1. Lexicology
Lexicology词汇学练习题目和答案
Mid-term Exam1.Please illustrate the logical relationships of the following terms: free morphemes,bound root, derivational affixes, affixes, morphemes, inflectional affixes, bound morphemes.Free ----free rootBound rootMorphemeBound inflectional affixesprefixesDerivational affixessuffixes2.Prefixation and suffixation are two subclasses of affixation. Please define prefixationand suffixation and explain the difference between them. Use ―polite—impolite‖, ―happy—happiness‖ to illustrate your point.Prefixation is the formation on new words by adding a prefix or combining form to the base, and usually change the meaning of the base. Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding a suffix or a combining form to the base, and usually changing the word-class of the base. Im- is a negative prefix, polite, by adding a suffix im- , changes into the negative side impolite. However, happy is a adjective, and it is changed into a noun by adding suffix –ness without changing its basic meaning.3. Comment on the following groups of words to illustrate types of meaning of wordsand their relationship.Group 1: ―took, taught, became‖Group 2: ―have, has, had, had, having‖There are two main types of meaning that are grammatical and lexical. Grammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm. Group 1 is the same in grammatical meaning: ―took , taught, became‖, they have different lexical meaning, but they are in the same word-forms of the past-tense meaning. However, group 2 has the same lexical meaning, while they are different in the tense, that is to say in different grammatical meaning.4. Analyze and comment on three adjectives used in the following sentences based onsynonym difference in connotation.[A] Look at that little boy.[B] Look at that small boy.[C] Look at that tiny boyLittle, small, tiny are synonyms, but they are different in affective meaning.The word small has no affective meaning, and it just means that sth or sb is not large in size, number, degree, amount, etc. The word little almost has the sa me meaning, but it carries with it some emotion of affection or dislike. The word tiny means sb or sth is very small in size or amount.5. The basic form of English negative prefix in- is [in-], as in inaccurate and insecure.In impossible, [n] is changed to match the place of articulation of its following stop [p]. In illiterate, [n] becomes identical to its following [1]. Which phonological rule does this example illustrate? Please define the rule and give one more example.Assimilation rule can illustrate this example. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by ―copying‖a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example, in irregular, [n] becomes identical to its following[r].。
词汇学第一、二章课后习题及答案
2012级（1）班Chaper1 The Basic Concepts Of Words and VocabularyI.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. ______is the most important of all characteristics of the basic word stock.A.Productivity Stability C.Collocability D.All national character2. Nonbasic vocabulary includes all of the following except_______ .A.slangB.Anglo-Saxon wordsC.argotsD.neologisms3. According to the origins of the words, English words can be classified into _______ .A.content words and functional wordsB.native words and borrowed wordsC.basic words and dialectal wordsD.loan words and dialectal words4. Borrowings can be divided into________.A.liens, semantic loans, translationloans, denizensB.empty words, notional words, form words, content wordsC.blends, portmanteau words, acronyms, initializesD.derivatives, compounds, converted words and clipped words5. Apart from the characteristics of basic vocabulary, native words have two other features, namely_________.A.Productivity and stabilityB.neutrality in style and high frequency in useC.collectability and polysemyD.formality and arbitrariness6．The word beaver(meaning“girl”)is_______ .A.a dialectal wordB.argotC.an archaismD.slang7. AIDS as a nonbasic word is_______ .A.jargonB.an archaismC.aneologismD.slang8.Form words include the following word classes except_______ .A.conjunctionsB.auxiliariesC.prepositionsD.adjectives9. Vocabulary can refer to the following except_______ .A.the total number of the words in alanguageB.all the words used in a particular historical periodC.all the words of a given dialectD.most words a person knows10.Kimono is a loan word from_______ .A.GermanB.FrenchC.SpanishD.Japanese11. _______ form the mainstream of the basic word stock.A.Anglo-Saxon wordsB. FrenchwordsC.Danish wordstin words12.Black humor is_______ .A.a translation loanB.a semantic loanC.a denizenD.an alien13.Pronouns and numerals are semantically_______ and have limited_______ .A.polysemous;use and stabilityB.monosemous;collocability and stabilityC.polysemous;use and productivityD.monosemous;productivity andcollectability14.Indigestion is_______ .A.jargonB.slangC.terminologyD.an archaism15.By_______ ,words fall into functional words and content words.e frequencyB.notionC.originD.word formation16. The symbolic connection between sound and meaning is almost always_______ .A.motivatedB.arbitraryC.logicalD.unconventional17. _______ are loan words that have become assimilated in English.A.DenizensB.Semantic loansC.Translation loansD.Aliens18.Smoky, which means “police”,is a(n) _______ word.A.slangB.argotC.loanD.jargon19. Wherein which means “in what”is a(n)word. _______A.slangB.archaicC.functionalD.dialectal20.The difference between sound and form due to all the following except _______.A.more phonemes than lettersB. stabilization of spelling by printingC.change of spelling by early scribesD.development of pronunciationplete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book1. Lexicology is a branch of linguisticsstudying the origins and_______ of words .2. A word is a minimal free form of language that has a given sound, meaning and_______ function.3. In spite of the differences between sound and form,at least_______ percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns4.All the words in language make up its_______ .5.The_______ word stock is the foundations of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and form the common core of the language.6.By_______ ,begin is a native word.7. _______ vocabulary include cant,jargon and argot.8. There is no_______ relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself.9. _______ are the basic units of sentences.10. Early borrowings are mostly_______ whereas later loan words remain foreign in sound and spelling.III.Decide whether the following statements are true or false( )1.A word can be defined in different ways from different points of view. ( )2.Under no circumstances can sound and meaning be intrinsically related. ( )3.The introduction of printing press resulted in a lot more differences between sound and form.( )4.The words a person can use in speaking and writing form his active vocabulary.( )5.The principles by which to classify words are usage, notion and origin. ( )6.Native words are more popular than foreign words.( )7.Native words enjoy the same features as the basic word stock and more. ( )8.audl(meaning “old”)is an instance of archaism.( )9.Kowtow is a loan word known as an alien.( )10.Long time no see is a case of translation loan.IV.Give a term for each of the following definitions.1.Sub-standard words often used on informal occasions.( )2.Specialized vocabulary common in certain professions.( )3.Words used by sub-culturegroups, particularly by understood society.( )4.Words that have clear notions.( )5.Words of Anglo-Saxon origin.( )6.Words borrowed by way of translation. ( )7.Old words with new meanings.( )8.Words which have become assimilated.( )9.Native forms whose meanings are borrowed.( )10.Words essential to native speakers’ daily communication.( )V.Answer the following questions .Your answers should be clear and short.1.What is the relationship between sound and meaning?2.Why are there so many differences between sound and form?3.What are the criteria for classification of words?4.What are the characteristics of the basic word and word stock?[Answers]I.1.D 2.B 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.D 9.D 10.D 11.A 12.A 13.D 14.C15.B 16.B 17.A 18.A 19.B 20.DII.1.meanings 2.syntaitic 3.80(eighty) 4.vocabulary 5.basic 6.origin 7.Nonbaic 8.logical 9.Words 10assimilatedII I.1.T 2. F 3.T 4.T 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.TIV.1.slang 2.jargon3.argot 4.content words 5.native words 6.translation loans 7.neologisms 8.denizens 9.semantic loan 10.basic word stockV.1.The relationship is almost always arbitrary and conventional ana there is nological connection between sound and meaning.2.There are four major reasons.(1)The internal reason:the English alphabet wasadopted from the Romans,which have more phonemes than letters,so there is nota separate letter to represent each sound.(2)Pronunciation has changed morerapidly than spelling.(3)The spelling forms were changed by the early scribes to make theeir writing more recognizable.(4)Borrowing.3.There are mainly there criteria for classification.Words may fall into:the basicword stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency;content words and functional words by notion;native words and borrowed words by prigin.4.The basic word stock has five charecteristic:(1)all nationalcharacter,(2)stability,(3)productivi-ty,(4)polysemy,(5)productivity.Chapter2 The Development Of the English VocabularyI.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.It is assumed that the world has 3000 languages, which can be grouped intoroughly_______ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.A.200B.300C.400D.5002. The following languages all belong to the Eastern set except_______ .A.Balto-SlavicB.Indo-IranianC.ArmenianD.Italic3. In the Eastern set,Armenian and_______ are the sole modern languages in the two respective families.A.AlbanianB.RussianC.SloveniaD.Lithuanian4.Which language does not belong to the Italic?A.Portuguese.B.SpanishC.WelshD.French5.The early inhabitants of the British Isles spoke_______ .A.EnglishB.CelticC.ScandinavianD.Hellenic6.The Germanic speakers took permanent control of the land that was later called_______ (the land of Angles).A.GermanB.GreeceC.EnglandD.American7.Old English has a vocabulary of about 50000 to 60000 words,which is entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from_______ and Scandinavian.tinB.GreekC.CelticD.French8.The influx of French words into English did not occur until after_______ .A.1200B.1300C.1400D.15009.In the Middle English period,the three main dialects of the land were Northern, _______ and Midland.A.EasternB.WesternC.SouthernD.Oriental10. _______ is the chief ancestor of Modern English,not Southern.A.EasternB.WesternC.SouthernD.Oriental11.The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of_______ words into English.tinB.GreekC.DanishD.French12.Middle is an_______ dialect,as its name implies, and intelligible to Northerner and Southerners alike.A.middleB.intermediateC.interchangeableD.internal13.The number of_______ words that poured into English was unbelievably great and covered every realm of culture and society in the Middle English period.A.FrenchB.GermantinD.Russian14.Before English regained social status in Middle English period,those imposer spoke French;those who were literate read and wrote _______ ;those who could educate their children taught them in _______ ;and any young man who sought to earn his living as a scribe learned_______ or_______ .tin;French;Latin;FrenchB.French;French;French;EnglishC.French;French;Latin;FrenchD.Greek;French;Greek;French15.In the early period of modern English,Europe saw a new upsurge in learning ancient Greek and Roman classic,which is known in history as the_______ .A.RenewalB.RevivalC.ReboundD.Renaissance16.Since the beginning of the 20th century, particularly after World War II,although borrowing remains channel of English vocabulary expansion,more words are createdby_______ .A.analogyB.word-formationC.transferD.conversion17.The Anglo-Saxon in the Old English period was almost a “_______ ”language,which created new words from its own compound elements with few foreign words.A.uniqueB.fashionC.pureD.old18.As one scholar notes,old English w as characterized by “_______ endings”,Middle English by “leveled endings”,and Modern English by “_______ endings”.A.full ;lostB.lost;fullC.full;pureD.pure;lost19.Old English which was a_______ language has evolved to the present_______ language.A.analytic;syntheticB.synthetic;analyticC.agglutinative;analyticD.isolating;synthetic20.Of all the foreign languages from which we have borrowed words,Latin ,Greek,French,and_______ stand out as the major contributors.A.ItalianB.GermanC.DutchD.Scandinavian21.In the Pre-Anglo-Saxon period,the words borrowed naturally from reflected the new experience in_______ and _______ .A.war;economyB.economy;agricultureC.war;shrineD.agriculture22.In the Old English period,borrowings from Latin came in because of the introduction of Christianity,such as, _______ and _______ .A.cook;candleB.shrine;sackC.candle;shrineD.mass;circle23.The_______ centuries were especially prolific in Latin borrowingsunder the influence of Renaissance.A.12th and 13thB.13th and 14thC.14th and15thD.15th and 16th24.Some late borrowings from Latin still retain their Latin forms.which of the following was borrowed in the Modern English period?A.Frustrate B . Focus C.Logic D.Trade25.Which of the following does not come from Greek?A.PianoB.SynonymC.PhilosophyD.Lexicology26.Typhoon is from_______ and tatami is from_______ .A.Chinese;AfricanB.Chinese;JapaneseC.Arabic;TurkishD.Malay;Japanese27.Modern English vocabulary develops through_______ .A.terminology,analogyand borrowingB.creation,semantic and borrowingC.creation,archaisms,and semantic changeD.semantic change,denizens and argot28.Which of the following contemporary English vocabulary is from the rapid growth of science and technology?A.FalloutB.Pant suitC.Black beltD.Mao jackets29.The Scandinavian languages:Norwegian,Swedish,Danish,and Icelandic,constitute the_______ branch of the Germanic group.A.easternB.westernC.northernD.southern30.Reviving archaic or_______ words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though insignificant.A.obsoleteB.oldedD.ancientII．Decide whether the following statements are true or false.( )1.English is more closed related to German than French.( )2.Scandinavian languages refer to Icelandic,Norwegian,Danish,and Swedish ( )3.Old English was a highly infected language.( )4.In early Middle English period,English,Latin,and Celtic existed side by side.( )5.The introduction of printing into England marked the beginning of Modern English period.( )6.Modern English is considered to be an analytic language.( )7.The four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin,French,Scandinavian and Italian.( )8.In modern times,borrowing brings less than percent of modern English vocabulary.( )9.The three major factors that promote the growth of modern English vocabulary are advances in science and technology,influence of foreign cultures and languages. ( )10.The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is creation of new words by means of word-formation.( )11.Old English vocabulary was in essence Germanic with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.( )12.Middle English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words but with little change in word endings.III.Define the following terms.1.the Indo-European Language Family2.Old English3.foreign elements4.creation5.semantic changeIV.Answer following questions.Your answers should be clear and short1.Why did Middle become the chief ancestor of Modern English?2.What are the characteristics of Modern English?3.What are the reasons for the growth of contemporary English vocabulary?4.What are the general characteristics of the world-wide appeal of English?V.Analyze and comment on the following.1.Soft drinks and minerals sold here.Tell what“soft drink” and “mineral” mean respectively and explain why they take on those meanings in modern American English.2.“Moon”was originally written as “moan”and the pronuncia tions of the twowords are different,too .Explain the reasons for the change in spelling and pronunciation.AnswersI.1.B2.D3.A4.C5.B6.C7.A8.B9.C 10.D 11.D 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.D 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.B 20.D 21.D 22.C 23.C 24.B25.A26.B 27.B 28.A 29.C 30.AII.1.T2.T3.T4.T5.T6.T7.F8.T9.F 10.T 11.T 12.FIII.1.The Indo-European Language Family is made up of most languages of Europe,theNear East,and India.According to the geographical distribution,these languages fall into ten principal groups,belonging to two sets,namely an Eastern set anda Western set.The Eastern set consistsof:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,AmericanandAlbanian; the Western set comprises:Celtic,Italic, Hellenic, Germanic, Hittite and Tocharian.2.Old English grew out of the Anglo-Saxon,which has a vocabulary of about 50000to 60000 words.The vocabulary is almost monogamous and entirely Geomantic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.3.English vocabulary owes most of its words to foreign languages.The words borrowedfrom other languages are known as foreign elements in the English vocabulary.4.Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existingmaterials,namely roots,affixes and other elements.In modern times,this is the most important way of vocabularyexpansion.5.Semantic change refers to an old form whichtakes on a new meaning to meet thenew need.This does not increase the number of word forms but create many new usage of the existing words.IV.1. There are several reasons:(1)The midland included London,which was then the capital of England,naturally the political,economical and cultural center.(2)Two great writers Wycliffe and Chaucer employed the Midland dialect in their writings.(3)Midland is an intermediate dialect,as its name implies,and intelligible to Northerners and Southerners alike,whereas these speakers could not often understand each other using their own dialects respectively.(4)When Caxton introduced the printing press in 1477, the printerspatronized the Midland dialect, and any English man who wanted to be published had to write in that dialect.2. Modern English has a huge vocabulary of different elements. Most of the words have actually been borrowed from other languages. Word endings are mostly lost with just a few exceptions.3. Generally there are three main sources of new words:the rapid development of modern science and technology;social,economic and political changes;the influenceof other cultures and languages.4. The more obvious and striking features are summed up as follows:(1)receptivity, adaptability and heterogeneity;(2)simplicity of inflection(3)relatively fixed word-order.V.1.(1) “soft drink” means “carbonated drinks”and “mineral” means “mineralwater” in present American English.(2)“soft drink” means “non-alcoholic beverage” and “mineral” means “ore”in British English, but these words no longer have such meanings in present British English.(3) American English ha s revived the old meaning of “soft drink” and that of“mineral”. This is because it is easy to understand and remember.2. (1) “Mona” is an early borrowed word but the original form did not conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.(2) In later development, the word became well assimilated into English languages.(3) At present “mona”is written as “moon”, conforming to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.。
词汇学考试资料
1. lexicology is the “science of the word”, a subbranch of linguistics dealing with vocabulary.A word is a minimal free form of language which has given sound and meaning （lexical and grammatical) and syntactic function(句法功能）The Characteristics of the Basic Word Stock(1) All national character (全民性)（2）stability (稳定性) (3) productivity（能产性）(4) polysemy（多义性）(5) collocability（搭配性）2.Methods of word-formation：In English, there are various ways of word-formation such as affixation, conversion, compounding, blending, backformation, shortening, Reduplication，etc. Motivation deals with the connection between name and sense.词的理据指的是事物和现象获得名称的依据.1. Onomatopoeic Motivation (Phonetic motivation) (拟声理据)2. Motivation by meaning (Semantic Motivation) (语义理据)3. Logical motivation ( 逻辑理据)4. Grammatical motivation ( 形态理据或语法理据)3.Types of Word Meaning: 1.1 Grammatical meaning(语法意义)refers to that part of meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as the word class, singular and plural forms of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms.Lexical meaning(词汇意义) is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary.Conceptual meaning概念意义Associate meaning(关联意义) is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. Associative meaning comprises four types: connotative meaning内涵意义, stylistic meaning, affective meaning, and collocative meaning搭配意义.4. Purpose of Componential Analysis：By di gging out these traits and classifying them, we may know clearly their relationship between their synonymous pairs. So component analysis is a useful and revealing technique for demonstrating relations of meaning between words.Componential Analysis(语义成份分析), according to Leech, is the process of breaking down the word sense of a word into its minimal components. Sememe (义素) is such smallest sense unit in the semantic system of a word.5. Context is the necessary condition of pragmatic meaning语用意义of words.The basic features of pragmatic meaning: 1) Primary meaning adhesive（忠实原意）: Each word must be adhesive to its primary meaning . 2）Personal experienced ：In most cases, the use of a certain word will recall a lot of speaker’s association. 3）Unstable: In order to suit different context. it is necessary to extend or shorten the overtone of the word conceptual meaning. 4）Temporary：Sometime the speaker adjust the conceptual meaning to serve the context. 5)语境的共生性。
第1章引言
Chapter One Introduction
Main contents 1. definition of lexicology 2. definition of word 3. definition of vocabulary 4. development of English vocabulary 5. reasons for the rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary 6.contents of the course
( thou, thee (thou的宾格) /chaise /vale)
c.colloquial words (informal) d. slang words informal ,fresh, novel, daring knockout/ hunk e.-- technical words ( part of literary words) -- moonwalk…
(sense relation between words) 6.) polysemy and homonymy 7.) synonymy / antonymy/ hyponymy/ semantic field 8.）meaning and context 9.） changes in word meaning 10.） English idioms 11.） American English
means to borrow foreign elements (a) Denizens归化词 --- words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. call, die, husband
词汇学第一、二章课后习题及答案
…2012级（1）班Chaper1 The Basic Concepts Of Words and Vocabularyof the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. ______is the most important of all characteristics of the basic word stock. Stability national character2. Nonbasic vocabulary includes all of the following except_______ .words3. According to the origins of the words, English words can be classified into…_______ .words and functional words words and borrowed wordswords and dialectal words words and dialectal words4. Borrowings can be divided into________., semantic loans, translationloans, denizenswords, notional words, form words, content words, portmanteau words, acronyms, initializes, compounds, converted words and clipped words-5. Apart from the characteristics of basic vocabulary, native words have two other features, namely_________.and stability in style and high frequency in useand polysemy and arbitrariness6．The word beaver(meaning“girl”)is_______ .dialectal word archaism7. AIDS as a nonbasic word is_______ .archaismwords include the following word classes except_______ .^9. Vocabulary can refer to the following except_______ .total number of the words in alanguagethe words used in a particular historical periodthe words of a given dialectwords a person knowsis a loan word from_______ .【11. _______ form the mainstream of the basic word stock.words B. Frenchwords words wordshumor is_______ .translation loan semantic loan denizen alienand numerals are semantically_______ and have limited_______ .;use and stability ;collocability and stability;use and productivity ;productivity andcollectabilityis_______ .(archaism,words fall into functional words and content words.frequency formation16. The symbolic connection between sound and meaning is almost always_______ .17. _______ are loan words that have become assimilated in English.A.Denizens loans loans, which means “police”,is a(n) _______ word.[19. Wherein which means “in what”is a(n)word. _______difference between sound and form due to all the following except _______. phonemes than lettersB. stabilization of spelling by printingof spelling by early scribesof pronunciationthe following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book\1. Lexicology is a branch of linguisticsstudying the origins and_______ of words .2. A word is a minimal free form of language that has a given sound, meaning and_______ function.3. In spite of the differences between sound and form,at least_______ percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patternsthe words in language make up its_______ .word stock is the foundations of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and form the common core of the language.,begin is a native word.7. _______ vocabulary include cant,jargon and argot.8. There is no_______ relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself.{9. _______ are the basic units of sentences.10. Early borrowings are mostly_______ whereas later loan words remain foreign in sound and spelling.whether the following statements are true or false( ) word can be defined in different ways from different points of view.( ) no circumstances can sound and meaning be intrinsically related.( ) introduction of printing press resulted in a lot more differences betweensound and form.( ) words a person can use in speaking and writing form his active vocabulary. ( ) principles by which to classify words are usage, notion and origin.(( ) words are more popular than foreign words.( ) words enjoy the same features as the basic word stock and more.( )(meaning “old”)is an instance of archaism.( ) a loan word known as an alien.( ) time no see is a case of translation loan.a term for each of the following definitions.1.Sub-standard words often used on informal occasions.( )2.Specialized vocabulary common in certain professions.( )3.>4.Words used by sub-culturegroups, particularly by understood society.( )5.Words that have clear notions.( )6.Words of Anglo-Saxon origin.( )7.Words borrowed by way of translation. ( )8.Old words with new meanings.( )9.Words which have become assimilated.( )10.Native forms whose meanings are borrowed.( )11.Words essential to native speakers’ daily communication.( )：the following questions .Your answers should be clear and short.1.What is the relationship between sound and meaning2.Why are there so many differences between sound and form3.What are the criteria for classification of words4.What are the characteristics of the basic word and word stock[Answers](eighty) 10assimilated!2. Fwords words loans loan word stockV.1.The relationship is almost always arbitrary and conventional ana there is nological connection between sound and meaning.2.There are four major reasons.(1)The internal reason:the English alphabet wasadopted from the Romans,which have more phonemes than letters,so there is nota separate letter to represent each sound.(2)Pronunciation has changed morerapidly than spelling.(3)The spelling forms were changed by the early scribes to make theeir writing more recognizable.(4)Borrowing.3.There are mainly there criteria for may fall into:the basic word stock andnonbasic vocabulary by use frequency;content words and functional words by notion;native words and borrowed words by prigin.4.The basic word stock has five charecteristic:(1)all nationalcharacter,(2)stability,(3)productivi-ty,(4)polysemy,(5)productivity.）Chapter2 The Development Of the English Vocabularyof the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.It is assumed that the world has 3000 languages, which can be grouped intoroughly_______ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.2. The following languages all belong to the Eastern set except_______ .3. In the Eastern set,Armenian and_______ are the sole modern languages in the two respective families.（language does not belong to the Italic.early inhabitants of the British Isles spoke_______ .Germanic speakers took permanent control of the land that was later called_______ (the land of Angles).English has a vocabulary of about 50000 to 60000 words,which is entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from_______ and Scandinavian.·influx of French words into English did not occur until after_______ .the Middle English period,the three main dialects of the land were Northern, _______ and Midland.10. _______ is the chief ancestor of Modern English,not Southern.Norman Conquest started a continual flow of_______ words into English.*is an_______ dialect,as its name implies, and intelligible to Northerner and Southerners alike.number of_______ words that poured into English was unbelievably great and covered every realm of culture and society in the Middle English period.English regained social status in Middle English period,those imposer spoke French;those who were literate read and wrote _______ ;those who could educate their children taught them in _______ ;and any young man who sought to earn his living as a scribe learned_______ or_______ .;French;Latin;French ;French;French;English;French;Latin;French ;French;Greek;French…the early period of modern English,Europe saw a new upsurge in learning ancient Greek and Roman classic,which is known in history as the_______ .the beginning of the 20th century, particularly after World War II,although borrowing remains channel of English vocabulary expansion,more words are created by_______ .Anglo-Saxon in the Old English period was almost a “_______ ”language,which created new words from its own compound elements with few foreign words.one scholar notes,old English was characterized by “_______ endings”,Middle English by “leveled endings”,and Modern English by “_______ endings”.;lost ;full ;pure ;lost—English which was a_______ language has evolved to the present_______ language.;synthetic ;analytic;analytic ;syntheticall the foreign languages from which we have borrowed words,Latin ,Greek,French,and_______ stand out as the major contributors.the Pre-Anglo-Saxon period,the words borrowed naturally from reflected the new experience in_______ and _______ .;economy ;agriculture ;shrinethe Old English period,borrowings from Latin came in because of the introduction of Christianity,such as, _______ and _______ .…;candle ;sack ;shrine ;circlecenturies were especially prolific in Latin borrowingsunder the influence of Renaissance.and 13th and 14th and15th and 16thlate borrowings from Latin still retain their Latin of the following was borrowed in the Modern English periodB . Focusof the following does not come from Greekis from_______ and tatami is from_______ .:;African ;Japanese ;Turkish ;JapaneseEnglish vocabulary develops through_______ .,analogyand ,semantic and borrowing,archaisms,and semantic change,denizens and argotof the following contemporary English vocabulary is from the rapid growth of science and technologysuit belt jacketsScandinavian languages:Norwegian,Swedish,Danish,and Icelandic,constitute the_______ branch of the Germanic group.^archaic or_______ words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though insignificant.II．Decide whether the following statements are true or false.( ) is more closed related to German than French.( ) languages refer to Icelandic,Norwegian,Danish,and Swedish( ) English was a highly infected language.( ) early Middle English period,English,Latin,and Celtic existed side by side. ( ) introduction of printing into England marked the beginning of Modern English period."( ) English is considered to be an analytic language.( ) four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin,French,Scandinavian and Italian.( ) modern times,borrowing brings less than percent of modern English vocabulary. ( ) three major factors that promote the growth of modern English vocabulary are advances in science and technology,influence of foreign cultures and languages. ( ) most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is creation of new words by means of word-formation.( ) English vocabulary was in essence Germanic with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.( ) English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words but with little change in word endings.the following terms.1.,2.the Indo-European Language Family3.Old English4.foreign elements5.creation6.semantic changefollowing answers should be clear and short1.Why did Middle become the chief ancestor of Modern English2.What are the characteristics of Modern English3.、4.What are the reasons for the growth of contemporary English vocabulary5.What are the general characteristics of the world-wide appeal of Englishand comment on the following.1.Soft drinks and minerals sold here.Tell what“soft drink” and “mineral” mean respectively and explain why they take on those meanings in modern American English.2.“Moon”was originally written as “moan”and the pronuncia tions of the twowords are different,too .Explain the reasons for the change in spelling and pronunciation.AnswersI./II.III.1.The Indo-European Language Family is made up of most languages of Europe,theNear East,and to the geographical distribution,these languages fall into ten principal groups,belonging to two sets,namely an Eastern set and a Western Eastern set consists of:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,AmericanandAlbanian; the Western set comprises:Celtic,Italic, Hellenic, Germanic, Hittite and Tocharian.2.Old English grew out of the Anglo-Saxon,which has a vocabulary of about 50000to 60000 vocabulary is almost monogamous and entirely Geomantic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.3.English vocabulary owes most of its words to foreign words borrowed from otherlanguages are known as foreign elements in the English vocabulary.4.Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existingmaterials,namely roots,affixes and other modern times,this is the most important way of vocabularyexpansion.5.Semantic change refers to an old form whichtakes on a new meaning to meet thenew does not increase the number of word forms but create many new usage of the existing words.IV.1. There are several reasons:(1)The midland included London,which was then the capital of England,naturally the political,economical and cultural center.(2)Two great writers Wycliffe and Chaucer employed the Midland dialect in their writings.(3)Midland is an intermediate dialect,as its name implies,and intelligible to Northerners and Southerners alike,whereas these speakers could not often understand each other using their own dialects respectively.(4)When Caxton introduced the printing press in 1477, the printerspatronized theMidland dialect, and any English man who wanted to be published had to write in that dialect.2. Modern English has a huge vocabulary of different elements. Most of the words have actually been borrowed from other languages. Word endings are mostly lost with just a few exceptions.3. Generally there are three main sources of new words:the rapid development of modern science and technology;social,economic and political changes;the influenceof other cultures and languages.4. The more obvious and striking features are summed up as follows:(1)receptivity, adaptability and heterogeneity;(2)simplicity of inflection(3)relatively fixed word-order.V.1.(1) “soft drink” means “carbonated drinks” and “mineral” means “mineralwater” in present American English.(2)“soft drink” means “non-alcoholic beverage” and “mineral” means “ore”in British English, but these words no longer have such meanings in present British English.(3) American English has revived the old meaning of “soft drink” and that of“mineral”. This is because it is easy to understand and remember.2. (1) “Mona” is an early borrowed word but the original form did not conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.(2) In later development, the word became well assimilated into English languages.(3) At present “mona”is written as “moon”, conforming to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.。
Lexicology
Lexicology(英语词汇学英语词汇学) English Lexicology(英语词汇学) : Lexicology 词汇学）is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins （词汇学）and meanings of words. lexicology：The Nature and Scope of English lexicology English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. to：The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) lexicology：The reason for a student to study English lexicology According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English. A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study. 1---Basic Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary Word （词的定义）Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence Sound and meaning （声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thin g or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself” form（读音和形式）Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary Vocabulary（词汇）Vocabulary（词汇）: all the words in a language make up its vocabulary English Words：Classification of English Words：frequency:basic By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary By notion:content words&functional words By origin:native words&borrowed words 1stock（基本词汇）The basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary. Stock(基本词汇的特征) The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的特征): 1)All-National character（全民通用性most important）2)Stability（相对稳定性）3)Productivity（多产性）4)Polysemy（多义性）5)Collocability（可搭配性）words:(1)T erminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话）(3)slang 没有上述特征的words: （俚语）(4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms（古语）(7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email) words/notional Content words/notional words 实词(cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently) and functional words/empty words 虚词(on, of, and, be, but) words/empty 虚词( ) ) Words Native Words and Borrowed Words Nati words（本族语词）Native words（本族语词）: known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-stocks).Two other features:(1)neutral in style (2)frequent in use words/Loan words 外来语词）ords（Borrowed words/Loan words （外来语词）: words taken over from foreign languages.(80% of modern EV) 4 Types of loan words: 1) denizens(同化词): (shirt from skyrta(ON)) 2) aliens（非同化词/外来词）:are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling (kowtow (CH)磕头) 3) translation loans(译借词):按其他语言方式组成英语long time no see (from China) 4) semantic loans（借义词）：they are not borrowed with reference to the form,but their meanings are borrowed Chapter 2 the development of the English Vocabulary Family(印欧语系) The Indo-European Language Family(印欧语系) IndoThe Eight Groups in Indo-European Family of Languages（8 大印欧语群）The Eastern set: （1）The Balto-slavic Group（波罗的-斯拉夫语族）：Russian,Bulgarian,Polish,Czech etc. （2）The Indo-Iranian Group（印度-伊朗语族）：Hindi,Bengali,Persian etc. (3)The Armenian Group（亚美尼亚语族）：Armenian. (4)The Albanian Group（阿尔巴尼亚语族）：Albanian. The Western set: (5)The Hellenic Group（古希腊语族）：Greek. (6)The Italian Group （意大利语族）：Latin ,Romance languages(French,Italian,Spanish, portuguese,Romanian) etc. (7)The Celtic Group（凯尔特语族）：Irish,Welsh,Breton etc. (8)The Germanic Group（日耳曼语族）：Flemish,German,Dutch,Scandinavian(Norweigian, Swedish,Danish,Icelandic) etc. 2Development Vocabulary: The Three Stages of Development of the English Vocabulary: 1 Old English (450-1100) (vocabulary 50,000 to 60,000):was I high inflected language. 2 Middle English (1150-1500):retaines much fewer inflections 3 Modern English (1500-up to now): in fact more than 25% of modern E words come almost directly from classical languages. In Modern E, words endings were mostly lost with just a few expections.English has evolved from a synthetic language(Old English) to the present analytic language. Vocabulary Development(词汇的发展模式词汇的发展模式): Modes of Vocabulary Development(词汇的发展模式): 1)creation 创造新词：the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely toots,affixes and other elements.(最重要方式) 2)semantic change 旧词新义:does not increase the number of word forms but create many more new useages of the words. 3) borrowing 借用外来词:constitute merely 6 to 7 percent of all new words Reviving words or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant. Chapter 3 Word Formation I Morpheme(词Morpheme(词素):the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words Allomorph(词素变体) Allomorph(词素变体): is a different variant form of a morpheme，differ in phonological and spelling form, but at the same in function and meaning Morpheme(词素的分类) Type of Morpheme(词素的分类) （1）Free Morphemes（自由词素）: have complete meaning in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. (independent). （2）Bound Morpheme(粘着语素): A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself. Bound Morpheme includes two types: (1) bound root(粘附词根) (2)Affix(词缀) Affixes can be put into two groups: 1)Inflectional affixes (屈折词缀):affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional,thus known as inflectional morphemes. 2)Derivational affixes(派生词缀): A) prefix: A prefix comes before words. B)suffix:An adjective suffix（形容词后缀）that is added to the stem, whatever class is belongs to , the result will be an adjective. Free Morpheme =free root （自由词根）Morpheme(词素) bound Bound root derivational affix inflectional prefix suffix stem（词根和词干）Root and stem（词根和词干）The differences between root and stem: A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. 3A stem is the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word with inflectional morphemes,can be further analyzed, it sometimes could be a root. WordII(构词法) Chapter 4 Word-Formation II(构词法) 1.Affixation 词缀法（Derivation 派生法）：the formation of words by adding 1.Affixation 词缀法word-formaing or derivational affixes to stem. （1）Prefixation(前缀法)：It's the formation of new words by adding a prefixes to stems. 1)Negative prefixes( 否定前缀): un-,non-,in-,dis,a- ,il-,ir-,im-,etc.disobey(not obey) 2)Reversative prefixes（逆反前缀）: un-,de-，dis- etc. unwrap(open) 3) Pejorative prefixes: mis （贬义前缀）：mis- ，mal-, pseudoetc.misconduct(bad behaviour) 4) Prefixes of degree or size(程度前缀)：arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,u ltra-,under-,ect. overweight 5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude （倾向态度前缀）:contra-,counter-,anti-,pro- etc.anti-nuclear 6)Locative prefixes 方位前缀）（:extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-, etc. extraordinary(more than ordinary) 7) Prefixes of time and order（时间和顺序前缀）:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,reetc. monorail(one rail) 8) Number prefixes （数字前缀）:uni-，mono-, bi-，di-, tri-,multi-，poly- ，semi-，etc.bilingual(concerning two languages) 9) Miscellaneous prefixes （混杂前缀）：auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-.vice-chairman(deputy chairman) (2)Suffixation （后缀法）: It's the formation of a new word by adding suffixes to stems. 1)noun suffixes 2)adjective suffixes 3)Adverb suffixes 4)verb suffixes pounding composition）pounding 复合法（also called composition）Compounding: is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems Compounds are written in three ways: solid 连写(airmail)，hyphenated 带连字符(air-conditioning)and open 分开写(air force, air raid) Formation of compounds（复合词的形式）（1）noun compounds ：e.g. : air + plane = airplane,flower + pot = flower pot （2）adjective compounds ：e.g. acid + head = acid-head （3）verb compounds ：e.g. house + keep = housekeep 3.Conversion 转类法 3.Conversion 转类法Conversion: is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. 功能转换，（又叫零派生.functional shift/zero-derivation）44.Blending 拼缀法4.Blending 拼缀法Ble Blending : is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. e.g: motor + hotel = motel, smoke + fog = smog, formula + translation = FORTRAN5.Clipping 5.Clipping 截短法Clipping:is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.e.g. plane from airplane, phone from telephone. 四种形式：1).Front clippings 删节前面(phone from telephone) 2).Back clippings 删节后面(dorm from dormitory) 3).Front and back clippings 前后删节(flu from influenza) 4).Phrase clippings 短语删节(pop from popular music)6.Acronymy 6.Acronymy 首字母缩写法Acronymy:is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. （1）Initialism （首字母缩写词法）initialisms are words pronounced letter : by letter. e.g.: BBC(for British Broadcasting corporation) （2）Acronym （首字母拼音法）:Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word. E.g.:TEFL(teaching English as a foreign language)7.Back-formation（逆生法，逆构词）7.Back-formation（逆生法，逆构词）Back Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffi xation. It‟s the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. (greed from greedy)8.Words Name(专有名词转成法): 8.Words From Proper Name(专有名词转成法): Names of people, places, book, and tradenames (e.g.: sir watt siemens(人名) -- watt（瓦特，电功率单位）Chapter 5 Word Meaning Meaning” The meanings of “Meaning” (“意义”的意义) Reference(所指):It is the relationship between language and the word. It Reference is the arbitrary and conventional. It is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something specific. Concept （概念）:which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition(认识),reflecting the objective world in the human mind. Sense（意义）:It denotes the relationship inside the language. …The sense Sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with 5other expressions in the language.‟ Motivation(理据)：It accounts for the connection between the linguistic Motivation symbol and its meaning. 1) Onomatopoeic motivation（拟声理据）:words whose sounds suggest their meaning, for these words were creates by imitating the natural sounds or noises. Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. E.g.: bang, ping-pong, ha ha. 2)Morphological motivation （形态理据）:multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combines. E.g.: airmail, miniskirt .例外：black market, ect.3)Semantic motivation （词义理据）refers to the mental associations ：suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. E.g:the foot of the mountain(foot) 4)Etymological motivation （词源理据）:the history of the word explains the meaning of the word. E.g:pen-feather meaning(词义的类别) Types of meaning(词义的类别) 1.Grammatical Meaning（语法意义）:indicates the grammatical concept or relationships (becomes important only in actual context) 2.Lexical Meaning （词汇意义）(Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word-meaning) Lexical meaning has 2 components 内容: Conceptual meaning(概念意义) and associative meaning(关联意义) 1）Conceptual meaning(概念意义): also known as denotative meaning(外延意义) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. 2）Associative meaning(关联意义):is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. [4types: （1）Connotative（内涵意义）：the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations.(例如“母亲”经常与“爱” “关心” “温柔”联系起来) （2）Stylistic （文体意义）many words have stylistic features, which make ：them appropriate for different contexts. （3）Affective （感情意义）：indicates the speaker‟s attitude towards the person or thing in question.这种情感价值观分两类：褒义和贬义appreciative & pejorative （4）Collocative（搭配意义）：is the part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.] --Sense Chapter 6 --Sense relation and semantic field （语义关系和语义场）Polysemy（多义关系）Polysemy Two approached to polysemy（多义关系的两种研究方法）: 61.diachronic approach(历时方法) ：from the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. First meaning is the primary meaning , the later meanings are called derived meanings.2. synchronic approach (共时方法) : synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time.基本意义是central meaning , 次要意义是derived meaning. Two processes of development（词义的两种发展类型）: 1. radiation（辐射型）：is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes. (e.g: face, neck) 2. concatenation（连锁型）:is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word move gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.(e.g:treacle)3. In radiation, each of the derived meaning is directly connected to the primary meaning. In concatenation, each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains. Though the latest sense can be traced back to the original, there is no direct connection in between.4. They are closely related, being different stages of the development leading to polysemy. Generally, radiation precedes concatenation. In many cases, the two processes work together, complementing each other. Homonymy （同形同音异义关系）:words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. homonyms(同音同形异义关系的类别) Types of homonyms(同音同形异义关系的类别) 1）Perfect homonyms（完全同音同形异义词）：words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. 2)Homographs （同形异义词）:words identical only in spelling, but different in sound and meaning.(最多最常见) 3）Homophones（同音异义词）：words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning. 同形同音异义词的来源) Origins of homonyms (同形同音异义词的来源) 1）change in sound and spelling ：(eare-ear, lang-long, langian-long) 2）borrowing (feria-fair, beallu-ball, baller-ball ) 3）Shortening(缩略): (ad-advertisement,) The differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemes（同音同形异义词和多义词的区别)：1)The fundamental difference : Homonymy refers to different words which happen to share the same form and polysemy are the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings. 72)One important criterion is to see their etymology(词源)：Homonymys are from different sources. Polysemant is from the same source. 3)The second principle consideration is semantic relatedness(语义关联): The various meanings of polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning. Meanings of different homonymys have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meaning all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries. Rhetoric features of homonyms(同形同音异义词的修辞特色)：As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly homophones, they are often employed to create puns for desired effect of, say, humor, sarcasm or ridicule. Synonymy (同义关系): one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning . Types of Synonymy(同义词的类别) : (1)Absolute synonyms（完全同义词）：also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all aspects, i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including conceptual and associative meanings.[ Absolute synonyms are restricted to highly specialized vocabulary in lexicology. ] (2)relative synonyms（相对同义词）:also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.(e.g: change/alter/vary, stagger/reel/totter, strange/odd/queer, idle/lazy/indolent) Sources of synonyms(同义词的来源) : 1)Borrowing （借词）最重要的来源(room-chamber, foe-enemy, help-aid, ：leave-depart, wise-sage, buy-purchase) 2)Dialects and regional English （方言和地区英语）3)Figurative and euphemistic use of words （单词的修饰和委婉用法）:occupation/profession-walk of life, dreamer--star-gazer, drunk-elevated, lie-distort of fact.4)Coincidence with idiomatic expressions（与习惯表达一致）:win-gain the upper hand, decide-make up one‟s mind, finish-get through, hesitate-be in two minds, help-lend one a hand. Discrimination of Synonyms (1)difference in denotation 外延不同. Synonyms may differ in the range and intensity of meaning.(rich-wealthy, work-toil, want-wish-desire) (2)difference in connotation 内涵不同 . By connotation we mean the stylistic and emotive colouring of words. Some words share the same denotation but differ in their stylistic appropriateness. ( 借词：answer-respond, storm-tempest, wood-forest, handy-manual, unlike-dissimilar, homely-domestic, fleshy-carnal. 中性词：8policeman-constable-bobby-cop, ask-beg-request. 古语词、诗歌：ire/anger, bliss-happiness, forlorn-distresses, dire-dreadful, list-listen, enow-enough, save-expect, mere-lake ) (3)difference in application. Many words are synonymous in meaning but difference in usage in simple terms. They form different collocations and fit into difference sentence patterns. (allow sb. to do sth.- let sb. do sth. / answer the letter-reply to the letter) Antonymy (反义关系) :it is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning. Types of Antonyms: 1)contradictory terms ( 矛盾反义词): these antonyms truly represent oppositeness of meaning. 特点：①The assertion of one is the denial of the other. ②Such antonyms are non-gradable. They cannot be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like “very” to qualify them . (e.g: single/married) 2)contrary terms（对立反义词）: antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes.(e.g: old/young, rich/young, big/small) The two opposites are gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.3)relative terms （关系反义词）this type consists of relational opposites. ：（parent/child, husband/wife, employee/employer, sell/buy, receive-give）antonyms(反义关系的特点): Some of the characteristics of antonyms(反义关系的特点): 1)antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition(语义对立) 2)a word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym 3)antonyms differ in semantic inclusion（语义内涵）4)contrary terms are gradable antonyms，differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.(hot/warm: hot-cold/warm-cool) antonyms（反义词的使用）The use of antonyms（反义词的使用）1）Antonyms are helpful and valuable in defining the meaning of words. 2)To express economically the opposite of a particular thought for the sake of contrast.(e.g :now or never, rain or shine, friend or foe 敌友，weal and woe 哀乐) 3）To form antithesis(对比法) to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting idea together. (proverbs and sayings: easy come , easy go./ more haste, less speed.) Hyponymy(上下义关系): Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic Hyponymy inclusion. The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. For example, a cat is hyponym of animal Superordinate and Subordinate (上义词和下义词)：use subordinates which are concrete and precise ,presenting a vivid verbal picture before the reader. Superordinates which convey only a general and vague idea. 9Field(语义场) Semantic Field(语义场) Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory. e.g.(apple, pear, peach, date, mango, orange, lemon, etc. make up the semantic field of …fruits‟) The semantic field of the same concept may not have the same members in different language. e.g.(aunt in English, may means “父亲的姐姐，妈妈的姐姐，父亲哥哥的妻子” in Chinese.(122) Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning 词义的演变Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. Comparatively the content is even more unstable than the form. Changes 词义变化的种类) Types of Changes (词义变化的种类) 1.Extension generalization( 1.Extension /generalization( 词义的扩大): is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo. It is a process by which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.(e.g: manuscript, fabulous, picture, mill, journal, bonfire, butcher, companion) 2.Narrowing specialization( 词义的缩小) Narrowing/ 2.Narrowing/ specialization( 词义的缩小) ：is the opposite of widening meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. In other words, a word which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys a special meaning in present-day English.(e.g: deer, corn, garage, liquor, meat, disease, poison, wife, accident, girl). [ when a common word is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is narrowed accordingly. ] 3.Elevation amelioration( 升华) 3.Elevation /amelioration( 词义的升华):refers to the process by which words rise from humble（粗陋的）beginnings to positions of importance. [nice, marshal, constable, angel, knight, earl, governor, fond, minister, chamberlain ] 4.Degradation pejoration(词义的降格Degrada 降格) 4.Degradation / pejoration(词义的降格):A process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to used in derogatory（贬损的）sense.[boor, churl, wench, hussy, villain, silly, knave, lewd, criticize, lust ] 5.Transfer 词义的转移) Transfer( 5.Transfer(词义的转移): Words which were used to designate 指明one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer. Semantic Change(词义变化的原因) Causes of Semantic Change(词义变化的原因) 1.Extra Extrafactors(词义演变的语言外部因素) 1.Extra-linguistic factors(词义演变的语言外部因素): 1) Historical reason( 历史原因) ：Increased scientific knowledge and 10discovery, objects, institutions, ideas change in the course of time. E.g: pen, car, computer. 2 )Class reason(阶级原因)：The attitude of classes have also made inroads into lexical meaning in the case of elevation or degradation. 3) Psychological reason(心理原因)：the associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words are often due to psychological factors. Such slow, humble and despised occupations take more appealing names is all due to psychological reasons. 2.Linguistic factors（语言内部原因）：the change of meaning may be caused 2.Linguistic factors（语言内部原因）by internal factors with in the language system. 1)shorting 缩略:gold-gold medal, gas-coal gas, bulb-light bulb, private-private soldier 2)borrowing 借用:deer-animal-beast 3)analogy 类推: 词义和语境Chapter 8 Meaning and Context 词义和语境Context in its traditional sense refers to the lexical items that precede or follow a given word. Modern linguists have broadened its scope to include both linguistic and extra-linguistic contexts. context（语境的种类）Two types of context（语境的种类）Extracontext/ Nonsituation（非语言语境）：In 1. Extra-linguistic context/ Non-linguistic situation（非语言语境）a broad sense, context includes the physical situation as well, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background. (look out, weekend, landlord ) 2.Linguistic context/ grammatical context context(语言语境)：In a narrow sense, Linguistic context/ it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. It may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.分为两类：1) Lexical context（词汇语境）：It refers to the word that occurs together with the word in question. (e.g: paper, do) 2) Grammatical context （语法语境）It refers the situation when the meaning ：of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. (e.g: become) context(语境的作用) The role of context(语境的作用) 1.Eliminat Elimination ambiguity 消除歧义) 1.Elimination of ambiguity(消除歧义) 1）Ambiguity due to polysemy or homonymy. 2）Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity 如何消除歧义？——①extend the original sentence ②alter the context a little 2.Indicat Indication referents 限定所指) 2.Indication of referents(限定所指) 如何限定所指？——①with clear context ②with adequate verbal context 3.Provision word提供线索以猜测词义) 3.Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning (提供线索以猜测词义) 111)definition 2)explanation 3)example 4)synonymy 5)antonymy 6)hyponymy（上下义关系）7)relevant details 8)word structure English Chapter 9 English Idioms 英语习语dioms（习语的定义）Idioms（习语的定义）: are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of individual elements. In a broad sense, idiom may include colloquialisms （俗语）Catchphrases , （标语）,slang expressions （俚语）,proverbs（谚语）,etc. They form an important part of the English vocabulary. Idioms（英语习语的特点）Characteristics of Idioms（英语习语的特点）1.Semantic 语意的整体性）1.Semantic unity （语意的整体性）words in the idiom they have lost their ：individual identity. Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom. The semantic unity of idioms is also reflected in the illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each of the idiom. 2.Structural stability(结构的稳定性) 2.Structural stability(结构的稳定性):the structure of an idiom is to a large extent un changeable. 1) the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced 2) the word order cannot be inverted or changed 3) the constituents of idioms cannot be deleted or added to, not even an article. 4) many idioms are grammatically unchangeable The fixity of idiom depends on the idiomaticity.习语性表达习惯Idioms（英语习语的分类）Classification of Idioms（英语习语的分类） 1. idioms nominal in nature 名词性习语(white elephant 累赘物) 2 .idioms adjectival in nature 形容词性习语（as poor as a church mouse）3 .idioms verbal in nature 动词性习语（look into）4 .idioms adverbial in nature 副词性习语（tooth and nail 拼命）5 .sentence idioms 句式习语（never do things by halves）idioms（习语的使用）Use of idioms 1.Stylistic features（文体色彩）：Stylistic features（文体色彩）1）colloquialisms（俗语）2）slang （俚语）3）literary expressions（书面表达）12The same idiom may show stylistic differences when it is assigned（指派）different meanings.2.Rhetorical features(修辞色彩) 2.Rhetorical features(修辞色彩) 1) phonetic manipulation （语音处理）：（1）alliteration 头韵法（2）rhyme 尾韵法2）lexical manipulation（词法处理）（1）reiteration（duplication of synonyms）同义词并举[scream and shout] （2）repetition 重复[out and out] （3）juxtaposition (of antonyms) 反义词并置[here and there]3.figures speech（修辞格）3.figures of speech（修辞格）（1）simile 明喻（2）metaphor 暗喻（3）metonymy 换喻/以名词代动作：live by one‟s pen （4）synecdoche 提喻/以部分代整体：earn one‟s bread （5）Personification 拟人法（6）Euphemism 委婉语：kick the bucket(die) （7）hyperbole 夸张：a world of trouble idioms(习语的变异形式) Variations of idioms(习语的变异形式)： 1.addition 增加2.deletion 删除 3.replacement 替换4.position-shifting 位置转移5.dismembering 分解Chapter 10 English Dictionaries 英语字典Dictionary: Dictionary presents in alphabetical order the words of English, with information as to their spelling ,pronunciation, meaning, usage , rules and grammar, and in some, their etymology（语源）. dictionaries(词典的种类) Types of dictionaries(词典的种类): 1.Monolingual dictionaries（单语词典和双语词典）：最早的词1.Monolingual & bilingual dictionaries （单语词典和双语词典）最早的词：典都是双语的(1).Monolingual dictionary: is written in one language (LDCE, CCELD). The headword or entries are defined and illustrated in the same language. (2).Bilingual dictionary: involve two languages (A New English-Chinese D, A Chinese-English D) 2.Linguistic dictionaries（语文词典与百科词典）2.Linguistic and Encyclopedic dictionaries（语文词典与百科词典）（1）Linguistic dictionary: aim at defining words and explaining their usages in the language (spelling, pronunciation, meaning, grammatical, 13。
英语词汇学chapter 1 Lexicology
With stylistics: Leech defines stylistics as the study of the use of language in literature and considers stylistics a meeting ground of linguistics and literary study. To put it here concerning lexicology, Stylistics is the study of optional variations in the sounds, forms, or vocabulary of a language, different situations of use, or different literary types.
Lexicology
The
first semester of 2013-2014
Chapter one the definition of lexicology
1.1 Lexicology
The term lexicology contains two Greek morphemes: lexicon and logie. The former means word and the latter means learning or the study of. The literal meaning of the term is the science of words
Chapter one the definition of lexicology
Students will use the basic knowledge of English lexicology to understand the material already familiar to them from English classes and apply it in their further study of English.
Lexicology
Lexicology (from lexiko-, in the Late Greek lexikon) is that partof linguistics which studies words, their nature and meaning, words' elements, relations between words (semantical relations), words groups and the whole lexicon.The term first appeared in the 1820s, though there were lexicologists in essence before the term wascoined. Computational lexicology as a related field (in the same way that computational linguistics is related to linguistics) deals with the computational study of dictionaries and their contents. An allied science to lexicology is lexicography, which also studies words in relation with dictionaries - it is actually concerned with the inclusion of words in dictionaries and from that perspective with the whole lexicon. Therefore lexicography is the theory and practice of composing dictionaries. Sometimes lexicography is considered to be a part or a branch of lexicology, but the two disciplines should not be mistaken:lexicographers are the people who write dictionaries, they are at the same time lexicologists too, but notall lexicologists are lexicographers. It is said that lexicography is the practical lexicology, it is practically oriented though it has its own theory, while the pure lexicology is mainly theoretical.[hide]1 Lexical semanticso 1.1 Domaino 1.2 History▪ 1.2.1 Prestructuralist semantics▪ 1.2.2 Structuralist and neostructuralist semantics▪ 1.2.3 Chomskyan school▪ 1.2.4 Cognitive semantics2 Phraseology3 Etymology4 Lexicographyo 4.1 Noted lexicographers5 Lexicologists6 Bibliography7 References8 See also9 External linkso9.1 Societieso9.2 Theory[edit]Lexical semanticsMain article: Semantics[edit]DomainSemantical relations between words are manifested in respectof homonymy, antonymy, paronymy, etc. Semantics usually involved in lexicological work is called lexical semantics. Lexical semantics is somewhat different from other linguistic types of semantics like phrase semantics, semantics of sentence, and text semantics, as they take the notion of meaning in much broader sense. There are outside (although sometimes related to) linguistics types of semantics like cultural semantics and computational semantics, as the latest is not relatedto computational lexicology but to mathematical logic. Among semantics of language, lexical semantics is most robust, and to some extend the phrase semantics too, while other types of linguistic semantics are new and not quite examined.[edit]HistoryLexical semantics may not be understood without a brief exploration of its history.[edit]Prestructuralist semanticsSemantics as a linguistic discipline has its beginning in the middle of the 19th century, and because linguistics at the time was predominantly diachronic, thus lexical semantics was diachronic too - it dominated the scene between the years of 1870 and 1930.[1] Diachronic lexical semantics was interested without a doubt in the change of meaning withpredominantly semasiological approach, taking the notion of meaning in a psychological aspect: lexical meanings were considered to be psychological entities), thoughts and ideas, and meaning changes are explained as resulting from psychological processes.[edit]Structuralist and neostructuralist semanticsWith the rise of new ideas after the ground break of Saussure's work, prestructuralist diachronic semantics was considerably criticized for the atomic study of words, the diachronic approach and the mingle of nonlinguistics spheres of investigation. The study became synchronic, concerned with semantic structures and narrowly linguistic.Semantic structural relations of lexical entities can be seen in three ways:▪semantic similarity▪lexical relations such as synonymy, antonymy, and hyponymy▪syntagmatic lexical relations were identifiedAs structuralist lexical semantics was revived by neostructuralist not much work was done by them, it is actually admitted by the followers.It may be seen that WordNet "is a type of an online electronic lexical database organized on relational principles, which now comprises nearly 100,000 concepts" as Dirk Geeraerts[2] states it. [edit]Chomskyan schoolMain article: Generative semanticsFollowers of Chomskyan generative approach to grammar soon investigated two different types of semantics, which, unfortunately, clashed in an effusive debate[3], these were interpretativeand generative semantics.[edit]Cognitive semanticsMain article: Cognitive semanticsCognitive lexical semantics is thought to be most productive of the current approaches.[edit]PhraseologyMain article: PhraseologyAnother branch of lexicology, together with lexicographyis phraseology. It studies compound meanings of two or more words, as in "raining cats and dogs". Because the whole meaning of that phrase is much different from the meaning of words included alone, phraseology examines how and why such meanings come in everyday use, and what possibly are the laws governing these word combinations. Phraseology also investigates idioms.[edit]EtymologyMain article: EtymologySince lexicology studies the meaning of words and their semantic relations, it often explores the origin and history of a word, i.e. its etymology. Etymologists analyse related languages using a technique known as the comparative method. In this way, word roots have been found that can be traced all the way back to the origin of, for instance, the Indo-European language family. However, the comparative method is unhelpful in the case of "multiplecausation"[4], when a word derives from several sources simultaneously as in phono-semantic matching.[5]Etymology can be helpful in clarifying some questionable meanings, spellings, etc., and is also used in lexicography. For example, etymological dictionaries provide words with their historical origins, change and development.[edit]LexicographyMain article: LexicographyA good example of lexicology at work, that everyone is familiar with, is that of dictionaries and thesaurus. Dictionaries are books or computer programs (or databases) that actually represent lexicographical work, they are opened and purposed for the use of public.As there are many different types of dictionaries, there are many different types of lexicographers.Questions that lexicographers are concerned with are for example the difficulties in defining what simple words such as 'the' mean, and how compound or complex words, or words with many meanings can be clearly explained. Also which words to keep in and which not to include in a dictionary.[edit]Noted lexicographersMain article: LexicographerSome noted lexicographers include:▪Dr. Samuel Johnson (September 18, 1709 – December 13, 1784)▪French lexicographer Pierre Larousse (October 23, 1817-January 3, 1875)▪Noah Webster (October 16, 1758 – May 28, 1843)▪Russian lexicographer Vladimir Dal (November 10, 1801 –September 22, 1872)[edit]Lexicologists▪Damaso Alonso, (Oct. 22, 1898-) Spanish literary critic and lexicologist▪Roland Barthes, (Nov. 12, 1915-Mar. 25, 1980) French writer, critic and lexicologist[edit]Bibliography▪Lexicology/Lexikologie: International Handbook on the Nature and Structure of Words and Vocabulary/EinInternationales Handbuch Zur Natur and Struktur Von Wortern Und Wortschatzen, Vol 1. & Vol 2. (Eds. A. Cruse et al.)▪Words, Meaning, and Vocabulary: An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology, (ed. H. Jackson); ISBN 0-304-70396-6▪Toward a Functional Lexicology, (ed. G. Wotjak); ISBN 0-8204-3526-0▪Lexicology, Semantics, and Lexicography, (ed. J.Coleman); ISBN 1-55619-972-4▪English Lexicology: Lexical Structure, Word Semantics & Word-formation,(Leonhard Lipka.); ISBN 9783823349952▪Outline of English Lexicology , (Leonhard Lipka.); ISBN 3484410035[edit]References1. ^ Dirk Geeraerts, The theoretical and descriptivedevelopment of lexical semantics, Prestructuralist semantics, Published in: The Lexicon in Focus. Competition andConvergence in Current Lexicology, ed. Leila Behrens andDietmar Zaefferer, p. 23-422. ^ Dirk Geeraerts, The theoretical and descriptivedevelopment of lexical semantics, Structuralist andneostructuralist semantics, Published in: The Lexicon inFocus. Competition and Convergence in Current Lexicology, ed. Leila Behrens and Dietmar Zaefferer, p. 23-423. ^ Harris, Randy Allen (1993) The Linguistics Wars, Oxford,New York: Oxford University Press4. ^ Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2009), Hybridity versusRevivability: Multiple Causation, Forms andPatterns, Journal of Language Contact, Varia 2: 40-67.5. ^ Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003), ‘‘Language Contact andLexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew’’, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, (Palgrave Studies in Language History andLanguage Change, Series editor: Charles Jones). ISBN1-4039-1723-X.。
英语词汇学 Unit_01 Introduction to lexicology
nonbasic vocabulary : terminology(专业术语), jargon 行 话 ), slang,( 俚 语 )argot( 黑 话 ), dialectal(方言) terminology: photoscanning（扫描）, penicillin （盘尼西林）, algebra（代数 ） jargon : bottom line （ 必 然 结 果 ） , bargaining chip谈判各方的优势 slang : grass and pot（毒品大麻）, smoky, bear (police)，X- rays (radar ) argot : can-opener (all-purpose key), dip (pick-pocket ) dialectal : auld (Scot=old), coo (Scot= cow)
lexicology
0. INTRODUCTION
What is lexicology?
What is a word?
What does it mean to know a word?
How many words are there in English?
How many of these words do I know?
e.g. dog, desk, chair
e.g. meet, meat, mete Knight, night
A word is a symbol that stands out for sth else in the world.
no logical relationship, different languages ,same concept , the same phonological form may convey different meaning :
词汇学第一、二章课后习题及答案
2012级（1）班Chaper1 The Basic Concepts Of Words and Vocabularyof the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. ______is the most important of all characteristics of the basic word stock. Stability national character2. Nonbasic vocabulary includes all of the following except_______ .words3. According to the origins of the words, English words can be classified into _______ .words and functional words words and borrowed wordswords and dialectal words words and dialectal words4. Borrowings can be divided into________., semantic loans, translationloans, denizenswords, notional words, form words, content words, portmanteau words, acronyms, initializes, compounds, converted words and clipped words5. Apart from the characteristics of basic vocabulary, native words have two other features, namely_________.and stability in style and high frequency in useand polysemy and arbitrariness6．The word beaver(meaning“girl”)is_______ .dialectal word archaism7. AIDS as a nonbasic word is_______ .archaismwords include the following word classes except_______ .9. Vocabulary can refer to the following except_______ .total number of the words in alanguagethe words used in a particular historical periodthe words of a given dialectwords a person knowsis a loan word from_______ .11. _______ form the mainstream of the basic word stock.words B. Frenchwords words wordshumor is_______ .translation loan semantic loan denizen alienand numerals are semantically_______ and have limited_______ .;use and stability ;collocability and stability;use and productivity ;productivity andcollectabilityis_______ .archaism,words fall into functional words and content words.frequency formation16. The symbolic connection between sound and meaning is almost always_______ .17. _______ are loan words that have become assimilated in English.A.Denizens loans loans, which means “police”,is a(n) _______ word.19. Wherein which means “in what”is a(n)word. _______difference between sound and form due to all the following except _______. phonemes than lettersB. stabilization of spelling by printingof spelling by early scribesof pronunciationthe following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book1. Lexicology is a branch of linguisticsstudying the origins and_______ of words .2. A word is a minimal free form of language that has a given sound, meaning and_______ function.3. In spite of the differences between sound and form,at least_______ percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patternsthe words in language make up its_______ .word stock is the foundations of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and form the common core of the language.,begin is a native word.7. _______ vocabulary include cant,jargon and argot.8. There is no_______ relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself.9. _______ are the basic units of sentences.10. Early borrowings are mostly_______ whereas later loan words remain foreign in sound and spelling.whether the following statements are true or false( ) word can be defined in different ways from different points of view.( ) no circumstances can sound and meaning be intrinsically related.( ) introduction of printing press resulted in a lot more differences between sound and form.( ) words a person can use in speaking and writing form his active vocabulary. ( ) principles by which to classify words are usage, notion and origin.( ) words are more popular than foreign words.( ) words enjoy the same features as the basic word stock and more.( )(meaning “old”)is an instance of archaism.( ) a loan word known as an alien.( ) time no see is a case of translation loan.a term for each of the following definitions.1.Sub-standard words often used on informal occasions.( )2.Specialized vocabulary common in certain professions.( )3.Words used by sub-culturegroups, particularly by understood society.( )4.Words that have clear notions.( )5.Words of Anglo-Saxon origin.( )6.Words borrowed by way of translation. ( )7.Old words with new meanings.( )8.Words which have become assimilated.( )9.Native forms whose meanings are borrowed.( )10.Words essential to native speakers’ daily communication.( )the following questions .Your answers should be clear and short.1.What is the relationship between sound and meaning2.Why are there so many differences between sound and form3.What are the criteria for classification of words4.What are the characteristics of the basic word and word stock[Answers](eighty) 10assimilated2. Fwords words loans loan word stockV.1.The relationship is almost always arbitrary and conventional ana there is nological connection between sound and meaning.2.There are four major reasons.(1)The internal reason:the English alphabet wasadopted from the Romans,which have more phonemes than letters,so there is nota separate letter to represent each sound.(2)Pronunciation has changed morerapidly than spelling.(3)The spelling forms were changed by the early scribes to make theeir writing more recognizable.(4)Borrowing.3.There are mainly there criteria for may fall into:the basic word stock andnonbasic vocabulary by use frequency;content words and functional words by notion;native words and borrowed words by prigin.4.The basic word stock has five charecteristic:(1)all nationalcharacter,(2)stability,(3)productivi-ty,(4)polysemy,(5)productivity.Chapter2 The Development Of the English Vocabularyof the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.It is assumed that the world has 3000 languages, which can be grouped intoroughly_______ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.2. The following languages all belong to the Eastern set except_______ .3. In the Eastern set,Armenian and_______ are the sole modern languages in the two respective families.language does not belong to the Italic.early inhabitants of the British Isles spoke_______ .Germanic speakers took permanent control of the land that was later called_______ (the land of Angles).English has a vocabulary of about 50000 to 60000 words,which is entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from_______ and Scandinavian.influx of French words into English did not occur until after_______ .the Middle English period,the three main dialects of the land were Northern, _______ and Midland.10. _______ is the chief ancestor of Modern English,not Southern.Norman Conquest started a continual flow of_______ words into English.is an_______ dialect,as its name implies, and intelligible to Northerner and Southerners alike.number of_______ words that poured into English was unbelievably great and covered every realm of culture and society in the Middle English period.English regained social status in Middle English period,those imposer spoke French;those who were literate read and wrote _______ ;those who could educate their children taught them in _______ ;and any young man who sought to earn his living as a scribe learned_______ or_______ .;French;Latin;French ;French;French;English;French;Latin;French ;French;Greek;Frenchthe early period of modern English,Europe saw a new upsurge in learning ancient Greek and Roman classic,which is known in history as the_______ .the beginning of the 20th century, particularly after World War II,although borrowing remains channel of English vocabulary expansion,more words are created by_______ .Anglo-Saxon in the Old English period was almost a “_______ ”language,which created new words from its own compound elements with few foreign words.one scholar notes,old English was characterized by “_______ endings”,MiddleEnglish by “leveled endings”,and Modern English by “_______ endings”.;lost ;full ;pure ;lostEnglish which was a_______ language has evolved to the present_______ language.;synthetic ;analytic;analytic ;syntheticall the foreign languages from which we have borrowed words,Latin ,Greek,French,and_______ stand out as the major contributors.the Pre-Anglo-Saxon period,the words borrowed naturally from reflected the new experience in_______ and _______ .;economy ;agriculture ;shrinethe Old English period,borrowings from Latin came in because of the introduction of Christianity,such as, _______ and _______ .;candle ;sack ;shrine ;circlecenturies were especially prolific in Latin borrowingsunder the influence of Renaissance.and 13th and 14th and15th and 16thlate borrowings from Latin still retain their Latin of the following was borrowed in the Modern English periodB . Focusof the following does not come from Greekis from_______ and tatami is from_______ .;African ;Japanese ;Turkish ;JapaneseEnglish vocabulary develops through_______ .,analogyand ,semantic and borrowing,archaisms,and semantic change,denizens and argotof the following contemporary English vocabulary is from the rapid growth of science and technologysuit belt jacketsScandinavian languages:Norwegian,Swedish,Danish,and Icelandic,constitute the_______ branch of the Germanic group.archaic or_______ words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though insignificant.II．Decide whether the following statements are true or false.( ) is more closed related to German than French.( ) languages refer to Icelandic,Norwegian,Danish,and Swedish( ) English was a highly infected language.( ) early Middle English period,English,Latin,and Celtic existed side by side. ( ) introduction of printing into England marked the beginning of Modern English period.( ) English is considered to be an analytic language.( ) four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin,French,Scandinavian and Italian.( ) modern times,borrowing brings less than percent of modern English vocabulary. ( ) three major factors that promote the growth of modern English vocabulary are advances in science and technology,influence of foreign cultures and languages. ( ) most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is creation of new words by means of word-formation.( ) English vocabulary was in essence Germanic with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.( ) English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words but with little change in word endings.the following terms.1.the Indo-European Language Family2.Old English3.foreign elements4.creation5.semantic changefollowing answers should be clear and short1.Why did Middle become the chief ancestor of Modern English2.What are the characteristics of Modern English3.What are the reasons for the growth of contemporary English vocabulary4.What are the general characteristics of the world-wide appeal of Englishand comment on the following.1.Soft drinks and minerals sold here.Tell what“soft drink” and “mineral” mean respectively and explain why they take on those meanings in modern American English.2.“Moon”was originally written as “moan”and the pronuncia tions of the twowords are different,too .Explain the reasons for the change in spelling and pronunciation.AnswersI.II.III.1.The Indo-European Language Family is made up of most languages of Europe,theNear East,and to the geographical distribution,these languages fall into ten principal groups,belonging to two sets,namely an Eastern set and a Western Eastern set consists of:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,AmericanandAlbanian; the Western set comprises:Celtic,Italic, Hellenic, Germanic, Hittite and Tocharian.2.Old English grew out of the Anglo-Saxon,which has a vocabulary of about 50000to 60000 vocabulary is almost monogamous and entirely Geomantic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.3.English vocabulary owes most of its words to foreign words borrowed from otherlanguages are known as foreign elements in the English vocabulary.4.Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existingmaterials,namely roots,affixes and other modern times,this is the most important way of vocabularyexpansion.5.Semantic change refers to an old form whichtakes on a new meaning to meet thenew does not increase the number of word forms but create many new usage of the existing words.IV.1. There are several reasons:(1)The midland included London,which was then the capital of England,naturally the political,economical and cultural center.(2)Two great writers Wycliffe and Chaucer employed the Midland dialect in their writings.(3)Midland is an intermediate dialect,as its name implies,and intelligible to Northerners and Southerners alike,whereas these speakers could not often understand each other using their own dialects respectively.(4)When Caxton introduced the printing press in 1477, the printerspatronized the Midland dialect, and any English man who wanted to be published had to write in that dialect.2. Modern English has a huge vocabulary of different elements. Most of the words have actually been borrowed from other languages. Word endings are mostly lost with just a few exceptions.3. Generally there are three main sources of new words:the rapid development of modern science and technology;social,economic and political changes;the influenceof other cultures and languages.4. The more obvious and striking features are summed up as follows:(1)receptivity, adaptability and heterogeneity;(2)simplicity of inflection(3)relatively fixed word-order.V.1.(1) “soft drink” means “carbonated drinks” and “mineral” means “mineralwater” in present American English.(2)“soft drink” means “non-alcoholic beverage” and “mineral” means “ore”in British English, but these words no longer have such meanings in present British English.(3) American English has revived the old meaning of “soft drink” and that of“mineral”. This is because it is easy to understand and remember.2. (1) “Mona” is an early borrowed word but the original form did not conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.(2) In later development, the word became well assimilated into English languages.(3) At present “mona”is written as “moon”, conforming to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.。
1.LexicologyWords&Vocabulary
Examples of disagreement between sound and spelling
• • • • • Plough Cough Comb Have Cave
Reasons for Sound-form Disagreement
• The internal reason that the English alphabet was adopted from Latin. • Pronunciation changed more rapidly than spelling. • Early scribes(抄写员) created some differences. • In the late 1500, printing helped to freeze spelling. • Borrowing of words.
Compare the following pairs:
• • • • • Condemn, condemnation , bombard Hymn, hymnal Resign, resignation Paradigm, paradigmatic
Word and Vocabulary
• What evidence is given in the text to prove that the sound-meaning relationship of words is arbitrary?
P8
Sound and Form (spelling)
声音与形式
• The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. • The written form should agree with the oral form. • But in fact English spelling is often an imperfect representation of the spoken form.
英语词汇学名词解释
英语词汇学名词解释英语词汇学（Lexicology）是研究词汇的科学学科。
它涵盖了词汇的各个方面，包括词汇的产生、发展和变化等。
首先，词汇学研究词汇的产生。
词汇是人类语言的基本单位，是人类表达思想和交流信息的重要工具。
词汇的产生与人类的生活和社会环境密切相关。
在人类社会发展的过程中，随着新事物的出现和新概念的产生，新词汇也会随之产生。
例如，随着科技的进步，电脑、互联网、手机等新技术词汇相继产生。
其次，词汇学研究词汇的发展。
词汇的发展主要包括词汇的演变和词义的扩展。
词汇的演变是指词汇在使用过程中发生的变化。
例如，英语中的单词“nice”原本的意思是“愚蠢的”，但随着时间的推移，其词义逐渐扩展为“友好的”、“美好的”等。
词义的扩展是指词汇在使用过程中逐渐获得更广泛的意义。
例如，英语中的单词“mouse”原本指小老鼠，但在计算机领域中，它也指计算机的鼠标。
此外，词汇学还研究词汇的变化。
词汇的变化包括发音、拼写和形态等方面的变化。
发音的变化指的是词汇在不同时期和地区的发音差异。
例如，英语中的单词“knight”在古英语时期的发音是/knixt/，但在现代英语中，它的发音变为/naɪt/。
拼写的变化是指词汇在不同时期和地区的拼写方式的差异。
例如，英语中的单词“colour”在美国被拼写为“color”。
形态的变化是指词汇在不同时期和语言环境中的词形变化。
例如，英语中的单词“goose”的复数形式在古英语中为“gǣs”，而在现代英语中为“geese”。
总之，英语词汇学研究词汇的产生、发展和变化，揭示了词汇在语言中的重要地位和作用。
通过深入研究词汇，我们可以更好地理解和运用英语，提高我们的语言能力。
Lexicology
LexicologyChapter 11.classification of English words according to different criteriaA.by origin: native words and loan wordsNative words: words of Anglo-Saxon origin and of Old EnglishLoan words: borrowed form other languagesB.by level of usage: common words and literary wordsCommon words: words connected with the ordinary things and activities necessary to everyday life.Literary words: words chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a elevated way.C.notion: function words and content wordsFunction words: words serve grammatically, such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries, etc.Content words: words used to name objects, qualities, actions, etc. which have independent lexical meanings.D.On morphemic levelSimple word: consisting of a single morphemeDerived words: a free morpheme and one( or more than one) bound morphemeCompound words: composed of two or more free morphemesChapter 2(1)Morphemes（语素，词素）: Morpheme is the smallest meaningfullinguistic unit of language, not divisible and analyzable into small forms.(2)Allomorphs（词素变体）：Allomorphs are the various shapes orforms of morphemes.(3)Free morphemes（自由词素）are a word that can be uttered alonewith meaning.(4)Bound morphemes（黏着词素）cannot stand by themselves as acomplete utterance and must appear with at least one or more other morpheme, free or bound.(5)Root（词根）: Root is the basic unchangeable part if a word thatconveys the main lexical meaning of the word.(6)Inflectional affixes（曲折词缀）: An inflectional affix serves toexpress meaning such as plurality, tense, etc.(7)Derivational affix（派生词缀）Chapter 3(1)Compounding or composition（复合构词法）is a word-formationprocess consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word.(2)Derivation（派生法）is generally defined as a word-formationprocess by which new words are created by the addition of a prefix , or suffix, or combining form(组合语素) to the base.(3)Conversion（词性转化法）：Conversion is a word-formation processwhereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without adding any affix.Chapter 4A.Initialisms（首字母缩写词）: Initialisms is a type if shortening, usingthe first letter of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; initialism is pronounced letter by letter.B.Acronyms（首字母拼写词）: Acronyms are words formed from initialletters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc.pronounced as a word than as sequence of letters.C.Clipping(截短法)：The deleting of one or more syllables from a word.D.Blending （拼缀法）：Blending is a process of word-formation inwhich a new word is formed by combing the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.E.Back-formation （逆序构词法）：A type of word-formation by whicha shorter word is coined by the deleting of a supposed affix from alonger form already present in the language.F.Words from proper names:scientists, names of politicians andstatesmen, name of places, trademarks(商标), literature.G.Reduplication (重叠构词法): It is a minor type of word-formation bywhich a compound word is created by the repetition if one word.H.Neoclassical Formation(新古典主义构词法): New words areformed from elements derived from Latin and Greek.I.Miscellaneous(多种的)Chapter 6(1) Polysemy(一词多义性):a term used to refer to a lexical item which has a range of different meaning.E.g.: fair: just and honest; impartial; average; pale, light in color;Tow process leading to Polysemy:A.Radiation(辐射法): the primary or the central meaning stands at thecenter while the secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like ray.B.Concatenation(连接法): the semantic process in which the meaningof a word moves gradually away form its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the sense of that is finally developed and the primary meaning.(2) Homonymy(同音异议): Groups of words are pronounced alike, or spell alike, or both, though different in meaning.Types of homonymy:A. Perfect homonyms: words are identical in spelling and sound but different in meaning.(base; lie; )B. Homophones（同音异形异义词）: identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning. (bare, bear; deer, dear; pair, pear;)C. Homographs（同形异音异义词）: words are identical in spelling but differ in sound and meanings. (contact, contact; frequent, frequent;) Source of homonyms:1.phonetic convergence (音变汇合)2.semantic divergence(词义分化)3.foreign influence4.shortening: the word-formation process of clippingChapter７Synonymy:1.having the same meaning2.being of the same language and the same grammatical category3.having the same essential or generic meanings4.differing only in connotative, application or idiomatic use5.having essential identical definitionKinds of synonymsplete synonyms: fully identical in meaning; interchangeable inany context without slightest connotative, affective or stylistic meanings.B.Relative synonyms:(1)In a degree of given quality or in a shade of meaning: having the samedenotative meaning with different degree of intensity.(2)In affective and stylistic meaning(3)In collocation and distribution: a good numbers of words are used indifferent collocationsAntonymy: oppositeness of meaningTypes of antonyms:A.Contraries(相对性反义词): Display a type of semantic contrast,illustrate by the example such as rich and poor.plementary(互补反义词): complementary or contradictoriesrepresent a type of binary semantic opposition—the contrast between the two terms is absolute.C.Conversives(换位反义词):another type of binaryopposition—Conversives or relational opposites, such as lend and borrow.Hyponymy: the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is “included”in the latter one. Semantic field(语义场)Chapter 9Four tendencies in semantic change:A．restriction of meaning (specialization): meat—缩小B．extension of meaning (generalization): bird—扩展C．degeneration of meaning(pejoration):accident—降格D．elevation of meaning (amelioration): minister—升格Chapter 10English idioms:1.all square：an equal point2.gone haywire: go wrong, behave in crazy way3.easy on the eye: quite pretty, good looking4.at the eleventh hour: almost, but not quite, too late to do something; atthe last minute5.on a shoestring: with very little money or resources, especially capitalor stock for starting or running a business.6.the last straw:an additional burden beyond endurancemb ducks: a disabled or disadvantaged person8.once and for all: now and for the last time9.Bag and baggage: with all one’s belongings, often suddenly orsecretly.10.through and through: completely11.a bolt from the blue: a sudden and unexpected event—one of anunpleasant or catastrophic nature12.c ome round to: reach the point of doing sth after unavoidable delay.。
英语词汇学教程课件第1章English Lexicology 1上
Bug, boy, through, build, -er, dip, stick, -s, read and -ing are all morphemes.
Bug, boy, through, build, dip, stick and read are simple words while –er, -s and ing are only parts of words.
Semantics
Semantics studies meaning. It is usually approached from one of two perspectives: philosophical or linguistic.
Philosophical semantics is concerned with the logical properties of language, the nature of formal theories, and the language of logic.
Lexicographical compilation is derived from lexicological theory.
Dictionaries are compiled now mainly by lexicographers with linguistic knowledge.
People consider lexicography as applied lexicology.
Morphemes are considered as the smallest meaningful units which may constitute words or parts of words. From morphemes, we can specify the kind of relationship they have with the nonlinguistic world.
词汇学复习资料
A2013年词汇学复习资料1. Define the following terms (30%):1)Lexicology(词汇学)is the study of the vocabulary(词汇)or lexicon(辞典)of a given language.It deals not only with simple words,but also with complex and compound words(复合词).2)Morphology(形态学)is the study of the forms of words and their components(成分).The major purpose of morphological(形态学的)study is to look at morphemes(词素)and their arrangements in word formation.3)Semantics(语义学)is the study of meaning.It tries to explain and describe meaning in natural language.4)Etymology(语源学)is the study of the whole history of words.5)Lexicography(词典编纂)involves the writing and compilation(编辑)of dictionaries,especially dealing with the principles that underlie the process of compiling(编译）and editing（编辑）dictionaries.6)The word is an uninterruptible（不间断的）meaningful unit of linguistic（语言学的）structure consisting of one or more morphemes（词素）.7)English words can be classified into lexical words(content words)(实词)and grammatical words (function words)（虚词）.8)The semantic（语义学的）field theory（语义场理论)takes the view that the vocabulary of a language is not simply a listing of independent items(条款),but is organized into areas or fields,the members of which are joined together by some common semantic component(成分),such as the concept(概念）of color or kinship（亲属/亲密关系）.9)Morpheme（词素)is the smallest meaningful unit which may constitute(构成)words or parts of words,an arbitrary(任意的)union(联合)of a sound and a meaning and a linguistic unit(语言单位)that cannot be further analyzed.10)Lexeme(词位)is an abstract(抽象的)linguistic unit with different variants变体,a unit of lexical词汇的meaning, and it takes no account of(不注意)the inflectional(曲折变化的)endings it may have or the number of words it may contain(含有).11)Morph(词态)refers to any concrete(具体的)realization of a morpheme(词素)in a given utterance（已给的表达）.12)Allomorphs(词素变体）refer to morphs（词态）which are different representations of the same morpheme, the alternate(替换物)phonetic(语音学的)and/or spelling forms of the same morpheme.13)Bound morphemes(粘着词素)are those that must be joined to other morphemes.Free morphemes(自由词素)are those that need not be attached to other morphemes and can occur by themselves as individual words.14)Denotation(意义/符号)is defined as the relationship that holds between the lexeme(词位/语义)and a whole class of extra-linguistic(非语言)objects,including persons,things,places,properties(性能),processes and activities.15)The relationship of reference(引用的关系)holds between an expression and what that expression stands for on particular(特别的)occasions(场合)of its utterance(表达).16)Sense is defined as a relationship between the words or expressions of a single language, independently of the relationship which holds between those words or expressions and their referents(参照物）.17)Stem(词干)refers to the word to which inflectional affixes(词缀)are added and which carries the basic meaning of the resulting complex word.18)A stem consisting of a single morpheme is labeled(把...称为)as root(词根).A root can be bound(有约束的)or free.The bound roots are generally(普遍的)derived from the Greek(希腊)and the Latin(拉丁)language.19)A base is a lexical item(词典条款)to which affixes(词素)of any kind can be added.It is a morpheme(词素)that gives a word its meaning.20)Polysemy(一词多义)refers to the situation in which a word has two or more different meanings.It is an invaluable(无价的)factor of economy and flexibility(灵活性)in language.21)Homonymy(同音/同行异义)refers to a situation in which there are two or more words with the same shape.{polysemy指一个单词有多种意思(不管读音与词性)homonymy指一个单词在读音相同的情况下有不同意思(不管词性但读音要完全一样)或者不同单词但是读音相同}25)Root creation(词根创词)refers to the process of building a word that has no relationship whatsoever(无论什么)with any previously(预先)existing word.26)Onomatopoeic(拟声)words are originated(起源)from the specific(特殊的)sounds occurring in the real world.27)Ejaculations are words that attempt to imitate(模仿)instinctive(本能的)vocal(元音)responses to emotional situations.28)Inflection(词行变化{-ed,-ing,-s[名词复数、所有关系；动词时态；形容词比较急最高级]})refers to a general grammatical process which combines words and affixes to produce alternative(可供选择的)grammatical forms of words.29)Affixation(词缀法){(derivation)(派生法)}is the process whereby(通过)an affix is attached to a base (root or stem).30)Compounding(合成词)refers to the method and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words.31) A change in word class without the addition(添加)of an affix is known as conversion(变换).It is also called zero-derivation(零位派生).32)Blending(混合词)refers to the process of combining parts of two words to form a third word which contains some of the meaning of each part.33)Clipping(缩写{多音节单词})is the process by which a word of usually three or more syllables(音节)is shortened without a change in meaning or function.34)Initialisms(缩写)are the results of putting together the initial letters(首字母),or occasionally(偶尔)the first two letters, of the orthographic(拼写正确的)words in a phrase and using them as words.35)Backformation(逆序造词)is the making of a new word from an older word which is mistakenly assumed(假定)to be its derivative(派生词).36)Synonymy(同义词)refers to the relationship of sameness of meaning that may hold between words. The two types of synonymy are strict synonymy(严格的同义)and loose synonymy(宽松的同义).38) Antonymy(反义词)is the semantic relation(语义关系)that holds between two words that can(in a given context)express opposite meanings.39) Hyponymy(上下位关系)refers to the notion(概念)of inclusion(包含物)whereby(凭借)we can say that “an X is a kind of Y”.A hyponym includes the meaning of a more general word and serves as specific examples of a general concept(观念).The more general term is called the superordinate(上义词的)term;Hyponyms(下义词){上义词是一个总的概念，下义词是一个具体概念，如:animal(superordinate) and dog/cat(hyponyms)}.40) Meronymy(部分-整体关系)is the part-whole relation in any pair of items(条款).41) Collocation(搭配)is the meaning relations that a word contrasts with other words occurring in the same sentence or text.42) Idioms(习语)are conventionalized(俗化)multiword expressions.43) In English,multiword verbs(多词动词)are units in which the main verb occurs with one or two particles.44) The headword(中心词)is the base form from which the word is entered and assigned its place.45) A thesaurus categorizes words(一本同义辞典分类词汇)only according to their semantic similarities(语义相似之处),without regard to shared form or ancestry.46) A dialect(方言）is a variety of language that is characteristic of a particular group of the language’s speakers.47) Social dialects or sociolects are varieties of language used by groups defined according to class,education,age,sex and a number of other social parameters.48) Register(语域)is a form of language appropriate to a specific situation.Euphemism is the practice of referring to something offensive or indelicate in terms that make it sound more pleasant or becoming(appropriate)than it really is.49) Slang(俚语)is the use of informal words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speaker’s dialect or language.50) Jargon（术语)is often defined as the language peculiar to a trade, profession, or other group.3. Give the related word(s) according to the requirement given: (20%)1) antonymlong/short wide/narrow new/old rough/smooth light/dark straight/crooked deep/shallow fast/slowbring/take death/life noisily/quietly above/below after/beforeGradable antonyms(可分级的反义词，及有比较级或者可加比较性修饰词等)long/short hot/cold beautiful/ugly big/small happy/sad expensive/cheap increase/decrease love/hate rich/poor heavr/light wet/dry smart/stupidComplementary antonyms(互补反义词)dead/alive boy/girl single/married asleep/awake increase/decrease male/female open/shut remember/forget win/lose true/false hit/miss singular/plural Converse antonyms(相反的反义词)parent/child pritive/public buy/sell borrow/lend give/receive before/after husband/wife speak/listen precede(领先)/follow learn/teach2) synonymi) British English vs. American EnglishGround floor-first floor;biscuit(饼干)-cracker;flat-apartment(公寓);lift-elevator(电梯);lorry-truck(卡车);luggage-baggage(行李);motorway-highway/freeway;pavement-sidewalk(人行道);petrol-gasoline(汽油)autumn-fall；foot-path or pavement-sidewalk;tube-subway;tart-pie;draughts-checkerii) slang vs. standardCop-policeman;croak-die;chow-food(十五);bullshit-nonsense(胡说);can-prison(监狱);clueless-stupid Puke-vomit(呕吐)；dame-womaniii) colloquial(口语informal) vs. Literal(书面用语formal)Ask-interrogate;begin-commerce;buy-purchase;cross-traverse;praise-eulogy(悼词);tangle-fight;turn down-refuse(拒绝)iv) Latin(拉丁) vs. EnglishAscend-rise;praepositio-preposition;conjunctio-joining;unicornis-unicorn;ancora-anchor;Butyrum-butter;kalco-chalk;coquina-cheese;discus-dish;milia-mile;vallum-wallEtc-so on;Status quo-the existing state of affairs;Vice versa-the other way around3)hyponym(下义/位词)Animal(superordinate):(hyponym)dog,lion,mouse.....color(superordinate):(hyponym)red,yellow,green,black,purple,blue--turquoise,aquamarine,royal blue 4)homonym(同音异义词)Tender:adj. 温柔的；柔软的；脆弱的；幼稚的；难对付的n. 偿付，清偿；看管人；小船vt. 提供，偿还；使…变嫩；使…变柔软vi. 投标；变柔软bear:vi. 承受；结果实vt. 忍受；具有；支撑n. 熊firm:adj.坚定的；牢固的；严格的；结实的vt. 使坚定；使牢固vi. 变坚实；变稳固adv. 稳固地n. 公司；商号grave:adj. 重大的；严肃的；黯淡的n. 墓穴，坟墓；死亡vt. 雕刻；铭记hail:n. 冰雹；致敬；招呼；一阵vt. 致敬；招呼；向...欢呼；猛发；使象下雹样落下（过去式hailed，过去分词hailed，现在分词hailing，第三人称单数hails）vi. 招呼；下雹int. 万岁；欢迎fond:adj. 喜欢的；温柔的；宠爱的n. (Fond)人名；(法)丰；(瑞典)丰德route:vt. 按某路线发送n. 路线；航线；通道-root:n. 根；根源；词根；祖先vi. 生根；根除vt. 生根，固定；根源在于bat:n. 蝙蝠；球棒；球拍；批处理文件的扩展名vt. 用球棒击球；击球率达…vi. 轮到击球；用球棒击球stick:vt. 刺，戳；伸出；粘贴vi. 坚持；伸出；粘住n. 棍；手杖；呆头呆脑的人knows:v.知道，确信-nose：n. 鼻子；嗅觉；突出的部分；探问vt. 嗅；用鼻子触vi. 小心探索着前进；探问;rights:权利-writes:写5)blend(混合词)两个单词通过删减变成一个新词situation+comedy=sitcom smoke+fog=smog fruit+jiuce=fruice motor+botel=motel modulator+demodulator=modem urine+analysis=urinalysis sky+bijack=skyjack glitter+ritzy=glitzy(闪光的) intel+television+visionary=intelevisionary American+Indian=Amerindaquatic+hotel=aquatel breakfast+lunch=brunch boat+hotel=boatel camera+recorder=camcorder channel+tunnel=chunnel communication+satellite=comsat helicopter+airport=heliportInternational+police=interpol magnetic+levitation=maglev medical+care=medicare motor+hotel=motel net+citizen=netizen situation+comedy=sitcom slang+language=slanguage war+orphan=warphan Automobile:Auto-: autobiography, autodidact, autograph, autocar, autobus-mobile: bookmobile, bloodmobileFour common types:1) Full word followed by a splinter or vice versaWintertainment(winter+entertainment) cbatire(chat+satire)Cinemenace(cinema+menace)2) Two splintersPsychergy(psychic+energy)Sitcom(situation+comedy)3) Complete overlapSexploitation(sex+exploitation)Palimony(pal+alimony)(非婚同居者分居后经法院判定由一方付给另一方的)同居津贴4) Embedding of one word in anotherEntreporner(entrepreneur+porn)6)derivative(派生词derivation（词源）{指词缀}[affixation: prefixation, suffixation]改变词性) full-fullness, resign-resignation, depart-departure, free-freedom, hope-hopeful,Commit-commitmentpain-repaint,7) back-formation(逆构法、逆构词)P74Typewriter,Typewrite-Type*;Televise-televise;Housekeep-housekeeper;Daydream-daydreamingFast-freeze from fast-frozen;8）动物的叫声Dog, cat, pigeon, duckBark/ bow-vow, meow, coo, quack4.Analyze the formation of the following words (20%): (Mainly taken from the exercises in Chapter 4 but not limited to them)1）.Derivation（词源）{指词缀}(affixation: prefixation, suffixation) –derivativeReadiness ：Derivation ：ready + -ness2).Conversion（{词性}转换）(zero-derivation：零词源)To book the tickets :Conversion：From noun to verb3).Compouding-compound（合成词）{指两个词无删减合成的一个词}Kind-hearted：Compound:Kind + heart +-ed4).Blending-blend（混合词）{指两个词通过删减合成的一个词}Motel:Blending：Motor + hotel5).Back-formationtypewrite ：Back-formation：From typewriter6).Shortening（缩略词）{(abbreviation：缩写)}—shortened wordsClipping(三个或以上音节的单词的缩写)/Initialisms(多个单词首字母缩写或者用前两个字母代替一个单词{不管音节的多少}):alphabetisms, acronymsVCR：shortening/abbreviation：Initialisms Video cassette recorderChapter 4 exercises1--101}.Divide the following words into their constituent morphemes.Readiness:read+-i+-ness Discouraging:dis-+courage+-ing kind-hearted:kind+heart+-ed undoubtedly:un-+doubt+-ed+-ly stockrooms:stock+room+-s prepackaged:pre-+pack+-age+-ed2}.Give all the possible inflections for the following words.Book:books(n.); books(v.), booking, booked forget:forgets, forgot, forgottenshort:shorter, shortest snap:snaps, snapping, snappedtake:takes, taking, took, taken goose:geese heavy:heavier, heaviest3}.Identify the derivational affixes in the following words.Give a meaning or function for each one. Childish:–ish: meaning ‘having the nature of , like;Declassify:de-: meaning ‘the opposite of’;-ify: meaning ‘make, become’Freedom:-dom: means ‘the state of ’Illimitable/immovable/insufferable:(im-/in-): meaning‘the opposite of, not’;-able: meaning ‘that can or must be’Misapprehension:mis-: meaning ‘wrongly or badly;-sion(-tion):meaning ‘the state/process of’Prejudgment:pre-: meaning ‘prior to;-ment: meaning ‘the action of’Reconnection:re-: meaning ‘again’Underdeveloped:under-: meaning ‘not enough’Withdrawal:-al: meaning ‘the process or state of’4}.Tell how the parts in each of the following groups are related to the meaning of the compound.A).They are endocentric compounds.They have the“Adj + N”structure,in which adjectives are used to modify nouns‘line,line,neck,room’.Hotline means‘a telephone number that people can call for information’.Mainline means‘an important railway line between two cities’.Redneck means‘a person from the southern US’.Darkroom means‘a room with very little in it,used for developing photographs’.B).They are endocentric compounds.They have the“N + N’structure.Bookshelf means‘a shelf for keeping books’.Breadbasket means‘a container for serving bread’.Mailbox means‘a box for putting letters in when they delivered to a house’.Wineglass means‘a glass for drinking wine’.C).They are endocentric compounds.They have the“N + N’structure.Letterhead means‘the head of a letter(i.e. the name and address of an organization printed at the top of a letter)’.Roadside means‘the area at the side of a road’.Keyhole means‘the hole in a lock for putting the key in’.Hilltop means‘the top of a hill’.D).They are exocentric compounds.V+P”Dropout means ‘a person who leaves school before they have finished their studies. Go-between means ‘a person who takes messages between people’. Turnout means ‘the number of people who come to an event’. Standby means ‘a person or thing that can always be used if needed’.E).bad-tempered,clear-headed,long-sighted,heavy-hearted:They are endocentric compounds. They have the “Adj + N-ed”structure, in which adjectives are used to modify the N-ed.F).grass-green,sky-blue,snow-blue,snow-white,milk-white:They are endocentric compounds. They have the “N + Adj”structure, meaning As Adj As N.5}.What is the meaning of the prefixes in the following words?Indirect:in-:not, the opposite ofendanger:en-:to put into the condition ofDissimilar,disallow:dis-: not, the opposite ofUnwind,untie:un-: not, the opposite ofInterconnect:inter-: between, amongmisconduct:mis-: wrongly or badlyoversleep:over-: too muchRewrite,redraw:re-: againpostgraduate:post-: after6}.The following words are nonexistent but could become English words.Guess their meaning and give an example of a real word.A).a doglet:a young dog;piglet B).an editoress：a female editor;hostessC).bookery:a place for booking tickets;refinery D).kickee:one who is kicked;traineeE).upput:the state of being put up;output7}.Identify the affixes used in the words unbelievable,inexhaustible,multinational and teleshopping,and then decide whether they are prefixes or suffixes.unbelievable:un- (prefix), -able(suffix); inexhaustible:in- (prefix),-ible(suffix)multinational:multi (prefix)-, -al(suffix); teleshopping:tele- (prefix),-ing (suffix)8}.Identify the word-formation processes involved in the creation of the underlined forms in the following sentences.A).You can record images from a VCR connected through the s-terminal. initialismB).You can also record images from digital camcorders onto the memory card. blendingC).The committee has greenlighted the project. compounding/conversionD).Richard subsequently chaired the board for three yeas. Conversion9}.More than one process of formation was involved in the creation of each of the underlined forms in the following sentences.please identify them.A)The carjacking took place last night. blending, affixationB)Jack used to be a moviegoer when he was young. compoundingC)They have just bought a new pounding, shorteningD)The council has blueprinted a reconstruction plan. compounding, affixation, conversion10}.Fill in the blanks with appropriate suffixes.A)-able,-ibleConsum able,comprehens ible,exchange able,permiss ibleB)-ant.-entAbsorb ent,assist ant,differ ent,particip antC)-ar,-er,-orConstruct or,li ar,begg ar,edit or,develop erD）-ary,eryElement ary,station ary,brew ery mock ery5.State the relationship obtained between the two words in each of the following groups (10%): ((Mainly taken from Exercises 1-9 in Chapter 5 and Exercise 8 in Chapter 2 but not limited to them))1.PolysemyCourt---noun(entourage),verb(woo);dart--- noun(missile),verb(move quickly);Stuff---verb(fill),noun(material);Watch---verb(observer),noun(timepiece)2.HomonymyFleet---noun(Ships), adjective(Fast);Jam---noun(preserve),verb(block);Pad---noun(thick material),verb(walk softly);Steep---adjective(of gradient),verb(immerse)Stem---noun(of plant),verb(stop)Chapter 5 exercise1--93.Synonymy1).What distinguishes each of the following pairs of synonyms--dialect,formality,or connotation?(a) throw hurl:connotation (b)give donate:formality(c) life elevator:dialect (d)hate loathe:connotation2).Work out the shared meaning for each group of synonyms in the following.a)keep,retain,detain,withhold,reserve:---keepingb)regard,respect,esteem,admire:---feeling of admiration or respect3).Supply a synonym of each of the following words.Amateur(dabbler) funny(ridiculous) occupation(profession)Small(little) famous(renowned) fiction(fable) smell(scent)4).Can you tell the difference of meaning in the following five synonymous words?Drawing:picture or diagram made with a pen, pencil, or crayon.Cartoon:refers to ‘an amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine’Diagram:refers to a simple drawing using lines to explain where something is, how something works, etc.Illustration:refers to a drawing or picture in a book, magazine etc. to explain something.Sketch:refers to a simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not have many details.4.AntonymyFull empty:gradable;Antonyms;Antonymy1).Which of the following pairs of antonyms are gradable,non-gradable or reversive?(a)full empty:gradable (b)fail pass:non-gradable, reversive(c)fair unfair:gradable(d)dress undress:non-gradable, reversive(e)old young:gradable(f)alive dead:non-gradable5.Meronym1).Propose a hyponymy tree with water as the most superordinate term.Water,rainwater, brine(海水), tap water, mineral water, spring water, purified water,aerated water, ……..2).Work out the best semantic relations you can from the following sets of words.b)book,title,preface,footnote,index,note,chapter,chapter6.Hyponymy1).Work out the best semantic relations you can from the following sets of words.a)briefs,jeanwear,stocking,skirt,jacket,blouse,sweater,vest,pyjamas,clothes2).Which adjective can be used with the nouns in the boxes?(a)beer:light,heavy,strong,weak,mild---light beer, strong beer(b)Coffee:light,light beer, strong beer---heavy coffee, strong coffee, weak coffeeWhat is the basic lexical relation between the following pairs of words?(a)single married:antonym(b)bed furniture:hyponymy(c)big small:antonym(d)mature ripe:synonymy(e)car wheels:meronymy6. Translate the following idioms or proverbs: (20%)1) as…as…结构习语as blind as a bat有眼无珠;as changeable as a weathercock一会儿一个主意;as different as chalk and cheese 风马牛不相及完全不同;as fresh as a daisy(or rose)非常新鲜,精神饱满;as gay as a lark 兴高采烈;as poor as a church mouse 一贫如洗;as sober as a judge十分清醒，非常严肃2) 动物习语a lucky dog幸运儿;lion’s share最大的一份;shed crocodile tears假慈悲;the horse of different color完全不同;like a duck to water自然地、轻松地;an eager beaver勤快人、实干家;mare’s nest不实或无价值的发现;a rat in a hole瓮中之鳖;like a cat on hot bricks如热锅上的蚂蚁;a fly in the ointment 美中不足4) 其他习语Rain or shine风雨无阻;Toil and moil辛劳;Pains and penalties刑罚;Jack and Jill男孩和女孩;Time and tide wait for no man时不我待;mind one's P's and Q's小心谨慎;walking skeleton骨瘦如柴;pull one's leg 开玩笑;walls have ears隔墙有耳;cast pearls before swine对牛弹琴;apple of one's eye掌上明珠;on thin ice如履薄冰;speak of the devil(and he will appear)说曹操曹操就到7. Read the dictionary entries reprinted below to answer the following questions (10%): (a page taken from an English dictionary)。
Lexicology (词汇学练习)
Lexicology1.eut / ens = ingereareire end for verbsiriariile = easy / have a tendency totio = subco videre = seecum vemire = comecom = with ire = gocon edere = eat (eg. edible)col obire = pass awaycor arare = till (eg. arable)co vincere = wincome from2. ag / act (Latin) = act: do / performeg: agent, agency, agile, agenda, agitate, agitation, coagent, subagent, reagent3. am / amat (Latin) amare = loveeg: amiable, amiableness, amateur, amateurish, amicable, amour, enamour, amatory 4. anim (Latin) anima = spirit / soul / mind / lifeeg: animal, animate, animosity, magnanimity, equanimity, longanimity, unanimous 5. ann / enn Latin) annus = yeareg: anniversary, annual, perennial, annuity, superannuate, semiannual, biannual, biennial, biennium6. anthrop (Greek) anthropos = maneg: anthropology, philanthropist, misanthropist, anthropoid, anthropography, anthropogenesis, anthropogeny, anthropotomy7. arch / archy (Greek) arkhos = ruleeg: anarchy, anarchism, monarch, matriarch, patriarch, archives, archenemy, architect8. audi / audit (Latin) audire = heareg: audience, auditorium, audible, audit, auditor, audition, audile, auditory, audiology, audio9. bi / bio (Greek) bios = lifeeg: biology, antibiotic, biography, microbial, biochemistry, biophysics, biocide 10. cad / cas / cid (Latin) cadere = fall / happeneg: decadent, case, casual, casualty, occasion, incident, decay, coincide, deciduous, occident11. cand (Latin) candere = glow / be whiteeg: candle, candid, candidate, candour, candescent, incandescentcf: cense, incense12. led / ceed / cess (Latin) cedere = goeg: antecedent, antecessor, proceed, procedure, process, succeed, accede, access, exceed, procede, recede, secede, concede13. centr (Greek) kentron = middle pointeg: centre, central, centric, concemtrate, concentric, eccentric, centrifugal, centripetal, decentralize14. cern / cert (Latin) cernere = separateeg: concern, discern, secret, discreet, secretary, discrete, secrete15. cert (Latin) certus = settledeg: certain, certainty, ascertain, certify, certification, certificate, certitude, uncertain, incertitude16. cid / cis (Latin) caedere = cut / killeg: decide, decision, concise, precide, excide, incide, incisive, suicide, bactericide, persticide17. circ (Latin) circus = ringeg: circle, circus, circulate, encircle, circuit, microcircuit, circular, circlet, semicircle 18. claim / clam (Latin) clamare = call outeg: declaim, declamation, declamatory, exclaim, proclaim, reclaim, claim, acclaim, disclaim, clamour19. clin (Latin) clinare = bend / leaneg: inclind, disincline, decline, recline, isoclinal, antecline, declension, syncline 20. clud / clus (Latin) claudere = shut / closeeg: conclude, conclusion, conclusive, include, exclude, preclude, seclude, occlude, recluse21. cord (Latin) cor / cordis = hearteg: accord, concord(e), discord, record, obcordate, core, courage, discourage22. corp / corpor (Latin) corp = bodyeg: corpse, corps, corporation, incorporate, corpuscle, corpulent, corporal, corporeal, incorporeal23. cosm (Greek) kosmos = order / worldeg: cosmetic, cosmic, cosmonaut, cosmopolis, cosmology, macrocosm, microcosm, pancosmism24. cred / credit (Latin) credere = believe / trusteg: credit, discredit, credible, credibility, credulous, accredit, credence, credential(s) credo, incredible25. cresc / cret / cre (Latin) crescere = groweg: crescent, increase, increment, concrete, decrease, increscent, excrescence, accretion,26. cub / cumb (Latin) cubare / cumbere = lieeg: incumbent, succumb, concubine, incubate, incubus, cubicle, recum, procumbent 27. cult (Latin) colere = till / plougheg: culturus, culture, cultivate, cult, agriculture, aquaculture, floriculture, epiculture, pisciculture28. cur / curs / cours (Latin) currere = runeg: occur, current, recur, concur, cursory, excursion, precursor, course, discourse, recourse29. cur (Latin) cura / care = attentioneg: cure, curious, accurate, secure, security, procure, incurious, curate, curator30. cycl (Greek) kvklos = circleeg: cycle, bicycle, encyclopaedia, autocycle, unicycle, cyclone, hemicycle, tetracycline31. dem (Greek) demos = peopleeg: democracy, democrat, demos, demography, demagogue, epidemic, endemic, pandemic32. dic / dict (Latin) dicere = sayeg: indicate, dictate, indict, dictator, diction, dictionary, contradict, dictum, edict, predict, benediction, malediction33. divid / divis (Latin) dividere = see separatelyeg: divide, division, divisible, individual, individualize, dividend, divisor, subdivide 34. doc / doct (Latin) docere = teacheg: doctor, document, doctrine, doctrinaire, doctrinairism, docile, indoctrinate, indoctrination35. due / duct (Latin) ducere = .leadeg: conduct, educate, introduce, produce, deduce, reduce, seduce, abduct, induct36. dyn / dynam (Greek) dunamikos = power / forceeg: dynast, dynasty, dynamic, dynamics, dyne, isodynamic, dynamite, adynamia, aerodynamics, electrodynamics, hydrodynamics37. eqn (Latin) aequus = eveneg: equal, equate, adequate, equivalent, equable, equator [Eqnator], equilibrium, equivocal, equivocality38. erg (Greek) ergon = workeg: energy, energetic, allergy, allergic, allergist, synergy, synergist, ergograph, ergometer, ergonomics39. fac / fact (Latin) facere = make / doeg: facile, faculty, facilitate, fact, factor, factory, benefactor, affect, effect, defect, infeet, perfect, feasible, feasibility40. fer (Latin) ferre = carry / boateg: confer, differ, offer, prefer, refer, suffer, transfer, auriferous, fructiferous, somniferous, Cuminiferous41. fig / fict (Latin) fingere = make…with fingerseg: figure, figment, fiction, fictitious, fictile, disfigure, prefigure, transfigure, effigy 42. fid (Latin) fidere = to trusteg: fidelity, confide, confidence, diffident, fideism, infided, perfidious, perfidy43. fin (Latin) finis = end / limiteg: final, finish, fine, finance, finite, confine, define44. flat (Latin) flare = bloweg: inflate, inflation, deflate, reflate, flatulent, conflation, insufflate, exsufflate45. flect / flex (Latin) flectere / flextere = bendeg: reflect, inflect, flexible, inflexible, deffect, flex, reflex, reflexive46. flu / flux (Latin) fluere = floweg: fluid, fluent, influence, influenza, affluent, confluence, influent, effluent, refluent, superfluous47. fort / forc (Latin) fortis / forctis = strongeg: effort, comfort, force, enforce, fort, fortify, fortitude, reinforce, fortissimo48. frag / fract (Latin) frangere = breakeg: fragile, fragment, fraction, fracture, infraction, refract, refractory, anfractuous, frail 49. fund / found / fus (Latin) fundere = pour // melt poureg: confuse, refuse, profuse, effuse, fuse, refund, fund, corofound, funnel, futile50. gen / gener (Latin) gnasci = be borneg: genius, genuine, generate, general, genesis, genetic(s), eugenic(s), congenial51. ger / gest (Latin) gerere = carryeg: belligerent, digest, suggest, gesture, gestation, ingest, congest52. grad / gress (Latin) gradi = to stepeg: grade, gradual, graduate, aggress, progress, congress, degrade, digress, regress, regressive, digression53. gram (Latin) gramme / graphein = to writeeg: grammar, gramophone, phonogram, program(me), telegram, diagram, cryptogram, dactylogram, seismogram54. grat (Latin) gratus = pleasingeg: congratulate, grateful, gratitude, gratify, gratis, ingratiate, gratuity, ingrate55. her / hes (Latin) haerere = stick toeg: adhere, cohere, hesitate, adhesion, coherence, inherit, inheritage56. jac / ject (Latin) jacere = throweg: adjacent, inject, project, eject, deject57. junct (=join) (Latin) jungere = join / connecteg: conjunction, juncture, disjuntive, injunction, adjunct, junction, subjunctive, adjoin, rejoin, subjoin58. lat (Latin) latus = carryeg: translate, relate, superlative, legislate, ablation, ablate, ablative, collate, illation, delate59. leg / lig / lect (Latin) legere = choose / pickeg: collect, elect, select, neglect, intellectual, elegant, eligible, religent, intelligent, intelligence60. lig (Latin) ligance = bindeg: oblige, obligation, religion, ligature, ligament, disoblige, colligate, colleague, ligate61. liter (Latin) litera = lettereg: literal, literate, literature, literary, literati, illiterate, transliterate, obliterate, alliterate62. log / logue (Latin) logos = speecheg: logic, dialogue, apologize, eulogy, prologue, epilegue, philology, tautology, eulogize, eulogist, eulogy63. loqu / locut (Latin) loqui = speakeg: eloquent, elocution, colloquail, interlocutor, loquacious, locution, circumlocution 64. man / manu (Latin) manus = handeg: manual, manage, manner, manuscript, manufacture, manipulate, manacle, quadrumane, maintain65. medi (Latin) medium = middleeg: immediate, medium, mediate, mediterranean, medieval, intermediate, mediocre 66. memor (Latin) memor = mindeg: memory, memorize, memorandum, immemorial, commemorate, memoir, remember, remembrance67. min (Latin) minor = small / lesseg: minister, administer (=administrate), diminish, diminutive, minify68. mit / miss (Latin) mittere = sendeg: admit, commit, dismiss, missile, emit, omit, permit, submit, transmit, transister (transmitter+resister)69. mov (Latin) movere = moveeg: remove, remote, remotion, promote, demote, motive, commotion, mobile, snobilize, demobilize70. nasc / nat (Latin) nasci = be borneg: nation, native, nature, nascent, renascence, cognate, natal, irrate, prenatal, neonate 71. not (Latin) noscere = (get to) knoweg: note, notice, notion, denote, notify, notoriety, annotation, connote, notorious, connotation72. nov (Latin) novus = neweg: novel, novelty, renovate, novelette, novice73. patr / pater (Latin) pater = fathereg: patriarch, patriot, patrimony, patron, paternal, compatriot, expatriate, repatriate, patrilineal74. pel / pul (Latin) pellere = drive / pusheg: compel, compulsion, compulsive, impel, impulse, repel, expel, propel, dispel, propeller75. pend / pens (Latin) pendere = hang / weigheg: depend, independent, suspend, append, pendulum, expend, spend, dispense, indispensible, compensate76. pet / petit (Latin) petere = seek / strive (for)eg: compete, competent, appetite, appetent, repetition, repeats, petition, impetus, impetuous, centripetal (∽centrifugal)77. pon / pos (Latin) ponere = place / puteg:compose, expose, oppose, postpone, propose, suppose, depose, deposit, dispose(of), impose, interpose78. post / postat (Latin) portare = carryeg: portable, export, import, important, report, support, transport, disport, deport79. put/ putat (Latin) putare = think / reckoneg: compute, computer, depute, dispute, repute, reputation, impute, disrepute80. reg / rect (Latin) regere = rule / make straighteg: region, regular, correct, direct, erect, rectify, rectangle, rectilineal, regent, regicide, regime, rectitude81. rupt (Latin) rumpere = breakeg: corrupt, interrupt, disrupt, erupt, rupture, bankrupt, abrupt, irrupt82. sci (Latin) scire = knoweg: conscience, conscious, science, scientist, omniscient, nescience, prescient, subconcious83. scrib / script (Latin) scribere = writeeg: describe, inscribe, prescribe, subscribe, proscribe, transcribe, ascribe, postscript, scripture, manuscript84. sent / sens (Latin) sentire = feel / senseeg: sentence, sentiment, sense, nonsense, consent, dissent, assent, resent, sensitive, sensuous85. sid / sess (Latin) sidere / sedere = siteg: preside, president, reside, session, possess, subside, dissident, assiduous, insiduous, assess86. sist (Latin) sistere = standeg: assist, consist, insist, resist, exist, persist, desist, subsist, transistor (transfer+resister)87. spec / spect / spic (Latin) specere = look at / seeeg: expect, inspect, respect, prospect, suspect, spectator, spectacle, species, specious, conspicuous, auspice, despise, introspect, retrospect88. spir / spirat (Latin) spirare = breatheeg: spirit, inspire, conspire, respire, aspire, expire, perspire, transpire89. st / sta (Latin) st = standeg: state, station, stay, distance, constant, contrast, circumstance, ecstacy, obstacle, rest90. tang / tact (Latin) tangere = toucheg: contract, tact, tangible, contagious, tactile, tangent, tacit91. ten / tin / tent / tain (Latin) tenere = holdeg: contain, detain, obtain, retain, sustain, abstain, tenant, tenacious, continent, continue92. tend / tens / tent (Latin) tendere = stretcheg: attend, extend, intend, pretend, intense, contend, distend, tense, tend, ostentation 93.tract (Latin) trahere = draweg: attract, contract, extract, retract, detract, distract, protract, subtract94. un (Latin) unus = oneeg: unify, unite, union, unity, unit, unigue, uniform, unilateral, unicorn, unison, unisonant95. ven / vent (Latin) venire = comeeg: convence, convenient, event, invnt, prevent, avenue, intervene, revenue, adventure, circumvent, ventilate, vent96. vert / vers (Latin) vertere = tumeg: convert, converse, reverse, universe, avert, divert, diverse, pervert, subvert97. vid/ vis (Latin) videre = seeeg: evident, provide, provident, prudence, television, visit, advise, revise, supervise(F) vivre98. viv / vit = live(L) vivereeg: vivid (=alive), revive, survive, vitamin, revivify, vivacious, viviparous99. voc / vok (Latin) vocare = calleg: advocate, provoke, vocal, vocation, avocation, invoke, evoke, revoke, recabulary 100. volv / volut (Latin) volvere = roll / turneg: involve, revolve, revolution, volume, evolive, devolve, revolt, voluble。
INTRODUCTION-c3
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE COURSE
✓2. Three Phases of the Historical Development
▪ For each phase of the development, the following points must be made clear: ➢ Time range ➢ Features of English ➢ Social and historical events that influenced English greatly
baltoslavic波罗的斯拉夫语族thebiggestone?prussian普鲁士语?lithuanian立陶宛语?polish波兰语?czech捷克语?bulgarian保加利亚语?slovenian斯洛文尼亚语?russian俄罗斯语2
INTRODUCTION
1. Lexicology 2. The five sub-branches of lexicology 3. The relations of lexicology to the other
1. Hellenic希腊语族
➢ Greek 2. Celtic凯尔特语族
➢ Scotish苏格兰语 ➢ Irish爱尔兰语 ➢ Welsh威尔士 ➢ Breton布列塔尼语 ➢ Pictish皮克特语 3. Hittite希泰语族 4. Tocharian吐火罗语族
WL词汇学cha1
Summary: English written form is the imperfect representation of its phonemic elements of the spoken form (Quirk, 1978). 英语的书写形式是其口头语言语音因素的不完全 表现。
In spite of the differences, 80% of English words fit consistent spelling patterns. 所有词汇中至少有80% 是有规律可循的。
What is English Lexicology?
2. Lexicology, as a branch of Linguistics, studies the
origins and meanings of words. “Without grammar, very little can be conveyed; Without vocabulary/words, nothing can be conveyed” ----Wilkins(1972) “Without words, communication in that language cannot happen in any meaningful way.” ----McCarthy(1990)
（简单词、复合词、派生词）
1.5.1 Basic Word Stock and Non-basic Vocabulary Basic Word Stock
Key features: foundation of the vocabulary, common core of the language, （语言的共核部分） a small percentage, yet most important part Obvious characteristics: (p5-6) 1. All national character(全民性：最普遍的事物、现象) 2. Stability (稳定性 relative) 3. Productivity (能产性root words or monosyllalic words) 4. Polysemy(多义性more than one meaning) 5. Collocability (搭配能力强set expressions, idiomatic usages, proverbial sayings)
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But what is language?
- Code system, linguistic rules - communicative abilities
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English as a Tool
communication
Bridging gaps
Learning/studying How to make the tool usable/workable?
Computer language Business language Scientific language Influential language Cosmopolitan language (Esperanto) Native language First language Mother tongue Second language Foreign language Official language International language Widely-used language Common/popular language Universal/global language
a social action and a carrier of inf. a system of structure. a social phenomenon. a physiological phenomenon. a psychological phenomenon. a physical phenomenon. A system of symbols based on physiology, psychology and physics; a social action and a carrier of information used for human communication in a society. (赵世开) (rft.2/p.)
An Introduction to English Lexicology
Some Interesting Facts
Dust： “擦去……的灰尘” VS “在……上撒上粉末”？
I was dusting the mantelpiece when I noticed a crack.
我在擦壁炉台的时候发现了一道裂纹。 在蛋糕上撒些糖霜。
“Language is man’s way of communication with his fellow man and It is language alone which separate him from the lower animals”
1.2 What is language?
Compete with rivals
Pay attention to its functions and your performance!
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English as Culture & Cultures
literature
history
religion beliefs attitudes
International communication is crosscultural communication!
E…P: Don’t learn English just for examination purposes!
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What is learning?
Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I remember. Involve me and I learn.
----Benjamin Franklin
Learners are an important resource for their own collective learning, and this resource can be accessed through collaboration, cooperation and experiential learning.
Dust the top of the cake with icing sugar.
He left the house by the back door. His shoes left muddy marks on the floor.
You get in and out of a car, yet you get on and off a bus. And why, when I wind up my watch, I start it, But when I wind up this essay, I end it? The mother is undergoing the joyful pain and the painful joy of childbirth. Women have a wonderful sense of right and wrong, but little sense of right and left. We eat what we can and what we can’t we can.
from Designing Tasks for Communicative Classroom (David Nunan) CUP 1989
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Aims of the course:
Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary. Offer an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary. Discuss the problems of word-structure and wordformation Study the use of English words , their meanings and changes in meaning, their sense relations, and foster the ability to use “the right word”. As a saying goes, “Right words in right places makes a good writing”.
Significance of the course:
Enlarge your personal vocabulary and consciously increase your word power (active vocabulary). Understand word-meaning and organize, classify and store words more effectively. Raise your awareness of meaning and usages, use words more accurately and appropriately. Develop your skills and habits of analyzing and generalizing linguistic phenomena in your learning experiences. Ultimately improve your receptive and productive skills in language processing as well as language production.
1.1 Relationship among Three “L”s
Language
Linguistics
Lexicology (Words/Vocabulary)
1.2 What is language?
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a specific social action and a carrier of information.
manners
cultivation
Inappropriate behavior can result in losing the business.
profit
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Varieties of English
Standard / Royal English American, British English
Japanese English, Chinese English…
formal
Don’t just learn textbook English, classroom English and Chinese English!
informal
slang
spoken written euphemism taboo jargon
How to learn/command/develop skills?
It is a matter of “can” instead of “know”!
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English as Means
Convey thoughts Express feeling Find good jobs Study abroad Survive in the “global village”
Recommended readings:
Leon Cai(美)，田贵森，2013, 《新编英语词汇学教程》， 北京：外语教学与研究出版社。 张维友，2015，《英语词汇学教程》。武汉：华中师范 大学出版社。 汪榕培、王之江，2013，《英语词汇学》。上海：上海 外语教育出版社。