英语教学直接法与自然法比较

Teaching aim:
(1) to develop communicative skills, both oral an d written, for students; (2) to enable students to function adequately in t he target language; (3) to enable students to make their meaning cle ar; (4) to enable students to use “contextual inferen ce” strategies; (5) to help students to understand goals in terms of situations, functions and topics.
Disadvantages
1.Exclusion of native language, so that some abstract and complicated concepts are difficult to understand
2.There is no clear grammar explanations, lead students to say more errors.
• Main features:
<1. Pre-Production <2. Early Production <3.Speech Emergen ce <4. Intermediate Flu ency
自然教学法
第一阶段，教师在课堂上和学生自然地谈话， 使用基本的词汇和句型，并且突出。重复重 点词汇。教师通过身体动作和视觉提示，如 图片、实物等，帮助学生理解。只要求学生 能够听懂和执行简短的英语指令，作出非语 言性的反应。许多学生开口之前要经过一个 “沉默”的阶段，这是正常的。在这个时候， 教师要有耐心，不要多催逼。
The natural approach
Definition
The Natural Approach emphasizes natural communication rather than formal grammar study and is tolerance of learners’ errors. The core of the Natural Approach is language acquisition which is considered a subconscious process.
Advantages
1.Using a variety of visual aids Using the teaching way that close to the real life Help to cultivate the ability of thinking in a foreign language. 2.The study and application pay attention to the language practice, students' learning enthusias m, learning interest 3.Pay attention to speaking and pronunciation te aching so that we can effectively cultivate stu dents' ability of using language
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Representative
• Berlitz
Palmer
principle
Direct contact principle : the basic thing of the direct method is the establishment of language and to associa te the study with external experience. T hat is to say, in the foreign language tea ching, each word represents the thing or the significance of direct contact, not thr ough translation.
Representative
• Tracy Terrell
• Stephen Krashen
Background
• 自然教学法于1977年提出，源于加利福尼亚的特瑞尔(T．Terrell)的西 班牙语课堂教学实践以及它对第二外语习得的研究成果 。1977年他发 表的《第二语言习得和学习的自然途径》成为自然教学法的开端 • 特瑞尔与克拉申(S．Krashen)联合，运用第二语言习得理论，提出了自 然教学模式，并于1983年出版了《自然路径》(The Natural Approac h)一书 • 克拉申总结了第二语言的研究成果，并使之系统化，提出了一个较为完 整的第二语言习得理论，即监察模式（the monitor model） • 1983年，特瑞尔和克拉申合作发表了《自然途径：课堂中的语言习得》 一书，它标志着自然教学法的正式确立。
• ⑷Students are not forced to respond in the target language immediately. • ⑸Students interact in meaningful situati on at their own level. • ⑹The teacher knows students’ needs an d concentrates on appropriate and usefu l areas.
• 第四阶段，教师可以继续使用直观教具，强 化重点词汇。同时，教师可以选择一个题目 或要求描绘一个情景，引导学生使用英语。 在这个阶段，学生应能用英语随意交谈，广 泛参加社交活动，并能在学术会议上，用流 利的英语答辩和讨论问题。
Advantages :
• ⑴The classroom consisting of acquisition acti vities can be an excellent environment for beg inners. • ⑵Comprehensible and meaningful practice act ivities are emphasized. • ⑶The teacher creates speeches which enable students to interact using the target language.
Conclusion
• NA和Direct Method (DM；又称Natural Method) 常常被认为是相同的教法，其实它们各有不同的特 色：DM是依据幼儿自然而然习得母语的经验所创 立，教法中强调教师用second language和切合的 场景直接上课、问答、重复重点，并要求学生要练 习做到正确无误的地步；NA的理论基础却是根据 成功习得second language的一些自然共通原则， 并强调上课之〝内容〞（而非课堂上的〝练习〞）、 重视学生学习心理、以及学生充分了解（compreh ension）second language后准备开始用口语表达 前的预备 / 调适期。
第二阶段，教师自然地和学生谈话，选择使用 简单的词汇和句子结构，继续注意学生是否 能够对简单的英语指令作出正确的反应。此 外，教师可以使用一般疑问句、选择疑问句 以及 Wh- 起首的特殊疑问句进行提问，要 求学生用一、两个单词或短语回答问题。学 生应能听懂这些问题，并作出回答。
• 第三阶段，教师使用自然、简单的语言和学 生谈话，用 How 起首的特殊疑问句提问， 要求学生用短语或完整的句子作解释，表达 自己的意见。教师应鼓励学生在实际生活中 用英语表达思想，与人交流。
Disadvantages:
• 1) It ignores many factors essential in s econd language course design. • 2) It simply borrows techniques from oth er methods. • 3) There is nothing novel about its proc edures and techniques. • 4) There are still many problems in the r esearch method.
Theoretical basis
• 习得--学习假说（acquisition-learning hypothe sis） • 自然顺序假说（natural order hypothesis） • 监控假说（monitor-hypothesis） • 输入假说（input hypothesis ） • 情感过滤假说（affection filter hypothesis）
Teaching methodology
----Direct Method and Natural Approach
content
Introduction
Principles Advantages Disadvantages
DEFINITION
The direct method of teaching foreign language, sometimes also called the natural method, Psychological Method, Oral Method and Reformed method , refrains from using the learners’ native language and uses only the target language. It was established in Germany and France around 1900.
• Based on the principle of spoken English, oral English teaching is the major means and purpo se of the entry-level stage
• To imitate : through a variety of means to rep eat the sentence. Imitation and habits help to a chieve automatic degree. • In addition to the above four major principles of the direct method, there are other teaching principles, such as the selection of language m aterials, progressive principle, principle of int erest