生态学 英语修正版

一、根据意思填单词（加粗的为要填的）10个*1分

1. nutrient: elements that are required for the development, maintenance, and reproduction of organisms

2．nutrient cycling is the use, transformation, movement, and reuse of nutrients in ecosystems.

3. fitness: a measure of the ability of an individual to produce viable offspring and contribute to future generations

4. adaptation: any heritable trait possessed by an organism, be it physiological, morphological or behavioral, which aids survival or reproduction in a particular environment

5. floodplain: A plain bordering a river and subject to flooding.

6. population: a group of organisms of the same species occupying a given space at the same time.

7. ramets：individuals that are separated but genetically identical and derived from a single zygote. 8．competition: an interaction among individuals utilizing a limited resource, resulting in reduced fitness in the competing individuals.

9．fecundity: the number of eggs, seeds, or offspring in the first stage of the life cycle produced by a individual

10. predation: the consumption of all or part of another individual (the prey).

11. parasites: a subgroup of predators consuming the tissue of another living organism that live in close association with their host

12. microparasites: parasites that multiply within or on the surface of the host

13. macroparasites: parasites that grow in or on the host, but do not multiply

14．mechanical weathering: physical disintegration of a rock into smaller fragments, each with the same properties as the original, which occurs mainly by temperature and pressure changes

15．chemical weathering: the process by which the internal structure of a mineral is altered by the addition or removal of elements.

16. relative humidity: the air water vapor content expressed as a ratio to the saturated water content at that water temperature.

17. field capacity: the upper limit of the water-holding capacity of a soil. This is the amount of water which can be held by soil pores against the force of gravity.

18. permanent wilting point: the lower limit of water availability– the soil water content at which plants wilt and are unable to recover.

19. metabolic water: the water released during cellular respiration

20. intraspecific competition: the competition occurring between members of the same species

二、填空（自己看那些是重点）10个*2分

1. Pathways of nutrient loss in terrestrial ecosystems: released to the atmosphere; lost in water; lost in fire/harest/deforestation

2. If fitness differences have a genetic component, then the genetic make-up of the subsequent generations will be altered. This process is known as natural selection or ‘survival of the fittest’.

3. Adaptation is the result of natural selection acting on heritable differences in fitness.

4. Pathways of nutrient gain in aquatic ecosystems: streamflow; permanent sediments

5. Ectotherms and endotherms differ in the extent to which they are able to maintain a constant body temperature.

6. The thermoneutral zone is the range of environmental temperatures in which an endotherm has only to exert a minimum metabolic effort in order to maintain a constant body temperature.

7. In many communities, there is an approximate balance between the carbon released to the atmosphere from respiration and carbon fixed by photosynthesis.

8. The unique relationship between water and living organisms stems from the fact that water is a universal solvent: almost anything will dissolve in water to some degree.

9. Terrestrial organisms face 2 major challenges: evaporative loss to environment and reduced access to replacement water.

10. Predators vary in their diet breadth, with some species being extremely selective specialists, concentrating exclusively on one prey type, whilst others are more generalists, being able to feed on a number of prey species.

11. In vertebrates, infection by microparasites results in a strong immunological response: (i) the cellular immune response, where specialized cells directly attack pathogen cells; (ii) the B-cell immune response, which gives rise to antibodies.

12. The heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise 1 cm3 by 1 ℃.

13. A major problem faced by terrestrial organisms is the loss of a continuous supply of water necessary to keep tissue surfaces moist.

三判断10个*1分

1. Homeotherm: An organism, such as a mammal or bird, has a body temperature that is constant and largely independent of the temperature of its surroundings.

2. Poikilotherm: An organism, such as a fish or reptile, has a body temperature that varies with the temperature of its surroundings.

3. Ectotherms are organisms which are largely reliant on external sources of heat to raise their body temperature.

4. Endotherms are organisms capable of generating heat internally in order to raise their body temperature.

5. Occasionally, interactions between species occur where one species exhibits no effect, whilst the other either benefits