词汇学一
大学词汇学第一章
2 weeks 1 week 1 weeks 2 weeks 1 weeks 1 weeks 1 week 1 week 1 week 1 week 1 week 1 week 1 week 1 week
考Hale Waihona Puke 形式1. 平时成绩50%（出勤、作业）。 2. 提交论文50%（3000—8000字）。
Introduction
1476年，Sir William Caxton发明印刷机。 早期现代英语（Early Modern English）逐渐形成。 文艺复兴（The Renaissance, 14-17世纪） 代表人物：达.芬奇，米开朗基罗等 英国剧作家莎士比亚（William Shakespeare,15641616）
Danish Icelandic Faroese Norwegian Swedish
Gothic*
German Dutch Flemish Frisian Afrikaans Yiddish
Old English(Anglo-Saxon):(AD400-1100) ---449 First landing of the Germanic warriors in Britain ---1066 Norman Conquest in Britain Middle English:(1100-1500) ---1476 Introduction of the Printing Press by Sir Willian Caxton ---1492 Discovery of the New World Early Modern English:(1500-1800) --- 1755 Dictionary of the English language by Samuel Johnson ---1776 American Revolution Modern English:(1800-present) ----20th C World wars, scientific breakthrough Contemporary English:(present and onwards)
词汇学(第一章)-PPT课件
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3. Native words and borrowed words 本族语词和外来语词
Native words / Angle-Saxon words
Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are native
words. They form the great majority of the
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Another important characteristic is that function words belong to a relatively small and permanent set of words, in comparison to content words. The total number of functional words is about 154. They are stable; they do not come and go with changing fashions and ideas.
basic word stock of the English language.
The basic word stock is the foundation of the
vocabulary accumulated over a number of
epochs. Most native words in modern
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What causes the differences between sound and form?
➢ 1) More morphemes than letters, ➢ 2) Stabilization of spelling, ➢ 3) Deliberate change of spelling by
词汇学第一、二章课后习题及答案
2012级（1）班Chaper1 The Basic Concepts Of Words and VocabularyI.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. ______is the most important of all characteristics of the basic word stock.A.Productivity Stability C.Collocability D.All national character2. Nonbasic vocabulary includes all of the following except_______ .A.slangB.Anglo-Saxon wordsC.argotsD.neologisms3. According to the origins of the words, English words can be classified into _______ .A.content words and functional wordsB.native words and borrowed wordsC.basic words and dialectal wordsD.loan words and dialectal words4. Borrowings can be divided into________.A.liens, semantic loans, translationloans, denizensB.empty words, notional words, form words, content wordsC.blends, portmanteau words, acronyms, initializesD.derivatives, compounds, converted words and clipped words5. Apart from the characteristics of basic vocabulary, native words have two other features, namely_________.A.Productivity and stabilityB.neutrality in style and high frequency in useC.collectability and polysemyD.formality and arbitrariness6．The word beaver(meaning“girl”)is_______ .A.a dialectal wordB.argotC.an archaismD.slang7. AIDS as a nonbasic word is_______ .A.jargonB.an archaismC.aneologismD.slang8.Form words include the following word classes except_______ .A.conjunctionsB.auxiliariesC.prepositionsD.adjectives9. Vocabulary can refer to the following except_______ .A.the total number of the words in alanguageB.all the words used in a particular historical periodC.all the words of a given dialectD.most words a person knows10.Kimono is a loan word from_______ .A.GermanB.FrenchC.SpanishD.Japanese11. _______ form the mainstream of the basic word stock.A.Anglo-Saxon wordsB. FrenchwordsC.Danish wordstin words12.Black humor is_______ .A.a translation loanB.a semantic loanC.a denizenD.an alien13.Pronouns and numerals are semantically_______ and have limited_______ .A.polysemous;use and stabilityB.monosemous;collocability and stabilityC.polysemous;use and productivityD.monosemous;productivity andcollectability14.Indigestion is_______ .A.jargonB.slangC.terminologyD.an archaism15.By_______ ,words fall into functional words and content words.e frequencyB.notionC.originD.word formation16. The symbolic connection between sound and meaning is almost always_______ .A.motivatedB.arbitraryC.logicalD.unconventional17. _______ are loan words that have become assimilated in English.A.DenizensB.Semantic loansC.Translation loansD.Aliens18.Smoky, which means “police”,is a(n) _______ word.A.slangB.argotC.loanD.jargon19. Wherein which means “in what”is a(n)word. _______A.slangB.archaicC.functionalD.dialectal20.The difference between sound and form due to all the following except _______.A.more phonemes than lettersB. stabilization of spelling by printingC.change of spelling by early scribesD.development of pronunciationplete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book1. Lexicology is a branch of linguisticsstudying the origins and_______ of words .2. A word is a minimal free form of language that has a given sound, meaning and_______ function.3. In spite of the differences between sound and form,at least_______ percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns4.All the words in language make up its_______ .5.The_______ word stock is the foundations of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and form the common core of the language.6.By_______ ,begin is a native word.7. _______ vocabulary include cant,jargon and argot.8. There is no_______ relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself.9. _______ are the basic units of sentences.10. Early borrowings are mostly_______ whereas later loan words remain foreign in sound and spelling.III.Decide whether the following statements are true or false( )1.A word can be defined in different ways from different points of view. ( )2.Under no circumstances can sound and meaning be intrinsically related. ( )3.The introduction of printing press resulted in a lot more differences between sound and form.( )4.The words a person can use in speaking and writing form his active vocabulary.( )5.The principles by which to classify words are usage, notion and origin. ( )6.Native words are more popular than foreign words.( )7.Native words enjoy the same features as the basic word stock and more. ( )8.audl(meaning “old”)is an instance of archaism.( )9.Kowtow is a loan word known as an alien.( )10.Long time no see is a case of translation loan.IV.Give a term for each of the following definitions.1.Sub-standard words often used on informal occasions.( )2.Specialized vocabulary common in certain professions.( )3.Words used by sub-culturegroups, particularly by understood society.( )4.Words that have clear notions.( )5.Words of Anglo-Saxon origin.( )6.Words borrowed by way of translation. ( )7.Old words with new meanings.( )8.Words which have become assimilated.( )9.Native forms whose meanings are borrowed.( )10.Words essential to native speakers’ daily communication.( )V.Answer the following questions .Your answers should be clear and short.1.What is the relationship between sound and meaning?2.Why are there so many differences between sound and form?3.What are the criteria for classification of words?4.What are the characteristics of the basic word and word stock?[Answers]I.1.D 2.B 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.D 9.D 10.D 11.A 12.A 13.D 14.C15.B 16.B 17.A 18.A 19.B 20.DII.1.meanings 2.syntaitic 3.80(eighty) 4.vocabulary 5.basic 6.origin 7.Nonbaic 8.logical 9.Words 10assimilatedII I.1.T 2. F 3.T 4.T 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.TIV.1.slang 2.jargon3.argot 4.content words 5.native words 6.translation loans 7.neologisms 8.denizens 9.semantic loan 10.basic word stockV.1.The relationship is almost always arbitrary and conventional ana there is nological connection between sound and meaning.2.There are four major reasons.(1)The internal reason:the English alphabet wasadopted from the Romans,which have more phonemes than letters,so there is nota separate letter to represent each sound.(2)Pronunciation has changed morerapidly than spelling.(3)The spelling forms were changed by the early scribes to make theeir writing more recognizable.(4)Borrowing.3.There are mainly there criteria for classification.Words may fall into:the basicword stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency;content words and functional words by notion;native words and borrowed words by prigin.4.The basic word stock has five charecteristic:(1)all nationalcharacter,(2)stability,(3)productivi-ty,(4)polysemy,(5)productivity.Chapter2 The Development Of the English VocabularyI.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.It is assumed that the world has 3000 languages, which can be grouped intoroughly_______ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.A.200B.300C.400D.5002. The following languages all belong to the Eastern set except_______ .A.Balto-SlavicB.Indo-IranianC.ArmenianD.Italic3. In the Eastern set,Armenian and_______ are the sole modern languages in the two respective families.A.AlbanianB.RussianC.SloveniaD.Lithuanian4.Which language does not belong to the Italic?A.Portuguese.B.SpanishC.WelshD.French5.The early inhabitants of the British Isles spoke_______ .A.EnglishB.CelticC.ScandinavianD.Hellenic6.The Germanic speakers took permanent control of the land that was later called_______ (the land of Angles).A.GermanB.GreeceC.EnglandD.American7.Old English has a vocabulary of about 50000 to 60000 words,which is entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from_______ and Scandinavian.tinB.GreekC.CelticD.French8.The influx of French words into English did not occur until after_______ .A.1200B.1300C.1400D.15009.In the Middle English period,the three main dialects of the land were Northern, _______ and Midland.A.EasternB.WesternC.SouthernD.Oriental10. _______ is the chief ancestor of Modern English,not Southern.A.EasternB.WesternC.SouthernD.Oriental11.The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of_______ words into English.tinB.GreekC.DanishD.French12.Middle is an_______ dialect,as its name implies, and intelligible to Northerner and Southerners alike.A.middleB.intermediateC.interchangeableD.internal13.The number of_______ words that poured into English was unbelievably great and covered every realm of culture and society in the Middle English period.A.FrenchB.GermantinD.Russian14.Before English regained social status in Middle English period,those imposer spoke French;those who were literate read and wrote _______ ;those who could educate their children taught them in _______ ;and any young man who sought to earn his living as a scribe learned_______ or_______ .tin;French;Latin;FrenchB.French;French;French;EnglishC.French;French;Latin;FrenchD.Greek;French;Greek;French15.In the early period of modern English,Europe saw a new upsurge in learning ancient Greek and Roman classic,which is known in history as the_______ .A.RenewalB.RevivalC.ReboundD.Renaissance16.Since the beginning of the 20th century, particularly after World War II,although borrowing remains channel of English vocabulary expansion,more words are createdby_______ .A.analogyB.word-formationC.transferD.conversion17.The Anglo-Saxon in the Old English period was almost a “_______ ”language,which created new words from its own compound elements with few foreign words.A.uniqueB.fashionC.pureD.old18.As one scholar notes,old English w as characterized by “_______ endings”,Middle English by “leveled endings”,and Modern English by “_______ endings”.A.full ;lostB.lost;fullC.full;pureD.pure;lost19.Old English which was a_______ language has evolved to the present_______ language.A.analytic;syntheticB.synthetic;analyticC.agglutinative;analyticD.isolating;synthetic20.Of all the foreign languages from which we have borrowed words,Latin ,Greek,French,and_______ stand out as the major contributors.A.ItalianB.GermanC.DutchD.Scandinavian21.In the Pre-Anglo-Saxon period,the words borrowed naturally from reflected the new experience in_______ and _______ .A.war;economyB.economy;agricultureC.war;shrineD.agriculture22.In the Old English period,borrowings from Latin came in because of the introduction of Christianity,such as, _______ and _______ .A.cook;candleB.shrine;sackC.candle;shrineD.mass;circle23.The_______ centuries were especially prolific in Latin borrowingsunder the influence of Renaissance.A.12th and 13thB.13th and 14thC.14th and15thD.15th and 16th24.Some late borrowings from Latin still retain their Latin forms.which of the following was borrowed in the Modern English period?A.Frustrate B . Focus C.Logic D.Trade25.Which of the following does not come from Greek?A.PianoB.SynonymC.PhilosophyD.Lexicology26.Typhoon is from_______ and tatami is from_______ .A.Chinese;AfricanB.Chinese;JapaneseC.Arabic;TurkishD.Malay;Japanese27.Modern English vocabulary develops through_______ .A.terminology,analogyand borrowingB.creation,semantic and borrowingC.creation,archaisms,and semantic changeD.semantic change,denizens and argot28.Which of the following contemporary English vocabulary is from the rapid growth of science and technology?A.FalloutB.Pant suitC.Black beltD.Mao jackets29.The Scandinavian languages:Norwegian,Swedish,Danish,and Icelandic,constitute the_______ branch of the Germanic group.A.easternB.westernC.northernD.southern30.Reviving archaic or_______ words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though insignificant.A.obsoleteB.oldedD.ancientII．Decide whether the following statements are true or false.( )1.English is more closed related to German than French.( )2.Scandinavian languages refer to Icelandic,Norwegian,Danish,and Swedish ( )3.Old English was a highly infected language.( )4.In early Middle English period,English,Latin,and Celtic existed side by side.( )5.The introduction of printing into England marked the beginning of Modern English period.( )6.Modern English is considered to be an analytic language.( )7.The four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin,French,Scandinavian and Italian.( )8.In modern times,borrowing brings less than percent of modern English vocabulary.( )9.The three major factors that promote the growth of modern English vocabulary are advances in science and technology,influence of foreign cultures and languages. ( )10.The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is creation of new words by means of word-formation.( )11.Old English vocabulary was in essence Germanic with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.( )12.Middle English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words but with little change in word endings.III.Define the following terms.1.the Indo-European Language Family2.Old English3.foreign elements4.creation5.semantic changeIV.Answer following questions.Your answers should be clear and short1.Why did Middle become the chief ancestor of Modern English?2.What are the characteristics of Modern English?3.What are the reasons for the growth of contemporary English vocabulary?4.What are the general characteristics of the world-wide appeal of English?V.Analyze and comment on the following.1.Soft drinks and minerals sold here.Tell what“soft drink” and “mineral” mean respectively and explain why they take on those meanings in modern American English.2.“Moon”was originally written as “moan”and the pronuncia tions of the twowords are different,too .Explain the reasons for the change in spelling and pronunciation.AnswersI.1.B2.D3.A4.C5.B6.C7.A8.B9.C 10.D 11.D 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.D 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.B 20.D 21.D 22.C 23.C 24.B25.A26.B 27.B 28.A 29.C 30.AII.1.T2.T3.T4.T5.T6.T7.F8.T9.F 10.T 11.T 12.FIII.1.The Indo-European Language Family is made up of most languages of Europe,theNear East,and India.According to the geographical distribution,these languages fall into ten principal groups,belonging to two sets,namely an Eastern set anda Western set.The Eastern set consistsof:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,AmericanandAlbanian; the Western set comprises:Celtic,Italic, Hellenic, Germanic, Hittite and Tocharian.2.Old English grew out of the Anglo-Saxon,which has a vocabulary of about 50000to 60000 words.The vocabulary is almost monogamous and entirely Geomantic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.3.English vocabulary owes most of its words to foreign languages.The words borrowedfrom other languages are known as foreign elements in the English vocabulary.4.Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existingmaterials,namely roots,affixes and other elements.In modern times,this is the most important way of vocabularyexpansion.5.Semantic change refers to an old form whichtakes on a new meaning to meet thenew need.This does not increase the number of word forms but create many new usage of the existing words.IV.1. There are several reasons:(1)The midland included London,which was then the capital of England,naturally the political,economical and cultural center.(2)Two great writers Wycliffe and Chaucer employed the Midland dialect in their writings.(3)Midland is an intermediate dialect,as its name implies,and intelligible to Northerners and Southerners alike,whereas these speakers could not often understand each other using their own dialects respectively.(4)When Caxton introduced the printing press in 1477, the printerspatronized the Midland dialect, and any English man who wanted to be published had to write in that dialect.2. Modern English has a huge vocabulary of different elements. Most of the words have actually been borrowed from other languages. Word endings are mostly lost with just a few exceptions.3. Generally there are three main sources of new words:the rapid development of modern science and technology;social,economic and political changes;the influenceof other cultures and languages.4. The more obvious and striking features are summed up as follows:(1)receptivity, adaptability and heterogeneity;(2)simplicity of inflection(3)relatively fixed word-order.V.1.(1) “soft drink” means “carbonated drinks”and “mineral” means “mineralwater” in present American English.(2)“soft drink” means “non-alcoholic beverage” and “mineral” means “ore”in British English, but these words no longer have such meanings in present British English.(3) American English ha s revived the old meaning of “soft drink” and that of“mineral”. This is because it is easy to understand and remember.2. (1) “Mona” is an early borrowed word but the original form did not conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.(2) In later development, the word became well assimilated into English languages.(3) At present “mona”is written as “moon”, conforming to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.。
第一讲__汉语词汇学
3.因声求义
• • • • • • • （1）寻求词的声音与物的声音直接对应。 知了、布谷；当啷、滴答；叽里咕噜、噼里啪啦；呸、哼 （2）寻找非原始词及其赖以产生的原始词之间的语音联系。 韭，《说文》：“韭，菜名，一种而久者，故谓之韭。” 仲：《白虎通》：“仲，中也”。仲裁，即位于中间者裁决。 ◆音义关系 东汉刘熙的《释名》中，就注意到从字的语音形式角度来解释字义。 如: 刀末曰锋，言若蜂刺之毒利也。 北宋，王圣美发明“右文说”，认为：“凡字，其类在左，其义在右。 如木类，其左皆从木。所谓右文者，如戔，小也。水之小者曰浅，金 之小者曰钱，歹而小者曰残，贝之小者曰贱。诸如此类，皆以戔为义 也。” 到了清代，段玉裁提出“凡同声多同义”，王念孙提出“声同字异， 声近义同”，提炼出了“因声求义”的理论。 杨树达《积微居小学金石论丛•形声字声中有义略证》：燕声、宴声 字多含“白”义。鸟之白颈者谓之燕；马之白窍者为之驠；马尾本白 者谓之騴；白鱼谓之鰋。
第一讲 汉语词汇学绪论
• 一 词汇学：一门年轻而又古老的科学 • 语义学的一个分支学科,又称词汇语义学。在语文学 时期，词汇学是语言学的组成部分，曾经与语音学、 语法学并列；在现代语言学里，一般认为音系学、 句法学、语义学是语言学的三个组成部分。 • 二 词汇学类别 • 1.普通词汇学、个别词汇学 • 前者指的是研究语言中的词汇的一般规律的词汇学 子学科。如张永言《词汇学简论》；后者是研究某 种具体语言的词汇的独特规律的词汇学子学科，如 陆国强的《现代英语词汇学》。
• 印泥：秦汉之际，秘密的信息书于竹简木牍上，书毕把竹 简木牍合严，再用绳子捆捆扎，在绳子结扣处用粘泥封住， 然后加盖印章，作为信验，以防私拆。这个粘泥块称为封 泥。因而后世红印色称为印泥。
（四）词的理据的分析法、探求法
英语词汇学(一) 期末考试试题及参考答案
15.Some words in the basic word stock are said to be stable because they _____. [ ]
A. are complex words.
Test 1
I.Stylistics is the study of style. It is concerned with the user‘s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effects
A. situation B. context C. time D. place
B. are technical words
C. refer to the commonest things in life.
D. denote the most important concepts.
II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book（10％）
B. Danish origin
C. Latin origin
D. Greek origin
14. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.
D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation
4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. [ ]
词汇学第一、二章课后习题及答案
…2012级（1）班Chaper1 The Basic Concepts Of Words and Vocabularyof the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. ______is the most important of all characteristics of the basic word stock. Stability national character2. Nonbasic vocabulary includes all of the following except_______ .words3. According to the origins of the words, English words can be classified into…_______ .words and functional words words and borrowed wordswords and dialectal words words and dialectal words4. Borrowings can be divided into________., semantic loans, translationloans, denizenswords, notional words, form words, content words, portmanteau words, acronyms, initializes, compounds, converted words and clipped words-5. Apart from the characteristics of basic vocabulary, native words have two other features, namely_________.and stability in style and high frequency in useand polysemy and arbitrariness6．The word beaver(meaning“girl”)is_______ .dialectal word archaism7. AIDS as a nonbasic word is_______ .archaismwords include the following word classes except_______ .^9. Vocabulary can refer to the following except_______ .total number of the words in alanguagethe words used in a particular historical periodthe words of a given dialectwords a person knowsis a loan word from_______ .【11. _______ form the mainstream of the basic word stock.words B. Frenchwords words wordshumor is_______ .translation loan semantic loan denizen alienand numerals are semantically_______ and have limited_______ .;use and stability ;collocability and stability;use and productivity ;productivity andcollectabilityis_______ .(archaism,words fall into functional words and content words.frequency formation16. The symbolic connection between sound and meaning is almost always_______ .17. _______ are loan words that have become assimilated in English.A.Denizens loans loans, which means “police”,is a(n) _______ word.[19. Wherein which means “in what”is a(n)word. _______difference between sound and form due to all the following except _______. phonemes than lettersB. stabilization of spelling by printingof spelling by early scribesof pronunciationthe following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book\1. Lexicology is a branch of linguisticsstudying the origins and_______ of words .2. A word is a minimal free form of language that has a given sound, meaning and_______ function.3. In spite of the differences between sound and form,at least_______ percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patternsthe words in language make up its_______ .word stock is the foundations of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and form the common core of the language.,begin is a native word.7. _______ vocabulary include cant,jargon and argot.8. There is no_______ relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself.{9. _______ are the basic units of sentences.10. Early borrowings are mostly_______ whereas later loan words remain foreign in sound and spelling.whether the following statements are true or false( ) word can be defined in different ways from different points of view.( ) no circumstances can sound and meaning be intrinsically related.( ) introduction of printing press resulted in a lot more differences betweensound and form.( ) words a person can use in speaking and writing form his active vocabulary. ( ) principles by which to classify words are usage, notion and origin.(( ) words are more popular than foreign words.( ) words enjoy the same features as the basic word stock and more.( )(meaning “old”)is an instance of archaism.( ) a loan word known as an alien.( ) time no see is a case of translation loan.a term for each of the following definitions.1.Sub-standard words often used on informal occasions.( )2.Specialized vocabulary common in certain professions.( )3.>4.Words used by sub-culturegroups, particularly by understood society.( )5.Words that have clear notions.( )6.Words of Anglo-Saxon origin.( )7.Words borrowed by way of translation. ( )8.Old words with new meanings.( )9.Words which have become assimilated.( )10.Native forms whose meanings are borrowed.( )11.Words essential to native speakers’ daily communication.( )：the following questions .Your answers should be clear and short.1.What is the relationship between sound and meaning2.Why are there so many differences between sound and form3.What are the criteria for classification of words4.What are the characteristics of the basic word and word stock[Answers](eighty) 10assimilated!2. Fwords words loans loan word stockV.1.The relationship is almost always arbitrary and conventional ana there is nological connection between sound and meaning.2.There are four major reasons.(1)The internal reason:the English alphabet wasadopted from the Romans,which have more phonemes than letters,so there is nota separate letter to represent each sound.(2)Pronunciation has changed morerapidly than spelling.(3)The spelling forms were changed by the early scribes to make theeir writing more recognizable.(4)Borrowing.3.There are mainly there criteria for may fall into:the basic word stock andnonbasic vocabulary by use frequency;content words and functional words by notion;native words and borrowed words by prigin.4.The basic word stock has five charecteristic:(1)all nationalcharacter,(2)stability,(3)productivi-ty,(4)polysemy,(5)productivity.）Chapter2 The Development Of the English Vocabularyof the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.It is assumed that the world has 3000 languages, which can be grouped intoroughly_______ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.2. The following languages all belong to the Eastern set except_______ .3. In the Eastern set,Armenian and_______ are the sole modern languages in the two respective families.（language does not belong to the Italic.early inhabitants of the British Isles spoke_______ .Germanic speakers took permanent control of the land that was later called_______ (the land of Angles).English has a vocabulary of about 50000 to 60000 words,which is entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from_______ and Scandinavian.·influx of French words into English did not occur until after_______ .the Middle English period,the three main dialects of the land were Northern, _______ and Midland.10. _______ is the chief ancestor of Modern English,not Southern.Norman Conquest started a continual flow of_______ words into English.*is an_______ dialect,as its name implies, and intelligible to Northerner and Southerners alike.number of_______ words that poured into English was unbelievably great and covered every realm of culture and society in the Middle English period.English regained social status in Middle English period,those imposer spoke French;those who were literate read and wrote _______ ;those who could educate their children taught them in _______ ;and any young man who sought to earn his living as a scribe learned_______ or_______ .;French;Latin;French ;French;French;English;French;Latin;French ;French;Greek;French…the early period of modern English,Europe saw a new upsurge in learning ancient Greek and Roman classic,which is known in history as the_______ .the beginning of the 20th century, particularly after World War II,although borrowing remains channel of English vocabulary expansion,more words are created by_______ .Anglo-Saxon in the Old English period was almost a “_______ ”language,which created new words from its own compound elements with few foreign words.one scholar notes,old English was characterized by “_______ endings”,Middle English by “leveled endings”,and Modern English by “_______ endings”.;lost ;full ;pure ;lost—English which was a_______ language has evolved to the present_______ language.;synthetic ;analytic;analytic ;syntheticall the foreign languages from which we have borrowed words,Latin ,Greek,French,and_______ stand out as the major contributors.the Pre-Anglo-Saxon period,the words borrowed naturally from reflected the new experience in_______ and _______ .;economy ;agriculture ;shrinethe Old English period,borrowings from Latin came in because of the introduction of Christianity,such as, _______ and _______ .…;candle ;sack ;shrine ;circlecenturies were especially prolific in Latin borrowingsunder the influence of Renaissance.and 13th and 14th and15th and 16thlate borrowings from Latin still retain their Latin of the following was borrowed in the Modern English periodB . Focusof the following does not come from Greekis from_______ and tatami is from_______ .:;African ;Japanese ;Turkish ;JapaneseEnglish vocabulary develops through_______ .,analogyand ,semantic and borrowing,archaisms,and semantic change,denizens and argotof the following contemporary English vocabulary is from the rapid growth of science and technologysuit belt jacketsScandinavian languages:Norwegian,Swedish,Danish,and Icelandic,constitute the_______ branch of the Germanic group.^archaic or_______ words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though insignificant.II．Decide whether the following statements are true or false.( ) is more closed related to German than French.( ) languages refer to Icelandic,Norwegian,Danish,and Swedish( ) English was a highly infected language.( ) early Middle English period,English,Latin,and Celtic existed side by side. ( ) introduction of printing into England marked the beginning of Modern English period."( ) English is considered to be an analytic language.( ) four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin,French,Scandinavian and Italian.( ) modern times,borrowing brings less than percent of modern English vocabulary. ( ) three major factors that promote the growth of modern English vocabulary are advances in science and technology,influence of foreign cultures and languages. ( ) most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is creation of new words by means of word-formation.( ) English vocabulary was in essence Germanic with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.( ) English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words but with little change in word endings.the following terms.1.,2.the Indo-European Language Family3.Old English4.foreign elements5.creation6.semantic changefollowing answers should be clear and short1.Why did Middle become the chief ancestor of Modern English2.What are the characteristics of Modern English3.、4.What are the reasons for the growth of contemporary English vocabulary5.What are the general characteristics of the world-wide appeal of Englishand comment on the following.1.Soft drinks and minerals sold here.Tell what“soft drink” and “mineral” mean respectively and explain why they take on those meanings in modern American English.2.“Moon”was originally written as “moan”and the pronuncia tions of the twowords are different,too .Explain the reasons for the change in spelling and pronunciation.AnswersI./II.III.1.The Indo-European Language Family is made up of most languages of Europe,theNear East,and to the geographical distribution,these languages fall into ten principal groups,belonging to two sets,namely an Eastern set and a Western Eastern set consists of:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,AmericanandAlbanian; the Western set comprises:Celtic,Italic, Hellenic, Germanic, Hittite and Tocharian.2.Old English grew out of the Anglo-Saxon,which has a vocabulary of about 50000to 60000 vocabulary is almost monogamous and entirely Geomantic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.3.English vocabulary owes most of its words to foreign words borrowed from otherlanguages are known as foreign elements in the English vocabulary.4.Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existingmaterials,namely roots,affixes and other modern times,this is the most important way of vocabularyexpansion.5.Semantic change refers to an old form whichtakes on a new meaning to meet thenew does not increase the number of word forms but create many new usage of the existing words.IV.1. There are several reasons:(1)The midland included London,which was then the capital of England,naturally the political,economical and cultural center.(2)Two great writers Wycliffe and Chaucer employed the Midland dialect in their writings.(3)Midland is an intermediate dialect,as its name implies,and intelligible to Northerners and Southerners alike,whereas these speakers could not often understand each other using their own dialects respectively.(4)When Caxton introduced the printing press in 1477, the printerspatronized theMidland dialect, and any English man who wanted to be published had to write in that dialect.2. Modern English has a huge vocabulary of different elements. Most of the words have actually been borrowed from other languages. Word endings are mostly lost with just a few exceptions.3. Generally there are three main sources of new words:the rapid development of modern science and technology;social,economic and political changes;the influenceof other cultures and languages.4. The more obvious and striking features are summed up as follows:(1)receptivity, adaptability and heterogeneity;(2)simplicity of inflection(3)relatively fixed word-order.V.1.(1) “soft drink” means “carbonated drinks” and “mineral” means “mineralwater” in present American English.(2)“soft drink” means “non-alcoholic beverage” and “mineral” means “ore”in British English, but these words no longer have such meanings in present British English.(3) American English has revived the old meaning of “soft drink” and that of“mineral”. This is because it is easy to understand and remember.2. (1) “Mona” is an early borrowed word but the original form did not conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.(2) In later development, the word became well assimilated into English languages.(3) At present “mona”is written as “moon”, conforming to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.。
现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版
第一章词汇与词汇学的基本概念词汇学学习之初，有必要去澄清一些关于词和词汇的基本概念。
词语word是一个难以捉摸的概念，需要在开始就认真关注.发音和意义之间的关系,声音和形式之间的关系，词语和词汇之间的关系。
另外,我们将注意一些关于词汇分类的共识的规则，并且在本章一定程度上研究每类词语。
1.1一个词是什么？词语是什么？多年来已经引起了语言学家的关注。
争议较大。
尽管已经提出了很多的定义，没有一个是最好的。
学者们仍然没有在词语的定义上达成一致。
当我们谈起一个词语，我们倾向于根据视觉条件来思考。
在这个角度,一个词可以被定义为平印在或者写在纸上的字母的有意义的集合。
当根据口语定义的时候，词被看成是一个发音或发音的集合,是由人的发音器官自由的发出的。
根据语义学家的意见，一个词是一个意义单位.语法学家，则认为一个词是在句中起作用的自由形式.等等。
总结起来，词语的定义包含以下几点：(1）一个最小的自由形态（2）一个发音的集合体（3）一个意义单位（4)能独自影响句子的形式因此，我们能说“词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。
”词语可以是简单词或者合成词，然而全部必须服从这些标准.Man和fine是简单词，但是他们都有读音，意义和句法意义。
每个都能单独出现在句子中。
自然他们都是词.也有像是misfortune和management这样的复合词，他们都是多音节词，可以用来作主语,宾语和预示性词语.尽管misfortune可以被进一步分为mis和fortune，前者不能作为词单独使用。
相似的,management可以被分成manage和ment,但是后者不能自由使用。
Blackmail能被分为black 和mail，而且都能作为独立的句子单位使用，然而词的意思绝对不是两个部分的组合。
Black 是颜色，针对white，mail指示“被邮局运送的东西"，然而当它们放在一起,组合形式意味着“强迫，利用不光彩的秘密要人送钱或行动作为答复。
古代汉语词汇学
• 2．词义的扩大： • 词义的缩小的特点是古义的范围小于今义，古义一般包
括在今义之中。例如： • “色”表示脸色，现在是表示颜色、色彩。 • “河”表示黄河，现在是表示河流。 • “江”表示长江，现在是表示河流。 • “响”表示回声，现在是表示响声、声音。 • “裁”表示裁衣，现在是表示裁断、裁削。 • 3．词义的转移： • “走”表示跑，现在是表示行走。 • “脚”表示小腿，现在是表示足掌。 • “狱”表示案件、官司，现在是表示监狱。
• 例如 • 1）甲事物对乙事物具有标志作用，使甲代替乙，例如"齿"、"年"、"
兵"等。 • 2）借动作行为指代动作行为的主体或者客体。例如"将"、"薪"等。 • 3）借形状特点指代事物或者人，例如"刚"、"的"、"姝"等。 • 4）借方位处所指代事物或者人。例如"陵"、"室"、"宗"等。 • （3）相因：引申义和本义之间具有因果、条件等逻辑关系，通过推
• （2）辐射式引申：指由本义直接派生出来引申 义，它是以本义作为起点，向着不同的方向派 生出来几个直接引申义的词义引申脉络。
• 3、引申义的读音和书写形式：
• 词的本义和引申义，常常是用同一个字来表示的，读 音也绝大多数是一样的。但是有一些词，在词义引申 之后改变了读音，有的还另外造了字。例如：
• 二、古代汉语词汇复音化 • 1、同义词连用 • 2、经常连用的两个意义不同的单音词逐渐凝固 • 3、双音节单纯词的连用 • （1）叠音词 • （2）联绵词 • 1）双声 • 2）叠韵 • 3）非双声、叠韵 • 4、偏义复词的运用
词汇学-- 词义的分类及分析
• Lexical meaning is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. This component of meaning is identical in all the forms of the word. • 林承璋：词汇意义是词典中一个独 立词的意义。在该词的所有形式中， 其词汇意义相同。
4) Collocative Meaning 搭配意义
• It is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words with which it co-occurs. • 搭配意义即与之一起使用的词语所赋予的那部分意 义。 • Pretty and handsome share common ground in the meaning "good- looking", but may be distinguished by the range of nouns with which they are likely to co-occur.
2. Conceptual Meaning & Associative Meaning 概念意义&联想意义
• Conceptual meaning is meaning given in the
dictionary and forms the core of word meaning.
• 概念意义是词典中所给的意义，是词义的核心。
语义特征(semantic features)
• 语义特征(semantic features)是对人类经验的 一种抽象概括，属于原语言(metalanguage)， 用来描述任何语言的语义。 • 例如，对名词的描述，可以是人或非人、有 生命或无生命、男性或女性、成年或非成年、 抽象或具体等范畴进行语义分析。 • 如英语中bachelor一词就具有如下几个语义 特征：[Human], [Adult], [Male], [Concrete], [Unmarried]。
英语词汇学 英语词汇学习题1及答案
试题一第一部分选择题I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket。
(30％）1。
In Old English there was _______ agreement between sound form.A。
moreB. littleC。
lessD。
gradual2.Both LDCE and CCELD are _______。
A。
general dictionariesB. monolingual dictionariesC. both A and BD。
neither A and B3。
The word ”MINISKIRT" is _______。
A。
morphologically motivatedB. etymologically motivatedC. semantically motivatedD. none of the above4。
The most important way of vocabulary development in present—day English is _______。
A。
borrowingB。
semantic changeC。
creation of new wordsD. all the above5。
Generalization is a process by which a word that originally had a specialized meaning has now become ________.A。
generalizedB。
expandedC. elevatedD。
(完整版)词汇学Unit1-2答案
Check Your UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. Fb. Fc. Fd. Fe. TIn-Class Activities1. The word “wor d”is diverse in terms of its meaning. Consider its usages in the following contexts:a. May I say a word about that?b. Actions speak louder than words.c. She has kept her word.d. Finally the general gave the word to retreat.e. Let me know if you get word of my wife.f. Word has it they’re divorcing.ASK:(1) What does “word” mean in each of the contexts?a. Something he would talk aboutb. things that are said, contrasted with things that are donec. the promise one has maded. spoken command or signale. informationf. piece of news; message(2) Do you know of any other usages the word “word” has?2.ASK:(1) Can you summarize the five criteria introduced by David Crystal here?Potential pause :The pause , which happens when you say a sentence, will tend to fallbetween words, and not within words.Indivisibility: The extra items will be added between the words and not within them.Minimal free forms: the smallest units of speech that can meaningfully stand on their own. Phonetic boundaries: It is sometimes possible to tell from the sound of a word where it begins or ends.Semantic units: each word in a sentence has a clear meaning.(2) Do you think these criteria are questionable in any way? Can they be applied to theidentification of zi, the rough Chinese equivalent of the English “word”?No, as the above analysis explained. No , they cannot. For example, 流连and 蹒跚，they are danchuci(单纯词) which cannot be analyzed independently.3.(1) Suppose we want to know what are the ten most frequently used English words. What are they, as far as you can tell? How about Chinese?The, of ,to, and, a, in, is, it, you, that的、一、是、在、了、不、和、有、大、着(2) Are there any similarities and differences between the ten most frequently used words inEnglish and those in Chinese?They are basically functional words. Both have possessive word,(of, 的) number words(a,一), copula words(is, 是), conjunctions(and, 和) and localizers(in, 在).; English has the definite article the and several pronouns, you , that and it which are absent in Chinese.4. According to Ferdinand de Saussure, there is no intrinsic relation between the form of a word and what it stands for. In other words, words are arbitrary (i.e. not motivated) in terms of meaning designation. However, there seem to be abundant cases in natural languages that defy this generalization. For example, onomatopoeic words seem to exist in all the languages known to us. To a lesser degree, the meaning of some words can be partly deduced from their components. For example, “sl-“ is highly suggestive of the meaning of the words that contain it, such as “slide”, “slip”, and “slush”.ASK:(1)Babble, bang, grunt, splash; 噼啪、嗡嗡、滴滴哒、吱嘎吱No, these words are only a small part of English or Chinese vocabulary(2)Football and handball concern the body part which take the ball from one place to another, and basketball is named after a basket into which the ball is put in the begging stage of the game. (3)People have bodily embedded knowledge to infer these motivations of such usage. The first example concerns the metaphor and second metonymy(4) Do you know other types of words or usages that are motivated in one way or another?Some figurative usages are also highly motivated. For example: Necessity is the mother of invention.5. British English (BE for short) and American English (AE for short) are two major varieties of the English language.Though they have fundamental similarities in terms of grammar and vocabulary, they also differ substantially in many ways. On the vocabulary level, several distinct distinctions are found. First, there are differences in the pronunciation of some words, mostly in the vowel sounds, as illustrated in the following table:Some consonants are also pronounced differently. Particularly, in BE，the letter r before a consonant is not pronounced, but that at the end of a word is pronounced if the next word begins with a vowel, e.g., cart /k: t/, door /d :/, but a member of /☜ memb☜☜f /; in AE, the letter r is pronounced in all positions.Secondly, BE and AE differ in the spelling of some words. Usually, the AE variants are simpler than their British counterparts, as manifested below.A further noticeable difference relates to the lexical meaning of some words. For instance, “bill” means “bank note” in AE but “a demand for payment of a debt” in BE.ASK:(1) Can you supply more words that are pronounced differently in British English and AmericanEnglishhalf, advance, advantage, after, answer, ask, glance, glass, grasp(2) Do you know of any grammatical differences between British English and American English? In American English we say “graduate from school”; while in British English, we say “leave school”. In American English, it has “put up price”, while in British English, it is “raise price”(3) Are there special words for which AE and BE have very distinctive spellings?For Chinese characters“博览会”, British English has “fair” while American English usees trade show. “ Life and elevator” , and “autumn and fall” are more examples.(4) Can you find more examples of the same words with different meanings in AE and BE?one billion/ first floor/ pantsone billion(Brit) the number 1000000000000 万亿之数(US) the number 1000000000十亿之数first floorIn British English the floor of a building at street level is the ground floor and the floor above thatis the first floor.In US English the street-level floor is the first floor and the one above is the second floorPants(Brit) men's underpants; women's or children's knickers(US) trousers6. The following excerpt comes from Barack Obama’s speech on Father’s Day, June 15, 2008. Read it carefully, and pay special attention to his choice of words.ASK:(1) How does Obama distinguish “empathy” from “sympathy”?Empathy means Identification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings.The ability to stand in somebody else’s shoesSympathy is defined as feeling of pity and sorrow (for sb.)(2) Why does Obama bother to define “hope”– a familiar word to all?Hope, according to Obama, is something b etter is waiting for us if we’re willing to work for it and fight for it. If we are willing to believe. He differentiates hope from what is blind optimism or willful ignorance of the problems we face(3) What other lexical choices impress you deeply as well?“As fathers and parents”, why not as fathers and mothers,Open to discussionPost-Class Tasks1. What characteristics do functional words have？Read the following excerpt from George W.2. How do you understand receptive and productive lexical knowledge? Use your own examples to illustrate their differences. Which type of vocabulary is probably the largest for a language user, reading vocabulary, writing vocabulary, listening vocabulary, or speaking vocabulary? Give one reason that convinces you most.For example, we learn that “word”can be used to refer to “rumor”, and we know it means “rumor” in the sentence “The word is that he's left the country.(据说他已经离开这个国家了).”But actually, we will not write the sentence, esp., say the sentence in daily conversations. By this example, we show that receptive lexical knowledge concerns what you learned and productive lexical knowledge concerns what you would put into practice. Reading vocabulary may be the largest type of vocabulary, because you may recognize the meaning of a word without using it in daily exchanges or in academic writing.3. Is lexical competence the same thing as productive lexical knowledge? How do you understand the two concepts on the basis of the discussion in Pre-Class Reading?No, lexical competence covers a larger scope that that of productive lexical knowledge.4. Can we say lexicology is the scientific study of the words in a language? How important is the notion of word equivalent? Read the following excerpt from Barrack Obama’s Victory Speech in 2008 and underline the word equivalents. What types of word equivalents are contained in this passage?Language is composed of not just individual words, but also word equivalents, such as word groups (or compound words), chunks such as idioms, formulaic sequences, and so. The latter is attracting more and more scholarly attention these days. Thus, lexicology is more precisely defined as the scientific study of the words and word equivalents in a language.5. Identical systems of stress and rhythm are used by BE and AE. There are, however, a few wordsthat have their stress on a different syllable. Write out the specific pronunciations of the following words:OmittedUnit 2Check Your UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. Fb. Fc. Fd. Fe. FIn-Class Activities1.(1) How are the three allomorphs conditioned by their adjoining sounds?S is pronounced as [s] [z and [iz]] when it is respectively attached to a voiceless consonant, a voiced consonant or a vowel, and any words ending with s, z or pronouncing as [s] or [z].(2) Does the plurality morpheme have other allomorphs apart from those mentioned above? Yes, for example,the plural form of sheep remains unchanged, and man has its plural form realized as “men”.(3) What about the allomorphs of the morpheme for the past tense in English?The usual allomorphs of the morpheme of the past tense may be realized as [t], [d] and [id]2. In English, there are quite a few prefixes that connote negation. They include a-, un-, in- (ir-, il-), dis-, mis-, non-, de-, and the like.symmetry→asymmetrytypical→atypicalforgettable →unforgettabletie→untiearticulate →inarticulate,discreet →indiscreetmature →immature,partial →impartiallegal →illegallegible →illegiblerelevant →irrelevantreverent →irreverentlike→dislikeable→disableuse →misuselead →misleadsense →nonsensecommercial→noncommercialform→deformconstruction→deconstruction(2) How would you distinguish between un- and non- in terms of their meaning and use? Can weprefix un- to adjectives like “tall”, “ill”, and “black”? Why or why not?Un- is usually prefixed before transitive verbs, such as tie →untie, nouns, such as and adjectives, such as employment→unemployment. Non- is often put before adjectives, such as essential→non-essential, and nouns, such as existence→non-existence. Both of the usage are possible because the word followed the above two prefixes has no ready-made acronyms in English lexical system.3.ASK:(1) Could we cut “unwomanly” into “unwoman” and “-ly”?No. unwoman is not a word in English. Un- is usually put before an abstract uncountable noun. (2) Can you analyze the morphological structure of the word “inaccessibility”?inaccessibilityinaccessible -ityin- accessibleaccess -ible(3) According to some feminists, words like “history” and “human” encode sex inequality. Do youagree?These words may connate sex inequality at first sight. But, In fact, we go too far if we hold this notion in mind. Both words have been part of our culture.4.ASK:(1) What are the words in the pictures that stem from conversion?Stop, bin, wear, suit(2) Are they instances of partial conversion or complete conversion?complete conversions5.ASK:(1) What words undergo shortening here? What is the full form of PM (or sometimes p.m.)?Tue Tuesday, Sun Sunday, post meridiem.(2) Do you know how the month names are shortened in English?1月January Jan 2月February Feb 3月March Mar. 4月April Apr. 5月May May 6月June Jun. 7月July Jul. 8月August Aug. 9月September Sept. 10月October Oct. 11月November Nov. 12月December Dec.6.ASK:(1) Can you provide more examples instantiating analogy?Marathon--telethon/talkathon, hamburger--shrimpburger-(2) Is this process of word formation also found in Chinese? Support your answer with evidence.无微不至－无胃不治；其乐无穷－棋乐无穷7.(1) What semantic relation holds the two lexemes together in each case?a. flu virus: A caused Bb. safety line :B ensures Ac. night bird: A is the usual time when B is actived. spoon-feeding: A is one of the ways to realize B.e. potato pancake: A is the ingredient of Bf. man-made: B is realize by Ag toilet seat: B is part A.(2) Does “safety line” mean the same as “safe line”? Can you come up with similar compounds? NO, the former means that line can keep one safe, whereas the latter means the line is safe.(You can touch it)Security guard and secure guardPost-Class Tasks1. Supply the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D.a.D;b.B;c. D;d. C;e. A;f. D2. Learners need to be able to recognize word parts in words. Read the example and break up the following words into meaningful parts. (e.g. unhappiness -- un/happi/ness)a. intangibilityb. unevenlyin/tangible/ity un/even/lyc. friendlinessd. notwithstandingfriend/ly/ness not/with/stand/inge. overseasf. minimalistover/sea/s minim/al/istg. immigration h. Psychologistimmi/grate/ion psych/ology/isti. occurrences j. assumptionoc/cur/rence as/sumpt/ion3. Study the following Security Tips collected from an American Holliday Inn and exemplify the various processes of word formation with words from the passage.Safe: conversionCheck-out: CompositionDead: conversionValuable: conversion4. What kinds of adjectives undergo partial conversion? What kinds of verbs often undergo complete conversion?Adjectives like “poor”, “rich”, “fat”, “sick”, “wounded”, “deaf”, “mute”, “Chinese”, “Danish”, “best”, “most”, “least”, “latest”, “accused”, “condemned”, (for) “good”, “thick”(and) “thin”, etc. undergo partial conversion; stop, pause, halt, look, rest, check, try, taste, smell, etc, often undergo complete conversion.5. Some affixes have not only lexical meanings but affective meanings as well. Some personal nouns formed by the suffix –ling, for example, have derogatory meanings,as in hireling, weakling; some personal nouns taking the suffix –ish are also derogatory, as in mannish, womanish and bookish. Can you provide more examples suffixed with –ling and –ish that are negative in attitude?Prince/princelingUnder/underlingWorld/worldingChild/childishSelf/selfishFool/foolish6. Read the following piece of news. What are the acronyms or initialisms used in this passage? What are their full forms?Obama brings hope for warmer relations to TurkeyANKARA, Turkey – U.S. President Barack Obama is reaching out to Turkey to helpInitialisms: EU, ABC, U.S.。
词汇学第一、二章课后习题及答案
2012级（1）班Chaper1 The Basic Concepts Of Words and Vocabularyof the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. ______is the most important of all characteristics of the basic word stock. Stability national character2. Nonbasic vocabulary includes all of the following except_______ .words3. According to the origins of the words, English words can be classified into _______ .words and functional words words and borrowed wordswords and dialectal words words and dialectal words4. Borrowings can be divided into________., semantic loans, translationloans, denizenswords, notional words, form words, content words, portmanteau words, acronyms, initializes, compounds, converted words and clipped words5. Apart from the characteristics of basic vocabulary, native words have two other features, namely_________.and stability in style and high frequency in useand polysemy and arbitrariness6．The word beaver(meaning“girl”)is_______ .dialectal word archaism7. AIDS as a nonbasic word is_______ .archaismwords include the following word classes except_______ .9. Vocabulary can refer to the following except_______ .total number of the words in alanguagethe words used in a particular historical periodthe words of a given dialectwords a person knowsis a loan word from_______ .11. _______ form the mainstream of the basic word stock.words B. Frenchwords words wordshumor is_______ .translation loan semantic loan denizen alienand numerals are semantically_______ and have limited_______ .;use and stability ;collocability and stability;use and productivity ;productivity andcollectabilityis_______ .archaism,words fall into functional words and content words.frequency formation16. The symbolic connection between sound and meaning is almost always_______ .17. _______ are loan words that have become assimilated in English.A.Denizens loans loans, which means “police”,is a(n) _______ word.19. Wherein which means “in what”is a(n)word. _______difference between sound and form due to all the following except _______. phonemes than lettersB. stabilization of spelling by printingof spelling by early scribesof pronunciationthe following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book1. Lexicology is a branch of linguisticsstudying the origins and_______ of words .2. A word is a minimal free form of language that has a given sound, meaning and_______ function.3. In spite of the differences between sound and form,at least_______ percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patternsthe words in language make up its_______ .word stock is the foundations of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and form the common core of the language.,begin is a native word.7. _______ vocabulary include cant,jargon and argot.8. There is no_______ relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself.9. _______ are the basic units of sentences.10. Early borrowings are mostly_______ whereas later loan words remain foreign in sound and spelling.whether the following statements are true or false( ) word can be defined in different ways from different points of view.( ) no circumstances can sound and meaning be intrinsically related.( ) introduction of printing press resulted in a lot more differences between sound and form.( ) words a person can use in speaking and writing form his active vocabulary. ( ) principles by which to classify words are usage, notion and origin.( ) words are more popular than foreign words.( ) words enjoy the same features as the basic word stock and more.( )(meaning “old”)is an instance of archaism.( ) a loan word known as an alien.( ) time no see is a case of translation loan.a term for each of the following definitions.1.Sub-standard words often used on informal occasions.( )2.Specialized vocabulary common in certain professions.( )3.Words used by sub-culturegroups, particularly by understood society.( )4.Words that have clear notions.( )5.Words of Anglo-Saxon origin.( )6.Words borrowed by way of translation. ( )7.Old words with new meanings.( )8.Words which have become assimilated.( )9.Native forms whose meanings are borrowed.( )10.Words essential to native speakers’ daily communication.( )the following questions .Your answers should be clear and short.1.What is the relationship between sound and meaning2.Why are there so many differences between sound and form3.What are the criteria for classification of words4.What are the characteristics of the basic word and word stock[Answers](eighty) 10assimilated2. Fwords words loans loan word stockV.1.The relationship is almost always arbitrary and conventional ana there is nological connection between sound and meaning.2.There are four major reasons.(1)The internal reason:the English alphabet wasadopted from the Romans,which have more phonemes than letters,so there is nota separate letter to represent each sound.(2)Pronunciation has changed morerapidly than spelling.(3)The spelling forms were changed by the early scribes to make theeir writing more recognizable.(4)Borrowing.3.There are mainly there criteria for may fall into:the basic word stock andnonbasic vocabulary by use frequency;content words and functional words by notion;native words and borrowed words by prigin.4.The basic word stock has five charecteristic:(1)all nationalcharacter,(2)stability,(3)productivi-ty,(4)polysemy,(5)productivity.Chapter2 The Development Of the English Vocabularyof the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.It is assumed that the world has 3000 languages, which can be grouped intoroughly_______ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.2. The following languages all belong to the Eastern set except_______ .3. In the Eastern set,Armenian and_______ are the sole modern languages in the two respective families.language does not belong to the Italic.early inhabitants of the British Isles spoke_______ .Germanic speakers took permanent control of the land that was later called_______ (the land of Angles).English has a vocabulary of about 50000 to 60000 words,which is entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from_______ and Scandinavian.influx of French words into English did not occur until after_______ .the Middle English period,the three main dialects of the land were Northern, _______ and Midland.10. _______ is the chief ancestor of Modern English,not Southern.Norman Conquest started a continual flow of_______ words into English.is an_______ dialect,as its name implies, and intelligible to Northerner and Southerners alike.number of_______ words that poured into English was unbelievably great and covered every realm of culture and society in the Middle English period.English regained social status in Middle English period,those imposer spoke French;those who were literate read and wrote _______ ;those who could educate their children taught them in _______ ;and any young man who sought to earn his living as a scribe learned_______ or_______ .;French;Latin;French ;French;French;English;French;Latin;French ;French;Greek;Frenchthe early period of modern English,Europe saw a new upsurge in learning ancient Greek and Roman classic,which is known in history as the_______ .the beginning of the 20th century, particularly after World War II,although borrowing remains channel of English vocabulary expansion,more words are created by_______ .Anglo-Saxon in the Old English period was almost a “_______ ”language,which created new words from its own compound elements with few foreign words.one scholar notes,old English was characterized by “_______ endings”,MiddleEnglish by “leveled endings”,and Modern English by “_______ endings”.;lost ;full ;pure ;lostEnglish which was a_______ language has evolved to the present_______ language.;synthetic ;analytic;analytic ;syntheticall the foreign languages from which we have borrowed words,Latin ,Greek,French,and_______ stand out as the major contributors.the Pre-Anglo-Saxon period,the words borrowed naturally from reflected the new experience in_______ and _______ .;economy ;agriculture ;shrinethe Old English period,borrowings from Latin came in because of the introduction of Christianity,such as, _______ and _______ .;candle ;sack ;shrine ;circlecenturies were especially prolific in Latin borrowingsunder the influence of Renaissance.and 13th and 14th and15th and 16thlate borrowings from Latin still retain their Latin of the following was borrowed in the Modern English periodB . Focusof the following does not come from Greekis from_______ and tatami is from_______ .;African ;Japanese ;Turkish ;JapaneseEnglish vocabulary develops through_______ .,analogyand ,semantic and borrowing,archaisms,and semantic change,denizens and argotof the following contemporary English vocabulary is from the rapid growth of science and technologysuit belt jacketsScandinavian languages:Norwegian,Swedish,Danish,and Icelandic,constitute the_______ branch of the Germanic group.archaic or_______ words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though insignificant.II．Decide whether the following statements are true or false.( ) is more closed related to German than French.( ) languages refer to Icelandic,Norwegian,Danish,and Swedish( ) English was a highly infected language.( ) early Middle English period,English,Latin,and Celtic existed side by side. ( ) introduction of printing into England marked the beginning of Modern English period.( ) English is considered to be an analytic language.( ) four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin,French,Scandinavian and Italian.( ) modern times,borrowing brings less than percent of modern English vocabulary. ( ) three major factors that promote the growth of modern English vocabulary are advances in science and technology,influence of foreign cultures and languages. ( ) most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is creation of new words by means of word-formation.( ) English vocabulary was in essence Germanic with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.( ) English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words but with little change in word endings.the following terms.1.the Indo-European Language Family2.Old English3.foreign elements4.creation5.semantic changefollowing answers should be clear and short1.Why did Middle become the chief ancestor of Modern English2.What are the characteristics of Modern English3.What are the reasons for the growth of contemporary English vocabulary4.What are the general characteristics of the world-wide appeal of Englishand comment on the following.1.Soft drinks and minerals sold here.Tell what“soft drink” and “mineral” mean respectively and explain why they take on those meanings in modern American English.2.“Moon”was originally written as “moan”and the pronuncia tions of the twowords are different,too .Explain the reasons for the change in spelling and pronunciation.AnswersI.II.III.1.The Indo-European Language Family is made up of most languages of Europe,theNear East,and to the geographical distribution,these languages fall into ten principal groups,belonging to two sets,namely an Eastern set and a Western Eastern set consists of:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,AmericanandAlbanian; the Western set comprises:Celtic,Italic, Hellenic, Germanic, Hittite and Tocharian.2.Old English grew out of the Anglo-Saxon,which has a vocabulary of about 50000to 60000 vocabulary is almost monogamous and entirely Geomantic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.3.English vocabulary owes most of its words to foreign words borrowed from otherlanguages are known as foreign elements in the English vocabulary.4.Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existingmaterials,namely roots,affixes and other modern times,this is the most important way of vocabularyexpansion.5.Semantic change refers to an old form whichtakes on a new meaning to meet thenew does not increase the number of word forms but create many new usage of the existing words.IV.1. There are several reasons:(1)The midland included London,which was then the capital of England,naturally the political,economical and cultural center.(2)Two great writers Wycliffe and Chaucer employed the Midland dialect in their writings.(3)Midland is an intermediate dialect,as its name implies,and intelligible to Northerners and Southerners alike,whereas these speakers could not often understand each other using their own dialects respectively.(4)When Caxton introduced the printing press in 1477, the printerspatronized the Midland dialect, and any English man who wanted to be published had to write in that dialect.2. Modern English has a huge vocabulary of different elements. Most of the words have actually been borrowed from other languages. Word endings are mostly lost with just a few exceptions.3. Generally there are three main sources of new words:the rapid development of modern science and technology;social,economic and political changes;the influenceof other cultures and languages.4. The more obvious and striking features are summed up as follows:(1)receptivity, adaptability and heterogeneity;(2)simplicity of inflection(3)relatively fixed word-order.V.1.(1) “soft drink” means “carbonated drinks” and “mineral” means “mineralwater” in present American English.(2)“soft drink” means “non-alcoholic beverage” and “mineral” means “ore”in British English, but these words no longer have such meanings in present British English.(3) American English has revived the old meaning of “soft drink” and that of“mineral”. This is because it is easy to understand and remember.2. (1) “Mona” is an early borrowed word but the original form did not conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.(2) In later development, the word became well assimilated into English languages.(3) At present “mona”is written as “moon”, conforming to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.。
华中师大《英语词汇学》期末考试备考资料( 一)
华中师《英语词汇学》（一）English Idioms 英语习语Idioms（习语的定义）: are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of individual elements. In a broad sense, idiom may include colloquialisms（俗语）, Catchphrases（标语）,slang expressions （俚语）,proverbs （谚语）,etc. They form an important part of the English vocabulary.Characteristics of Idioms（英语习语的特点）unity （语意的整体性）： words in the idiom they have lost their individual identity. Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom.The semantic unity of idioms is also reflected in the illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each of the idiom.stability(结构的稳定性):the structure of an idiom is to a large extent un changeable.1) the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced2) the word order cannot be inverted or changed3) the constituents of idioms cannot be deleted or added to, not even an article.4) many idioms are grammatically unchangeableThe fixity of idiom depends on the idiomaticity.习语性表达习惯Classification of Idioms（英语习语的分类）1. idioms nominal in nature 名词性习语 (white elephant累赘物)2 .idioms adjectival in nature形容词性习语（as poor as a church mouse）3 .idioms verbal in nature 动词性习语（look into）4 .idioms adverbial in nature副词性习语（tooth and nail 拼命）5 .sentence idioms 句式习语（never do things by halves）Use of idioms（习语的使用）features（文体色彩）：1）colloquialisms（俗语）2）slang （俚语）3）literary expressions（书面表达）The same idiom may show stylistic differences when it is assigned（指派）different meanings.features(修辞色彩)1) phonetic manipulation （语音处理）：（1）alliteration头韵法（2）rhyme尾韵法2）lexical manipulation（词法处理）（1）reiteration（duplication of synonyms）同义词并举 [scream and shout]（2）repetition 重复[out and out]（3）juxtaposition (of antonyms) 反义词并置 [here and there]of speech（修辞格）（1）simile明喻（2）metaphor暗喻（3）metonymy换喻/以名词代动作：live by one’s pen（4）synecdoche提喻/以部分代整体：earn one’s bread（5）Personification拟人法（6）Euphemism委婉语：kick the bucket(die)（7）hyperbole 夸张：a world of troubleVariations of idioms(习语的变异形式)：增加删除替换位置转移分解。
《现代汉语词汇学》第一章 读书笔记
葛本仪：《现代汉语词汇学》读书笔记第一章对词汇的再认识第一节词汇的内容一、词汇的界定及其性质1.“词汇”是一个指称词的集体的概念，是表示词的总和的意义的。
我们在一些著述中能够经常见到一些解释，如:“语言中所有的词构成所谓语言的词汇”(斯大林语)，“一部书中所用的词的总和就叫做词汇”，或者说不论在什么情况下，“词的总称就叫做词汇”等等。
在日常交际中，在某种语境下，这样的解释是完全正确的。
但是从语言研究的角度来考虑，用词汇学的科学术语的含义来要求，这种解释显然就不够严格和正确了。
要给词汇作出正确的界定，还必须从词汇的性质谈起。
2.词汇的性质：早在50年代，斯大林就已经指出：“拿词汇本身来说，它还不是语言，——它好比是语言的建筑材料。
建筑业中的建筑材料并不就是房屋，虽然没有建筑材料就不可能建成房屋。
同样，语言的词汇也不就是语言，虽然没有词汇，任何语言都是不可想象的。
但是当语言的词汇受着语言语法的支配的时候就会获得极大的意义。
”斯大林这段话今天看来，尽管有许多不完善的地方，但是它总也提出了词汇的基本性质和作用。
在语言中，应该说，作为语言的建筑材料的成分很多，这就要看是在什么范围内，什么条件下，充当什么样的建筑材料等问题。
例如形成为音位的音素只能是音节的建筑材料，词素只能是词的建筑材料等。
对于词汇来说，它作为建筑材料，其作用是为了构成句子，也就是说词汇作为建筑材料，就是用来组成言语以进行交际的，因此，作为造句的材料就是词汇的功能和性质。
根据词汇的这一特点，应该承认，凡是具有这种功能和性质的语言成分，都应该属于词汇的范围之内，例如成语、惯用语等等，因为它们虽然都是由词组成的词组形式，但是它们却都是一种组句的备用单位，都具有和词一样的建筑材料的性质和作用，语言词汇当然不应该而且也不能够把这类成分排斥在词汇之外。
因此我们认为，词汇应当是一种语言中所有的词和所有的相当于词的作用的固定结构的总汇。
所以，任何种语言的词汇都包括着两个基本的内容：①该语言中所有的词的总汇②所有的相当于词的作用的固定结构的总汇。
英语词汇学-第一章
Modern English vocabulary
The Future Development of English Vocabulary
Summary: The future development of English vocabulary is likely to be influenced by globalization, technology, and cultural exchange.
Communication: A sound knowledge of Lexicology aids in effective communication, whether in writing, speaking, or translation.
Educational: Teachers and students of English can benefit from a better understanding of the vocabulary they are working with.
Words are grouped according to their meanings or semantic fields.
Words are grouped according to their internal structure and the formation processes that led to them.
Definition and characteristics
输入 标题
02
01
04
03
Definition and characteristics
Characteristics
Practical: The knowledge gained from Lexicology is applied in areas like translation, education, and lexicography.
词汇学简介第一讲
禁用词和限制词的确定需要依据法律法规、道德规范、语言习惯等 因素进行综合考量。
感谢您的观看
THANKS
旧词的消亡
有些旧词因为不再使用或被新词替代而逐渐消失。例如，“ 电报”一词随着电话和电子邮件的普及逐渐被淘汰。
词义的变化
词义扩大
一些词汇的含义随着时间的推移逐渐扩大，涵盖更广泛的概念或事物。例如，“ 水果”一词最初只指苹果、梨等常见水果，现在还包括各种热带和亚热带水果。
词义缩小
相反，有些词汇的含义可能逐渐缩小，只涵盖更狭窄的概念或事物。例如，“茶 ”一词在古代中国泛指各种植物饮料，现在则专指茶树的嫩叶制作的饮料。
多义词
具有多个意义的词，如“bank”既指 “银行”，也指“河岸”。
同义词与反义词
同义词
意义相近或相同的词，如“美丽”和“漂亮”是同义词。
反义词
意义相反或相对的词，如“高”和“矮”是反义词。
04
词汇的变化与发展
新词的产生与旧词的消亡
新词的产生
随着社会的发展和科技的进步，新的概念和事物不断涌现， 需要创造新词来表达。例如，随着互联网的普及，出现了诸 如“网红”、“自媒体”等新词。
词汇随着社会的发展而不断演变， 新词不断产生，旧词逐渐消失，
词汇的意义也在不断变化。
词汇的演变受到多种因素的影响， 如社会变革、科技进步、文化交
流等。
现代汉语词汇在演变过程中形成 了自己的特点，如简练、形象、
内涵丰富等。
现代汉语词汇的特点
现代汉语词汇具有高度的灵活性和创造性，人们可以根据需要创造新词 或赋予旧词新义。
单纯词、合成词与派生词
单纯词
由一个语素构成的词，如“马” 、“猫”等。
词汇学名词解释
词汇学名词解释词汇学是语言学的分支领域之一，研究词汇的性质、结构、意义和使用规律。
以下是对词汇学中几个关键概念的解释：1. 词汇（Lexicon）：词汇是一个语言中的全部词条，包括单词、短语和常用搭配等。
词汇是一种基本的语言单位，是语言交流和理解的基础。
2. 词性（Part of Speech）：词性指词汇中有关词的分类。
根据词的语法和语义特征，可以将词汇分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、代词、连词和感叹词等不同的词性。
3. 词义（Word Meaning）：词义是一个词汇所表达的概念、事物或动作的意义。
词义可以通过定义、同义词、反义词以及词汇搭配等方式进行解释和理解。
4. 词根（Root）：词根是一个词汇的基本核心部分，通常带有主要的语义意义。
通过加前缀、后缀和派生等方式，可以将词根组合成更复杂的词汇形式。
5. 同义词（Synonym）：同义词是具有相同或相似词义的词汇。
同义词可以提供多种不同的方式来表达同一概念，丰富了语言的表达能力。
6. 反义词（Antonym）：反义词是在词义上相互对立或相互排斥的词汇。
通过使用反义词可以传达相反的意义和观点。
7. 语义范畴（Semantic Field）：语义范畴是一组具有相似语义关联的词汇。
这些词汇之间存在概念上的联系，并且可以通过它们之间的关系进行划分和归类。
8. 词汇搭配（Collocation）：词汇搭配指的是在不同上下文中常常一起出现的词组合。
词汇搭配可以是习语、固定搭配或者常用的短语，对于正确地理解和使用词汇是非常重要的。
9. 词法关系（Lexical Relation）：词法关系是不同词汇之间的关系，包括上下义关系、同源关系、形态关系、语法关系等。
这些关系有助于理解词汇之间的联系和共同特征。
10. 词源学（Etymology）：词源学研究词汇的起源和历史发展。
通过对词汇的来源和历史变化的研究，可以了解词汇之间的发展和演变过程。
总之，词汇学的研究有助于我们更好地理解和使用词汇，掌握词汇的形式、意义和用法，从而提高语言的表达能力和沟通效果。
第一章 词汇学概论
第一章词汇学概论第一节词汇学定义及其他一、词汇学的定义和范围词汇又称语汇，是语言的建筑材料，也是一种语言里所有的或特定范围的词和固定短语的总和①。
词汇是语言的建筑材料，这就是说语言是用一个个的词按照一定的语法规则组合起来造出各种句子进行交际的，就好比用建筑材料造房子一样。
词汇是所有词和词语的总和，例如汉语词汇、英语词汇或一般词汇、基本词汇、文言词汇、方言词汇等；词汇还可以指某一个人或某一作品所用的词和固定短语的总和。
如“老舍的词汇”、“张爱玲的词汇”等等。
词汇是词和固定短语的集合体，词汇和词的关系是集体和个体的关系。
词汇反映着社会发展和语言发展的状况，也标志着人们对客观世界认识的广度和深度。
研究词汇的学科叫“词汇学”，是语言学的一个分支，它研究现代汉语词的性质，词的构成，词义的性质，词义之间的关系，词汇的构成和词典编纂等等。
一种语言的词汇越丰富发达，其表现力也就越强。
关于“词汇学(lcxicology)”，专家们从各自的角度对此作出了定义。
张永言在他的《词汇学简论》中曾经这样定义：“任何语言都有自己的语音系统、词汇和语法构造。
词汇学就是其中以词和词汇作为研究对象的一门学科。
所谓词汇就是语言里的词和词的等价物(如固定词组)的总和。
词汇中包括实词和虚词，词汇学的研究重点是实词，虚词主要是语法学研究的对象。
”(张永言1982：1)Michael McCarthy 也曾这样论述：“词汇研究是对语言词汇的全方位研究：词和词义；词的相互关系；词的相互结合以及词与语言其他领域描述(语音学、形态学、句法)的相互关系。
”(转引自汪榕培2000：8 )竺家宁认为词汇研究的内容应包含四个方面：词形、词义、词变、词用。
“词形”就是词的形态，也就是构词学。
“词义”谈词的共时意义系统、同义词和反义词的分析技术、义素分析法和词义场理论。
“词变”论词的历时演化，叙述演化规律。
“词用”阐明具体使用特性、它和别的词的搭配关系，词典的编纂也是词用学的危围。
词汇学1-3
1、选择题 10题 20% 前三章概念2、填空题 5题 15% 前三章3、搭配题 10% 前四章4、名词解释题 5题 10% 如 loan words prefix5、简答题课后问题How why what 15%6、分析题提供一个单词对此词做出分析15%评论题用例子评论观点是否正确 15%题型例如一、选择题：1. The following are all nominal suffixes EXCEPT( ) . A. –fulEnglish and ( ) belong to the Germantic branch of the Indo-European language family. B. Danishadded to the end of words to indicate Grammatik relationships are known as ( )morphemes. C. inflectionalattached to other morphemes to create new words are known as ( ) affixes. B .derivational二、.Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions 填空题1. affixation Is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases .2. Almost all affixes are bound morphemes because few as independent words.三、配对四、Define the following terms. 名词解释题五、Answer the following questions，简答题Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language FamilyThe Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world.It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European Language Family have differentdegrees of influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.六、1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes.1Destructive de+struct+tive 2antibiotic anti+bio+tic3composition com+po+si+tion 4unbearable un+bear+able5international inter+nation+nal 6ex-prisoner ex+prison+er2. The word “deer” originally meant “animal”, but now it refers to a specific animal. What kind of word-meaning change has the word experiencedWhat accounts for the change of word-meaning1) The word “deer” has experienced narrowing or specialization of meaning.2) The narrowing of word-meaning is caused by the influx of borrowings, one of the major linguistic factors leading to the change of word-meaning. The word “deer” originally meant “animal”, and later the word “animal” from Latin and the word “beast” from French found their way into English. As the three terms were synonymous, “animal” retai ned the original meaning, the meaning of “deer” was narrowed and “beast” changed in colour.Chapter 1: a word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function.A word is(1)a minimal free form of a language;(2)a sound unity;(3)a unity of meaning;(4)a form that can function alone in a sentence.A word is a minimal free form that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic functionA word is a smallest unit of a language.is the language of a highly colloquial type, considered as below the level of standard educated speech, and consisting either of new words or of current words used in some social sense.are the terms peculiar to a class, sect, trade or profession.means the vocabulary peculiar to the underworld.5.Classification of English Words According to Different CriteriaBy origin：native words ，borrowed wordsBy usage：common words，literary words，colloquial words，slang words，technical words By notion：function words，content wordsnative words features:1. All-national character Every English person uses the words of the native element.2. Great stability The native element lives for centuries providing the English with a basisfor theformation of new words.3. Monosyllabic The native element in Modem English is mostly monosyllabic.4. Word-forming ability The great stability and semantic peculiarities of Anglo-Saxon wordsaccount for the great word building power.5. Wide collocability Many native words enter quite a number of set expressions, idioms, phrasesand proverbial sayings.6. Plurality of meanings Most of the native words have undergone striking transformations insemantic structure, and are nowadays highly polysemantic7. High frequency value The native element (words of Anglo-Saxon origin) forms the bulk ofthe most frequent elements used in any style of speech8. Stylistically neutral Most native words are stylistically neutral.Classification of the borrowed words:Aliens: are words borrowed from a foreign language without any change of the foreign sound and spelling. From French: elite, coupéDenizens: are foreign words which have been conformed to native English in accent, spelling and even in adoption of an English affix, or words made up of two parts both fromforeign soil.get (a Scandinavian borrowing)theater (a French loan) sociology (socio- from French and -logy from Greek)Translation-Loans: are words and expressions formed from the material already existing in English, but according to patterns taken from another language, by way ofliteral morpheme-for-morpheme translation. black humour (from Frenchhumor noir)found object (from French object trouve)Semantic Loan words: are words of a new meaning due to the influence of a related word inanother language, or words which acquired new meanings under theinfluence of language or languages other than the source tongue.(gift meant “the price of a wife” in Old English and after the semanticborrowing of the meaning of gift or present of the Scandinavian termgipt, it meant and still means “gift” in the modern sense of it. )Classification of English Words by usageCommon words are connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life. Literary words are chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated style, in official documents, or in formal speeches. They are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation. In English, most of the literary words are of French, Latin or Greek origin. For example,cast (throw), edifice(building), endeavor(try), purchase(buy), etc. More examples: recognition, distinction, inclination, dubious, amelioration…colloquial words or expressions are used mainly in spoken English, as in conversation among friends and colleagues. They can also be use in informal writings, but are inappropriate in formal speeches or writings. They are marked colloq. or informal in dictionaries. Such as: kid, guy, fellow, gay…区别literary word and colloquial word and common worda.Feeling fatigued, Tom retired early. (literary)b.Tom felt so dog-tired he hit the sack early. (colloquial)c.John was dismissed for petty thieving. (common)d.John was fired for petty thieving. (colloquial)a.Penalties for overdue books will be strictly enforced. (literary)b.You have got to pay fines for overdue books. (colloquial)c.They approved of the plan. (literary)d.They agreed to the plan.(common)Slang word is defined as language, words or phrases of a colorful, humorous, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary. The chief reason for the formation and use of slang expressions is to secure freshness and novelty.Technical words refer to those words used in particular disciplines and academic areas. = terminologies or technical terms. symphony, sonata, orchestra, concerto，audiovisual, microteaching，algebra, geometry, calculus，clone, embryo, cell , organism, DNA(deoxyribonucleicacid), geneFunction words(or grammatical words or autosemantic words) are words that have little lexicalmeaning or have ambiguous meaning, but instead serve to express grammatical relationships withother words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. Function wordsmight be prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions, grammatical articles or particles,all of which belong to the group of closed-class words.Content words: Words that are not function words are called content words (or open class wordsor lexical words). Include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and most adverbs, although someadverbs are function words ., then and why).a. sub-standard words often used on informal occasions ( slang )b. specialized vocabulary common in certain professions ( jargon )c. words used by sup-cultural groups especiallyby underground society (argot )d. words that have rich notions ( content words )e. words of Anglo-Saxon origin( native words )f. words borrowed by way of translation ( translation loans )g. old words with new meanings( neologisms )h. foreign words which have become assimilated ( denizens )i. words whose meanings are borrowed (semantic loans)j. words essential to native speakers daily communication(dialectal words 本地语)配对 tart: loose woman bloke: fellow gat: pistol swell: great chicken: coward blue: fight smoky: police full: drunk dame: woman beaver: girlChapter 2Modern English Words : Borrowing& NeologismBorrowing: From French: attach, caféFrom Italian: concert, duet, piano, soprano, solo, tenor, model, bust, studio, dome,balcony, in the fields of music, art, architectureFrom Spanish: armada, cargo, vanilla, cocoa, cigarFrom Portuguese: caste, pagodaFrom German: bismuth, cobalt, nickel, zincFrom Dutch: dock, freight, keelFrom Russian: vodka, troika, ruble, tsarFrom Australian: boomerang, kangaroo, dingoFrom Arabic: sugar, sultan,alcoholFrom Indian: coolie, cashmere, khakiFrom Chinese: tea, typhoon, yamenFrom Japanese: kimono, tycoonFrom African: gorilla, zebraNeologisms are newly coined words or words that are given new meaning to fit new situation because of social, economic, political, cultural, scientific and technological changes in human society. Neologisms: moonfall登月, space suit太空服, black hole黑洞, environmentalist环保人士, software软件 visual pollution视觉污染, data base 数据库 green revolution 绿色革命 clone 克隆nanotechnology纳米技术 income gap收入差距 Euro欧元 Watergate水门事件netspeak 网络词汇 distance education 远程教育 TV dinner 电视便餐/速冻食品feminism 女权主义 teach-in 讨论会/时事宣讲会, hippies嬉皮士 soul music 黑人音乐the lost generation迷惘的一代 talk shows 脱口秀 Karaoke (Japanese),black humor (French), paper tiger, Red Guards, Kungfu, tofu, wok, typhoon (Chinese). chapter 3One morpheme: nationTwo morphemes: nation-alThree morphemes: nation-al-izeFour morphemes: de-nation-al-izedecentralization de-, center, -al, -ize, -ationspecialize species, -al, -izeindividualistic in-, divide, -al, -ist, -ichalf-hearted half, heart, -edundeveloped -un, develop, -edsupernatural -super, nature, -alinequality -in, equal, -ityIn word-formation, morphemes are labeled root, stem, base and affix.root 词根：所有曲折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的部分 stem 词干：所有的曲折词缀被去掉后所剩余的部分morphemebase 词基：任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式inflectional affix 曲折词缀affix 词缀derivational affix 派生词缀词根与词基的区别：词基可派生词缀，词根不可以进一步分析词基可加派生词缀与曲折词缀，词根只可加曲折词缀是词根（不可再分解）desire(v.) 是词干（可以加曲折词缀，如过去时ed）是词基是词基（可加词缀，又能再分解，able是派生后缀）desirable(adj.) 不是词根（它可再分解）不是词干（不可加曲折词缀）不是词根（可再分解—）undesirable (n.) 是词干，可加曲折词缀，如-s,是词基Morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.Root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.. work, workable, worker, worked,workingFree roots（free morphemes）自由词素，可以独立成词are forms that can stand alone as words such as boy, moon, walk, black.Bound root(bond morpheme) ：粘着词素，即必须依附于另一个词素For example. -tain ，contain，detain ，sustain ，retain Affixes词缀are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. Inflectional affixes曲折词素，放在单词后一般表示语法行为attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known asinflectional morphemes. cats, walked, walking , John’s bookDerivational affixes派生词素，形成新词并可能改变词性are added to other morphemes to createnew words. They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.Prefix 前缀are affixes that come before the word， such as pre+war， sub+seaSuffix后缀 : Affix comes after the word.Allomorph : 词素变体An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. . the morpheme of plurality {-s}: /s/ after thesounds /t, p, k//z/ after /d, b, g, l/; /iz/ after /s, z, …/A prefix like im- occurs before p, b, or m (imperfect, imbalance, immobile). Itsallomorphs areir-before r (irregular, irresponsible);il- before l(illogical,illegal);in- before all other consonants and vowels (inflexible, incomplete).Native affixes are those that existed in the OE period or were formed from OE words, such as un-, mis-, be-, out-, over-, -ness, -dom, -hood, -ly, –er. undemocratic ,Foreign affixes came as a part of loan words from Latin, Greek, French, or other languages. Examples: ab-(L), bi-(L), dis-(L), re-(L), kilo-(Gk), poly-(Gk), mal-(F), -ic(Gk), -ism(Gk),-ist(Gk), -able (F), -ize(F).1) a minimum meaningful unit of a language (morpheme)2) one of the variants that realize a morpheme (allomorph)3) a morpheme that occurs with at least one other morpheme(bound morpheme)4) a morpheme that can stand alone (free morpheme )5) a morpheme attached to a stem or a root (affix )6) an affix that indicates grammatical relationships ( informational affix)7) an affix that forms new words with a base,stem or a root (derivational affix )8) what remains of a word after the removal of all affixes (root )9) a form to which affixes of any kind can be added ( b ase)10)that part of a word that can take inflectional affixes（stem）chapter4negative prefixes ：apolitical，destabilize，declassify，disenfranchise ，disinvest，illegal，irresponsible，imperceptible，non-economic ，non-party，unacceptable，non-negative prefixes ： hyperlink，hypertext，overestimate ，overcompensate，semi-annual，supermarket，superintendant，ultra-secret，ultra-conservative，embark ，enclose，external，ex-wife ，inter-American ，inter-government，postgraduate，preliminary，autonomy，miscalculation1. Noun-forming suffixes-age: passage, marriage, mileage -dom: freedom, kingdom-ance/-ence: assistance, predominance, correspondence-ee: employee, referee, absentee -eer/er: engineer, profiteer, manager-ess: manageress, heiress -ist: economist-hood: adulthood, singlehood -ing: building, meaning, packing-ion/-sion/-tion/-ition/-ation: production, conclusion, realization-ism: consumerism, perfectionism -ment: agreement, investment-ness: effectiveness, kindness -ship: ownership, friendship-ty/-ity: productivity, prosperity -ure/-ture: procedure, expenditure2. Adjective-forming suffixes-able/-ible: manageable, permissible -al/-tal/-ial/-tial: economical, statistical -ant/-ent: redundant, dependent -ary: monetary, inflationary-ate/-ete: accurate, complete -ful: dutiful, powerful-ish: snobbish, reddish, bookish -ive: effective, extensive-less: effortless, powerless -like: businesslike, lifelike-ly: costly, orderly -ous/-ious: ambiguous, nutritious-some: troublesome, worrisome -y: sexy, worthy, daddy3. Verb-forming suffixes-en: brighten, moisten -ify/-fy: intensify, qualify, liquefy, glorify -ize/-ise: rationalize, advertise, stabilize*‘ize’ is often used in American English . maximize) as an alternative spelling of ‘ise’ in British English . maximise).4. Adverb forming suffixes-ly: frequently, perfectly -ward/-wards: windward, backward, homewards -wise: vote-wise, percentage-wise, housingwise*Words formed with ‘ward’ can usually be used as either adverbs or adjectives. Words formed with ‘wards’ are mainly used as adverbs . westward, westwards).Modern suffixes:1. mega- (very large) : negacity megadestruction megagame megastructure megarichmegaversity(automatic/computerized): cyberculture cyberbrain cyberart cyber-securitycyber-space cyber-privacy(super/too much): hypermedia hyperlinks hyperfriction hyperslow hyberverbal4. info- (information): infotech infocenter infotainment infomercial5. nano- (one billionth): nanotech nanofabrication nanocomputer(technology): technomania technophobia techno-centric7. tele- (long-distance transfer/television): telead telrbanking telebus telecentertele-education8. e- (electronic) : e-mail e-text e-zine e-cash9. -bot (robot): knowbot mobot microbot10. -size (measurements) : downsize upsize rightsize life-size11. -ware (articles of the same kind): glassware soft/hardware middleware silverwarewarehouse(of the center/taking…as the center): user-centric male-centric net-centric warIBM compatible-centricchapter1 简答题1. What is a word2. What is the relationship between words and vocabulary3. What are the characteristics of the basic vocabulary4. What is the fundamental difference between content words and functional words5. How do you account for the role of native words in English in relation to loan wordschapter2 简答题1. Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-EuropeanLanguage FamilyThe Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European Language Family havedifferent degrees of influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.2. What are the fundamental differences between the vocabularies of the threeperiods of developmentDo you think we can divide the historical development in other waysDefend your argument.The vocabularies of the three periods differ greatly from one another.Old English has (1) a small vocabulary (50,000—60,000), (2) a small number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian only and (3) the words full of endings.Middle English has (1) a comparatively large vocabulary, (2) a tremendous number of foreign words from French and Latin and (3) word endings leveled.Modern English has (1) a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary, (2) tremendous borrowings and(3) words with lost endings.Yes, we can divide the development in other ways, for example, Old English period can be called Anglo-Saxon period. And Middle English might start from 1066 the time of Norman Conquest. But in doing so, the logical continuation of the three phases of the original division is lost.3. What characteristics of English make the English language heterogeneousIt is receptivity and adaptability of the English language that make it possible for English to borrow heavily from other major languages of the world, so that the English vocabulary eventually has become heterogeneous.chapter3简答题is the difference between morph形素, morpheme词素, allomorphs词素变体Morph: A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.Morpheme :A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.）An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. . the morpheme of plurality {-s}:are the ways of creating new morphemesis the difference between grammatical and lexical morphemes, and inflectional and derivational morphemes Give examples to illustrate their relationships.Inflectional morphemes are the suffixes added to the end of words to denote grammatical concepts such as -s(-es), -ed, -ing and -est(to show superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs) whereas derivational morphemes are prefixes and suffixes added to words to form new words such as pre-, dis-, un-, -tion, -er, -ness and so on.Grammatical morphemes are those used to show grammatical concepts, including reflectional suffixes as mentioned above and functional words (prepositions, pronouns, articles, auxiliary verbs), for example, but, the, do and was; lexical morphemes are derivational affixes including both prefixes and suffixes.。
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一．Give the notions of each term.(9’)1.lexicology:2.semantics:3.etymology:二．True or False(10’)1.In old English ,nouns had three genders:masculine,feminine or neuter.2.In Early Modern English Period,the comparative form became-er,and the superlativebecame-est.3. A morpheme may have different pronunciations in different contexts.4.In 1755,Samuel Johnson published his ―Dictionary of the English Language‖,which is thefirst attempt at a truly principled lexicography.5.In old English ,the comparative of adjectives had the ending of –ar.6.The advent of the printing revolution was in the Middle English period.7.Phonemes are the smallest working units of sound.8.The word ―gentlemanly‖consists of three morphemes.9. A word must consist of two or more morphemes.10.Bound morphemes must be joined to other morphemes.三．Choose the best answer.(15’)1. He waited with breath .A.baitedB.bated.2. There is a in the clouds.A.brakeB.break3. A of the bicycle fell off.A.pedalB.peddle.4. The wreckers began to the building.A.raiseB.raze.5. Edgar cannot sail until he has a full of men for his crew.plementpliment.6. The battle was so that hardly a combatant on either side was without a wound.A.sanguineB.sanguinary.7. The general needs more troops and .A.materialB.materiel8．The of our troops is high .A.moralB.morale9. The argument ,convincing when first heard ,proved on closer examination to be .A.fallibleB.fallicious10. They arrived at a agreement.A.tacitB.taciturn11. In word classes ,which one belongs to open classes.A.nounB.pronoun12. Which one belongs to lexical words?A.adjectiveB.preposition13. Pretty ofter co-occur with woman ,flower…,It show wordsA.reflected meaningB.collocative meaning14. refers to meanings as presented in a dictionary.A.conceptual meaningB.connotative meaning15. Affixes can be divided into two types.Which can alter the meaning?A.inflectional affixesB.derivational affixes四. Polysemy and Hononymy(10’)1．河岸，银行2．公牛，自相矛盾的话3．箱子，打耳光4．球拍，蝙蝠5．拱门，主要的6．[meil]7. [seil]8. [hεә]9. [wεә]10. [fi:t]五．Give four words according to the root.(10’)1. cred:2. dict:3. grad:4. flu:5. spect:六．Give the superordinate for each of the following groups(5’)1. deer , lion , fox , snake2. airplane , helicopter , balloon , glider3. stream , lake , sea , river4. mermaid , roc , centaur , unicorn七．Give four hyponyms for each word(10’)1. fruit:2. emotion:3. vegetable:4.stationery:5. animal:八．Cloze（10‘）There are many wedding traditions in the West. And most of their 1 have their roots in ancient superstitious(迷信)beliefs.Placing a silver sixpence in the bride’s left shoe is a 2_of wealth. This is not just to bring the bride3 wealth but also a wealth of happiness and joy throughout her married life.The custom of the wedding 4 is thought to be earlier than the wedding dress by centuries.One explanation for it is that during the times of 5 marriages,the bride’s face was covered until the groom was 6 to her at the ceremony—so it would be too late for him to run off if he didn’t like the look of her !And 7carrying the bride over the threshold is thought to be _8_to Roman times.If the bride stumbled(绊倒)when entering the newlywed’s home ,it would bring bad luck to their marrage.So carrying the bride across the threshold would prevent this from happening.The tradition of carrying flowers by the bride has its root in ancient times when it was believed that strong smelling herbs would drive away evil spirits,bad luck and ill health .During Victorian times,flowers took on an _9_significance as lovers would send messages to each other using different flowers ,with each flower having its own meaning .For example ,daisy means ―purity and _10_apple blossom means ―better thing to come‖.1～5 ;6～10 .九．Answer the following questions.（21‘）1.What are the differences between the way vocabulary was used in Old English and the way it is used today?2.How many periods can English be divided into ?What are the major characteristic features of English in different periods?3.Give the seven types of meaning in language.。