person's smartphone for police.“It’s good to see biometrics being used more,” Jain told CBS News, “because it adds another factor for security. __________70__________”IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.It’s a common sight to see food delivery workers riding electric bikes through big cities in China. Most of them seem to be in a hurry, as they run red lights to deliver their meals in time. However, such reckless (鲁莽的)behavior often causes serious problems.In the first half of this year, food delivery drivers had 76 traffic accidents in Shanghai alone, according to the Shanghai Public Security Bureau. This means that on average, there is a food delivery worker that gets hurt or even dies on the road in Shanghai every 2.5 days.Other cities also share similar problems. In Nanjing, three people died and 2,473 were injured in road accidents related to food delivery workers in the same period, according to the Ministry of Public Security.The rise of reckless behavior among food delivery workers is closely related to the growing demand for their service, reported People’s Daily. About 150 million people in China use food delivery services, according to China Radio International (CRI). Such a big market has led to a large demand for food delivery workers, with some companies offering high salaries to attract new workers.However, food delivery workers are often under high pressure from their employers. They face company fines of 20 yuan for delivering food late and upwards of 200 yuan for receiving complaints, reported CRI. Moreover, the more orders they take, the more commission(佣金)they can earn, leading to some workers checking their mobile phones for new orders while they're riding their bikes.While most companies have measures requiring delivery workers to follow traffic rules, “there remains a problem of whether these requirements and rules for delivery workers are truly entering their ears, brains and hearts,” Wang Liang, deputy head of the Traffic Police Security Bureau, told news website The Paper.To solve the problem, some cities have taken action. Shanghai has asked companies to train their workers on traffic rules and safety. Now in Shenzhen, if a delivery worker gets caught breaking traffic rules more than twice, he or she will be banned from driving food delivery vehicles for a whole year.第II卷(共40分)I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1.这个比赛旨在鼓励年轻人继承中国文化的传统。

上海市杨浦区高三化学上学期学业质量调研(一模)试题

上海市杨浦区高三化学上学期学业质量调研(一模)试题

化学学科试卷考生注意:1.本试卷满分l50分,考试时间120分钟。

2.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分,试卷包括试题与答题要求;所有答题必须涂(选择题)或写(非选择题)在答题纸上;做在试卷上一律不得分。

3.答题前,考生务必在答题纸上用钢笔或圆珠笔清楚填写姓名、准考证号,并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上。

4.答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的,答题时应特别注意,不能错位。

相对原子质量:H-1 C-12 N-14 O-16 Na-23 Mg-24 Al-27 S-32Cl-35.5 K-39 Fe-56 Cu-64 Zn-65 Ag-108 I-127 Ba-137一、选择题(本题共10分,每小题2分,只有一个正确选项。

) 1.下列有关物质应用的说法错误的是A .铝用于冶炼难熔金属B .锌用于防护铁腐蚀C .硝酸用于制炸药D .生石灰用于食品抗氧化剂 2.下列物质在空气中放置是因为空气中的氧气而变质的是A .AgIB .P 4C .Na 2OD .漂白粉 3.下列有关化学用语表示正确的是A .硫离子的结构意示图:B .某有机物的名称:2-乙基-2-丁烯C .CH 4分子的比例模型:D .间硝基甲苯的结构简式:4. 对下列物质溶于水时破坏的作用力描述错误的是A .氯化钠,破坏了离子键B .氯化氢,破坏了共价键C .蔗糖,破坏了分子间作用力D .二氧化碳,没有破坏作用力 5.按原子序数递增的顺序(稀有气体除外),对第三周期元素性质的描述正确的是 A .原子半径和离子半径均减小 B .氧化物对应的水化物碱性减弱,酸性增强C .单质的晶体类型金属晶体、原子晶体和分子晶体D .单质的熔点降低二、选择题(本题共36分,每小题3分,只有一个正确选项。

) 6.下列关于35Cl 的说法正确的是A .35Cl 2与37Cl 2互为同位素 B . 和 互为同分异构体C .与37Cl 的得电子能力相同 D .35Cl -和与它核外电子排布相同的微粒化学性质相同7.羟基自由基可以看做是氢氧根离子失去一个电子后形成的,具有极强的得电子能力,用于有机废水的处理。

2017上海市浦东新区化学高考一模-答案图片

2017上海市浦东新区化学高考一模-答案图片

浦东新区2016学年度第一学期教学质量检测高三化学试卷考生注意:1. 本试卷满分100分,考试时间60分钟。

2. 本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分,所有答题必须涂或写在答题纸上。

3. 答题前,考生务必在答题纸上用黑色的钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸正面清楚地填写姓名、学校、考试号,并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上。

相对原子质量:C -12 O -16Na -23一、选择题(本题共40分,每小题2分,每题只有一个正确选项)1.蒸发海水得到的食盐中,主要含有的可溶性杂质离子除Mg 2+、SO 42-外,还有A .Ca 2+B .CO 32-C .Ba 2+D .Al 3+ 2.元素性质周期性变化的根本原因是A .原子半径B .化合价C .金属性和非金属性D .原子核外电子结构 3.在NaAlO 2溶液中加入下列物质,不可能产生白色沉淀的是A .HClB .NaHSO 4C .CO 2D .Na 2CO 3 4.对稳定人体血液的pH 起重要作用的离子是A .Na +B .HCO 3-C .Fe 2+D .Cl - 5.含有非极性共价键的离子化合物是 A .HC ≡CH B .KOH C .Na 2O 2 D .CaCl 2 6.下列化学用语正确的是A .N 原子的轨道表示式:B .氧化钠的分子式:Na 2OC .碳-14原子表示为:14CD .Na 2S 的电子式:7.下列反应可用离子方程式“H ++ OH -→ H 2O ”表示的是A .H 2SO 4溶液与Ba(OH)2溶液混合B .NH 3•H 2O 溶液与HCl 溶液混合C .NaHCO 3溶液与NaOH 溶液混合D .HNO 3溶液与KOH 溶液混合 8.下列晶体中熔点最高的是A .食盐B .硫磺C .金刚石D .钨 9.下列说法准确的是A .KNO 3的溶解度高于NaClB .KNO 3的溶解度低于NaClC .含有多种杂质时,KNO 3比NaCl 更适合利用降温结晶(或重结晶)法进行提纯D .含有多种杂质时,NaCl 比KNO 3更适合利用降温结晶(或重结晶)法进行提纯☜☜1s 2s 2p S10.锌与稀硫酸反应,下列说法错误的是A .加热可加快反应速率B .增大稀硫酸的浓度可加快反应速率C .粉碎锌粒可加快反应速率D .提高锌的纯度可加快反应速率 11.从滴定管中滴下1滴溶液的体积接近A .0.5 mLB .0.1 mLC .0.05 mLD .0.01 mL 12.已知离子反应Cu 2+ + Zn → Cu + Zn 2+,该反应证明Cu 2+的氧化性强于 A .Zn 2+ B .Zn C .Cu D .H + 13.工业上可用还原法制取某些金属单质,以下各项中不属于常用还原剂的是 A .C B .CO C .Al D .K 14.不能与Na 2O 2反应生成O 2的是 A .H 2OB .COC .CO 2D .稀H 2SO 415.下列叙述中,错误的是A .新制氯水的氧化性强于久置氯水B .过量铁与Cl 2反应时生成FeCl 2C .1mol Cl 2与热NaOH 溶液反应生成NaClO 3和NaCl 时,需NaOH 2 molD .将饱和氯水滴到淀粉碘化钾试纸上,试纸先变蓝后变白,说明氯水具有强氧化性 16.C(s) + H 2O(g) → CO(g) + H 2(g) + Q ,反应过程中能量(E )的变化如下图所示,下列说法正确的是A .减小压强时,Q 的值增大B .升高温度时,Q 的值减小C .该反应是吸热反应D .Q =E 3-E 1 17.已知CH 3COOH 与CH 3COONa 两种溶质1∶1的混合稀溶液呈酸性。

2017年杨浦区高三化学二模试卷及参考答案

2017年杨浦区高三化学二模试卷及参考答案

学年度第二学期高中等级考模拟质量调研杨浦区2016高三年级化学学科试卷2017.04考生注意:分钟。

1.本试卷满分l00分,考试时间60.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分,试卷包括试题与答题要求;所有答题必须2涂(选择题)或写(综合分析题)在答题纸上;做在试卷上一律不得分。

.答题前,考生务必在答题纸上用钢笔或圆珠笔清楚填写姓名、准考证号,3并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上。

不能错位。

答题时应特别注意,4.答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的,Cl-35.5 Al-27 N-14 O-16 Na-23 相对原子质量:H-1 C-1240分,每小题2分,只有一个正确选项。

) 一、选择题(本题共.《本草纲目》记载的烧酒工艺:“凡酸坏之酒,皆可蒸烧”,“以烧酒复烧二1 次……价值数倍也”。

该方法与分离下列物质的原理相同的是B.硝酸钾和氯化钠A.苯和水丁醇.乙酸丁酯和1- D C.食盐水和泥沙不符的是)的描述与事实2.对乙烯(CH=CH22.分子中六个原子在同一平面上 B A.球棍模型:o D.碳碳双键中的一根键容易断裂.键角:C109 28'.仪器:①容量瓶、②长颈漏斗、③分液漏斗、④滴定管,使用前必须要检查是3 否漏液的是.只有④DC.只有③和④.全部B.①③④A .不需要通过氧化还原反应就能从海水中获得的物质是4 D.烧碱C.钠.精盐A.液溴 B的乙针筒内,一段时间后,10 mLSO20mLHS推入含有5.常温下,将甲针筒内22的是(气体在同温同压下测定)对乙针筒内现象描述错误A.有淡黄色固体生成B.有无色液体生成10mLSO乙:S20mLH甲:22.气体体积缩小C气体15mL.最终约余D.。

,一、二、三、2、3,6.烷烃命名中常使用三套数字,甲、乙、丙1………………”是说明其中“一、二、三……D.同种烷基数目A.碳原子数B.烷基位置编号C.氢原子数7.下列有关同位素的说法正确的是1818162 的中子数为8 BO 和质子数相差OA..O18161618个质量相等O1个O与1 DC..O与O 核电荷数相等.用除去表面氧化膜的细铝条紧紧缠绕在温度计上(如图),将少许硝酸汞溶液8滴到铝条表面,置于空气中,很快铝条表面产生“白毛”,且温度明显上升。

杨浦区2017学年度第二学期高中等级考模拟质量调研高三化学(二模)

杨浦区2017学年度第二学期高中等级考模拟质量调研高三化学(二模)

杨浦区2017学年度第二学期高中等级考模拟质量调研高三年级化学学科试卷 2018.03相对原子质量:H —1 C —12 N —14 O —16 S —32 I —127 一、选择题(本题共40分,每小题2分,每小题只有一个正确答案) 1. 对铁及铁的化合物颜色描述错误的是( ) A. 还原铁粉——银白色B. Fe(OH)3——红褐色C. Fe(SCN )3溶液——血红色D. FeSO 4溶液——浅绿色2. 常温下,Fe 、Al 在浓硫酸中钝化,浓硫酸表现了( )A. 难挥发性B. 吸水性C. 脱水性D. 强氧化性3. 与“用自来水制取蒸馏水”的原理相似的是( )A. 石油裂化B. 石油分馏C. 煤干馏D. 纸层析4. 右图喷泉实验的现象与下列性质无关的是( ) A. 氨易溶于水 B. 氨能与水反应C. 氨水显碱性D. 氨易液化5. 常温下,表面能自然形成氧化层且使金属不被继续氧化的是( )A. AuB. NaC. AlD. Fe6. 下列有关乙炔的说法,错误的是( ) A. 工业上制备炭黑的原料 B. 含极性键的非极性分子C. 能发生氧化反应D. 分子中所有原子共直线7. 对碳原子核外两个未成对电子的描述,正确的是( ) A. 电子云形状不同 B. 自旋方向相同C. 能量不同D. 在同一轨道8. 共价化合物不可能( ) A. 硬度很大B. 常温下为气态C. 由一种原子直接构成D. 溶于水产生阴阳离子9. 属于人工固氮的是( ) A. 3224NH 5O 4NO 6H O D+揪井+催化剂B. 222NO O 2NO +?C. 2232N 3H 2NH +垐垐垎噲垐催化剂加热加压D. 22N O 2NO +揪揪?打雷闪电10. 下列反应中的能量变化与图示一致的是( ) A. 盐酸和NaOH 溶液混合 B. CH 4在空气中燃烧 C. Al 与Fe 2O 3反应D. 电解水得到H 2和O 211. 涉及到Al(OH)3弱酸性的是( ) A. Al 溶于强碱溶液B. Al 溶于强酸溶液C. AlCl 3溶液和氨水混合D. Al(OH)3受热分解12. 对C 2H 6和C 5H 12的分析错误的是( )A. 互为同系物B. C 2H 6失去1个H 得到的乙基只有一种结构C. C 5H 12的一氯代物可能只有一种D. 2,2-二甲基丙烷的沸点高于其同分异构体的沸点13. 实验室制备乙酸丁酯的装置如图所示,下列分析错误的是( ) A. 导气管a 起到冷凝回流的作用 B. 反应后生成的乙酸丁酯仍在试管中 C. 充分反应后在试管中得到纯净的乙酸丁酯D. 制乙酸丁酯的反应温度超过100℃不能用水浴加热14. 侯氏制碱法,向母液中通入NH 3,其目的不是为了( ) A. 增大4NH +浓度 B. 生成NaHCO 3C. 析出NH 4Cl 晶体D. 降低3HCO -浓度15. 有机物M: 可用作涂料。

上海市青浦区2017-2018学年高三一模化学试题 Word版含答案

上海市青浦区2017-2018学年高三一模化学试题 Word版含答案

青浦区2017-2018学年第一学期高三年级期终学业质量调研测试 化 学 试 卷(时间 60分钟,满分100分)考生注意:1. 本试卷满分100分,考试时间60分钟。

2. 本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分,试卷包括试题与答题要求;所有答题必须涂或写在答题纸上;做在试卷上一律不得分。

3. 答题前,考生务必在答题纸上用钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸正面清楚地填写姓名、准考证号。

4. 答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的,答题时应特别注意,不能错位。

相对原子质量: H-1 C-12 O-16 Ba-137 S-32 Cu-64 Cl-35.5一、 选择题(本题共40分,每小题2分,每小题只有一个正确选项)1.下列表示正确的是A .CH 4的比例模型B .二氧化碳的结构式 O —C —OC .S 2—的结构示意图 16D .氯化钠的电子式 Na ︰Cl ︰‥‥CH 2—CH 3 2.烷烃的命名是其他种类有机物命名的基础, CH 2—CH 2—CH 2—CH —CH 3的名称是 CH 3A .1-甲基-4-乙基戊烷B .2-乙基戊烷C .1,4-二甲基己烷D .3-甲基庚烷 3.许多国家重视海水资源的综合利用,不需要化学变化就能够从海水中获得的物质是 A 、氯、溴、碘B 、烧碱、氢气C 、粗盐、淡水D 、钠、镁、铝4.下列物质的性质可以用“键能”来解释的是A . SiO 2熔点高B . 氩气性质稳定C . 碘易升华D . NH 3极易溶于水 5.下列有关性质的比较,错误的是A .酸性:H 2SO 4>H 3PO 4B .非金属性:Cl>BrC .碱性:NaOH>Mg(OH)2D .熔点: K>Na6.有一瓶乙二醇和丙三醇的混合物,它们的性质如下表。

则将乙二醇和丙三醇互相分离的最佳方法是A.分液B.蒸馏C.冷却至0℃后过滤D.加水萃取7.不能用勒夏特列原理解释的是A.使用铁触媒,加快合成氨反应速率B.乙酸乙酯在碱性条件下水解比在酸性条件下水解更有利C.打开汽水瓶盖,即有大量气泡逸出D.配置FeCl3溶液时,加入少量盐酸8.2A(g) B(g) +Q(Q>0);下列能量变化示意图正确的是A B C D9.如图所示进行实验,下列说法不正确...的是A.装置甲的锌片上和装置乙的铜片上均可观察到有气泡产生B.甲、乙装置中的能量变化均为化学能转化为电能C.装置乙中的锌、铜之间用导线连接电流计,可观察到电流计指针发生偏转D.装置乙中负极的电极反应式:Zn-2e→Zn2+10.下列关于实验操作的叙述正确的是A.酸碱滴定时,眼睛一定要注视滴定管中液面的变化B.实验室制乙烯时,为使受热均匀,应轻轻搅动温度计C.测溶液酸碱性时,须将PH试纸浸入待测液中D.分液时,下层液体先从分液漏斗下口放出,上层液体后从上口倒出11.下列离子方程式正确的是A.金属钠和水反应:Na+2H2O →Na++2OH—+H2↑B.用氢氧化钠溶液吸收少量二氧化硫气体:SO2+2OH—→SO32-+H2OC.硫酸铵溶液和氢氧化钡溶液反应:Ba2++SO42-→BaSO4↓D.醋酸和碳酸钙反应:2H++CaCO3→ Ca2++CO2↑+ H2O12.短周期主族元素X、Y、Z、W的原子序数依次增大。

上海市杨浦区高三上学期等级考模拟期末化学试题WORD版

上海市杨浦区高三上学期等级考模拟期末化学试题WORD版

杨浦区2018-2019学年度第一学期高中等级考模拟质量调研高三年级化学学科试卷相对原子质量:H —1 C —12 N —14 O —16 S —32 Ca —40 一、选择题(本题共40分,每小题2分) 1. 下列分子中的所有原子均在同一平面内的是( ) A. 甲烷B. 乙烯C. 乙酸D. 甲苯2. 原子晶体具有的性质是( ) A. 熔点高B. 易导热C. 能导电D. 有延展性3. 有关合金的说法正确的是( ) A. 生铁比纯铁熔点高 B. 钢比纯铁硬C. 合金不具有导热性D. 合金都不含非金属元素4. 实验室收集下列气体的方法肯定与NO 2相同的是( ) A. NH 3B. O 2C. HClD. CH 2=CH 25. 在“2HI(s)HI(g)H →→和I 2”的变化过程中,被破坏的作用力依次是( ) A. 范德华力、范德华力 B. 范德华力、共价键 C. 共价键、离子键D. 共价键、共价键6. 下列反应可用:2H OH H O +-+→表示的是( )A. ()32HNO Ba OH +B. ()3HCl Fe OH +C. 3NaHCO NaOH +D. 32HF NH H O +⋅7. 同温同压下,80mL A 2气体和240mL B 2气体恰好完全反应,生成160mL X 气体,X 的分子式是( ) A. AB 2B. A 2BC. AB 3D. A 3B8. 通入SO 2能引起下列溶液的颜色变化,其中SO 2的作用和SO 2使溴水褪色相同的是( ) A. 品红褪色B. NaOH 酚酞溶液褪色C. 石蕊试液变红D. 酸性KMnO 4溶液褪色9. 向漂粉精的水溶液中加入或通入少量下列物质,不能增强其漂白能力的是( )A. 稀盐酸B. CaCl 2粉末C. NaHCO 3固体D. CO 2气体10. 微信热传的“苯宝宝表情包”可看作是由苯衍生的物质配以相应文字形成的(如下图),苯不属于( ) A. 环烃 B. 芳香烃 C. 不饱和烃D. 烃的衍生物11. 已知单位体积的稀溶液中,非挥发性溶质的分子或离子数越多,该溶液的沸点就越高。

2018年杨浦区高三化学一模试卷及参考答案

2018年杨浦区高三化学一模试卷及参考答案

杨浦区2017学年度第一学期高中等级考模拟质量调研高三年级化学学科试卷2017.12考生注意:1.本试卷满分l00分,考试时间60分钟。

2.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分,试卷包括试题与答题要求;所有答题必须涂(选择题)或写(综合分析题)在答题纸上;做在试卷上一律不得分。

3.答题前,考生务必在答题纸上用钢笔或圆珠笔清楚填写姓名、准考证号,并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上。

4.答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的,答题时应特别注意,不能错位。

相对原子质量:H-1 C-12 N-14 O-16 Br-80 Ag-108一、选择题(本题共40分,每小题2分,每小题只有一个正确答案)1.对291171Ts中数字的叙述正确的是A.291是Ts元素的相对原子质量B.291是Ts元素的质量数C.117是291171Ts 的质子数 D.117是291171Ts的中子数2.漂粉精暴露在潮湿的空气中易失效,其原因与下列叙述无关的是A.HClO的酸性比H2CO3弱B.Ca(ClO)2能与碳酸反应C.HClO见光易分解 D.Ca(ClO)2是正盐3.石油分馏的原理是利用物质的A.沸点差异 B.密度差异 C.溶解度差异 D.化学性质差异4.离子晶体具有的性质是A.易导热B.易熔化C.熔化状态下导电D.有延展性5.下列有关苯的说法,错误的是A.分子中所有原子共平面B.分子中无碳碳双键、碳碳单键C.不能发生加成反应D.能发生取代反应6.工业上仅以食盐和水为原料,不能得到的产品是A.烧碱B.NaClO溶液 C.盐酸D.氮肥NH4Cl7.两个容积相同的容器中,分别盛有O2和空气,在同温、同压下,两容器中的气体一定具有相同的A.原子数B.分子数C.质量D.密度8.反应物X生成Z的能量变化如图所示,该反应的热化学方程式为A.2X(g) Z(g)+(a-b)kJ2COB .2X (g ) Z (g )+(b -a )kJC .2X (g ) Z (g )+(c -a )kJD .2X (g ) Z (g )+(b -c )kJ 9. 对NH 3有关性质的描述,错误的是A .NH 3极易溶于水B .NH 3具有还原性C .NH 3在一定条件下能分解D .右图中浓盐酸换成浓硫酸时现象相同 10.下列反应,与硫酸型酸雨的形成肯定无关的是A .SO 2+2H 2S 3S+2H 2OB .SO 2+H 2O 2SO 3C .2SO 2+O 22SO 3 D .SO 3+H 2O H 2SO 411.在给定条件下,下列物质间的转化不能实现的是A .Fe FeCl 3B .Fe FeSO 4C . Fe Fe 3O 4D .Fe FeCl 212.25℃时,(NH 4)2SO 4溶液显酸性,是因为A .NH 4+电离出了H +B .NH 4+与水反应生成H +C .SO 42―结合水电离的H +D .SO 42―抑制水电离13.支撑海港码头基础的钢管桩,常用外加电流的阴极保护法进行防腐,工作原理如图所示,下列有关表述错误的是 A .利用了电解原理B .电子由电源负极流向钢管桩C .钢管桩是负极D .高硅铸铁作阳极14.CO 2催化加氢可制取汽油(主要是C 5~C 11的烃类混合物),转化过程示意图如下(中括号内是汽油中某些成份的球棍模型):下列说法错误的是 .反应①:CO 2+H 2CO+H 2OB .反应②中形成了碳碳键和碳氢键C .图中b 的名称是5–甲基庚烷D .图中a 和b 互为同系物15.以下是某工厂的生产流程:催化剂a H 2O直流电源钢管桩高硅铸铁海水-+常温FeCl 3溶液 点燃 Cl 2常温浓硫酸3反应速率下列分析正确的是A .循环使用的物质:NH 3和CO 2B .母液中只含有:NH 4+和Cl ―C .向母液中通NH 3、加NaCl 时需加热D .该工厂的产品是纯碱和NH 4Cl 16.右图是铝热反应的装置图,对该反应叙述正确的是A .铝热反应是放热反应,所以常温下可以反应B .图中a 为Mg 条,b 为KClO 3,c 为Al 2O 3和Fe 的混合物C .KClO 3是该反应的催化剂D .利用铝热反应可焊接钢轨,也可冶炼锰等难熔金属 17.一定温度下,恒容密闭容器中发生N 2(g)+3H 22NH 3(g)反应,反应速率与反应时间的关系如图所示。

2017年上海市杨浦区高考化学一模试卷

2017年上海市杨浦区高考化学一模试卷

2017年上海市杨浦区高考化学一模试卷学校:___________姓名:___________班级:___________考号:___________一、单选题(本大题共16小题,共32.0分)1.中药的煎制直接关系到其疗效.下列中草药煎制步骤中,属于过滤操作的是()A.冷水浸泡B.加热煎制C.箅渣取液 D.灌装保存【答案】C【解析】解:A.冷水浸泡属于物质的溶解,故A错误;B.加热煎制属于加热,故B错误;C.箅渣取液将固体和液体分离,属于过滤操作,故C正确;D.灌装是液体转移,故D错误.故选C.过滤用于分离不溶性物质和液体的分离,一般利用固体的颗粒大小将固体和液体分离,以此解答该题.本题考查物质的分离,侧重于学生的分析、实验能力的考查,题目密切联系生活,有利于培养学生良好的科学素养,提高学生学习的积极性,难度不大.2.黄酒在存放过程中,有部分乙醇转化为乙酸,导致黄酒变酸.该过程中发生的反应为()A.取代反应B.加成反应C.氧化反应D.酯化反应【答案】C【解析】解:乙醇转化为乙酸,-OH转化为-COOH,发生氧化反应,与取代、加成、酯化无关,故选C.乙醇转化为乙酸,-OH转化为-COOH,发生氧化反应,以此来解答.本题考查乙醇的化学性质,为高频考点,把握官能团的变化、有机反应为解答本题的关键,侧重分析与应用能力的考查,注意官能团决定性质,题目难度不大.3.氢氧化钠晶体熔化的过程中,破杯了()A.共价键和离子键B.离子键C.离子键和金属键D.共价键【答案】B【解析】解:氢氧化钠属于离子晶体,晶体中钠离子与氢氧根离子通过离子键结合在一起,在熔化的过程中阴阳离子之间的离子键被破坏,故B正确.故选B.氢氧化钠属于离子晶体,离子晶体熔化破坏离子键.本题考查了微粒之间的作用力,题目难度不大,注意把握离子晶体中阴阳离子之间的作用力.4.下列表示正确的是()A.CO2的电子式:B.乙炔的结构式:CH≡CHC.CH4的球棍模型:D.C l-离子的结构示意图:【答案】D【解析】解:A.二氧化碳是碳原子和氧原子之间通过共价双键形成的非极性分子,其正确的电子式为,故A错误;B.乙炔的结构简式为CH≡CH,而结构式为:H-C≡C-H,故B错误;C.为甲烷的比例模型,甲烷的球棍模型应该用小球和短棍表示,甲烷为正四面体结构,其正确的球棍模型为:,故C错误;D.氯离子的核电荷数为17,最外层满足8电子稳定结构,其离子结构示意图为,故D正确;故选D.A.二氧化碳是碳原子和氧原子之间通过共价双键形成的非极性分子;B.用短线代替所有的共用电子对即为结构式;C.为甲烷的比例模型,不是球棍模型;D.氯离子的核电荷数为17,核外电子总数为18,最外层达到8电子稳定结构.本题考查了常见化学用语的表示方法,题目难度中等,涉及离子结构示意图、球棍模型与比例模型、电子式、结构式等知识,明确常见化学用语的表示方法为解答关键,试题培养了学生的规范答题能力.5.将SO2气体通入下列溶液中,观察不到明显现象的是()A.B a C l2B.石蕊溶液C.酸性KM n O4溶液D.氢硫酸【答案】A【解析】解:A.盐酸的反应大于亚硫酸,则二者不反应,无明显现象,故A选;B.二氧化硫为酸性氧化物,能与水反应生成亚硫酸,亚硫酸电离产生氢离子,能够使石蕊变红色,故B不选;C.二氧化硫具有强的还原剂性,能够还原高锰酸钾,使其褪色,故C不选;D.二氧化硫具有弱的氧化性,能够氧化硫化氢,生成单质硫,产生沉淀,故D不选;故选:A.依据二氧化硫具有强的还原性,弱的氧化性,为酸性氧化物,具有酸性氧化物的通性的性质解答.本题考查二氧化硫的化学性质,为高频考点,明确二氧化硫酸性氧化物、强的还原性、弱的氧化性的性质是解题关键,题目难度不大.6.高炉炼铁中生成铁的反应一定是()A.氧化还原反应B.置换反应C.复分解反应D.分解反应【答案】A【解析】解:A.F e元素的化合价降低,为氧化还原反应,故A选;B.CO与氧化铁反应生成F e与二氧化碳,不是置换反应,故B不选;C.生成物有单质,不是复分解反应,故C不选;D.反应物有两种,不是分解反应,故D不选;故选A.高炉炼铁中生成铁,发生CO与氧化铁的反应,F e元素的化合价降低,以此来解答.本题考查氧化还原反应,为高频考点,把握发生的反应、元素化合价变化为解答本题的关键,侧重分析与应用的考查,注意基本反应类型的判断,题目难度不大.7.分子式为C5H10O2并能与饱和N a HCO3溶液反应放出气体的有机物有(不含量立体异构)()A.3种B.4种C.5种D.6种【答案】B【解析】解:分子式为C5H10O2且与N a HCO3能产生气体,则该有机物中含有-COOH,所以为饱和一元羧酸,烷基为-C4H9,-C4H9异构体有:-CH2CH2CH2CH3,-CH(CH3)CH2CH3,-CH2CH (CH3)CH3,-C(CH3)3,故符合条件的有机物的异构体数目为4.故选B.分子式为C5H10O2且与N a HCO3溶液能产生气体,则该有机物中含有-COOH,所以为饱和一元羧酸,烷基为-C4H9,丁基异构数等于该有机物的异构体数.本题为2015年考题,主要考查同分异构体书写、官能团的性质与确定等,侧重于学生的分析能力的考查,难度中等,熟练掌握碳原子数小于5的烃基的个数是解决本题的关键,甲基与乙基均1种,丙基2种、丁基4种、戊基8种.8.关于CC l4说法错误的是()A.晶体类型:分子晶体B.正四面体结构的分子C.含极性键的非极性分子D.与CH4结构相似、性质相似【答案】D【解析】解:A.由分子构成,为分子晶体,故A正确;B.与甲烷结构相似,为正四面体结构的分子,故B正确;C.含C-C l极性共价键,为正四面体结构,结构对称,为非极性分子,故C正确;D.与CH4结构相似,分别为烷烃、卤代烃,但性质不同,故D错误;故选D.CC l4由分子构成,只含C-C l极性共价键,为正四面体结构,以此来解答.本题考查晶体类型及性质,为高频考点,把握化学键、晶体类型、有机物的性质为解答本题的关键,侧重分析与应用能力的考查,注意结构与性质的关系,题目难度不大.9.已知:2A(g)⇌B(g)+Q(Q>0);2A(g)⇌B(l);下列能量变化示意图正确的是()A. B. C. D.【答案】A【解析】解:2A(g)⇌B(g)+Q(Q>0)为放热反应,B(g)⇌B(l)为放热过程,且2A (g)能量最高、B(l)能量最低,只有A符合,故选A.2A(g)⇌B(g)+Q(Q>0)为放热反应,B(g)⇌B(l)为放热过程,以此来解答.本题考查反应热与焓变,为高频考点,把握反应中能量变化、物质状态为解答本题的关键,侧重分析与应用能力的考查,注意能量与图象的关系,题目难度不大.10.下列化工生产中未使用催化剂的是()A.索尔维制碱法B.合成氨C.乙烯水化D.SO2转化为SO3【答案】A【解析】解:A.发生N a C l+H2O+CO2+NH3=N a HCO3↓+NH4C l、2N a HCO3N a2CO3+H2O+CO2↑,不需要催化剂,故A选;B.合成氨需要P t作催化剂加快反应速率,故B不选;C.乙烯水化加催化剂加快反应速率,故C不选;D.SO2转化为SO3加V2O5作催化剂加快反应速率,故D不选;故选A.索尔维制碱法的原理是氯化钠、水、氨气、二氧化碳反应生成碳酸氢钠和氯化铵,反应的化学方程式为:N a C l+H2O+CO2+NH3=N a HCO3↓+NH4C l.碳酸氢钠受热生成碳酸钠、水和二氧化碳,反应的化学方程式为:2N a HCO3N a2CO3+H2O+CO2↑,不需要使用催化剂,其它选项均需要,以此来解答.本题考查化学反应及催化剂,为高频考点,把握发生的反应及催化剂对反应的影响为解答本题的关键,侧重分析与应用的考查,注意催化剂对速率的作用,题目难度不大.11.将氯气通入如图装置.若打开活塞,则小试管里的干燥品红试纸c不褪色;若关闭活塞b,c很快褪色.则a溶液可能是()A.浓F e C l2溶液B.饱和KI溶液C.饱和食盐水D.浓N a OH溶液【答案】C【解析】解:A、B、D中均与氯气发生氧化还原反应,关闭活塞b,c中不褪色,只有C中饱和食盐水与氯气不反应,且氯气与水反应生成HC l O具有漂白性,符合关闭活塞b,c很快褪色,故选C.打开活塞,则小试管里的干燥品红试纸c不褪色;若关闭活塞b,c很快褪色,可知a中溶液与氯气不反应,且氯气与水反应生成HC l O具有漂白性,以此来解答.本题考查化学实验方案的评价,为高频考点,把握物质的性质、发生的反应、实验装置的作用为解答本题的关键,侧重分析与实验的考查,注意氧化还原反应的判断,题目难度不大.12.将足量稀盐酸加到下列固体混合物中,只能发生一种反应的是()A.N a OH、N a C l、N a A l O2B.KNO3、N a C l、CH3COON aC.N a2S、(NH4)2SO3、A g NO3D.B a(NO3)2、F e SO4、NH4HCO3【答案】B【解析】解:A.存在反应有:N a OH+2HC l=N a C l+H2O、N a A l O2+4HC l=A l C l3+N a C l+2H2O,故A不选;B.加入稀盐酸后只发生反应CH3COON a+HC l=CH3COOH+N a C l,故B选;C.存在反应:HC l+A g NO3=A g C l↓+HNO3、2HC l+(NH4)2SO3=2NH4C l+H2O+SO2↑、HC l+N a2S=2HC l+H2S,故C不选;D.存在NH4HCO3+HC l=NH4C l+H2O+CO2↑、4H++NO3-+3F e2+=3F e3++NO↑+2H2O、B a2++SO42-=B a SO4↓,故D不选;故选B.A.盐酸与氢氧化钠、偏铝酸钠都能发生反应;B.盐酸不与硝酸钾、氯化钠反应,只与醋酸钠反应;C.盐酸与三种物质都发生反应;D.盐酸与碳酸氢铵反应,酸性条件下硝酸根具有强氧化性,可以氧化亚铁离子.本题考查常见元素及其化合物性质、离子反应发生条件,题目难度中等,明确常见化合物性质为解答关键,注意熟练掌握离子反应发生条件,试题培养了学生的灵活应用能力.13.下列物质中均含杂质(括号中是杂质),除杂质方错误的是()A.碳酸钠(碳酸氢钠):加热,直到质量不再减少为止B.溴苯(溴):加入氢氧化钠溶液洗涤,分液C.乙醇(乙醛):加入新制氢氧化铜煮沸,过滤D.乙酸丁酯(乙酸):加入碳酸钠溶液洗涤,分液【答案】C【解析】解:A.碳酸氢钠加热分解生成碳酸钠,则加热可除杂,故A正确;B.溴与N a OH反应后,与溴苯分层,然后分液可分离,故B正确;C.乙醛与新制氢氧化铜发生氧化反应后生成乙酸,与乙醇互溶,不能过滤分离,应选蒸馏法,故C错误;D.乙酸与碳酸钠反应后,与酯分层,然后分液可分离,故D正确;故选C.A.碳酸氢钠加热分解生成碳酸钠;B.溴与N a OH反应后,与溴苯分层;C.乙醛与新制氢氧化铜发生氧化反应后,与乙醇互溶;D.乙酸与碳酸钠反应后,与酯分层.本题考查混合物分离提纯,为高频考点,把握物质的性质、发生的反应及混合物分离方法为解答本题的关键,侧重分析与应用的考查,注意物质性质的应用,题目难度不大.14.元素X、Y、Z位于相同短周期,它们的最高及最低化合价如表所示,下列判断错误A.原子序数:X>Y>ZB.原子半径:X>Y>ZC.稳定性:HX>H2Y>ZH3D.酸性由强到弱:HXO4>H2YO4>H3ZO4【答案】B【解析】解:X、Y、Z位于相同短周期,由化合价可知,X为C l,则Y为S,Z为P,A.同周期从左向右原子序数增大,则原子序数:X>Y>Z,故A正确;B.同周期从左向右原子半径减小,则原子半径:Z>Y>X,故B错误;C.同周期从左向右非金属性增强,对应氢化物的稳定性增强,则稳定性:HX>H2Y>ZH3,故C正确;D.非金属性越强,对应最高价含氧酸的酸性越强,则酸性由强到弱:HXO4>H2YO4>H3ZO4,故D正确;故选B.X、Y、Z位于相同短周期,由化合价可知,X为C l,则Y为S,Z为P,A.同周期从左向右原子序数增大;B.同周期从左向右原子半径减小;C.同周期从左向右非金属性增强,对应氢化物的稳定性增强;D.非金属性越强,对应最高价含氧酸的酸性越强.本题考查原子结构与元素周期律,为高频考点,把握元素的性质、元素周期律为解答本题的关键,侧重分析与应用能力的考查,注意规律性知识的应用,题目难度不大.15.研究电化学的装置如图所示,虚线框中可接a(电流计)或b(直流电源).下列说法错误的是()A.接a,该装置将化学能转化为电能B.接a,石墨是正极C.接b,铁片连正极时被保护D.接b,石墨连正极时石墨上产生气泡【答案】C【解析】解:A.虚线框中接灵敏电流计,该装置能自发的进行氧化还原反应,为原电池,将化学能转化为电能,故A正确;B.虚线框中接灵敏电流计,该装置能自发的进行氧化还原反应,为原电池,铁片为负极,石墨为正极,故B正确;C.虚线框中直流电源,该装置为电解池,如果F e作阳极,阳极上F e失电子生成亚铁离子,故C错误;D.虚线框中接直流电源,该装置是电解池,如果石墨作阳极,阳极上氢氧根离子失电子氧气,所以产生气泡,故D正确;故选C.A.虚线框中接灵敏电流计,该装置能自发的进行氧化还原反应,为原电池;B.虚线框中接灵敏电流计,该装置为原电池,活泼金属F e为负极;C.虚线框中接直流电源,该装置是电解池,如果F e作阳极,阳极上F e失电子生成亚铁离子;D.虚线框中接直流电源,该装置是电解池,如果石墨作阳极,阳极上氢氧根离子失电子氧气.本题考查原电池和电解池原理,注意电解池中活泼金属作电极时,阳极上金属失电子而不是溶液中阴离子失电子,易错选项是D.16.已知反应:3C12+NH3→6NH4C l+N2,下列分析正确的是(设阿伏伽德罗常数为N A)()A.若3mol C12反应,得到氧化产物6molB.若常温下生成22.4LN2,转移电子数6N AC.若转移6mol电子,被氧化的NH3是8molD.若生成1mol NH4C l转移电子n个,则N A=n【答案】D【解析】解:根据反应3C12+8NH3=6NH4C l+N2可知:此反应中3mol氯气做氧化剂,被还原为6mol NH4C l,得6mol电子;而8mol NH3中有2mol氨气做还原剂,被氧化为1mol氮气,此过程中失去6mol电子,即此反应转移6mol电子.A、氯气做氧化剂,被还原,故得到的是还原产物,故A错误;B、在常温下,气体摩尔体积大于22.4L,故生成的22.4L氮气的物质的量小于1mol,则转移的电子书小于6N A个,故B错误;C、当转移6mol电子时,参与反应的氨气为8mol,但其中被氧化的是2mol,故C错误;D、此反应生成6mol氯化铵,转移6mol电子,故当生成1mol氯化铵时转移1mol电子即N A个,故D正确.故选D.根据反应3C12+8NH3=6NH4C l+N2可知:此反应中3mol氯气做氧化剂,被还原为6mol NH4C l,得6mol电子;而8mol NH3中有2mol氨气做还原剂,被氧化为1mol氮气,此过程中失去6mol电子,即此反应转移6mol电子,据此分析.本题考查了阿伏伽德罗常数的有关计算,难度不大,应注意公式的运用和物质的结构特点.二、双选题(本大题共1小题,共2.0分)17.如图,向烧杯中滴加几滴浓盐酸,C a CO3固体还有剩余(忽略体积、温度的变化),下列数值变小的是()A.c(C a2+)B.c(CO32-)C.c(H+)D.c(碳酸钙的溶解度)【答案】BD【解析】解:C a CO3固体的溶液中存在溶解平衡:C a CO3(s)⇌C a2+(aq)+CO32-(aq),加入少量稀盐酸可与CO32-促使溶解平衡正向移动,故溶液中c(CO32-)减小,c(C a2+)及c(H+)增大,c(C a CO3)与温度有关,不变,只有B正确.故选B.C a CO3固体的溶液中存在溶解平衡:C a CO3(s)⇌C a2+(aq)+CO32-(aq),加入少量稀盐酸,发生CO32-+H+=HCO3-或CO32-+2H+=CO2+H2O,平衡正向移动,以此解答该题.本题考查难溶电解质的溶解平衡,为高频考点,侧重于学生的分析能力的考查,注意把握物质的性质以及平衡移动的影响因素,题目难度不大.三、单选题(本大题共3小题,共6.0分)18.测定C u SO4•x H2O晶体的x值,数据如表中所示,已知x的理论值为5.0,产生误差A.晶体中含不挥发杂质B.未做恒重操作C.加热前晶体未研磨D.加热时有晶体溅出【答案】D【解析】解:由表格中的数据,硫酸铜晶体的质量为:20.82g-11.70g=9.12g,结晶水的质量为:20.82g-16.50g=4.32g,则C u SO 4•x H2O C u SO4+x H2O,160+18x18x9.12g 4.32g解得x=8>5,测定结果偏大,A.硫酸铜晶体中含不挥发杂质,会导致测定的硫酸铜的质量偏大,测定的水的质量偏小,故A错误;B.未做恒重操作,会导致测定的硫酸铜的质量偏大,测定的水的质量偏小,故B错误;C.加热前晶体未研磨,测定的结晶水质量偏小,则测定结果偏小,故C错误;D.加热过程中有少量晶体溅出,导致水的质量测定结果偏大,故D正确;故选D.根据结晶水合物中,结晶水的质量=m(容器十晶体)-m(容器十无水硫酸铜),据化学方程式可以计算结晶水x的值,在测定中若被测样品中含有加热挥发的杂质或实验前容器中有水,都会造成测量结果偏高、偏低,结合x的理论值为5.0,进行分析解答.本题考查硫酸铜晶体中结晶水的测定,题目难度不大,明确实验操作方法为解答关键,注意分析误差时从导致加热前后的质量差进行判断,试题培养了学生的化学实验能力.19.25℃时,将两种不同浓度的某一元酸HA分别与N a OH溶液等体积混合(混合后溶液体积等于混合前两溶液体积之和),测得反应后溶液的p H如表所示.下列判断错误的是()A.HA是弱酸B.x>0.05C.实验①所得溶液中:c(A-)+c(HA)=0.10mol/LD.实验②所得溶液中:c(N a+)=c(A-)【答案】C【解析】解:A.将两种浓度都是0.1mol/L的某一元酸HA分别与N a OH溶液等体积混合,得到溶液为N a A,常温下p H=9,可知溶液为强碱弱酸盐,所以HA为弱酸,故A正确;B.依据①可知,HA为弱酸,与氢氧化钠恰好反应生成强碱弱酸盐,常温下,要使溶液p H=7,则酸应剩余,所以弱酸的浓度应大于弱碱,既x>0.05,故B正确;C.①将两种浓度都是0.1mol/L的某一元酸HA分别与N a OH溶液等体积混合,得到溶液为N a A,依据物料守恒得:c(A-)+c(HA)=c(N a+)=0.05mol/L,故C错误;D.溶液中存在电荷守恒:c(H+)+c(N a+)=c(OH-)+c(A-),由②可知,常温下,反应后溶液p H=7,所以c(H+)=c(OH-),则c(N a+)=c(A-),故D正确;故选:C.A.依据盐类水解的条件判断;B.依据①可知,HA为弱酸,与氢氧化钠恰好反应生成强碱弱酸盐,常温下,要使溶液p H=7,则酸应剩余;C.依据物料守恒解答,注意溶液等体积混合,溶液体积变为原来2倍;D.依据电荷守恒解答.本题考查离子浓度大小比较、溶液PH值、盐类水解应用等,难度中等,判断一元酸HA是弱酸为解题关键,注意溶液中存在电荷守恒、物料守恒规律及应用.20.向amol N a OH的溶液中通入bmol CO2,下列说法不正确的是()A.当a>2b时,发生的离子反应为:2OH-+CO2=CO32-+H2OB.当a<b时,发生的离子反应为:OH-+CO2=HCO3-C.当2a=3b时,发生的离子反应为:3OH-+2CO2=CO32-+HCO3-+H2OD.当0.5a<b<a时,溶液中HCO3-与CO32-的物质的量之比为(a-b):(2b-a)【答案】D【解析】解:A.当a>2b时,氢氧化钠过量反应生成碳酸钠和水,离子方程式:2OH-+CO2=CO32-+H2O,故A正确;B.当a<b时,二氧化碳过量反应生成碳酸氢钠,发生的离子反应为:OH-+CO2=HCO3-,故B正确;C.当2a=3b时,二者反应生成等物质的量的碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠,发生的离子反应为3OH-+2CO2=CO32-+HCO3-+H2O,故C正确;D.当0.5a<b<a时,依据方程式得:2N a OH+CO2=N a2CO3+H2Oa a aN a2CO3+CO2+H2O=2N a HCO3,a-(b-a)b-a2(b-a)溶液中HCO3-与CO32-的物质的量之比为(2a-b):(2b-2a),故D错误;故选:D.二氧化碳和氢氧化钠的物质的量比大于等于1:1的时候,则为碳酸氢钠;如果二氧化碳和氢氧化钠的物质的量比小于等于1:2的时候,则为碳酸钠;介于1:1和1:2之间的时候则为碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠的混合物,依据方程式:2N a OH+CO2=N a2CO3+H2O,N a2CO3+CO2+H2O=2N a HCO3,计算解答.本题考查了离子方程式的书写,明确二氧化碳与氢氧化钠反应实质是解题关键,题目难度中等,注意反应物的物质的量对反应的影响.四、简答题(本大题共2小题,共30.0分)21.镁、钡是位于同一主族的活泼的金属元素.回答下列问题:(1)镁在元素周期表中的位置是:______ ;钡位于周期表第六周期,钡原子最外层电子的电子排布式是:______ .(2)铝也是一种活泼金属,铝的金属性比钡的______(填“强”或“弱”).工业上可用如下方法制取钡:2A l+4B a O高温3B a↑+B a O•A l2O3,该法制钡的主要原因是______ (选填选项)a.高温时A l的活泼性大于B a b.高温时B a O•A l2O3比A l2O3稳定c.B a的沸点比A l的低d.高温有利于B a O分解两个烧杯分别盛有V m L、c mol/L的B a(OH)2溶液,分别向其中滴入c mol/L的H2SO4和N a HSO4溶液,两烧杯中溶液导电能力随滴入溶液体积的变化分别如图中①、②所示.(3)写出B a(OH)2溶液与H2SO4恰好反应的离子方程式:______ .(4)写出b点溶液中大量存在的阴离子的电子式:______ .(5)a、b、c、d点溶液呈中性的是______ .【答案】第三周期,第ⅡA族;6s2;弱;c;B a2++2OH-+2H++SO42-=B a SO4↓+H2O;;a、d【解析】解:(1)镁元素原子核外有12个电子,有三个电子层,最外层2个电子,位于第三周期,第ⅡA族,钡位于周期表第六周期,钡原子最外层电子的电子排布式是6s2,故答案为:第三周期,第ⅡA族;6s2;(2)利用元素B a、A l在元素周期表的位置可知金属活泼性:A l<B a;但A l在高温下可将氧化钡中钡置换出来,原因是B a的沸点低于铝,高温时B a转化为气体脱离反应体系,使反应正向进行,故答案为:弱;c;(3)B a(OH)2溶液与H2SO4恰好反应生成硫酸钡和水,反应的离子方程式为:B a2++2OH-+2H++SO42-=B a SO4↓+H2O,故答案为:B a2++2OH-+2H++SO42-=B a SO4↓+H2O;(4)b点溶液溶质为N a OH,氢氧根离子为阴离子,电子式为:,故答案为:;(5)a点①中硫酸和氢氧化钡恰好完全反应,溶液中只含水;d点②中溶质为N a2SO4,水和硫酸钠溶液都呈中性,b点溶液溶质为N a OH,c点,①中稀硫酸过量,溶质为硫酸,故答案为:a、d;(1)镁元素原子核外有12个电子,有三个电子层,最外层2个电子,钡原子位于第ⅡA族最外层电子2个;(2)常温下A l的金属性比B a的金属性弱,该反应是利用B a的沸点比A l的低;根据图知,a点为B a(OH)2溶液和H2SO4恰好反应,H2SO4、N a HSO4溶液的物质的量浓度相等,则b点溶液溶质为N a OH,c点,①中稀硫酸过量,溶质为硫酸,②中硫酸氢钠过量,则溶质为N a OH、N a2SO4,d点②中溶质为N a2SO4;(3)B a(OH)2溶液与H2SO4恰好反应生成硫酸钡和水;(4)b点溶液溶质为N a OH,氢氧根离子为阴离子;(5)a点①中硫酸和氢氧化钡恰好完全反应,溶液中只含水;d点②中溶质为N a2SO4,水和硫酸钠溶液都呈中性,b点溶液溶质为N a OH,c点,①中稀硫酸过量.本题考查酸碱混合溶液定性判断,为高频考点,侧重考查学生分析判断及识图能力,明确发生的反应及各点溶液中溶质成分是解本题关键,题目难度中等.22.硅元素的化合物有多种.回答下列问题:(1)S i H4的沸点比CH4高,原因是______ .(2)硅与碳同主族,也有系列氢化物,但硅院在种类和数量上都远不如烷烃多.根据下表中所列键能数据,简要分析可能的原因______ .氮化硅(S34)是一种重要的陶瓷材料,可用石英与焦炭在800℃的氮气气氛下合成:3S i O2(s)+6C(s)+2N2(g)高温S i3N4(s)+6CO(g)(3)标出上述反应中电子转移的数目和方向.(4)该反应的平衡常数表达式K= ______ .已知平衡常数:K(800℃)>K(850℃),则反应是______ 反应(填“放热”或“吸热”).(5)任写两种能提高二氧化硅转化率的措施______ 、______ .(6)一定温度下,在2L密闭容器内,充入一定量的反应物,5分钟时达到平衡,测得容器内气体增加了0.4mol,用CO表示该反应时间内的反应速率为______ .【答案】二者是结构相似的分子晶体,S i H4的分子量比CH4的分子量大,范德华力大,所以沸点比CH4高;S i-S i的键能比C-C小,S i-H的键能也比C-H小,更容易断裂,所以硅烷的种类和数量都比烷烃少;;放热;降温;减小压强;0.06mol/(L•min)【解析】解:(1)CH4和S i H4都是组成和结构相似的分子晶体,S i H4的分子量比CH4的分子量大,范德华力大,所以沸点比CH4高,故答案为:二者是结构相似的分子晶体,S i H4的分子量比CH4的分子量大,范德华力大,所以沸点比CH4高;(2)由表中数据可知,C-C键和C-H键较强,所形成的烷烃稳定.而硅烷中S i-S i键和S i-H键的键能较低,易断裂,导致长链硅烷难以生成,所以硅烷的种类和数量都比烷烃少,故答案为:S i-S i的键能比C-C小,S i-H的键能也比C-H小,更容易断裂,所以硅烷的种类和数量都比烷烃少;(3)S i的化合价前后未变,N的化合价由0降为-3,C的化合价由0升为+2,生成1个S i3N4化合价降低12,生成1个CO化合价升高2,根据化合价升降总数相等以及质量守恒得,故答案:;(4)化学平衡常数为生成物浓度系数次幂的乘积与反应物浓度系数次幂乘积的比值,则3S i O2(s)+6C(s)+2N2(g)高温S i3N4(s)+6CO(g)的化学平衡常数为K=,该反应K800℃>K 850℃,升高温度,平衡常数减小,平衡向逆反应方向移动,说明该反应的正反应为放热反应,故答案为:;放热;(5)该反应的正反应为放热反应,降低温度,平衡向正反应方向移动,二氧化硅的转化率增大,该反应的正反应为体积增大的反应,减小压强,平衡向正反应方向移动,二氧化硅的转化率增大,故答案为:降温、减小压强;(6)3S i O2(s)+6C(s)+2N2(g)高温S i3N4(s)+6CO(g),每生成6mol CO,容器内气体增加了4mol,则测得容器内气体增加了0.4mol,生成了0.6mol CO,用CO表示该反应时间内的反应速率为v===0.06mol/(L•min),故答案为:0.06mol/(L•min).(1)组成和结构相似的分子晶体,相对分子质量大的沸点高;(2)键能越小,化学键越不稳定;(3)在氧化还原反应中,得电子化合价降低的反应物是氧化剂,失电子化合价升高的反应物是还原剂,根据氧化还原反应化合价升降总数相等,标反应中电子转移的数目和方向;(4)化学平衡常数为生成物浓度系数次幂的乘积与反应物浓度系数次幂乘积的比值;根据已知平衡常数和温度的关系,结合温度对平衡移动的影响判断;(5)二氧化硅为反应物,增大其转化率应使平衡向正反应方向移动;(6)根据v=计算.本题考查了硅及其化合物的性质,涉及晶体溶沸点的比较、氧化还原、化学平衡的分析判断,平衡常数的概念应用,化学反应速率计算等,注意平衡常数表达式中固体不写入,题目难度中等.。

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杨浦区2017学年度第一学期高中等级考模拟质量调研高三年级化学学科试卷2017.12相对原子质量:H-1 C-12 N-14 O-16 Br-80 Ag-108一、选择题(本题共40分,每小题2分,只有一个正确答案)1.对291117Ts中数字的叙述正确的是A.291是Ts元素的相对原子质量B.291是Ts元素的质量数C.117是291117Ts的质子数D.117是291117Ts的中子数2.漂粉精暴露在潮湿的空气中易失效其原因与下列叙述无关的是()A.HClO的酸性比和H2CO3弱B.次氯酸钙能与碳酸反应C.HClO见光易分解D.Ca(ClO)2是正盐3.石油分馏的原理是利用物质的()A.沸点差异B.密度差异C.溶解度差异D.化学性质差异4.离子晶体具有的性质是()A.易导热B.易融化C.熔化状态下导电D.有延展性5.下列有关本的说法,错误的是()A.分子中所有原子共平面B.分子中无碳碳双键、碳碳单键C.不能发生加成反应D.能发生取代反应6.工业上仅以食盐和水为原料,不能得到了产品是()A.烧碱B.NaClO溶液C.盐酸D.氮肥NH4Cl7.两个容积相同的容器中分别盛有O2和空气,在同温、同压下,两容器中的气体一定具有相同的()A.原子数B.分子数C.质量D.密度8.反应物X生成Z的能量变化如图所示,该反应的热化学方程式为()A.2X(g)→Z(g)+(a-b)kJB.2X(g)→Z(g)+(b-a)kJC.2X(g)→Z(g)+(c-a)kJD.2X(g)→Z(g)+(b-c)kJ9.对NH3有关性质的描述,错误的是()A.NH3极易溶于水B.NH3具有还原性C.NH3在一定条件下能分解D.右图中浓盐酸换成浓硫酸时现象相同10.下列反应,与硫酸型酸雨的形成肯定无关的是()A.SO2+2H2S→3S+2H2OB.SO2+H2O H2SO3C.2SO2+O22SO3D.SO3+H2O→H2SO311.在给定条件下,下列物质间的转化不能实现的是()A.Fe FeCl3B.Fe FeSO4C.Fe Fe3O4D.Fe FeCl212.25℃,(NH4)2SO4的溶液显酸性,是因为()A.NH4+电离出了H+B.NH4+与水反应生成H+C.硫酸根结合水电离的H+D.硫酸根抑制水电离13.支撑海港码头基础的钢管柱,常用外加电流的阴极保护法进行防腐,工作原理如图所示,下列有关表述错误的是()A.利用了电解原理B.电子由电源负极流向钢管柱C.钢管柱是负极D .高硅铸铁作阳极14.CO 2催化加氢可制取汽油(C 5~C 11的烃类混合物),转化过程示意图如下(中括号内是汽油中某些成分的球棍模型):CO 22H 反应①−−−−−→CO 2H反应②−−−−−→(CH 2)n 2H反应③−−−−−→C 5H 12 ~ C 11H 24下列说法错误的是( ) A .反应①:CO 2+H 2催化剂CO+H 2OB .反应②中形成了碳碳键和碳氢键C .图中b的名称是5-甲基庚烷D .图中a 和b 互为同系物15.以下是某工厂的生产流程:下列分析正确的是( )A .循环使用的物质:NH 3和CO 2B .母液中只含有: 和Cl —C .向母液中通NH 3、加NaCl 时加热D .该工厂的产品是纯碱和NH 4Cl16.右图是铝热反应的装置图,对该反应叙述正确的是( )A .铝热反应是放热反应,所以常温下可以反应B .图中a 为Mg 条,b 为KClO 3,c 为Al 2O 3和Fe 的混合物汽油C.KClO3是该反应的催化剂D.利用铝热反应可焊接钢轨,也可冶炼锰等难熔金属17.一定温度下,恒容密闭容器中发生N2(g)+3H2(g)2NH3(g)反应,反应速率与比较错误的是()A.平衡状态II时的c(H2)一定小B.平衡常数K一样大C.平衡状态II时的c(NH3)一定大D.平衡状态II时的v(正)一定大18.表格中右图是乙醇分子的化学键断键位置位置的示意图。

下列对乙醇发生反应时的反应条件、断键方式及主要有机产物的叙述错误的是()19.随原子序数的递增,八种短周期元素的原子半径的相对大小、最高正价或最低负价的变化如图所示,下列分析正确的是()A.d、e的简单离子半径大小:d<eB.元素的金属性:e<fC.元素的非金属性:d<gD.x、y、z和d四种元素能形成离子化合物20.溴酸银(AgBrO3)和KNO3的溶解度随温度变化曲线如图所示:下列分析错误的是()A.600C时,AgBrO3饱和溶液的浓度是0.596%B.温度升高时AgBrO3和KNO3溶解速度都加快C.温度对AgBrO3溶解度的影响比对KNO3溶解度的影响大D.KNO3中少量AgBrO3可用重结晶的方法除去二、综合分析题(共60分)(一)(本题共15分)砷(As)是第四周期V A族元素,可以形成As2S3、H3AsO3、H3AsO4等化合物,用途广泛。

完成下列填空:21.砷原子核外有个电子层,最外层有个电子,写出砷原子最外层电子的轨道表示式:。

22.将砷与V A族所有短周期元素的原子半径,按从小到大的顺序排列:(用元素符号表示)。

23.溴位于VIIA族且与砷同周期,比较溴、砷最高价氧化物对应水化物酸性的强弱:强于(填物质的化学式)。

24.周期表中,铝和砷都在金属和非金属过渡线附近,举一例说明铝元素具有非金属性:。

25.已知:稀Na3AsO3溶液、稀碘水和稀NaOH溶液混合,发生如下反应:AsO33− (aq)+I2(aq)+2OH−⇌AsO43− (aq)+2I−(aq)+H2O(l)溶液中c(AsO43−)与反应时间(t)的关系如图所示。

(1)写出该反应的平衡常数的表达式K=___.(2)下列可判断反应达到平衡的是___(填标号).A.溶液的pH不再变化B.v(I−)=2v(AsO33−)C.c (AsO43−)/c (I-)不再变化D.c(I−)=2y mol⋅L−1(二)H2S和SO2会对环境和人体健康带来极大的危害,工业上采取多种方法除去H2S和SO2减少有害气体的排放,完成下列填空。

Ⅰ.H2S的除去用Fe2(SO4)3溶液吸收H2S生成FeSO4。

FeSO4被氧气氧化使Fe2(SO4)3再生,其原理为:方法1:生物脱H2S的原理为:□FeSO4+□O2+□H2SO4−−→−硫杆菌□Fe2(SO4)3+□(1)硫杆菌存在时,FeSO4被氧化的速率是无菌时的5×105倍,由图1和图2判断使用硫杆菌的最佳条件为___。

若反应温度过高,反应速率下降,其原因是___。

27.补全、配平Fe2(SO4)3再生的化学方程式,并标出电子转移的数目和方向28.在一定条件下,也可以用H2O2氧化H2S,其氧化产物随着参加反应的n(H2O2)/n(H2S)变化,氧化产物不同,当n(H2O2)/n(H2S)=4时,氧化产物的化学式为___。

Ⅱ.SO 2的除去用NaOH 吸收SO 2,并用CaO 使NaOH 再生NaOH 溶液CaO②SO2①Na 2SO 3溶液 29.写出过程①的离子方程式:___;30.CaO 在水中存在如下转化:CaO(s)+H 2O (l)→Ca(OH)2(s)⇌Ca 2+(aq)+2OH −(aq)从平衡移动的角度,简述过程②NaOH 再生的原理___。

31.也可用氨水除去SO 2。

某废气含0.2%SO 2和10%O 2(体积含量,其余为N 2),一定条件下,该废气以5m 3/h 的速率通过催化剂与速率为20 L/h 的NH 3混合,再喷水,得到(NH 4)2SO 4晶体(气体体积均已折算为标准状况)。

通过计算说明NH 3速率控制在20L/h 的原因。

(三)(本题共15分)某溶液中含有Na +还可能含有NH 4+、NO 3-、CO 32-、SO 32-、SO 42-、Br -、I -一种或几种。

为了鉴定其中的阴离子,分别取4份少量溶液进行以下实验:实验①:测得混合液呈弱碱性;实验②:加入盐酸后,生成无色无味气体。

该气体能使澄清石灰水变浑浊;实验③:加CCl 4后,滴加少量氯水,振荡后,CCl 4层未变色;实验④:加BaCl2溶液产生白色沉淀,该白色沉淀在足量盐酸中不能完全溶液。

完成下列填空:32.实验①得到的结论:____________,理由________________________________;33.实验②得到的结论:____________,理由________________________________;34.实验③得到的结论:____________,理由________________________________;35.实验④得到的结论:____________,理由________________________________;36.上述4个实验不能确定是否存在的阴离子是_________________。

37.如何检验溶液中是否含有NH4+______________________________。

(四)(本题共15分)下图是物质A的一种制备方法以及有A引发的系列反应。

完成下列填空:38.HCHO中官能团的名称_________________。

39.写出实验室制备CH≡CH的化学方程式:_______________________________________。

40.写出反应类型。

反应①:_________反应,反应③:______________反应。

41.化合物B含酯基的同分异构体共4种,写出其余3中的结构简式:、________________________________________________。

42.如何检验B 是否完全转化为C ?_______________________________________。

43.是制备氯丁橡胶的原料,以下是一种以为原料制备的合成路线的一部分,请补全其余3步:(合成路线常用的表示方式为:甲反应试剂 、反应条件 乙……反应试剂 、反应条件 目标产物)。

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