英语专业词汇学课件1.What is Lexicology
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词汇学第一章
Generally, the vocabulary refers to the sum total of 一门课程, 一个人或者某一历史时期所有的词汇。
words in a language. 但词汇也可以指一种方言、一本书、
Classification of words
Full words: content/notional words They are meaningful in themselves. (nouns, verb, adj, adv, numerals) Form words: grammatical/functional words They are meaningful only when combining with other words. So they have no independent meanings proper(狭义的，严格意义上的). (articals, prep, conj, pron, pronominal adverbs) (代副词: when, where)
The Riddle Game
1. A mouse has a large pocket. What is it? 2. What room has no walls, no doors, no windows, and no floors? 3. I begin with T and end with T,and I am full of T. What am I? 4. How do we know the ocean is friendly? 5. What will you break once you say it? 6. Who is closer to you, your mom or your dad? 7. What letter is a question?
words in a language. 但词汇也可以指一种方言、一本书、
Classification of words
Full words: content/notional words They are meaningful in themselves. (nouns, verb, adj, adv, numerals) Form words: grammatical/functional words They are meaningful only when combining with other words. So they have no independent meanings proper(狭义的，严格意义上的). (articals, prep, conj, pron, pronominal adverbs) (代副词: when, where)
The Riddle Game
1. A mouse has a large pocket. What is it? 2. What room has no walls, no doors, no windows, and no floors? 3. I begin with T and end with T,and I am full of T. What am I? 4. How do we know the ocean is friendly? 5. What will you break once you say it? 6. Who is closer to you, your mom or your dad? 7. What letter is a question?
1What is lexicology
1What is lexicology?English lexicology is a theoretically-oriented course. It is chiefly concerned with the basic theories of words in general and of English words in particular. However, it is a practical course as well, for in the discussion, we shall inevitably deal with copious stocks of words and idioms, and study many usage examples. Naturally, there will be a large quantity of practice involved.2a word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic 句法function. Therefore, from the lexicological point of view, a word is a combination of form (phonological) and meaning (lexical and grammatical). In addition, a word ac ts as a structural unit of a sentence.3Lexical item词条A unit of vocabulary is generally referred to as a lexical item.4The term vocabulary usually refers to a complete inventory of the words in a language.5 Meaning is closely related to a concept. A concept is the base of the meaning of a word. A word is used to label a concept. The concept is abstracted from the person, thing, relationship, idea, event, and so on, that we are thinking about. We call this the referent. The word refers to the referent through a concept. This approach to meaning can be diagrammed as followings: word◊concept◊referent. Meaning can refer to both something in general and in particular. Meaning in the language context may have emotional and stylistic colors, express one’s emoti on, attitude and position. Therefore, meaning adds supplementary value to the concept the word expresses.6The morpheme(词素) is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.7Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free. Free morpheme s have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. Therefore, we might as well say that free morphemes are content morphemes or free roots(自由词根).8A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words9Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into two groups: inflectional and derivational affixes. Inflectional affixes (or inflectional morphemes) serve to indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers。
英语词汇学精品PPT课件
-- from Linguistics in Language Teaching. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.，1972: 111 (Wilkinson)
9
About the course
ORIENTATION
10
1.1 Aims of the course
– Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary.
16
• What is a word?
– The minimal free form of a language, which has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.
– Ultimately improve your receptive and productive skills in language processing as well as language production.
12
1.3 Arrangements
• Oral Presentation
– Group of 4-5 for ONE CHAPTER – One group each week
• Essay
– A short essay about the relevant topic(s) – 3 weeks before the end of the course
13
1.4 Grade
• Oral presentation • Short essay • Final exam
14
An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology
9
About the course
ORIENTATION
10
1.1 Aims of the course
– Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary.
16
• What is a word?
– The minimal free form of a language, which has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.
– Ultimately improve your receptive and productive skills in language processing as well as language production.
12
1.3 Arrangements
• Oral Presentation
– Group of 4-5 for ONE CHAPTER – One group each week
• Essay
– A short essay about the relevant topic(s) – 3 weeks before the end of the course
13
1.4 Grade
• Oral presentation • Short essay • Final exam
14
An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology
词汇学第一章 The Basic Concepts of Words and VocabularyPPT
1.4 Sound and Form
Task 1 Say the following words by yourself.
cough
thought
though
thorough
tough
through
Question: why is there the disparity?
The international reason Changes Borrowings
1.3 Sound and Meaning
In how many languages do you know the name of the animal in this picture?
Task 1 Say the name of the animal in
as many languages as you can.
content words and which are functional words? denote never and run notion upon seven Christmas have would
1.5.3 Native words & borrowed words
Task
Guess whether the statements are true or false.
non-basic vocabulary
Not all the words of the basic word stock have these features.
Non-basic vocabulary include:
Terminology 专业术语 Jargon 行话 Slang 俚语 Argot 隐语 Dialectal words 方言词 Archaisms 古词语 Neologisms 新词语
英语词汇学chapter 1 Lexicology
With stylistics: Leech defines stylistics as the study of the use of language in literature and considers stylistics a meeting ground of linguistics and literary study. To put it here concerning lexicology, Stylistics is the study of optional variations in the sounds, forms, or vocabulary of a language, different situations of use, or different literary types.
Lexicology
The
first semester of 2013-2014
Chapter one the definition of lexicology
1.1 Lexicology
The term lexicology contains two Greek morphemes: lexicon and logie. The former means word and the latter means learning or the study of. The literal meaning of the term is the science of words
Chapter one the definition of lexicology
Students will use the basic knowledge of English lexicology to understand the material already familiar to them from English classes and apply it in their further study of English.
词汇学及相关学科.ppt
Grammatical knowledge allows us to generate sentences.
If we want to express meanings, we need to have a store of words that we can select from when we wish to express these meanings under the control of grammatical rules.
What is linguistics then? Linguistics is the scientific study of
languages.
Lecture 1
Connection of Lexicology with Other Branches of Linguistics
语言学的主要内容
A /bull-ˋcalf is a young bull.
2. With grammar
Vocabulary and grammar are organically related to one another.
In learning a language, attention to grammar is as important as attention to vocabulary.
语义学（semantics），分析语言单位和所指内 容之间的关系。
语用学(pragmatics),分析语言符号和使用者之 间的关系，如何通过语言符号表达语言符号所 表达的以及语言符号之外的意义。
The nature and domain of lexicology
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins, meaning and uses of words.
If we want to express meanings, we need to have a store of words that we can select from when we wish to express these meanings under the control of grammatical rules.
What is linguistics then? Linguistics is the scientific study of
languages.
Lecture 1
Connection of Lexicology with Other Branches of Linguistics
语言学的主要内容
A /bull-ˋcalf is a young bull.
2. With grammar
Vocabulary and grammar are organically related to one another.
In learning a language, attention to grammar is as important as attention to vocabulary.
语义学（semantics），分析语言单位和所指内 容之间的关系。
语用学(pragmatics),分析语言符号和使用者之 间的关系，如何通过语言符号表达语言符号所 表达的以及语言符号之外的意义。
The nature and domain of lexicology
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins, meaning and uses of words.
English Lexicology (Introduction) 英语词汇学 教学课件
Its Relation to other Disciplines IV
Stylistics:
Stylistics is the study of style. It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic element in a particular context for special effects, including lexis, phonology, syntax, graphology.
Lexicology focuses on the lexical level, dealing with the types of meaning and sense relations such as :Polysemy, homonymy synonymy, Antonymy, hyponymy, and semantic field, which constitute an important part of lexicology
lexicology: the form , meaning , origins and usage of words. They have pragmatic differences. A lexicographer’s task is to record the language as it is used to so as to present the genuine picture of words to the reader, providing authoritative reference . While the student of lexicology is to acquire the knowledge and information of lexis so as to increase their lexical awareness and capacity of language use.
English Lexicology 1-1
• An allied science to lexicology is lexicography, which also studies words in relation with dictionaries - it is actually concerned with the inclusion of words in dictionaries and from that perspective with the whole lexicon. • (词典编撰学)
• Only lexicologists who do write dictionaries are lexicographers. • Lexicography is the practical lexicology, it is practically oriented though it has its own theory, while the pure lexicology is mainly theoretical.
• Keywords: external structure, morphological, morpheme, word family, central, peripheral, root, affix
Identification of words
• Stability: stable linguistic units.
– I usually have dinner at 6 but yesterday I had it at seven.
• How many words are there? • How many times did the word “have” occur?
1.1.1 The physical structure of a word
• Only lexicologists who do write dictionaries are lexicographers. • Lexicography is the practical lexicology, it is practically oriented though it has its own theory, while the pure lexicology is mainly theoretical.
• Keywords: external structure, morphological, morpheme, word family, central, peripheral, root, affix
Identification of words
• Stability: stable linguistic units.
– I usually have dinner at 6 but yesterday I had it at seven.
• How many words are there? • How many times did the word “have” occur?
1.1.1 The physical structure of a word
Chapter_1词汇学 2
2.With grammar
Words become significant speech-forms only when they are governed by grammar.
e.g. In the word worker the er-ending is a grammatical form, and so are the ous-ending in previous and the y in rocky. Thus even isolated words bear a definite relation to the grammatical system because they belong to some parts of speech. The tie between lexicology and grammar are particularly strong in the sphere of word-formation. More examples: advantage—adj. advantageous detection—adj. detectable continuity—adj. continuous
1-3-3: The Connection of Lexicology with Other Branches of Linguistics
1.With phonetics: The study of the sound system and sound changes of language is closely related to grammar and lexicology. The expression of the meaning of words is made possible by means of sounds; it depends on the phonemic made-up of words, on the order of the sounds, and on the sound-stress.
1.LexicologyWords&Vocabulary
Examples of disagreement between sound and spelling
• • • • • Plough Cough Comb Have Cave
Reasons for Sound-form Disagreement
• The internal reason that the English alphabet was adopted from Latin. • Pronunciation changed more rapidly than spelling. • Early scribes(抄写员) created some differences. • In the late 1500, printing helped to freeze spelling. • Borrowing of words.
Compare the following pairs:
• • • • • Condemn, condemnation , bombard Hymn, hymnal Resign, resignation Paradigm, paradigmatic
Word and Vocabulary
• What evidence is given in the text to prove that the sound-meaning relationship of words is arbitrary?
P8
Sound and Form (spelling)
声音与形式
• The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. • The written form should agree with the oral form. • But in fact English spelling is often an imperfect representation of the spoken form.
英语专业词汇学课件1.What is Lexicology
nice bridegroom depart
Semantics
The study of meaning
lexicography
A special technique, the writing and compilation of dictionaries
Lexicology as a level of language analysis
planets
Definition of Lexicology Morphology Semantics Etymology Lexicography
“The limits of my language are the limits of my world.”
英语词汇学引论 修订版 武汉大学出版社 林承璋 编著
Kinship terms
father mother son daughter cousin nephew uncle aunt grandfather grandmother
Color terms black white red green yellow blue orange
What will be included in this course?
Lexicology and phonology
pill and bill sheep and ship meat and meal
Prosodic features
ex’port and ‘export re’cord and ‘record
Compounding
‘greenhouse ,green ‘house ‘greyhound ,grey ‘hound ‘White House ,white ‘house
Semantics
The study of meaning
lexicography
A special technique, the writing and compilation of dictionaries
Lexicology as a level of language analysis
planets
Definition of Lexicology Morphology Semantics Etymology Lexicography
“The limits of my language are the limits of my world.”
英语词汇学引论 修订版 武汉大学出版社 林承璋 编著
Kinship terms
father mother son daughter cousin nephew uncle aunt grandfather grandmother
Color terms black white red green yellow blue orange
What will be included in this course?
Lexicology and phonology
pill and bill sheep and ship meat and meal
Prosodic features
ex’port and ‘export re’cord and ‘record
Compounding
‘greenhouse ,green ‘house ‘greyhound ,grey ‘hound ‘White House ,white ‘house
英语词汇学教程夏洋邵林主编unit 1
Examples for etymology
Examples for semantics
Translate into English
Translate into Chinese
打油 打哪儿来 打叉 打信号 打腹稿 打价儿 打脸 打嗝 打起精神 打证明 打头面
Consider
“考虑”
con-together sider-star, from Latin “together with stars, observe the star” 古时候人们观测星象来推测旦夕祸福，正如现代人通过黄历来考虑婚 丧嫁娶一样
Disaster
“灾难”
dis – not aster-star disaster-no star, stars that are not at the right places. 星星不见了，星位不正、星位偏移，主大凶
[职官给力制度]秦汉以来，历代朝廷都制定法律规定，百姓除纳粮外，成年男子必须为朝 廷服力役和兵役。服力役的百姓，有“力”、“事力”、“吏力”、“力人”等不同叫 法。所以朝廷向官员供给劳役就叫做“给力”。即使在力役制度取消后，朝廷仍然按给 力人数，折成钱粮后然后支付给官员，这笔费用往往超过官员的工资。 至现代，出现于闽南话，说更早点则是来自古中原的河洛话。 “使力、使劲” 2010年5月，由中国传媒大学南广学院学生上传网络的一段日本动画片。
Read textB & C, answer the questions
A word is an item that usu. separated from other items by spaces. A word is the minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and performs syntactic function.
英语词汇学教程课件第1章English Lexicology 1上
Bug, boy, through, build, -er, dip, stick, -s, read and -ing are all morphemes.
Bug, boy, through, build, dip, stick and read are simple words while –er, -s and ing are only parts of words.
Semantics
Semantics studies meaning. It is usually approached from one of two perspectives: philosophical or linguistic.
Philosophical semantics is concerned with the logical properties of language, the nature of formal theories, and the language of logic.
Lexicographical compilation is derived from lexicological theory.
Dictionaries are compiled now mainly by lexicographers with linguistic knowledge.
People consider lexicography as applied lexicology.
Morphemes are considered as the smallest meaningful units which may constitute words or parts of words. From morphemes, we can specify the kind of relationship they have with the nonlinguistic world.
英语专业 词汇学课件Introduction
Final examination
SHANDONG AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
20
SHANDONG AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
1000
2000 3000 4000 5000
72.0
79.7 84.0 86.8 88.7
6000
15,851
89.9
97.8
(Francis&Kucera,1982)
SHANDONG AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
13
3. Aims and significance
Significance:
SHANDONG AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY 11
3. Aims and significance
Significance:
To help you enlarge your
vocabulary and improve your ability to analyze and use words
Prepare you for the post-
graduate research
SHANDONG AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY 12
Significance:
0 words
3. Aims and significance
Vocabulary size Written Text Coverage 0%
a flock of sheep, goats, birds…
a school of fish, whales, dolphins a swarm of ants, bees, locusts (insects) a pride of lions
SHANDONG AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
20
SHANDONG AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
1000
2000 3000 4000 5000
72.0
79.7 84.0 86.8 88.7
6000
15,851
89.9
97.8
(Francis&Kucera,1982)
SHANDONG AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
13
3. Aims and significance
Significance:
SHANDONG AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY 11
3. Aims and significance
Significance:
To help you enlarge your
vocabulary and improve your ability to analyze and use words
Prepare you for the post-
graduate research
SHANDONG AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY 12
Significance:
0 words
3. Aims and significance
Vocabulary size Written Text Coverage 0%
a flock of sheep, goats, birds…
a school of fish, whales, dolphins a swarm of ants, bees, locusts (insects) a pride of lions
《词汇学》英文版课件Chapter 1 English Lexicology--Introduction
Teaching focus:
1.1 What Is a Word
a minimal free form of a language a sound unit a unit of meaning a form that can function alone in a sentence “A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function”. 词是具有一定的声音、意义和语法功能，能独 立运用的最小的语言单位。
Morphology studies the structures or forms of words through the use of morpheme construct Etymology studies the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. Semantics studies the meanings of words and sense relations: polysemy,homonymy,synonymy,antonomy, hyponmy, and semantic field
• 1.2 Sound and Meaning • There is no logical or intrinsic connection between a sound and what it refers to. The relation between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary or conventional. The same language can use the same sound to mean different things and the different languages use different sounds to refer to the same thing.
英语词汇学教程课件第1章English Lexicology 1
Lexicography involves the writing and compilation of dictionaries, especially dealing with the principles that underlie the process of compiling and editing dictionaries.
a new waste paper basket
The second type of definition considers the word as a thought unit or a psychological unit.
Farmer Rethink Spoonful all of a sudden as usual.
Semantics
Semantics studies meaning. It is usually approached from one of two perspectives: philosophical or linguistic.
Philosophical semantics is concerned with the logical properties of lanபைடு நூலகம்uage, the nature of formal theories, and the language of logic.
Linguistic semantics involves all aspects of meaning in natural languages, from the meaning of complex utterances in specific context to that of individual sounds in syllables.
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2. The study of the overall structure and history of the vocabulary of a language
3. A branch of linguistics concerned with the meaning and use of words
Lexicology and syntax
Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.
In-class games
The first question was difficult
second word
easy
third problem funny
last examination silly
planets
Definition of Lexicology Morphology Semantics Etymology Lexicography
“The limits of my language are the limits of my world.”
英语词汇学引论 修订版 武汉大学出版社 林承璋 编著
Where do English words come from? Word meaning Meaning relations Word formation Words in use English dictionaries
After-class assignments
62 English words in
Morphology(形态学) Semantics(语义学) Etymology(词源学) Lexicography(词典学)
morphology
Study of morphemes and their arrangements and their arrangements in forming words.
Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units which may constitute words or parts of words.
etymology
The study of the whole history of words, not just of their origin
More definitions of lexicology
1. An area of language study concerned with the nature, meaning, history and use of words and word elements and often also with the critical description of lexicography
Kinship terms
father mother son daughter cousin nephew uncle aunt grandfather grandmother
Color terms black white red green yellowill be included in this course?
What is Lexicology?
Lexicology: the study of lexis, understood as the stock of words in a given language, i.e. its vocabulary or lexicon.
Vocabulary Lexis Lexicon
4. The study of the form, meaning, and behavior of words
Related fields
Linguistics:The study of the nature, structure,and variation of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, sociolinguistics, and pragmatics.
现代英语词汇学概论 北京师范大学出版社 张韵斐 主编
nice bridegroom depart
Semantics
The study of meaning
lexicography
A special technique, the writing and compilation of dictionaries
Lexicology as a level of language analysis
Lexicology and phonology
pill and bill sheep and ship meat and meal
Prosodic features
ex’port and ‘export re’cord and ‘record
Compounding
‘greenhouse ,green ‘house ‘greyhound ,grey ‘hound ‘White House ,white ‘house
3. A branch of linguistics concerned with the meaning and use of words
Lexicology and syntax
Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.
In-class games
The first question was difficult
second word
easy
third problem funny
last examination silly
planets
Definition of Lexicology Morphology Semantics Etymology Lexicography
“The limits of my language are the limits of my world.”
英语词汇学引论 修订版 武汉大学出版社 林承璋 编著
Where do English words come from? Word meaning Meaning relations Word formation Words in use English dictionaries
After-class assignments
62 English words in
Morphology(形态学) Semantics(语义学) Etymology(词源学) Lexicography(词典学)
morphology
Study of morphemes and their arrangements and their arrangements in forming words.
Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units which may constitute words or parts of words.
etymology
The study of the whole history of words, not just of their origin
More definitions of lexicology
1. An area of language study concerned with the nature, meaning, history and use of words and word elements and often also with the critical description of lexicography
Kinship terms
father mother son daughter cousin nephew uncle aunt grandfather grandmother
Color terms black white red green yellowill be included in this course?
What is Lexicology?
Lexicology: the study of lexis, understood as the stock of words in a given language, i.e. its vocabulary or lexicon.
Vocabulary Lexis Lexicon
4. The study of the form, meaning, and behavior of words
Related fields
Linguistics:The study of the nature, structure,and variation of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, sociolinguistics, and pragmatics.
现代英语词汇学概论 北京师范大学出版社 张韵斐 主编
nice bridegroom depart
Semantics
The study of meaning
lexicography
A special technique, the writing and compilation of dictionaries
Lexicology as a level of language analysis
Lexicology and phonology
pill and bill sheep and ship meat and meal
Prosodic features
ex’port and ‘export re’cord and ‘record
Compounding
‘greenhouse ,green ‘house ‘greyhound ,grey ‘hound ‘White House ,white ‘house