语篇语言学作业
语言学指导书作业(新版)
语言学指导书作业导言一、填空1、语言学的三大发源地是____________、_____________和____________。
2、语言学是_______世纪成为独立的学科的，其标志是________________。
3、现代语言学的标志性著作是瑞士语言学家___________的____________。
4、语言交际过程可分为__________—_________—__________—_________—_________五个阶段。
5、印度最早的经典所使用的语言是__________。
6、________、_________、__________是中国“小学”的主要研究内容。
二、判断正误1、语文学主要是研究古代的口语和书面语。
（）2、语言有自身结构的独立性，与系统之外的社会环境没有关系。
（）3、理论语言学是研究语言一般规律的，不受具体语言研究影响。
（）4、语言形式和内容的关系是语言研究的根本问题。
（）三、思考题1、语言与人类社会生活有哪些密切关联？2、语文学研究有哪些特征？3、语言学学科内部都有哪些研究分类？如何看待它们之间的关系？4、为什么说语言学是一门基础科学？5、为什么说语言学是自然科学和人文科学的桥梁？6、如何看待语言学研究的意义和价值？第一章一、填空1、语言的功能包括___________功能和__________功能。
2、语言的社会功能包括__________功能和__________功能。
3、在各种信息传递形式中，___________是第一性的、最基本的手段。
4、人的大脑分左右两个半球，语言功能及计数、推理能力等由_________半球掌管，音乐感知、立体图形识别等能力由__________半球制约。
5、儿童语言习得一般经过_________阶段和________阶段，这是儿童学话的关键两步。
二、判断正误1、文字是建立在语言基础之上的再编码形式。
（）2、当说话者陈述一个客观事实时，话语中不具有主观性。
语言学作业
1.In my opinion,The development of society can not do without language.Only with the language can we communicate with others.In our daily life,we survive that depend on labor,when we are in production activities or the struggle of survival,we must help each other and work together.It is the time that we need language as a tool to achieve this purpose.Society is formed by long-term cooperative social members through the development of organizational relations groups,emphasizing the meaning of peers,and extended to the alliances which have common interests.As far as I am concerned, education is a kind of social behavior.I accept the teacher's education with my classmates,and all of these are based on language.At the same time,the existence of language can not do without society.Simply,if there is no society,there is no communication,the existence of language is meaningless.Because of the existence of society,we need to conduct a series of social behavior,so we will use the language.Secondly,the development of society makes language richer and richer.With the continuous development of society,we need to use more precise and vivid language to describe some new or original things so as to achieve the purpose of better communication.2.The diversity of language which remained me Darwin's concept of population nguage diversity should receive environmental and cultural influences.In Europe, for example,the common ancestors of European languages are Latin,but different regions because of isolation formed a different language.As a native speaker of Chinese,if I am going to see Japanese,I would feel a little familiar,but what the meaning I understand and my pronunciation of this symbol are wrong,do not meet the principles of Japanese Learning.This may be affected by the geographical environment of Japan and their original culture.As we see potatoes,some people say that this is “malingshu”, some people say it is “yutou”.This also reflects the diversity of language.。
语言学练习题(附答案) Chapter 1 Language
Chapter One Language1. Define the following terms1) discreteness2) design features3) arbitrariness4) duality5) displacement 6) cultural transmission7) the imaginative function of language8) the personal function of language9) the heuristic function of language10) language2. Multiple ChoiceDirections: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answerto the question or to complete the sentence best.1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD.bang2)The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD.performative3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the hostor the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controllingthe forces which the believers feel might affect theirlives. Which function does it perform?A. Interpersonal.B. Emotive. C Performative. D.Recreational.4)Which of the following properties of language enableslanguage users to overcome the barriers causedby time andplace, due to this feature of language, speakers of alanguage are free to talk about anything in anysituation?A. interchangeability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness.5)Study the following dialogue. What function does it playaccording to the functions of language?—A nice day, isn’t it?— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. Phatic.C. Peformative.D.Interpersonal.6)Unlike animal communication systems, human language is.A. stimulus freeB. stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest.7)Which of the following is the most important function of language?A. interpersonal functionB. performativefunctionC. informative functionD. recreational function8) In different languages, different terms are used to express the animal “狗”, this shows the nature of --- of human language.A arbitrarinessB cultural transmissionC displacementD discreteness9)Which of the following disciplines are related to applied linguistics?A. statisticsB. psycholinguisticsC. physicsD. philosophy10) has been widely accepted as the father of modem linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. JohnLyons3. Word CompletionDirections: Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words.1) Design features, a framework proposed by the Americanlinguist Charles Hockett, refer to the ________properties of human language that distinguishes it from any animal system of communication.2) ________ refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in alanguage are meaningfully distinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful.3)In any language words can be used in new ways to mean newthings and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed p_______ or c________.4)Language has many functions. We can use language to talkabout language itself. This function is m________ function.5)Cultural transmission refers to the fact that language isc________ transmitted. It is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by i_________.6)One general principle of linguistic analysis is theprimacy of ________ over writing.7)The ________ function refers to the use of language tocommunicate knowledge about the world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on.8)The ________ function refers to language used to ensuresocial maintenance. Phatic communion is part of it.The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts.9)Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for humanCommunication.10)Language has two levels. They are ______ level and______ level.11)Language is a ________ because every language consistsof a set of rules whi ch underlie people’s actual speech or writing.12) The _function refers to language used in an attemptto control events once they happen.13)The design features of language are (1)(2)(3)(4) (5)(6)and (7)_______.14)By saying “language is arbitrary”, we mean that thereis no logical connection between meaning and.15)The four principles in the linguistic study are (1) (2)(3)and (4).4. True or False QuestionsDirections: Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the bracket before each of them.1) ( ) The relation between form and meaning in human language is natural.2) () When language is used to get information from others,it serves an informative function.3) ( )The reason for French to use cheval and for Englishto usehorse to refer to the same animal is inexplicable.4) ( ) Most animal communication systems lack the primarylevel of articulation.5) ( )Language change is universal,ongoing and arbitrary.6) ( )Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs whichpermit all the people in a given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, tocommunicate or interact.7) ( ) In theory, the length of sentences is limited.8) ( ) The relationship between the sounds and their meaningis arbitrary.9) ( ) Linguistic symbols are a kind of visual symbols, whichinclude vocal symbols.10) ( ) Linguistic symbols are produced by human speechorgans.11) ( ) Every language has two levels: grammatically —meaningless and sound — meaningful.12) ( ) Such features of language as being creative, vocal,and arbitrary can differentiate human languages fromanimal communicative systems.13)( ) Duality is one of the characteristics of humanlanguage. It refers to the fact that language has twolevels of structures: the system of sounds and the systemof meanings.14) ( )Language is a means of verbal communication.Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-muteis not language.15) ( ) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentiallycreative, and conventionality of language makes alanguage be passed from generation to generation. As aforeign language learner, the latter is more importantfor us.5. Glossary translation1)personal function2)heauristic function3)ideational function4)interchangeability5)控制功能6)表现功能7)文化传递性8)分离性9)区别性特征10)不受时空限制的属性11)Interactional function12)instrumentational function13)imaginative function14)寒暄功能15)元语言功能16)Personal function17)performative function18)娱乐功能19)信息功能20)人际功能6. Short Essay Questions1)What are the functions of language? Exemplify eachfunction.2)Explain what the term duality means as it is used todescribe a property of human language.3)Is language productive or not? Why?4)What is language?5)What are the major design features of language? Pleaseexplain three of them with examples.Key to Chapter One1.Define the followina terms1) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds ina language are meaningfully distinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds/p/ and /b/ is not actually very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pad and bad leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between thesounds /p/ and /b/in English. Each sound in the language is thought of as discrete. It is possible to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the sounds /p/ and /b/.2) “Design features” refer to the defining properties ofhuman language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability. (3分)3) “Arbitrariness” means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig.Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely arbitrary, because there are cases where there are or at least seem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo Words, like “bang”, “crash”,”roar”,’ which are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some compounds are not entirely arbitrary either. “Snow” an d “storm” are arbitrary or unmotivated words, while “snowstorm” is less so. So we can say “arbitrariness” isa matter of degree.4) Linguists refer “duality” of structure to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it isseen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. According to Hu Zhuanglin et al., language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of semantic units (words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (For example, we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary of sentences!) Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. No animal communication system enjoys this duality, or even approaches this honor.5) “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. People can use language’ to describe something that had occurred, is occurring, or is to occur. But a dog could not bark for a bone to be lost. The bee’s System has a small share of “displacement”, but it is an unspeakable tiny share.6) Language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. It is true that the capacity for language in human beings (N. Chomsky called it “language acquisition device”, or LAD) has a geneticbasis, but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one rather than a genetic one like the dog’s barking system. If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language. The wolf-child reared by the wolves turned out to speak the wolf’s roaring “tongue” when he was saved. And it was difficult for him to acquire human language.7) The imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. It is also language used for sheer joy of using language, such as a baby’s babbling, a chanter’s chanting, a poet’s pleasuring.8) The personal function refers to language used to express the individual’s feeli ngs, emotions and personality.9) The heuristic function of language refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structureof knowledge in the different disciplines. Language allows people to ask questions about the nature of the world they live in and to construct possible answers.10) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2.Multiple Choice1) –5): A C C C B 6) –10): A C C B B3. Word Completion.1) defining 2) Descreteness 3）productivity or creativity 4) metalingual 5) culturally, instinct or inheritance 6) speech 7) representational 8) interactional; 9) vocal;10) gramatically meaningful, sound meaningless; 11) system; 12) regulatory 13) arbitrariness, duality, productivity, cultural transmission, interchangeability, discreteness, displacement.14) sound;15) exhaustiveness, economy, objectivity, consistency4.True or False Questions1–5: FFTFF 6–10: FFTFT 11–15: FFTFT5.Glossary Translation1)personal function: 人际功能2)heauristic function：启发功能3)ideational function：概念功能4)interchangeability：互换性5)控制功能： regulatory function6)表现功能: representational functin7)文化传递性: cultural transmisssion8)分离性: discreteness9)区别性特征: design features10)不受时空限制的属性: displacement11)Interactional function: 互动功能12)instrumentational function：工具功能13)imaginative function：想象功能14)寒暄功能： phatic function15)元语言功能: metalingual function or metafunction oflanguage16)personal function: 自指性功能17)performative function: 表达功能18)娱乐功能: recreational function19)信息功能: informative function20)人际功能: interpersonal function6. Short Essay Questions1) What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.According to Wang Gang (1988: 11), the functions of languagecan be mainly embodied in three aspects. i) Language is a tool of human communication; ii) Language is a tool whereby people learn about the world; iii) Language is a tool by which people create art.As a matter of fact, different linguists have different terms for the various functions of language. The British linguist M. A. K. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language:(1) InstrumentalThe instrumental function of language refers to the fact that language allows speakers to get things done. It allows them to control things in the environment. People can cause things to be done and to happen through the use of words alone. An immediate contrast here is with the animal world in which sounds are hardly used in this way, and, when they are, they are used in an extremely limited degree. The instrumental function can be primitive too in human interaction. Performative utterances such as the words which name a ship at a launching ceremony clearly have instrumental functions if the right circumstances exist；they are acts, e.g. I name this ship LibertyBell.(2) RegulatoryThe regulatory function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once they happen. Those events may involve the self as well as others. People do try to control themselves through language, e.g. Why did I say that?/ Steady! / And Let me think about that again. Language helps to regulate encounters among people. Language provides devices for regulating specific kinds of encounters and contains words for approving or disapproving and for controlling or disrupting the behavior of others. It allows us to establish complex patterns of organization in order to try to regulate behavior, from game playing to political organization, from answering the telephone to addressing in foreign affairs. It is the regulatory function of language that allows people some measure of control over events that occur in their lives.(3)RepresentationalThe representational function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge about the world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on. This function of language is represented by all kinds of record-keeping, such as historical records, geographical surveys, business accounts, scientific reports, government acts, and public data banks. It is anessential domain of language use, for the availability of this material guarantees the knowledge-base of subsequent generations, which is a prerequisite of social development.(4) InteractionalThe interactional function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phatic communion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts. A greeting such as how are you?is relatively empty of content, and answers like fine or very well, thank you are equally empty, because the speaker is not interested in the hearer’s health, but rather to demonstrate his politeness and general attitude toward the other person when he gives a conversational greeting.(5) PersonalThe personal function refers to language used to express the individual’s feelings, emotions and person ality. A person’s individuality is usually characterized by his or her use of personal function of communication. Each individual has a “voice” in what happens to him. He is free to speak or not to speak, to say, as much or as little as he pleases,and to choose how to say what he says. The use of language can tell the listener or reader a great deal about the speaker or writer — in particular, about his regional origin, social background, level of education, occupation, age, sex, and personality.Language also provides the individual with a means to express feelings, whether outright in the form of exclamations, endorsements, or curse, or much more subtly through a careful choice of words. Many social situations display language used to foster a sense of identity: the shouting of a crowd at a football match, the shouting of names or slogans at public meetings, the reactions of the audience to television game shows, the shouts of affirmation at some religious meetings. For example, the crowds attending P resident Regan’s pre-election meetings in 1984 repeatedly shouted “Four more years!” which united among those who shared the same political views.(6) HeuristicThe heuristic function refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Insofar as the inquiry intolanguage itself, a necessary result is the creation of a metalanguage, i.e. a language used to refer to language, containing terms such as sound, syllable, word, structure, sentence, meaning and so on.(7) ImaginativeThe imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. The imaginative function also allows people to consider not just the real world but all possible worlds — and many impossible ones. Much literature is the most obvious example to serve this function as an account of Robinson Crusoe in the deserted island. The imaginative function enables life to be lived vicariously and helps satisfy numerous deep artistic urges.2) Explain what the term duality means as it is used todescribe a property of human language.Language is organized at two levels or layers-- sounds and meaning-- simultaneously. This property is called duality, or “double articulation”. In terms of speech production, we have the physical level at which we can produce individual sounds, like n, b, and i. As individual sound, none of these discreteforms has any intrinsic meaning. When we produce those sounds in a particular combination, as in bin, we have another level producing a meaning, which is different from the meaning of the combination in nib. So, at one level, we have distinct sounds, and at another level, we have distinct meanings. This duality of levels is, in fact,: one of the most economical features of human language, since with a limited set of distinct sounds we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (relatively finite words and infinite number of sentences) which are distinct in meaning. No animal communication system has duality, or ever comes near to possessing it.3) Is language productive or not? Why?(1) Language is productive or creative. (233) This means that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Every day we send messages that have never been sent before, and we understand novel messages. Much of them we say and hear for the first time; yet there seems no problem of understanding. For example, the sentence” A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed” must be new to you and it does not describe a common happening in the world. Nevertheless, nobody has any difficulty in understanding it.(2) Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. For example, gibbon calls are not productive, for they draw all their calls from a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Bee dancing is used only to indicate food sources, which is the only message that can be sent through the dancing.(3) The productivity or creativity of language partially. originates from its duality, because of which the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. The productivity of language also means its potential to create endless sentences. It is the recursive nature of language that provides a theoretical basis for this possibility.4) What is language?(1) It is very difficult to give this question a satisfactory definition. However, most linguists would accept a tentative definition like this: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (2) Language must be a system, since elements in it are arranged according to certainrules; they cannot be combined at will. If language were not systematic, it could not be learned or used consistently. (3) Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for it (钢笔 in Chinese for instance) speaks strongly for the arbitrary nature of language. (4) This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are associated with objects, actions, ideas by convention. (5) We say language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed are their writing systems. All evidence shows that writing systems came much later than the spoken forms and that they are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper (6) The term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human.specific; that is, it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.5) What are the major design features of language? Pleaseexplain three of them with examples.(1)Displacement is one of the defining properties of human language, which refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are present or not present, realor not real, and about matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of its users. This phenomenon is thought of as “displacement”, which can provide its users with an opportunity to communicate about a wide range of subjects, free from any barriers caused by separation in time and space. That is, the feature of displacement can enable us to talk about things and places whose existence we cannot even be sure of. We can refer to mythical creatures, demons, fairies, angels, Santa Claus, and recently invented characters such as superman. This feature is unique to human language. No animal communication system possesses it. Some animal calls are often uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. For instance, during the mating season, in the present of danger or pain, animals will make calls. Once the danger or pain is missing, their calls stop.(2) Discreteness The sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct. For example, the difference between the sounds b andp is actually not very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other ismeaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pack and back leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds p and b in English. This property of language is described as discreteness. Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. It is possible; in fact, to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the p and b sounds. However, that continuous stream will only be interpreted as being either a p sound, ora b sound (or, possibly, as a non-sound) in the language. We have a very discrete view of the sounds of our language and wherever a pronunciation falls within the physically possible range of sounds, it will be interpreted as a linguistically specific and meaningfully distinct sound(3) Language is a system. It is organized into two levels simultaneously. We have distinct sounds at the lower level (sound level), which is seen as a sequence of segments which have no meaning in themselves. At the higher level, we have distinct meanings (meaningful level). Language is analyzed in terms of combination of meaningful units. Then the meaningful units (such as morphemes, words, etc.) at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. The organization of language into levels, one of sounds, theother of meaning, is known as duality or double articulation. This unique feature of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system possesses the feature of duality.。
英语语言学 作业100分
作业1．第1题Which of the following underlined parts is an inflectional morpheme?A.booksB.renameC.activeD.sleepy您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.02．第2题Which of the following pairs of words are homophones?A.flour---flowerB.lead (to guide)---lead (a kind of metal)C.mouth (a speech organ)---mouth(an entrance to a cave)D.animal---cow您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.03．第3题Which of the following is an aspirated consonant?A.[f]B.[s]C.[k]D.[r]您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.04．第4题The word unreliable consists of _____ syllables as against _____morphemes.A.four/threeB.five/twoC.five/threeD.three/five您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.05．第5题Which of the following best describes the relations between “Alice is a vegetarian” and “Alice prefers eating steak”?A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.06．第6题Language acquisition refers to the child’s acq uisition of his ____.A.first languageB.second languageC.foreign languageD.target language您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.07．第7题Which of the following is an example of overgeneralization?A.eyesB.earsC.sheepD.foots您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.08．第17题Which of the following forms a minimal pair?A.fear, pearB.tip, pitC.food, footD.beat, bit您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.09．第18题Which of the following underlined parts is NOT an inflectional morpheme?B.speakingC.takenD.chaos您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.010．第19题Which of the following is a declaration?A.Open the door, please.B.I appoint you chairman of the committee.C.Would you like to go to the movie with us?D.I’ve never seen her before.您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.011．第20题Which of the following underlined parts is the complement of the phrase?A.a book on biologyB.play basketballC.a rainy dayD.dance happily您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.012．第21题‘Slim’ and ‘skinny’ are ___.A.dialectal synonymsB.collocational synonymsC.stylistic synonymsD.synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.013．第22题The first consonants the child can make are made with the lips and they are ____.A.[p,b,n]B.[p,b,m]C.[t,d,n]您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.014．第23题Which side(s) of muscles of ours does our left brain control?A.both left and rightB.leftC.rightD.sometimes left, sometimes right您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.015．第35题The following sounds belong to the same natural class EXCEPT ___.A.[d]B.[s]C.[u]D.[i:]您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.016．第36题Which of the following pairs of words are complete homonyms?A.flour---flowerB.lead (to guide)---lead (a kind of metal)C.heroin---horoineD.criket---criket您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.017．第37题The word “TV” is a(n) ____.A.acronymB.blendC.clipped wordD.coined word您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.018．第38题Which of the following best describes the relations between “He paid a visit to Japan.” and “He paid a visit to East Asia.”?A.The former is synonymous with the latter.B.The former is inconsistent with the latter.C.The former entails the latter.D.The former presupposes the latter.您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.019．第39题The Great Wall belongs to ____ culture.A.materialB.spiritualC.folkD.none of the above您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.020．第40题If the child calls all men “Daddy”, then we may say the child has ____ the meaning of the word “Daddy”.A.overgeneralizedB.overextendedC.overusedD.overstressed您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.021．第8题Phonology is of a general nature.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.022．第9题In ‘a book about ghosts’, the complement is ‘ghosts’.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.023．第10题B probably means that A should not laugh at him since they know each other, in the dialogue below: A: Are you a good student? B: Are you? 您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.024．第11题The task of a linguist is to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.025．第12题Chomsky regards competence as an act of doing things with a sentence. 您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.026．第13题ISBN means International Standard Book Number.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.027．第14题Accent is an important marker of sociolect.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.028．第15题Language acquisition is concerned with the acquisition of a foreign language.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.029．第16题Frequent repetition is one of the features of the caretaker talk. 您的答案：正确题目分数：2.030．第24题A phone does not necessarily distinguish meaning.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.031．第25题Semantics is the study of word meaning.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.032．第26题The words ‘shock’ and ‘surprise’ are semantically different synonyms.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.033．第27题Langue means competence.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.034．第28题The word ' walkman' is a blend.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.035．第29题UNESCO is a blend.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.036．第30题A prominent phonological feature of Black English is the deletion of the consonant at the end of a word, as in ' desk' [des].您的答案：正确题目分数：3.037．第31题Language plays a major role in socializing the people and perpetuating culture, especially in print form.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.038．第32题In English, the word ' blue' is associated with unhappy feelings. 您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.039．第33题The innatists hold that children could not discover the rules of reflexive pronouns by trial and error.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.040．第34题Subjects take less time to make judgment on frequently used words than on less common words. This is called the frequency effect.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.041．第41题[k], [g] and [n] are velar sounds.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.042．第42题Pronouns belong to closed class words.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.043．第43题B probably means that he doesn' t want to make any comment on the lecture, in the dialogue below: A: What do you think of the lecture?(The speech maker is coming) B: Do we have classes this evening?您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.044．第44题The word ' mike' is a clipped word.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.045．第45题Synchronic linguistics deals with a series of language phenomena at the same time.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.046．第46题Writing is more basic than speech.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.047．第47题The word ' dinner' comes from French.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.048．第48题An RP accent often serves as a high status marker.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.049．第49题It is standard practice for an English native student to greet his teacher before a lecture by saying ' Good morning, teacher!' .您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.050．第50题The human brain is divided into two sections, the brain stem and the cerebrum.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.0作业总得分：100.0作业总批注。
新编简明语言学作业以及答案
1 Which of the following modes of study emphasizes the correct and standard usage of language?选择一项：a. synchronicb. prescriptivec. diachronicd. descriptive正确答案是：prescriptive2 Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________,选择一项：a. cultural transmissionb. flexibilityc. displacementd. duality题目3An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the "best authors" for language usage.选择一项：对错题目4General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.选择一项：对错正确的答案是“对”。
\题目5Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _________ and meanings.选择一项：a. senseb. objectsc. ideasd. sounds题目6正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s____.答案：反馈g正确答案是：syntax题目7正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干According to Chomsky, ________ is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language.选择一项：a. competenceb. parolec. performanced. langue反馈你的回答正确正确答案是：competence题目8正确获得1.00分中的1.00分标记题目题干Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.选择一项：对错反馈Tg正确的答案是“对”。
语言学练习第二章
Chapter twoSummarize the characteristics of English consonants :[ ] voiceless bilabial stop [ ] voiceless alveolar stop [ ] voiceless velar stop [ ] bilabial nasal [ ] velar nasal [ ] voiced postalveolar affricate [ ] voiceless labioldental fricative [ ] voiced labioldental fricative[ ] voiceless dental fricative[ ] voiced dental fricative[ ] voiceless alveolar fricative[ ] voiced alveolar fricative[ ] voiced alveolar trill[ ] voiceless post-alveolar fricative[ ] voiced post-alveolar fricative[ ] bilabial approximant II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1． ____ A refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.2． _____ A phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.3． The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b _______ s ounds.4． Of all the speech organs, the t _ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.5． ____ English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p of articulation.6． _____________ When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total orcomplete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s . <![endif]>7． __________ S features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.8． __ The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s rules.9． The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broadtranscription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics [ ] voiced bilabial stop[ ] voiced alveolar stop[ ] voiced velar stop[ ] alveolar nasal[ ] voiceless postalveolaraffricate[ ] alveolar lateral[ ] glottal fricative [ ] palatal approximantiscalled n _________ t ranscription.10．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i ______ .11．P _______ i s a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particularlanguage and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.12．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o ___ c avity and the nasal cavity.13．T ____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. <![endif]> 14．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s ________ stress.15．The sound /f/ is _________________ .A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative16．Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or morephonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of thesegments are called ___________ .A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features17．A(n) ___________ i s a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme18．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the __ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones19．Of all the speech organs, the ______ i s/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords20．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal21． _________ is a voiced alveolar stop.22． The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by“ copyinga sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones _____________ .A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similarChoose the best answer:1. Pitch variation is known as _ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A.intonationB.toneC. pronunciationD.voice2. Conventionally a ___ is put in slashes.A.allophoneB.phoneC. phonemeD.morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspiratedp and an unreleasedp are ___ of thep phoneme.A.analoguesB.tagmemesC. morphemeD.allophones4. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _____ .A. minimal pairsB. alloorphsC. phonesD.allophones5. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds.A. acoustic phoneticsB.articulatory phoneticsC. auditory phoneticsD.neither of them6. which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?A. [z]B. [w]C. [ 9 ]D.[v]7. which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D.[p]8. which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i]B. [u]C. [e]D.[i:]9. what kind of sounds are made when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. voicelessB. voicedC. glottal stopD.consonant10. which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricative?A. [f]B. [v]C. [z]D.[s]True or false :1. of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently the A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D./b/a featumost highly developed, is acoustic phonetics.2.sound [p] in the word “ spit” is an unaspirated stop.3.Supersegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.4.the airstream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification toacquire the quality of a speech sound.5.Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a differed word, but merely a different pronunciation..6.[p] is voiced bilabial stop.7.Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.8.All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and code.9.When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glide take place.10.according to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be dividedinto tense vs. lax or long vs. shout.11.received pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.IV. Define the terms below:1. phonology2. phoneme3.allophone4. acoustic phonetics5.. international phonetic alphabet6. intonation7.. phonetics8.auditoryphonetics 9.phone 10 tone 11. minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:1.Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?2.What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?3.What are the major differences between phonology and phoned韵学和语音学4.Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.5.In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?（资料素材和资料部分来自网络，供参考。
语言学作业 第一章
语言学作业班级：姓名：Chapter 1 Invitations to LinguisticsI. Please illustrate the following terms.1. Arbitrariness:The forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.The different levels of arbitrariness:(1) Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning, even with onomatopoeic words(2) Arbitrariness at the syntactic level: language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.(3) The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention. 2. DualityThe property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.3. Phatic communionPhatic communion refers to the social interaction of language.4. Synchronic linguistics:A synchronic description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.II. Please distinguish the following terms:1. Langue vs. ParoleLangue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, that is, the lexicon, grammar, and phonology implanted in each individual, and it is the linguist’s proper object;Parole refers to the realization of langue, the immediately accessible data. While parole constitutes the immediately accessible data, and it is a mass of confused facts, so it is not suitable for systematic investigation..(1) Langue is abstract, while parole is specific to the situation in which it occurs.(2) Langue is not actually spoken by anyone, while parole is always a naturally occurring event.(3) Langue is relatively stable, systematic and social, while parole is subject to personal, individual and situational constraints.(4) Langue is essential while parole is accessory and accidental.2. Descriptive vs. PrescriptiveThe distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.Traditional grammar was very strongly normative in character.The grammarians tried to lay down rules for the correct use of language and settle the disputes over usage once and for all. That is prescriptive.These attitudes are still with us, though people realize nowadays the facts of usage count more than the authority-made “standards”. The nature of linguistics as a science determines its preoccupation with description instead of prescription.3. Synchronic vs. DiachronicSynchronic description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.Actually synchrony is a fiction since any language is changing as the minutes pass.Diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history.4. Competence vs. PerformanceAccording to Chomsky:A language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence.Performance refers to the actual use of language or the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances in concrete situations.A speaker’s competence is stable while his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors, so a speaker’s performance does not always or equal his supposed competence.He believes that linguists ought to study competence rather than performance.5. Langue vs. CompetenceAccording to Chomsky:Langue is a social product, a systematic inventory of rules of the language, a set of conventions for a speech community.Competence is defined from the psychological point of view, is deemed as a property of the mind of each individuals, or underlying competence as a system of generative processes.According to Hymes:He approaches language from a socio-cultural viewpoint with the aim of studying the varieties of ways of speaking on the part of individual and the community.He extended notion of competence, restricted by Chomsky to a knowledge of grammar, to incorporate the pragmatic ability for language use. This extended idea of competence can be called communicative competence.III. Answer the following questions in brief:1. The following are some book titles of linguistics. Can you judge the synchronic ordiachronic orientation just from the titles?1) English Examined: Two Centuries of Comment on the Mother Tongue2) Protean Shape: A Study in Eighteenth-century Vocabulary and Usage3) Pejorative Sense Development in English4) The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation5) Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular1) diachronic 2）synchronic 3）diachronic 4）synchronic5）We can’t judge whether it is synchronic or diachronic orientation just from the titles.2. What is language? What is linguistics?Language can be defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication and interaction.Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. The aims of linguistic theory: 1) what is knowledge of language? (Competence) 2) how is knowledge of language acquired? (Acquisition) 3) how is knowledge of language put to use? (Performance/language processing). Main branches of linguistics:Phonetics, Phonology Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics.3. How do you understand performative function of language?The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons or the situations of events, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies.The kind of language employed in performative verbal acts is usually quite formal and even ritualized.The performative function can extend to the control of reality as on some magical or religious occasions.For example, in Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an as a means of controlling the invisible forces which the believers feel might affect their lives adversely.IV. Discuss the following question in detail.How do you interpret the viewpoint that “arbitrariness is a matter of degree”?1)Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning, even with onomatopoeic words:The dog barks bow wow in English but “汪汪汪” in Chinese.2) Arbitrariness at the syntactic level: language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.⏹He came in and sat down.⏹He sat down and came in.⏹He sat down after he came in.3) The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention.⏹Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative.⏹Conventionality of language makes learning a languagelaborious.Chapter 2 Speech Sounds I. Complete the following statements.1. Human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and conceptswhich are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as __________.2. The sound [p] can be described with “voiced, __________, stop.”3. The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically differentbut do not make one word different from another in meaning,, are_________. 4. Both semantics and ________ investigate linguistic meaning, but they focus ondifferent aspects.5. If certain linguistics tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language andsettle the disputes over usage once and for all, it is ___________ linguistics.6. Phones that fall into allophones of a phoneme have to satisfy two conditions, oneis they are ___________________, and another is that they should be in _____________________.7. The vowel ________ is high front tense unrounded.8. A dog cannot tell people that its master will be home in a few days, because itslanguage does not have the feature of ___________.9. Computational linguistics often refers to the problems of ________________,information retrieval, and ______________.10. Halliday proposed a theory of metafunctions of language, that is, language has___________, ____________ and _____________ functions.II. Define the following terms.1. Manner of articulation:2. Distinctive features:3. Intonation:4. Assimilation:III. Answer the following questions briefly.1. Specify the difference between each pair of sounds using distinctive features.1) [l] [ł ] 2) [p h] [p] 3) [b] [d] 4) [k] [g] 5) [I] [u]2. Work out the features of the following sounds.1) [t h] ________________________________________2) [w] ________________________________________3) [v] ________________________________________4) [ð] _________________________________________5) [l] __________________________________________3. In some dialects of English the following words have different vowels, as shownby the phonetic transcription. Based on these data, answer the questions that follow.A B. Cbite [bʌi t]bide [ba i d]tie [ta i]rice [rʌi s]rise [ra i z]by [ba i]type [tʌi p]bribe [b r aib] sigh [s a i]wife [wʌi f]wives [wa i vz]die [d a i]tyke [tʌi k]time [ta i m]why [wa i]1) What is the difference of the sounds that end the words in columns A and B?2) How do the words in column C differ from those in column A and B?3) Are [ʌi] and [a i] in complementary distribution? Give your reasons.4) What are the phonetic transcriptions of (a) life and (b) lives?5) What would the phonetic transcriptions of the following words be in the dialectsof English shown in the data?(a) trial (b) bike (c) lice(d) fly (e) mine6) State the rule that will relate the phonemic representations to be phonetictranscriptions of the words given above.IV. Discuss the questions in details.1. Illustrate phoneme, phone and allophone.2. To what extent is phonology related ot phonetics and how do they differ?。
英语语言学练习题
英语语言学练习题英语语言学概论练习题一、名词解释1、任意性2、二重性3、创造性4、人际功能5、句法学6、语言7、语音学8、逆构词法9、音位10、语篇功能11、能力倾向测试12、模拟交际性操练13、综合训练14、水平测试15、整体教学二、选择题1、人类可以发出各种声音，但只有其中一部分成为语言（）的单位。
A、统一B、系统C、规定D、确定2、言语器官也经常被称作“（）”。
它们是人体中参与制造言语的部分。
A、语言器官B、发出器官D、语音器官3、语义学在语境中研究意义，它是在特定的场景中处理（）的话语尤其注重于不同社会场景影响语言诠释的方法。
A、假定B、确定C、特定D、指定4、话语是一个连续的过程，所以发音器官不是从一毓分离的步聚中从一个音段移到（）音段。
A、每个B、上一个C、下一个D、前音段5、音位分析的这样一个原则为依据：一些语音会导致词的意义的变化。
A、语言B、语音C、语法D、语句6、建立一套语音符号的想法是（）年最先由丹麦语法学家叶斯伯森提出的。
A、1900B、1892C、1886D、19217、发音器官因为气流而产生颤动，形成（）。
A、颤音B、触音C、闪音8、封闭词类的成员数目是确定的、有限的，新成员不会有规律地增加，国此代词、介词、连词、（）等是封闭词类。
A、名词B、动词C、形容词D、冠词9、聚合关系，索绪论尔原本叫做（）关系，是指在结构的某个特殊位置上彼此可以相互替换的成分之间的关系。
A、组合B、联想C、替换D、系统10、根据音系学中的区别特征，一些语言学家建议也应设语义特征或叫（）。
A、语义成分B、语义结构C、语义词汇D、语义体11、（）作为语境，影响句子和词平面的解释，给可能有歧义的词或短语指示一个确定的解释方向。
A、效应B、话语C、假定D、特殊语境12、从20世纪20年代到（）年代，美国人类学家如鲍阿斯、萨丕尔、沃尔夫，进行了一项紧迫而重要的工作——重建美洲印第安语。
A、40B、50C、60D、7013、奥斯汀理论的第一步认为句子有两类：施为句和（）。
语言学第二章作业
语⾔学第⼆章作业Unit 2 The Sounds of EnglishI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1 Of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recentlythe most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics2. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.3 sound(p)in the word “spit” is an inspirited stop4. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.5 super segmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of unitslarger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence6. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting onesound for another result in a change of meaning.7 The airstream provided by the lungs has undergo a number of modification to acquirethe quality of a speech sound8. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segmentwhich occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.9 Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and donot contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce different word, but merely a different pronunciation10. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.11. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence oftwo or more phonemic segments.12. [i:] and [i] are allophones of the same phoneme.13. Not all English phonemes have allophones.Note: /N/ and /j/ occur in one single position and therefore do not have allophones.14. The same set of vowels is used in all languages.15. All syllables must contain at least one vowel.Note: Some syllables may contain no vowels. They may, instead, employ some syllabic consonant, as in people and muscle.16. The marking of word stress is arbitrary for the most part in English.17. English is a tone language.Note: Chinese is a tone language.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1 When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the wordin isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.2 A _________ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing thesounds of speech3 P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particularlanguage and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.4 speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound.There movements have an effect on the a__________ coming from the lungs5 The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three importantcavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.6 Consonant sounds can be either v ________ or v________, while all vowel sounds arev__________7 T_______ is pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibrationof the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.8 The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the t _________and the lips9 Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds ofStress: word stress and s_________ stress. III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:10p ____________ is the smallest linguisticIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1 Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A [z] B[w] C[b] D[v]2 Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords3 The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal4 which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A [if:] B[u] C [e] D[i:]5 __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/6 The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a featureof a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar7 Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to beA. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair8 Pitch variation is known as ________when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A intonationB toneC pronunciationD voice9 The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodentals fricative10 which branch of phonetics concern the production of speech sounds?A caustic phoneticsB articulatory phoneticsC auditory phoneticsD neither of themIV. Define the terms below:1. Free variation2. Allophone3 International Phonetic Alphabet4 intonation5. sonority scale6 phonemic contrast7 minimal pair8 rounded vowelV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex amples for illustration if necessary:1 what is stress in a word? For words of more than one syllable, how are they pronounced?2 What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?3. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.4. What does speech sounds for human being?5 In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?6. A phoneme can be further analyzed into a set of distinctive features. For example, /p/ is defined as composed of such distinctive features as[plosive]+[bi-labial]+[breathed] because each of them can distinguish /p/ from some other phonemes. However, the property of aspiration contained in the allophone [ph] does not distinguish meaning and therefore is not a distinctive feature in this case.ASK:(1) What distinctive feature makes /f/ and /v/ different?(2) Can you specify the distinctive features for the following phonemes?(a) /F/ (b) /k/ (c) /n/7. Some phonetic transcriptions below are English words, some are not existing words but are possible words or nonsense words, and others are definitely “foreign” or impossible because they violate English sequential constraints. Specify each of the a-e cases as illustrated.Word Possible Foreign ReasonExample:[pa:k] park[tif] √[lkib] √ Initial [l] must precede a vowel.a. [?a:f]b. [ski:]c.[knait]d.[meij]e.[blaft]8. Collect some data to show that English advertisements, newspaper headlines, English songs, and presidential addressee sometimes make use of alliteration and rhyming.Unit 2 The Sounds of EnglishAnswer:I.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1F 2F 3T 4F 5T 6T 7T 8F 9T 10 T 11 T 12F 13 T 14 T 15.F 16. F 17.F 18. FII.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1 intonation 2articulatory 3 Phonology4 airstream5 oral 6voiced; voiceless;voiced7 tone 8 tongue 9 sentence10 phonemesIII.There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement1 B 2.C 3.A 4 B 5.B 6 D 7A 8A 9D 10 BIV. Define the terms below:1 free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units ofmeaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with oth e r morphemes.2 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments are called the allophones of that phoneme.3 International phonetic alphabet: t is a standardized and internationally accepted systemof phonetic transcription.4 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather thanthe word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.5 sonority scale:the sonority scale works in the combination of consonant .the degreeof sonority of different classes of sound affects their possible positions in the syllable. vowels are the most sonorous ones and approximants, nasals and fricatives follow vowels. stops are the least sonorous ones6phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes.If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.7 minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for onesound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.8 rounded vowel: one of the criteria used in the classification of vowels is the shapeof the lips. If a vowel is pronounced with the lips rounded, then the vowel in question is a rounded vowelV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex amples for illustration if necessary:1what is stress in a word? For words of more than one syllable, how are they pronounced?Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable, for words of more than one syllable, one is more stressed than the other .the more stressed syllable is the primary wile the less stressed syllable is known as the secondary stress 2. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.3 Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import andimport. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun anda phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the Englishcompounds, is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is aparticular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.2) The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives , adverbs,etc are pronouncedWith greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.” for example. To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.3)English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When spokenin different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings.Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is astraight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes aquestion of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.4. What does speech sounds for human being?Human being are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of there sounds have become units in the language sysem, there units are called speech sounds for human being5 In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme , or not?A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substitutingone sound for other results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.6. (1) What distinctive feature makes /f/ and /v/ different?[voiced](2) Can you specify the distinctive features for the following phonemes?(a) /F/ [fricative] + [voiceless] + [palatal](b) /k/ [velar]+[voiceless]+[plosive](c) /n/ [nasal]+[voiced] +[alveolar]7. Some phonetic transcriptions below are English words, some are not existing wordsbut are possible words or nonsense words, and others are definitely “foreign”or impossible because they violate English sequential constraints. Specify each of the a-e cases as illustrated.Word Possible Foreign ReasonExample:[pa:k][tif][lkib]a. [?a:f] √ [N] must occur after a vowel.b. [ski:] skic.[knait] √d.[meij] √ [j] must occur initially before avowel.e.[blaft] √8. Collect some data to show that English advertisements, newspaper headlines, English songs, and presidential addressee sometimes make use of alliteration and rhyming. OmitCopyright (C) 2009 南京农业⼤学外国。
语言学作业（Linguisticshomework）
语言学作业（Linguistics homework）1章。
邀请语言学对于每个问题，答案有四种选择。
在某些情况下，只有一种选择是正确的，而在另一种情况下，应该选择一种以上。
选择所有正确的。
1。
下列哪一项是语言的设计特征？任意性b二元性C.人际关系D.位移2。
我们说的_____因为语言有其双重性和递归性。
任意性B创造性C. C.人际关系D.位移三.“我可以引用孔子虽然他2000年前死的。
”这说明语言具有_____设计特点。
任意性b.创造性。
4。
移位性赋予人类的力量来处理_____。
任意性和创造性B.概括和抽象C.人际关系D.施为功能5。
下面哪一个不是关于语言起源的理论？弓理论C.“他和他”理论。
6。
下列哪一种理论认为语言的起源是痛苦、愤怒和欢乐的本能声音？弓理论C.“他和他”理论。
7。
关于雅各布森语言功能框架，下列哪个陈述是正确的？参考功能是为了自己而沉迷于语言。
情感功能是传递信息和信息。
C.意动功能是清楚的意图，词汇和意义。
D.寒暄功能是建立与他人的交流。
8。
在韩礼德的语言功能理论中，下列哪一项是正确的？概念关系。
9。
对于纯粹的喜悦的语言使用说明语言具有_____功能。
A. B. C. D.元信息娱乐表演10。
_____研究词语的内部组织。
音系学B形态学C语义学d句法11。
_____关注治理结构规则，分布和序列的语音。
A.语音学B.形态学C.语用学D.音韵学12。
_____在语境中研究意义。
语义学B.语用学C.社会语言学，心理语言学13。
在第十八世纪，研究_____是所有主要的欧洲语言。
A. B. C. D.描述性规范的同步性14。
“不要结束句子介词。
“这是_____规则的一个例子。
A.说明性B。
15。
语言和言语的区分是由_____提出。
布卢姆菲尔德·B·索绪尔·C·乔姆斯基·D·韩礼德。
16。
能力与绩效之间的区别是由_____。
A.布卢姆菲尔德B.索绪尔C.乔姆斯基D.海姆斯17。
语言学作业 (小论文)
On Arbitrariness of LanguageIt is reasonable that we use “fufu” to represent the sound the wind, “dongdong” to stand for the sound of drum and the “zi xing che” to mean bicycle in our Chinese mandarin. According to these facts, some people claim that some language signs don’t carry the design features of arbitrariness of language discussed by Saussure.The widely accepted meaning of the arbitrariness which was discussed by Saussure first refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. To put it simply, the relationship of meaning and sound of language signs is not absolute, but prescribed by human beings. We can deepen our understanding from the following aspects.Firstly, the combination of meaning and sound is arbitrary, that is to say it is arbitrary that we can use different kind of voice forms to express different meaningful contents. There are more around 5500 languages in the word according to the research conducted by German. Why the language is so complicated in the world? The simple reason is that the inconsistency between the voice forms and meaningful contents when human beings created the languages. For example, the “书”is called “shu” in Chinese，but it is called “book ” in English. Actually, they are the same object, but pronounced differently.Secondly, it is not equivalent between the voice and meaning indifferent languages. The same voice forms can represent different meaning contents in other languages and also we use different meaningful contents to express the same voice form. Taking the “long” for example, it means “dragon” in Chinese and “great amount of time and something is not short” in English. Taking “uncle” for another example, in Chinese, it means “叔、伯、舅、姨父、姑父”.Lastly, the relationship between the voice forms and the meaningful contents in the same language is also arbitrary. We all know that there are many dialects in our China. The same thing shall be pronounced differently.The above three aspects can fully illustrate the arbitrariness of languages. However, it should be noticed that there are different levels of arbitrariness.。
语篇作业设计
语篇作业设计语篇作业设计是指根据教学目标和教材内容，设计适合学生的语言任务和练习活动的过程。
它能够帮助学生巩固所学的知识和技能，提高他们的语言能力和综合运用能力。
本文将讨论语篇作业设计的重要性以及设计语篇作业的一些建议。
语篇作业设计能够帮助学生更好地理解和运用所学的语言知识。
通过设计适合学生水平和学习目标的语篇作业，可以帮助学生将语言知识应用到实际语境中，提高他们的语言运用能力。
例如，可以设计一篇关于旅行经历的作文，要求学生运用所学的过去时态和描述性词汇来叙述自己的旅行经历，这样可以帮助学生巩固和运用所学的语言知识。
语篇作业设计能够培养学生的语言思维能力和创造力。
通过设计一些开放性的语篇作业，可以激发学生的思维，培养他们的创造力和表达能力。
例如，可以设计一个讨论性的作业，要求学生就某个话题展开讨论，并提出自己的观点和理由，这样可以培养学生的思辨能力和表达能力。
在设计语篇作业时，需要注意以下几点。
首先，要根据学生的水平和学习目标来设计作业，确保作业的难度和要求适合学生。
其次，要确保作业的内容有足够的挑战性，能够激发学生的学习兴趣和积极性。
同时，要确保作业的要求清晰明确，学生能够理解和完成作业。
最后，要给学生提供充足的时间来完成作业，并及时给予反馈和指导，帮助他们提高自己的语言能力。
语篇作业设计是提高学生语言能力和综合运用能力的重要手段。
通过设计适合学生的语篇作业，可以帮助学生巩固所学的知识和技能，提高他们的语言能力和综合运用能力。
同时，要注意作业设计的难度和要求，确保作业的清晰明确，学生能够理解和完成作业。
希望本文的内容能够对语篇作业设计有所帮助。
语言学作业Word版
2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?答： The major branches of linguistics are:(1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication;(2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication;(3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words;(4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;(5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language;(6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use.7. What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?答： First of all, language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what thesymbol stands for.Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.Fourth, language is human-specific, i. e., it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.8. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?答：The main features of human language are termed design features. They include:1) ArbitrarinessLanguage is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.2) ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.3) DualityLanguage consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.4) DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what “displacement” means.5) Cultural transmissionWhile human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e., we were all born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.8. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophones related to a phoneme?答： A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. A phoneme is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, the phoneme /l/ in English can be realized as dark [?], clear [l], etc. which are allophones of the phoneme /l/.4. The italicized part in each of the following sentences is an inflectional morpheme. Study each inflectional morpheme carefully and point out its grammatical meaning.Sue moves in high-society circles in London.A traffic warden asked John to move his car.The club has moved to Friday, February 22nd.The branches of the trees are moving back and forth.答：(1) the third person singular(2) the past tense(3) the present perfect(4) the present progressive4. How can words opposite in meaning be classified? To which category does each of the following pairs of antonyms belong?north/south vacant/occupied literate/illiterate above/belowdoctor/patient wide/narrow poor/rich father/daughter答：They can be gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms and relational oppositeGradable antonyms: literate/illiterate wide /narrow poor/richComplementary antonyms: vacant/occupiedRelational opposite: north/south, doctor/patient, father/daughter, above/below5. Identify the relations between the following pairs of sentences:Tom's wife is pregnant. My sister will soon be divorced'Tom has a wife. My sister is a married woman.He likes seafood, They are going to have another baby.He likes crabs. They have a child.答：“Tom's wife is pregnant” presupposes “Tom has a wife.”“My sister will soon be divorced” presupposes “My sister is a married woman.”“He likes seafood” is entailed by “He likes crabs.”“They are going to have another baby” presupposes “They have a child.”8. Try to analyze the following sentences in terms of predication analysis:The man sells ice-cream. Is the baby sleeping? It is snowing. The tree grows well.答：The man sells ice-cream.MAN, ICE-CREAM (SELL)Is the baby sleeping?BABY (SLEEP)It is snowing.(SNOW)The tree grows well.TREE (GROW)4. Try to think of contexts in which the following sentences can be used for other purposes than just stating facts:a) The room is messy.b) Oh, it is raining!c) The music of the movie is good.d) You have been keeping my notes for a whole week now.答：a) A father entered his son’s room and found it is very messy. Then when he said, “The room is messy,” he was blaming his son for not tidying it up.b) A son asked his father to play with him outside. So when the father said, “Oh, it’s raining”, he meant they couldn’t play outside.c) Two persons just watched a movie and had a discussion of it. One person said, “The story of the movie is very moving”, so when the other person said, “The music of the movie is good”, he meant he didn't think the story of the movie was good.d) A person wanted his notes back, so when he said, “you have been keeping my notes for a whole week now”, he was demanding the return of his notes.8. What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?答： Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes asfollows:Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:(1) The maxim of quantity① Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of the exchange).② Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.(2) The maxim of quality① Do not say what you believe to be false.② Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.(3) The maxim of relationBe relevant.(4) The maxim of manner① Avoid obscurity of expression.② Avoid ambiguity.③ Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).④ Be orderly.5. What is register as used by Halliday? Illustrate it with an example of your own.答： According to Halliday, “Language varies as its function varies; it differs in different situations.” The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register. Halliday further distinguishes three social variables that determine the register: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse.For example, a lecture on linguistics could be identified asField: scientific (linguistic)Tenor: teacher — students (formal, polite)Mode: oral (academic lecturing)2. What do you think of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? Give examples or proof to support your point of view.答： The studies have shed new light on our understanding of the hypothesis: people tend to sort out and distinguish experiences differently according to the semantic categories provided by their different codes.Here is an example. English-speaking culture teaches its people to name what is practical, useful and important. In a general sense, the important things take on specific nameswhile the less important things have general names that must be modified through additional words to become specific. A good illustration of this point is the word snow in Eskimo and English.2. Explain with an example that the evaluation of language is social rather than linguistic.答：The evaluation of language is social rather than linguistic. This is because every language or language variety can express all ideas that its native speakers want to express. That is to say, language and language variety are equal in expressing meaning. For example, the much-prejudiced Black English can be used by the black people to communicate with each other without feeling any hindrance. But many other people think Black English is not pure English because it does not conform to their grammar and not adopted by educated people. As a result, many people feel shameful to use Black English. From this example we can know that the evaluation of language is social, not linguistic.2. Among the language acquisition theories mentioned in this chapter, which one do you think is more reasonable and convincing? Explain why.答： The language acquisition theories mentioned in this chapter have different emphasis on different aspects. Behaviorists view sounds reasonable in explaining the routine aspects, the innatist accounts most plausible in explaining children's acquiring complex system, and the interactive description convincing in understanding how children learn and use the language appropriately from their environment. In my opinion, behaviorists view is more reasonable and convincing because language acquisition is a process of enforcing and reinforcing. Only through this process can a person learn a language well.友情提示：本资料代表个人观点，如有帮助请下载，谢谢您的浏览！。
语言学作业第一章
语言学作业班级:Chapter 1 Invitations to LinguisticsI. Please illustrate the following terms.1. Arbitrariness:The forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.The different levels of arbitrariness:(1) Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning, even with onomatopoeic words(2) Arbitrariness at the syntactic level: language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.(3) The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention.2. DualityThe property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.3. Phatic communionPhatic communion refers to the social interaction of language.4. Synchronic linguistics:A synchronic description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.II. Please distinguish the following terms:1. Langue vs. ParoleLangue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speechcommunity, that is, the lexicon, grammar, and phonology implanted in each individual, and it is the linguist ' s proper object;Parole refers to the realization of langue, the immediately accessible data. While parole constitutes the immediately accessible data, and it is a mass of confused facts, so it is not suitable for systematic investigation.(1) Langue is abstract, while parole is specific to the situation in which it occurs.(2) Langue is not actually spoken by anyone, while parole is always a naturally occurring event.(3) Langue is relatively stable, systematic and social, while parole is subject to personal, individual and situational constraints.(4) Langue is essential while parole is accessory and accidental.2. Descriptive vs. PrescriptiveThe distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.Traditional grammar was very strongly normative in character. The grammarians tried to lay down rules for the correct use of language and settle the disputes over usage once and for all. That isprescriptive.These attitudes are still with us, though people realize nowadays the facts of usage count more than the authority-made “ standardsTh”e.nature of linguistics as a science determines its preoccupation with description instead of prescription.3. Synchronic vs. DiachronicSynchronic description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind. Actually synchrony is a fiction since any language is changing as the minutes pass.Diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history.4. Competence vs. PerformanceAccording to Chomsky:A language user's underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence.Performance refers to the actual use of language or the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances in concrete situations.A speaker 'csompetence is stable while his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors, so a speaker ' s performance does not always or equal his supposed competence.He believes that linguists ought to study competence rather than performance.5. Langue vs. Competence According to Chomsky:Langue is a social product, a systematic inventory of rules of the language, a set of conventions for a speech community.Competence is defined from the psychological point of view, is deemed as a property of the mind of each individuals, or underlying competence as a system of generative processes.According to Hymes:He approaches language from a socio-cultural viewpoint with the aim of studying the varieties of ways of speaking on the part of individual and the community.He extended notion of competence, restricted by Chomsky to a knowledge of grammar, to incorporate the pragmatic ability for language use. This extended idea of competence can be called communicative competence.III. Answer the following questions in brief:1. The following are some book titles of linguistics. Can you judge the synchronic or diachronicorientation just from the titles?1) English Examined: Two Centuries of Comment on the Mother Tongue2) Protean Shape: A Study in Eighteenth-century Vocabulary and Usage3) Pejorative Sense Development in English4) The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-Formation5) Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular1) diachronic 2)synchronic 3)diachronic 4)synchronic5)We can't judge whether it is synchronic or diachronic orientation just from the titles.2. What is language? What is linguistics?Language can be defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication and interaction.Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. The aims of linguistic theory: 1) what is knowledge of language? (Competence) 2) how is knowledge of language acquired? (Acquisition) 3) how is knowledge of language put to use? (Performance/language processing). Main branches of linguistics: Phonetics, Phonology Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics.3. How do you understand performative function of language?The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons or the situations of events, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies.The kind of language employed in performative verbal acts is usually quite formal and even ritualized.The performative function can extend to the control of reality as on some magical or religious occasions. For example, in Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an as a means of controlling the invisible forces which the believers feel might affect their lives adversely.IV. Discuss the following question in detail.How do you interpret the viewpoint that “arbitrariness is a matter of degree ”?1) Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning, even with onomatopoeic words: The dog barks bow wow in English but 汪汪汪” inChinese.2) Arbitrariness at the syntactic level: language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.He came in and sat down.He sat down and came in.He sat down after he came in.3) The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention.Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative. Conventionality oflanguage makes learning a languagelaborious.Chapter 2 Speech Sounds I. Complete the following statements.1. Human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and conceptswhich are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as __________ .2. The sound [p] can be described with“voiced, ______ , stop”.3. The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different butdo not make one word different from another in meaning,, are ___________ .4. Both semantics and _______ investigate linguistic meaning, but they focus ondifferent aspects.5. If certain linguistics tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language andsettle the disputes over usage once and for all, it is __________ linguistics.6. Phones that fall into allophones of a phoneme have to satisfy two conditions, oneis they are ____________________ , and another is that they should be in7. The vowel ______ is high front tense unrounded.8. A dog cannot tell people that its master will be home in a few days, because itslanguage does not have the feature of __________ .9. Computational linguistics often refers to the problems of ________________ ,information retrieval, and ____________ .10. Halliday proposed a theory of metafunctions of language, that is, language has, _______ and _________ functions.II. Define the following terms.1. Manner of articulation:2. Distinctive features:3. Intonation:4. Assimilation:III. Answer the following questions briefly.1. Specify the difference between each pair of sounds using distinctive features.1) [l] [?] 2) [p h] [p] 3) [b] [d] 4) [k] [g] 5) [I] [u]2. Work out the features of the following sounds.1) [t h] _______________________________________2) [w] ______________________________________3) [v] _______________________________________4) [e] ________________________________________5) [l] ________________________________________3. In some dialects of English the following words have different vowels, as shownby the phonetic transcription. Based on these data, answer the questions thatfollow.A B. Cbite [b?i t] bide [baid] tie [tai]rice [r?i s] rise [raiz] by [bai]type [t?i p] bribe [braib] sigh [sai]wife [w?i f] wives [wa ivz] die [dai]tyke [t?i k] time [tai m] why [wai]1) What is the difference of the sounds that end the words in columns A and B?2) How do the words in column C differ from those in column A and B?3) Are [?i ] and [ai] in complementary distribution? Give your reasons.4) What are the phonetic transcriptions of (a)life and (b) lives?5) What would the phonetic transcriptions of the following words be in the dialects ofEnglish shown in the data?(a) trial (b) bike (c) lice(d) fly (e) mine6) State the rule that will relate the phonemic representations to be phonetictranscriptions of the words given above.IV. Discuss the questions in details.1. Illustrate phoneme, phone and allophone.2. To what extent is phonology related ot phonetics and how do they differ?。
语言学作业——精选推荐
语⾔学作业浅谈英语中的歧义现象摘要：语⾔歧义属于语义学研究的范畴。
本⽂旨在从语义和句法三⽅⾯分析引起英语中歧义产⽣的各种因素，找出歧义产⽣的各种原因，并分析了应该如何理解英语歧义。
关键词：英语歧义、语⾳、词汇、语法、歧义理解、语⽤效果⼀、概述在语⾔界，语⾔学家对歧义的概念众说不⼀，歧义是指句⼦的特征，即⼀个句⼦有多个释义，⽽句⼦⼜没有提供⾜够的信息，以确定其含义。
【1】歧义现象是任何⾃然语⾔都具有的普遍特征，同⼀形式对应于不同内容，就是歧义现象。
【2】语义模糊和歧义是性质不同的两种情况。
语义模糊指⼈们对⼀些事情了解不深从⽽有意⽆意地造成语义模糊现象。
歧义是特殊的，⽽模糊是普遍的，区分这两种语⾔的不确定现象对英语学习和使⽤都有帮助。
【3】歧义是⼀个⾮常普遍的语⾔现象，它存在于任何⼀种⾃然语⾔中，英语也不例外。
英语中歧义结构多种多样，歧义句举不胜举。
那么在英语中，这些歧义具体是由哪些原因引起的呢？应该如何理解歧义句？它们⼜有什么样的语⽤功能呢？这些都是我们在本⽂中将要讨论的问题。
⼆、英语歧义现象产⽣的原因根据不同的标准对歧义可以进⾏种种不同的分类。
现代语义学家把英语中的歧义现象分为两类，即语义歧义和句法歧义。
【4】1 语义歧义1.1 ⼀词多义和同形异义请看以下例句：Please make her dress fast. 句中的“dress”是多义词。
作名词时，可解释为：“请赶快缝制好她的套装”。
作动词时，解释为：“请让她赶快穿⾐服”。
My friend drove me to the bank. 句中的“bank”是同形异义词，作“银⾏”解释时，全句意为：“我朋友开车送我去银⾏”。
作“河岸”解释时，全句意为：“我朋友开车送我去河岸”。
1.2 词义的转移请看下⾯的例句：Please give me a came1. 句中的名词“camel”原意为“骆驼”。
但在这个句⼦⾥“camel”的意义发⽣了转移，指“⼀⽀‘骆驼牌’⾹烟”。
语言学作业答案
普通语言学作业一、要求：考查英语中合成词的构成二、目的：通过实例调查英语合成词中复合词和派生词各自所占的比例，以及词复合、词根复合、词派生、词根派生各自所占的比例，力图得出英语复合词中词复合占优势的结论。
三、方式；通过查找工具书来调查，英语工具书汇总如下：1．《郎文英汉双解词典》外研社出版2．《郎文常用英文词根词典》外研社出版3．《英语词根与单词的说文解字》李平武主编4．《英语构词学习手册》赵宏宇主编5．《英语词缀与词根》吕志士主编四、考查对象：英语字母“P”开头的英语单词。
五、相关背景知识介绍：词（word）是语言的基本单位，又是语法分析的基本单位，具有一定的语法功能，即可充当句子成分。
因此我们说词具有语音、语义和语法功能。
其定义为：语言中最小的、能够独立运用的意义单位。
一个词可以由一个或是几个有意义的成分（语素）构成。
如blackbirds是由black ，bird，-s三个成分构成的。
由一个成分构成的词叫简单词或单纯词（simple words）或是单语素词（monomorphemic words），如post，point，path；由两个或是两个以上成分组成的词是合成词（compound words），其中由词或是词根复合而成的词叫做复合词（compounds），由词根或是词加上词缀构成的是派生词（derivatives）。
1．语素和语素的分类语素（morpheme，亦译为词素，源于希腊语morph，意为“form”）是语言中音和义结合的最小单位，即语言中最小的意义单位（minimal unit of meaning），也是语法分析和形态分析的最小单位，所谓最小就是不能再分。
2．由语素和黏着语素语素按能否成为独立运用的语素划分为自由语素（free morpheme）和黏着语素（bound morpheme）。
自由语素指能作为独立运用的语素，如phone，past等等，单语素词都是由一个自由语素构成的。
语篇语言学作业
湖南科技大学外国语学院学期论文课程语篇语言学任课教师刘金明教授作者戴欢学号 0812113提交日期 2009年9月语篇的概念功能解读———以一则广告语篇为例摘要从功能语言学实现概念功能的微观效应手段出发，解读叙事体广告语篇中及物过程类型的选择和分布趋势，揭示其趋势产生深层原因源于叙事体语篇体裁和广告社会目交相作用的结果，从而勾嵌出语言结构层面上的广告语篇的AIDA 原则。
关键词广告语篇；概念功能；及物性分析；叙事体I.引言广告具有特殊的语体特征，既可以是某一单一的文体，也可以是多种文体的混合物，在广告语篇中“将不同类型的文体揉合在一起是常见的现象”。
[1]随着广告目的、表达内容，或者表达者个人风格定位的不同，“广告正文可以运用各种语体的分体式表达，如应用语体的公布式、简介式、新闻式、小说式、诗歌式、散文式、剧本式、以及科学语体的说明式等等”。
[2]由此可见，广告语篇不仅具有广告语体独有的构成成分，而且具有叙事体、描述体等语体特征以及多种语体特征兼具的混合体特点。
但是广告正文最常见的类型是叙述体，[3]这种最基本的语体，不仅常见，还经常以微型语域语篇的形式镶嵌在广告类型的语篇体裁中。
在广告制作过程中，人们钟情于选用叙事体广告正文，但是却忽视了对其功能特点的探讨。
鉴于此，我们结合运用操作性强和应用价值大的实用语篇的分析方法——及物性和作格分析方法，对叙事体广告语篇进行分析，探询其概念功能体现过程中及物过程类型的选择和分布规律及其原因，从另一个层面有效地说明广告制作人在广告制作中的匠心之处。
II.及物性理论功能语法认为能展示现实事态的语法体系就是及物性系统，它是语言用来再现世界的基石，其作用是把人们在现实世界中的所作所为，所见所闻在句中表达成若干种过程，并指明过程的参与者环境成分。
小句的及物过程可以分为：物质过程、心理过程、关系过程、行为过程、言语过程和存在过程。
物质过程就是“做”或“干”的过程，表达的是某一实体（entity）“做”或（“做过”）某件事，狭义地说它表达了某人或某动物做了什么事，或表事件的发生。
语篇作业设计
语篇作业设计在现代教育中，语篇作业设计是一项重要的任务，它旨在帮助学生提高语言表达能力、逻辑思维能力和写作技巧。
本文将探讨语篇作业设计的重要性，并提供一些有效的方法和技巧。
语篇作业设计对于学生的语言能力发展至关重要。
通过完成语篇作业，学生能够锻炼自己的写作技巧，提高表达能力和思维逻辑。
这对于学生的学术发展和日常生活都具有重要意义。
语篇作业设计有助于学生培养批判性思维。
在完成语篇作业的过程中，学生需要分析问题、收集信息、归纳总结，并提出自己的观点和论证。
这种批判性思维的训练将使学生具备更好的分析和解决问题的能力。
为了确保语篇作业设计的质量，有几个关键点需要注意。
首先，语篇作业设计的内容应当独一无二，避免重复。
这意味着每个学生应该有自己独立的思考和表达。
其次，语篇作业设计的结构应当合理，段落明晰。
学生应该有清晰的开头、中间和结尾，并使用适当的标题来增强阅读流畅性。
语篇作业设计的语言表达应当准确无误。
学生应该避免使用过于复杂的句子结构和词汇，以免误导读者或产生歧义。
同时，学生应该尽可能使用准确的中文进行描述，避免使用网络术语或外来词汇。
为了使语篇作业设计更生动有趣，学生可以在写作中加入一些个人经历或观点。
这样可以使文章更富有情感，并使读者感到仿佛是真人在叙述。
然而，学生应避免过多的自我介绍，以免文章显得自我夸耀或不客观。
对于语篇作业设计来说，使用丰富多样的词汇和句式是非常重要的。
学生可以通过阅读优秀的文章和多做练习来丰富自己的词汇量和句式结构。
这样可以使文章更具有表现力和吸引力。
语篇作业设计是一项重要的任务，它对学生的语言能力发展和思维能力培养具有重要意义。
通过合理的结构、准确的表达和丰富多样的词汇，学生可以提高自己的写作水平，从而更好地应对各种语篇作业。
希望本文提供的方法和技巧能够对学生在语篇作业设计中有所帮助。
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湖南科技大学外国语学院学期论文课程语篇语言学任课教师刘金明教授作者戴欢学号 0812113提交日期 2009年9月语篇的概念功能解读———以一则广告语篇为例摘要从功能语言学实现概念功能的微观效应手段出发，解读叙事体广告语篇中及物过程类型的选择和分布趋势，揭示其趋势产生深层原因源于叙事体语篇体裁和广告社会目交相作用的结果，从而勾嵌出语言结构层面上的广告语篇的AIDA 原则。
关键词广告语篇；概念功能；及物性分析；叙事体I.引言广告具有特殊的语体特征，既可以是某一单一的文体，也可以是多种文体的混合物，在广告语篇中“将不同类型的文体揉合在一起是常见的现象”。
[1]随着广告目的、表达内容，或者表达者个人风格定位的不同，“广告正文可以运用各种语体的分体式表达，如应用语体的公布式、简介式、新闻式、小说式、诗歌式、散文式、剧本式、以及科学语体的说明式等等”。
[2]由此可见，广告语篇不仅具有广告语体独有的构成成分，而且具有叙事体、描述体等语体特征以及多种语体特征兼具的混合体特点。
但是广告正文最常见的类型是叙述体，[3]这种最基本的语体，不仅常见，还经常以微型语域语篇的形式镶嵌在广告类型的语篇体裁中。
在广告制作过程中，人们钟情于选用叙事体广告正文，但是却忽视了对其功能特点的探讨。
鉴于此，我们结合运用操作性强和应用价值大的实用语篇的分析方法——及物性和作格分析方法，对叙事体广告语篇进行分析，探询其概念功能体现过程中及物过程类型的选择和分布规律及其原因，从另一个层面有效地说明广告制作人在广告制作中的匠心之处。
II.及物性理论功能语法认为能展示现实事态的语法体系就是及物性系统，它是语言用来再现世界的基石，其作用是把人们在现实世界中的所作所为，所见所闻在句中表达成若干种过程，并指明过程的参与者环境成分。
小句的及物过程可以分为：物质过程、心理过程、关系过程、行为过程、言语过程和存在过程。
物质过程就是“做”或“干”的过程，表达的是某一实体（entity）“做”或（“做过”）某件事，狭义地说它表达了某人或某动物做了什么事，或表事件的发生。
[4] 心理过程表示“感觉”（perception）、“反应”（affection）、“认知”（cognition）心理活动的过程。
心理过程的事件词有（且只能有）两个参与者，一是心理活动的主体即“感知者”（senser），另一个是客体即被感知的“现象”（phenomenon ）。
关系过程表示“是”和“属于”关系的过程，反映事物之间处于何种关系。
它可以分为“归属”（attributive）和“识别”（identifying）两类。
每一类关系过程可以又可以进一步划分为“内包式”（intensive）、“环境式”（circumstantial）和“属有式”（possessive）三种。
[5]行为过程是典型的人类生理和心理的行为，介于物质和心理过程之间，具有物质和心理过程的特点。
言语过程指通过讲话交流信息的过程。
存在过程表示某物存在的过程。
下面我们将使用及物性理论分析汉语叙事体广告语篇，首先弄清楚叙事体语篇的结构特点。
叙述体语篇体裁是一个人造的艺术品，一个完整的叙事应该包括以下六个组成部分：点题（abstract）、指向（orientation）、进展（complicating action）、评议（evaluation）、结局（resolution）和回应（coda），叙事的开始点是点题，然后从指向到进展再到结局，最后是回应，而评议则渗透在进展和结局之中。
III.概念功能解构语言能使人类建构关于现实世界的心理图景并理解周围的环境，人的认知经验是如何体现在广告语言之中的呢？解构下面这则叙事体裁的广告语篇概念意义，其模块化了的经验切分体连缀出一个美丽动人的兰丽绵羊油广告语篇。
很久以前，一双手展开了一个美丽的传奇故事。
（物质过程 1）（点题）‖在很久以前，一个很遥远的地方，有一位讲究饮食的国王（存在过程 1）。
在皇家的御厨房中，有一位烹饪技术高超的厨师。
（存在过程2）他所做的大餐小点极受国王爱好（心理过程1）。
有一天，国王发现点心差了（心理过程 2），将厨师叫来一问（言语过程 1），原来厨师那双巧手变得又红又肿（关系过程 1），当然做不出好的餐点了（物质过程 1）。
国王立即让御医替厨师医治（物质过程 2），可惜无效，逼得厨师不得不离去（物质过程 3）。
（指向）‖①厨师流浪到森林中的一个小村落（物质过程4），②替一位老人牧羊（物质过程 5）。
③常常用手摸羊身上的毛（物质过程 6/7），④渐渐发觉手不疼了（心理过程 3）。
⑤后来，他又帮老人剪羊毛（物质过程8），⑥手上的红肿亦渐渐消失了（物质过程 9）。
⑦他欣喜自己的手痊愈了（心理过程 4）。
（进展）‖他离开老人再返回京城（物质过程 10、 11），正遇上皇家贴出告示征求厨师（物质过程 12 、13、 14）。
于是他蓄发前往应征（物质过程15），所做的大餐小点，极获国王欣赏（心理过程 5）。
他知道自己的手恢复了过去的灵巧（心理过程 6）。
当他被录用（物质过程16），剃了胡须（物质过程 17），大家才发现他就是过去的大厨师（心理过程 7）（关系过程 1 内包式）。
（结局）‖国王召见他（物质过程 18），问他手是如何治好的（言语过程1）（物质过程19）。
他想了想说（言语过程 2），大概是用手不断整理羊毛（物质过程 20），获得无意中的治疗（物质过程 21）。
（评议）‖根据这点线索，国王让科学家们详加研究（物质过程 22）。
结果发现，羊毛中含有一种自然的油脂（关系过程 2 属有式），提炼出来有治疗皮肤病的功能（关系过程3 属有式），并由国王命名为“兰丽”（关系过程 4 内包式）。
（回应）‖上述广告语篇遵从叙述体语篇体裁的生成结构潜势：点题＾指向＾进展＾结果＾评议＾回应。
点题部分首先采用了典型的叙事语篇开场白套语：“很久以前，一双手展开了一个美丽的传奇故事”。
接着在指向部分，选用了两个存在过程：1）在很久以前，一个很遥远的地方，有一位讲究饮食的国王。
2）在皇家的御厨房中，有一位烹饪技术高超的厨师，使用常用讲故事的模式，拉开了故事的序幕。
语篇伊始三个小句中环境因子的出现，限定了故事发生的时间和地点：很久之间/皇家的御厨房中；存现过程的存在物：一位讲究美食的国王/一位烹饪技术高超的厨师，打开了读者（受众）想象的空间：国王和厨师之间会发生什么样的故事？怎样发生的？结果会如何？两个心理过程的选择明确了国王和厨师之间不同寻常的关系，接着连续使用的三个物质过程把故事推向发展阶段。
进展阶段由7个小句构成，7 个小句共选择了6个物质过程和2 个心理过程。
通过物质过程的选用受众清楚了厨师做了什么，什么样的事情发生在他身上。
小句过程的事件词均按照外部时间的先后顺序，一个接着一个地出现：厨师流浪…牧…摸…帮/剪…手（的红肿）消失。
整个进展阶段的叙事句中第 1 和第 6 小句是以无目标的不及物形式出现，2、4、5 几个物质过程小句是以有目标的及物形式出现的，而且目标涉及的对象是“羊”和“羊毛”。
虽然小句中动作执行者始终是厨师，但是从作格角度对这几个物质过程进行分析，就能够发现厨师手痊愈的真正原因。
与及物分析法一样，作格分析法也是建立在对过程的分析之上的，作格（Ergativity）关心的是行为或事件（小句）逻辑上的施动者（initiator or instigator），即韩礼德所谓的施事者（agent）；作格小句中至少有一个主要的参与者，叫medium（中介），作格小句中的中介是必不可少的，medium 不是doer 也不是causer，而是实体（entity），是一个特殊参与6（Halliday，1994：163）；作格小句主要探讨某实体属于某动作和状态的外部原因是否存在。
句①中“流浪”的动作者是“厨师”，流浪到森林的真正原因是“手上的疾病”造成的；“牧、摸、剪”动作的发起者是“厨师”，但是促使这些动作发生的中介却都是同一样事物“羊（毛）”，因而中介“羊毛”也成了促使“手上的红肿渐渐消失了”产生的外在原因，同时也说明了“……红肿消失”该动作的发生不是自主进行的而是由于“羊毛”特殊作用。
此处蕴涵着一个极其重要的广告信息：羊毛有种特殊功效，能消肿治疗手疾。
这个广告信息不是广告制作人明明白白地表达来的，而是由受众自己依据故事情节的发展，结合自己的认知语境总结得出的。
在叙事体广告语篇的结局、评价和回应阶段，也更多地选择了物质过程，共21个及物过程中，13个物质过程。
评议阶段使用了2个言语过程，增强了故事的生动性，在动态的话语语境中推出广告产品“兰丽绵羊油”，讲故事的目的在于衬托兰丽绵羊油，其故事的展开亦紧紧围绕这一点。
在作者绘声绘色的讲述中受众把兰丽绵羊油的信息深深地印刻在脑海里了。
上述广告语篇中选择了36 个及物过程小句，其中物质过程是22 个，心理过程 6 个，关系过程4，言语过程 2 个，物质过程在整个语篇过程选择中所占的比例高达百分之六十一。
分析说明叙事体广告语篇中在及物过程的选择上，物质过程的分布比率最大；物质过程小句的高频率的使用反映出广告正文叙事体裁的语篇特征。
IV.小结和讨论叙事体广告语篇在及物过程类型的选择上以物质过程为主，其主要原因是受（叙事体）广告语篇体裁的社会目的影响。
物质过程的目的是表现描述外部世界的动作行为，叙事体广告语篇的体裁目的是通过向受众讲述发生在某个人身上的故事，或使用证言性正文来宣传产品和服务。
可见，物质过程的符号内涵和叙事体广告语篇体裁的社会交际目的是一致的。
从这一点上来讲，物质过程在叙事体广告语篇中高频率的选择是对文化语境层面和语篇语言层面选择的一种相互非标记制约和实现。
广告制作人选用叙事体裁作为广告正文时，常常以生动感人的故事情节，吸引受众的注意力（Attention），引起情感共鸣（Interest），让受众对广告产品产生强烈的渴求心理（Desire），于感动之中采取购买行动（Action）。
因此可以说广告中叙事正文的选用、叙事体裁的嵌入使用、物质过程小句高频率出现，从深层语言结构层面诠释了广告宣传的AIDA原则。
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