《局解实验答辩》PPT课件

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课题申请答辩ppt模板

课题申请答辩ppt 模板篇一：准备申报科研项目答辩的PPT的思路如何准备申报科研项目答辩的PPT这是三篇系列博文的第二篇，第一篇为“如何准备学术会议发言的PPT，下一篇我准备写“如何科研成果报奖答辩的PPT，什么时候有心情就什么时候动手。

在过去的蹉跎岁月中，我经历过无数次不同规格的答辩，有时候作为运动员有时候作为裁判员，可谓体会多多，也曾就临场发挥写过精彩的博文“答辩”。

如果在我的博客里输入“答辩”可能还会检索到不少相关的博文。

在我作为运动员上场的答辩场合，有成功的经典，也有失败的忧伤。

成败有多种决定因素，有些是某一个个体不能控制的，有些则是可以很好地把握的。

既然如此，面对那些严肃认真而且竞争惨烈的答辩，每一个环节都不能掉以轻心，否则还不如不出手。

你可以很清高，但答辩不是你玩清高的场合。

今天要谈的是如何准备用于申报科研项目答辩的PPT没有人可以怀疑这个问题的重要性，除非你牛到可以让大多数评委必须向你点头哈腰的程度。

1重要的答辩事先都会接到“答辩通知”，这些通知对于答辩都有非常严格和清晰的具体规定和要求。

譬如说，2009年国家杰出青年科学基金专业评审组的答辩通知就有如下的内容。

汇报的主要内容和要求：1 、个人简介：按照时间顺序简单叙述个人的专业学习及研究经历（建议时间2 分钟左右）。

2、近五年来在基础研究中已取得的国内外同行承认的突出创新性学术成绩，在应用基础研究方面取得的国内外同行承认的突出的创造性成果或对国民经济与社会发展有较大影响。

重点介绍申请者创新性的研究工作、发表的代表性文章以及被国内外认可情况、获得奖项等内容，建议不要过多做一般性描述或背景介绍（建议时间12 分钟左右）。

3、获资助后，拟开展工作的创新点: 重点叙述拟开展工作的创新性、工作思路及相关的工作基础，简要介绍该研究的科学意义及所具备的工作条件。

如无特别需要，不必过于具体地描述技术路线和技术指标等（建议时间5分钟左右）。

4、每人汇报20分钟，答辩10分钟。

局解课件总结

脊柱区Muscles of BackSuperficial group–Trapezius 斜方肌–Latissimus dorsi 背阔肌–Levator scapulae 肩胛提肌–Rhomboideus 菱形肌Deep group–Splenius 夹肌–Erector spinae 竖脊肌Triangle of auscultation 听诊三角(肩胛旁三角)Boundaries•Latissimus dorsi•Trapezius•The medial border of thescapulaInferior lumbar triangle 腰下三角–Boundaries•Lower part of the lateralmargin of latissimus dorsi•Posterior free border ofthe obliquus externusabdominis•Iliac crestSuperior lumbar triangle腰上三角–Boundaries•Serratus posterior inferior•Erector spinae•Obliquus internusabdomins上肢Cephalic vein 头静脉•Arises from the lateral side of the dorsal venous rete on the back of hand•Winds around the lateral border of the forearm; it then ascends into the cubital fossaand up the front of the arm on the lateral sideof the biceps.•It continues up in the deltopectoral groove and then to the infraclavicular fossa, where itpierces clavipectoral fascia to drain intoaxillary vein.Basilic vein 贵要静脉•Arises from the medial side of the dorsal venous rete of hand•Winds around the medial border of the forearm•Then ascends into the cubital fossa and up the front of the arm on the medial side of thebiceps to middle of the arm where it piercesthe deep fascia and joins the brachial vein oraxillary veinMedian cubital vein 肘正中静脉•Links cephalic vein and basilic vein in the cubital fossa•It is a frequent site for venipuncture to remove a sample of blood or add fluid to thebloodAxillary fossa 腋窝Boundaries•Apex–Middle 1/3 of clavicle–Lateral border of first rib–Upper border of the scapula•Base–Skin–Superficial fascia–Axillary fascia 腋筋膜(cribriformfascia 筛状筋膜)•The medial wall–Serratus anterior–Upper four ribs and intercostalspaces•The lateral wall–Intertubercular groove–Long head and short head of bicepsbrachii–Coracobrachialis•The anterior wall–Pectoralis major–Pectoralis minor–Subclavius–Clavipectoral fascia 锁胸筋膜•The posterior wall–Subscapularis–Teres major–Latissimus dorsi–ScapulaContents•Axillary a. and principal branches•Axillary v. and tributaries•Brachial plexus and branches•Axillary lymph nodes•Loose connective tissueTrilateral foramen 三边孔(trilateral space 三边隙)•Boundaries–Superior: teres minorsubscapularislateral border of scapula,articular capsule of shoulder joint–Inferior: teres major–Lateral: long head of tricepsbrachii•Structures pass through the trilateral foramen–Circumflex scapular a. and v. Quadrilateral foramen 四边孔(quadrilateral space 四边隙)•Boundaries–Superior: teres minorsubscapularisarticular capsule of shoulder joint–Inferior: teres major–Medial: long head of tricepsbrachii–Lateral: surgical neck of humerus •Structures pass through the quadrilateral foramen–Axillary n.–Posterior humeral circumflex a.and v.Axillary artery•Begins at the at lateral border of first rib as a continuation of subclavian artery•At the lower border of teres major it becomes the brachial artery.•Divided into three parts by overlying pectoralis minor Branches•First part–superior thoracic a.–thoracoacromial a.•Second part–lateral thoracic a.•Third part–subscapular a.•throcodorsal a.•circumflex scapular a.–anterior humeral circumflex a.–posterior humeral circumflex a. Brachial artery 肱动脉–Begins at the lower border of theteres major as a continuation ofaxillary artery–Terminates opposite the neck ofradius by dividing into radial andulnar arteriesBranches•Deep brachial a. 肱深动脉–Follows the radialnerve into the spinalgroove of thehumerus•Superior ulnar collaeral a.尺侧上副动脉–follows the ulnarnerve•Inferior ulnar collateral a.尺侧下副动脉–Takes part in theanastomosis aroundthe elbow joint.Median nerve 正中神经–Origin•Arises from the medial andlateral cord of the brachialplexus–Course•Descends on the lateral sideof brachial artery•Halfway down the arm, itcrosses the brachial artery toreach its medial side Humeromuscular tunnel 肱骨肌管•Composition–Formed by triceps brachii肱三头肌and groove for radial nerve ofhumerus 肱骨桡神经沟•Structures passing through the tunnel–Radial nerve 桡神经–Deep brachial a. and v. 肱深动静脉•Radial collateral a. 桡侧副动脉•Middle collateral a. 中副动脉Cubital fossa 肘窝Boundaries–Laterally: brachioradialis肱桡肌–Medially: pronator teres旋前圆肌–Roof: skin, superficial facia, deepfascia and aponeurosis of biceps–Floor: brachialis 肱肌, supinator 旋后肌and capsule of elbow joint 肘关节囊Contents•biceps brachii tendon 肱二头肌腱•Medial to biceps brachii tendon–Brachial a. 肱动脉－divides intoradial and ulnar a., usually at apex offossa–Brachial v. 肱静脉–Median n. 正中神经•Lateral to the biceps brachii tendon–Radial n. 桡神经–Lateral antebrachial cutaneous n. 前臂外侧皮神经•Deep cubital lymph nodesCarpal canal 腕管–Composition:Formed by flexorretinaculum 屈肌支持带and carpalgroove 腕骨沟–Structures passing through thecarpal tunnel•Median n. 正中神经•Tendons of flexor digitorumsuperficialis 指浅屈肌andflexor digitorum profundus指深屈肌enclosed bycommon flexor synovialsheath 屈肌总腱鞘•Tendon of flexor pollicislongus 拇长屈肌enclosedby synovial sheath for flexorpollicis longus 拇长屈肌腱鞘Superficial palmar arch 掌浅弓•Formed by ulnar artery and superficial palmar branch of radial artery•The curve of arch lies across the palm, level with the distal border of fully extended thumb •Gives rise to three common palmar digital arteries 指掌侧总动脉(each then dividesinto two proper palmar digital arteries 指掌侧固有动脉) and one ulnar palmar artery ofquinary finger 小指尺掌侧动脉Deep palmar arch 掌深弓•Formed by radial artery and deep palmar branch of ulnar artery•The curve of arch lies across upper part of palmar at level with proximal border ofextended thumb•Gives rise to three palmar metacarpal arteries 掌心动脉to joint the distal ends ofthe corresponding common palmar digitalarteriesMedian n. 正中神经–Muscular branches: supply thenarexcept adductor pollicis, first twolumbricales–Cutaneus branches: supply skin ofthenar, central part of palm, palmaraspect of radial three and one-halffingers, including middle and distalfingers on dorsum–Recurrent branch of the mediannerve正中神经返支–lies deep to the skin anddeep fascia overlying theanterior margin of the thenarnear the midline of the palmUlnar n. 尺神经–Muscular branches supplyhypothenar muscles, interossei, 3rdand 4th lumbricales and adductorpollicis–Cutaneus branches supply skin ofhypothenar, palmar surface of ulnarone and one-half fingers, ulnar halfof dorsum of hand, posterior aspectof ulnar two and one-half fingers下肢Landmarks of lower limb•Gluteal region and thigh–anterior superior iliac spines anteriorinferior iliac spines 髂前下棘–tubercle of iliac crest 髂结节–ischial tuberosity 坐骨结节–greater trochanter 大转子–pubic tubercle 耻骨结节–pubic crest 耻骨嵴–superior border of pubic symphysis •Knee–patella ligament 髌韧带–tuberosity of tibia 胫骨粗隆–medial and lateral condyles 内外侧髁–medial and lateral epicondyles 内、外上髁–tendon of biceps femoris 股二头肌腱–tendons of semitendinosus andsemimembranosus 半腱、半膜肌腱•Leg–anterior border of tibia 胫骨前缘–head of fibula 腓骨头–neck of fibula 腓骨颈•Ankle and foot–medial and lateral malleolus 内、外侧踝–calcaneal tuberosity 跟骨结节–tuberosity of navicular bone 舟骨粗隆–tuberosity of fifth metatarsal bone第五跖骨粗隆Superficial veins:–Great saphenous vein 大隐静脉•Drains the medial end ofdorsal venous arch of footand passes upward directlyin front of the medialmalleolus.•Then ascends in companywith the saphenous n. in thesuperficial fascia over themedial side of the leg.Small saphenous v. 小隐静脉–Arises from the lateral part of thedorsal venous arch of foot–Ascends behind lateral malleolus andthen runs up the midline of the backof the leg–Pierces the deep fascia and enters thepopliteal v.–Drains the lateral side of the foot andankle and the back of the leg Structures passing through suprapiriform foramen (from lateral to medial side)–Superior gluteal n. 臀上神经–Superior gluteal a. 臀上动脉–Superior gluteal v. 臀上静脉Structures passing through infrapiriform foramen (from lateral to medial side)–Sciatic n. 坐骨神经–Posterior femoral cutaneous n. 股后皮神经–Inferior gluteal n. 臀下神经–Inferior gluteal a., v. 臀下动、静脉–Internal pudendal v., a.阴部内动、静脉–Pudendal n. 阴部神经Structures passing through small sciatic foramen (from lateral to medial side)–Internal pudendal v., a.阴部内动、静脉–Pudendal n. 阴部神经Superficial inguinal lymph nodes–Superior group:•Lies just distal to theinguinal ligament•Receive lymph vessels fromanterior abdominal wallbelow umbilicus, glutealregion, perineal region,external genital organs–Inferior group:•Lies vertical along theterminal great saphenous v.•Receives all superficiallymph vessels of lower limb,except for those from theposterolateral part of calf–Efferent vessels drain into the deepinguinal ln. or external iliac ln. Fascia lata 阔筋膜–Iliotibial tract 髂胫束•laterally the deep fasciaforms a thick band•from the iliac tubercle to thelateral condyle of tibial–Saphenous hiatus 隐静脉裂孔• A gap in the deep fasicawhich lies about 4 cm belowand lateral to the pubictubercle. The falciformmargin 镰状缘is thelower lateral border of theopening, which lies anteriorto the femoral vessels.•Filled with loose connectivetissue called the cribriformfascia 筛筋膜Lacuna musculorum 肌腔隙–Boundaries:•Anteriorly: lateral portion ofinguinal ligament•Posterolaterally: ilium•Medially: iliopectinal arch–Contents:Iliopsoas 髂腰肌•femoral n. 股神经•lateral femoral cutaneous n.股外侧皮神经Lacuna vasorum 血管腔隙–Boundaries:•Anteriorly: medial portion ofinguinal ligament•Posteriorly: fascia ofpecteineus and pectinealligament•Medially: lacuna ligament•Laterally: iliopectinal arch–Contents:•Femoral sheath 股鞘•Femoral a. and v. 股动、静脉•Femoral branch ofgenitofemoral n. 生殖股神经股支•Lymphatic vessels Femoral triangle 股三角–Boundaries•Superiorly (base) : inguinalligament 腹股沟韧带•Laterally: medial border ofsartorius 缝匠肌内侧缘•Medially: medial border ofadductor longus 长收肌内侧缘•Apex: continuous withadductor canal 收肌管•Anterior wall: fascia lata 阔筋膜•Posterior wall: consists ofiliopsoas 髂腰肌, pectineus耻骨肌and adductor longus长收肌from lateral tomedial side–Contents：from lateral to medial•Femoral n. 股神经•Femoral sheath 股鞘•Femoral a. 股动脉•Femoral v. 股静脉•Femoral canal 股管•Deep inguinallymph nodes 腹股沟深淋巴结•Fatty tissue 脂肪组织Femoral canal 股管–Femoral ring 股环•Anteriorly:inguinal ligament•Medially: lacuna lig. 腔隙韧带•Posteriorly: pecteneal lig.耻骨梳韧带•Laterally: femoral v. 股静脉•Superior: covered byfemoral septum 股环隔Adductor canal 收肌管–Boundies•Anterior wall: adductorlamina大收肌腱板andsartorius 缝匠肌•Lateral wall: vastus medialis股内侧肌•Posteomedial wall: adductorlongus 长收肌andadductor magmus 大收肌–Contents•Saphenous n. 隐神经•Femoral a. and femoral v.股动、静脉•lymphatic vessels and looseconnective tissueSciatic nerve 坐骨神经•Course–Arises from the sacral plexus–Leaves pelvis through infrapiriformforamen to enter gluteal region–Runs inferiorly laterally deep togluteus maximus–Passing midway between the greatertrochanter of femur and ischialtuberosity to back of thigh–Lying deep to long head of bicepsfemoris,–Normally divided into tibial andcommon peroneal nerves just abovepopliteal fossa•Innervates–Semitendinosus 半腱肌–Semimembranosus 半膜肌–Biceps femoris 股二头肌–Hip and knee joints 髋关节和膝关节Popliteal fossaBoundaries:–Superolaterally: Biceps femoris 股二头肌–Superomedially: semitendinosusand semimembranosus 半腱肌和半膜肌–Inferiorly:lateral and medial headsof gastrocnemius 腓肠肌内、外侧头–Roof: deep fascia–Floor:•popliteal surface of thefemur•posterior capsule of the kneejoint•fascia covering popliteus –Contents–Nerves•Tibial nerve 胫神经•Common peroneal nerve 腓总神经–Popliteal vein and its tributaries腘静脉及属支–Popliteal artery and its branches腘动脉及分支–Popliteal lymph nodes 腘淋巴结Malleolar canal 踝管•Boundaries–Formed by medial surface ofcalcaneus, flexor retinaculum andmedial malleolus•Structures passing through the malleolar canal–Tibialis posterior 胫骨后肌–Flexor digitirum longus 趾长屈肌–Posterior tibial a. v. and n. 胫后动脉、静脉–Tibial n. 胫神经–Flexor hallucis longus 长屈肌头部•眉弓superciliary arch•眶上切迹supraorbital notch•眶下孔infraorbital foramen•颏孔mental foramen•翼点pterion•颧弓zygomatic arch•耳屏tragus•髁突condylar process•乳突mastoid process•前囟点bregma•人字点lambda•枕外隆突external occipital protuberance Parotid duct 腮腺管•Arises front anterior border of gland•Lies 1.5 cm below and parallel tozygomatic arch•Passes forward over masseter,pierces the buccinator and oralmucosa to open opposite secondupper molar toothStructures vertical passing through the parotid gland•External carotid a. 颈外动脉•Superficial temporal a.颞浅动脉•Superficial temporal v.颞浅静脉•Retromandibular vein下颌后静脉•Auriculotemporal n.耳颞神经Structures transversal passing through the parotid gland•Maxillary a. & v.上颌动、静脉•Transverse facial a. & v.面横动、静脉•Branches of facial n.面神经的分支The structures from superficial to deep•Branches of facial nerve 面神经的分支•Retromandibular vein 下颌后静脉•External carotid a. 颈外动脉andAuriculotemporal n. 耳颞神经Layers of frontoparietooccipital regionConsists of five layersThe superficial 3 layer are closely knit together, called scalp 头皮1. Skin 皮肤thick and hair bearing and contains numerous sebaceous glands皮厚、腺多、血运丰富2. The superficial fascia 浅筋膜•Dense connective tissue that binds the skin to the underlying epicranial aponeurosis •The vasculature of the scalp runs primarily in this layer. It is rich and widely anastomosis.•Wounds of the scalp bleed profusely but heal well.a. v. and n. in superficial fascia•Anterior group–Supratrochlear a. v. n. 滑车上动、静脉和神经–Supraorbital a. v. n. 眶上动、静脉和神经•Posterior group–Occipital a. v. 枕动、静脉–Greater occipital n. 枕大神经3. Epicranial aponeurosis and occipitofrontalis 帽状腱膜和枕额肌•It is interposed between the frontalis and occipitalis portions of the occipitofrontalismuscle.•These muscles place the aponeurosis under tension so that deep transverse lacerations ofthe scalp gape widely•坚韧致密，前连额腹，后连枕腹，4. Subaponeurotic loose connective tissue(space)腱膜下疏松结缔组织(间隙)•Contains a rich network of deep arteries and veins. Therefore, this layer has been calledthe “dangerous area”.•Infection may spread to the substance of the bones, to venous channels within the cranialcavity, or to the brain.5. Pericranium 颅骨外膜•Fuses firmly with bone at the sutures and withthe periosteum of the adjacent bone, thuslimiting the subperiosteal space.•薄而致密，易于颅骨分离，如有血肿，与骨一致Hypophysis and hypiphyseal fossa 垂体与垂体窝•Shape and position–Pea-sized organ, attached byinfundibulum to hypothalamus, liesin hypophysial fossa–Consists of two parts:•Adenohypophysis•Neurohypophysis•Relationship–Anterior－tuberculum sellae–Posterior－dorsum sellae–Anterolateraly－optic canal–Above－diaphragm sellae, opticchiasma and optic nerve–Laterally－cavernous sinus–Below－sphenoid sinus Cavernous sinus 海绵窦•Position: lies on each side of sella turcica•Traversing the cavernous sinus–internal carotid artery 颈内动脉–abducent nerve 展神经•Traversing the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus–oculomotor nerve 动眼神经–trochlear nerve 滑车神经–ophthalmic nerve 眼神经–maxillary nerve 上颌神经颈部Landmarks of the neck⏹Hyoid bone 舌骨⏹Thyroid cartilage 甲状软骨⏹Cricoid cartilage 环状软骨⏹Catotid tubercle 颈动脉结节⏹Sternocleidomastoid 胸锁乳突肌⏹Suprasternal fossa 胸骨上窝⏹Greater supraclaviclar fossa 锁骨上大窝Cervical fascia 颈筋膜Superficial layer of cervical fascia 颈筋膜浅层(investing fascia 封套筋膜)⏹Encloses trapezius, sternocleidomastoid,posterior belly of digastric and parotid andsubmandibular glands⏹Attached to bony landmarks of upper andlower boundaries of neck and zygomatic archof facePretracheal layer 气管前层⏹Lies deep to the infrahyoid muscle⏹Encloses viscera of neck: pharynx, larynx,trachea, esophagus, thyroid gland andparathyroid glands⏹Completely surrounds thyroid gland, forminga sheath for it, and bind the gland to larynx toform suspensory ligament of thyroid gland甲状腺悬韧带⏹Extends from arch of cricoid cartilage,thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone to fibrouspericardium of superior mediastinum Prevertebral layer 椎前层⏹Lies anterior to bodies of cervical vertebraeand prevertebral muscles; extends from baseof skull downward into the superiormediastinum, continuous with anteriorlongitudinal lig. and endothoracic fascia⏹Covers subclavian vessels and roots ofbrachial plexus⏹Extends into upper limb as axillary sheath★Carotid triangle 颈动脉三角⏹Boundaries❑Anterior border ofsternocleidomastoid❑Superior belly of omohyoid❑Posterior belly of digastic⏹Covered by skin, superficial fascia, platysmaand investing fascia⏹Deep－prevertebral fascia⏹Medial －lateral wall of pharynxContents❑Common carotid a. and its branches❑Internal jugular v. and its tributaries❑Hypoglossal n. with its descendingbranches❑Vagus nerve❑Accessory nerve❑Deep cervical lymph nodes Muscular triangle 肌三角•Bounded by midline of the neck, superior belly of the omohyoid and anterior border ofthe sternocleidomastoid.•Covered by skin, superficial fascia, platysma, anterior jugular v., and investing fascia •Deep－prevertebral fasciaThyroid gland 甲状腺•Shape and position–H-shape–Left and right lobes: lie on either sideof inferior part of larynx and superiorpart of trachea, extend from middleof thyroid cartilage to level of sixthtrachea cartilage–Isthmus: overlies 2nd to 4th trachealcartilage–Pyramidal lobe: some times arisesfrom isthmusCoverings of the thyroid gland•False capsule: a sheath of pretracheal fascia which is attached to arch of cricoid andthyroid cartilages to form the suspensoryligament of thyroid gland, hence, the thyroidgland moves with larynx during swallowingand oscillates during speaking•True capsule: fibrous capsule•Space between sheath and capsule of thyroid gland: there are loose connective tissue,vessels, nerves and parathyroid glands Relations of the thyroid gland•Anteriorly:–Skin–superficial fascia–investing fascia–Infrahyoid muscles and pretrachealfascia•Posteromedially:–Larynx and trachea–Pharynx and esophagus–Recurrent laryngeal nerve•Posterolaterally:–Carotid sheath with common carotida., internal jugular v., and vagus n.–Cervical sympathetic trunkArteries of the thyroid gland•Superior thyroid a. 甲状腺上动脉–Branch of external carotid a.–Runs superficial and parallel to theexternal branch of superior laryngealn. to reach the upper pole of thyroidgland–Gives off superior laryngeal a. incompany with internal branch ofsuperior laryngeal n.•Inferior thyroid artery 甲状腺下动脉–Branch of thyrocervical trunk ofsubclavian a.–Turns medially and downward,reaches the posterior border of thethyroid gland, where it is closelyrelated to the recurrent laryngeal n.–Supplies inferior pole of thyroidgland•Arteria thyroidea ima 甲状腺最下动脉–May arise (4%) from thebrachiocephalic a. or aortic arch Superior laryngeal n. 喉上神经•Internal branch 内支：which pierces thyrohyoid membrane to innervates mucousmembrane of larynx above fissure of glottis •External branch 外支：is fine n., which descends in company with the superiorthyroid a. and supplies cricothyroid Recurrent laryngeal nerves 喉返神经•Ascend in tracheo-esophageal groove•Pass deep to the lobe of the thyroid gland and come into close relationship with the inferiorthyroid a.•Cross either in front of or behind the artery•Nerves enter larynx posterior to cricothyroid joint, the nerve is now called inferiorlaryngeal nerve喉下神经•Innervations: laryngeal mucosa below fissure of glottis, all laryngeal laryngeal musclesexcept cricothyroidRelationship of arteries to the laryngeal nerves •The superior thyroid a. is closely related near its origin to the superior laryngeal n.•Section of the nerve would anaesthetise the laryngeal mucosa and abolish the coughreflex, so increasing the risk of food or aforeign body entering the trachea.•The inferior thyroid a. is closely related to the recurrent laryngeal n. as it enters the gland.•Section of the nerve would result in paralysis of muscles that move the vocal cords on thatside.Parathyroid gland 甲状旁腺•Position–Two superior parathyroid glands: lieat junction of superior and middlethird of posterior border of thyroidgland–Two inferior parathyroid glands: lienear the inferior thyroid artery, closeto the inferior poles of thyroid gland Relations of cervical part of trachea•Anteriorly–Skin–Superficial fascia–Investing fascia–Suprasternal space and jugular arch–Infrahyoid muscles and pretrachealfascia–Isthmus of thyroid gland ( in front ofthe 2nd to 4th tracheal cartilage)–Inferior thyroid v. and unpairedthyroid venous plexus–Arteria thyroid ima (if present)–Thymus, left brachiocephalic v. andaortic arch in child•Superolaterally–lobes of the thyroid gland (down asfar as the sixth ring)•Posteriorly–Esophagus–R. & L. recurrent laryngeal nerves •Posterlaterally–Cervical sympathetic trunk–Carotid sheathCarotid sheath 颈动脉鞘⏹Formed by components of all three layers ofdeep cervical fascia⏹Contains common and internal carotidarteries, internal jugular vein, and vagusnerve胸部Landmarks of thorax•Jugular notch corresponds with–The 2th thoracic vertebra in male, the3th thoracic vertebra in female •Sternal angle corresponds with–Connects 2nd costal cartilagelaterally–The lower border of 4th thoracicvertebra–The bifurcation of trachea in theadult–The beginning of aortic arch whichends posteriorly at the same level–The esophagus is crossed by the leftmain bronchus•Xiphoid process－xiphisternal synchondrosis lies opposite the body of the 9th thoracicvertebra•Clavicle–Inferior fossa of clavicle–Coracoid process•Ribs and intercostal spaces•Costal arch–Infrasternal angle 胸骨下角–Xiphocostal angle 剑肋角•Mammary papilla 乳头Thoracic wall 胸壁（层次）Superficial structures•Skin•Superficial fascia–Superficial n.•Supraclavicular n.•Anterior and lateralcutaneou sbranches ofintercostal n.T2 Sternal angleT4 NippleT6 Xiphoid processT8 Costal archT10 UmbilicusT12 Midpoint between umbilicusand symphysis pubis–Superficial a.–Superficial v.•Thoracoepigastric v.胸腹壁静脉•Lateral thoracic v. Mamma 乳房Structures•Contains skin, mammary glands and adipose tissue•Consists of 15 to 20 Lobes of mammary gland 乳腺小叶that radiate outward fromthe nipple•lactiferous duct 输乳管•lactiferous sinus 输乳管窦•Suspensory ligaments of breast 乳房悬韧带(cooper’s ligaments): connective tissue septathat extend from the skin to the deep fascia Lymphatic drainage of breast•Into pectoral ln. from lateral and central parts of breast•Into apical and supraclavicular ln. from superior part of breast•Into parasternal ln. from medial part of breast •Into interpectoral ln. from deep part of breast •The lymphatic capillaries of breast form an anastomosing network which is continuousacross the midline with that of the oppositeside and with that of the abdominal wall Deep structures•Deep fascia–Superficial layer–Deep layer—clavipectoral fascia •Muscles of thorax–Pectoralis major 胸大肌–Pectoralis minor 胸小肌–Subclavius 锁骨下肌–Serratus anterior 前锯肌–Intercostales externi 肋间外肌–Intercostales interni 肋间内肌–Intercostales intimi 肋间最内肌–Transverses thoracis 胸横肌Intercostal space•Eleven spaces between ribs•Intercostal muscles–Intercostales externi 肋间外肌•Extends down and anteriorlyfrom rib above to rib below•Replaced anteriorly byexternal intercostalmembrane•Action: raise ribs for forcedinspiration–Intercostales interni 肋间内肌•Extends up and anteriorlyfrom rib below to rib above•Replaced posteriorly byexternal intercostalsmembrane•Action: depress ribs forforced expiration–Intercostales intimi 肋间最内肌•Incomplete, thin, closelyapplied to intercostalesinterni•Intercostal a. and v.–Posterior intercostals arteries 肋间后动脉–subcostal artery 肋下动脉•Intercostal n.–Intercostal nerves 肋间神经(anteriorrami of T1- T11)–Subcostal nerve 肋下神经(anterior ramus of T12)–from superior to inferior: vein, artery,nerve (V AN)Internal thoracic vessels•Internal thoracic a. 胸廓内动脉•Internal thoracic v. 胸廓内静脉Endothoracic fascia 胸内筋膜– A thin layer of connective tissue–Separates the parietal pleura from thethoracic wallCupula of pleura 胸膜顶: extends up into the neck, over the apex of lung, 2.5cm above the medial third of claviclePleural cavity 胸膜腔–Potential space between visceral andparietal pleural–Contains a small amount of pleuralfluid–Subatmospheric pressure in it Pleura recesses 胸膜隐窝•Potential spaces of pleural cavity which lungs are not occupied in quiet respiration•Costodiaphragmatic recess 肋膈隐窝–slit-like space between costal anddiaphragmatic pleurae on each side–The lowest area of pleural cavity •Costomediastinal recess 肋纵隔隐窝–On the left side between themediastinal pleural and costal pleura Lower margins of pleura cross the 8th, 10th, 11th ribs, and 12th ribs at the midclavicular lines, the midaxillary lines, scapular line, and the sides of the vertebral column, respectively.Hilum of lung 肺门middle of medial surface, which is adepression where the bronchi,vessels, and nerves enter the lung Root of lung 肺根ContentsPrincipal bronchusPulmonary artery and veinNerves and lymphatic vesselsSurrounded by connective tissueOrder of structures in the root of lungFrom before backward: V. A. B.From above downward:L: A. B. V.R: B. A. V.Relations of left root of lungAnterior: phrenic n .andpericardiacophrenic vesselsPosterior: thoracic aorta and vagus n.Superior: aortic archInferior: pulmonary lig.Relations of right root of lungAnterior: phrenic n., pericardiacophrenicvessels, superior vena cava, partpericardium, and right atriumPosterior: vagus n.Superior: azygos v.Inferior: pulmonary lig.The Mediastinum 纵隔Concept• A broad central partition that separates the two laterally placed pleural cavities.•It extends from the sternum to the bodies of the vertebrae, and from the superior thoracicaperture to the diaphragm.Subdivisions of mediastinumSuperior mediastinum 上纵隔Locating－from inlet of thorax to plane extending from level of sternal angle anteriorly to lower border of T4 vertebra posteriorlyContentsSuperficial layerThymusThree veinsLeft brachiocephalic v.Right brachiocephalic v.Superior vena cavaMiddle layerAotic arch and its three branchesPhrenic n.Vagus n.Posterior layerTracheaEsophagusThoracic ductInferior mediastinum下纵隔Anterior mediastinum 前纵隔LocationPosterior to body of sternum andattached costal cartilages, Anterior toheart and pericardiumMiddle mediastinum 中纵隔Location－between anterior mediastinum andposterior mediastinum。

局解实验考核图片提纲(100题)ppt课件

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实习答辩PPT (1)

电线、电缆3C认证的定点检测机构和室内装饰、装修材料有害物质限量的定点检测机构；可以进行食品、农产品的品质分析，而且可对食品、农产品的安全性能检测和营养成分的分析，可检测食品、农产品中的有毒有害成分、农药残留、兽药残留、致癌化学物质、有害微生物、微量元素和转基因生物产品等。
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2、机构设置
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三、实习总结
将近一个月的见习，在让我对政府的工作有了新的认识，也让我对自己、对大学生这个群体有了新的发现和新的建议。 1.充分认识到见习的重要性。
目前在很大程度上，我们的大学专业教育和社会上的职业是有很大的差距的，这就让我们的学习不可避免的脱离了职业的实际需要，很难形成准确的职业认识；多参加实习，能够对我们认识职业内容，了解职场行为模式、获得职业人脉有很大的帮助；同时，通过实习期间暴露的问题，来影响我们在校园的学习方式，学习更有针对性的专业知识，帮助我们打造更加务实的职业生涯规划。 2.摆正见习心态。
目录
一、单位概况二、实习内容三、实习总结
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一、单位概况
1、单位简介 2、机构设置 3、主要职能 4、工作成绩
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1、单位简介
吉林省产品质量监督检验院位于长春市卫星路7370号。全院占地面积7000平方米，实验室面积6000多平方米,现有员工110人，其中高级工程师35人，工程师38人，固定资产4000余万元，拥有国内外生产的先进检验设备800多台(套)。通过国家实验室认可和计量认证的产品/参数共1700多项, 2002年4月通过了中国实验室国家认可委组织的认证，现通过认证的产品/参数共1329项，可开展机械、冶金、建筑、电工、交通运输设备、轻工、化工、食品、农(林)产品、木材家具十大类2000多种产品(参数)的检测工作。

局解实验考课件

局部解剖标本实物图片考试
考试说明：本试题共有20张图片，每张图片幻灯停留60秒，请在规定时间内按提示写出每张图片所指出的结构名称。
——人体解剖教研室
3201455197468320 [例如]腋窝的动脉（右侧）
胸上动脉胸肩峰动脉胸外侧动脉
胸背动脉
答案：胸外侧动脉
3201455197468320 [1]、胸腔
3201455197468320 [12]、下肢前面肌
(左侧)
股内侧肌股外侧肌
股直肌股中间肌
3201455197468320 [13]、小腿前面
胫前动脉腓动脉骨间前动脉膝下动脉
3201455197468320 [14]、股前内侧区
股神经坐骨神经闭孔神经隐神经
3201455197468320 [15]、小腿后区
输尿管输精管睾丸动脉肠系膜上动脉
3201455197468320 [9]、胸后壁
胸导管奇静脉副奇静脉胸交感干
3201455197468320 [10]、腹壁
腹直肌腹外斜肌腹内斜肌腹横肌
3201455197468320 [11]、腹腔血管(胃已翻起)
胃左动脉胃右动脉胃网膜左动脉胃网膜右动脉
胫后动脉腓动脉穿动脉膝下外侧动脉
3201455197468320 [16]、臂后外侧面
冈上肌冈下肌大圆肌三角肌
3201455197468320 [17]、手掌
鱼际小鱼际蚓状肌骨间肌
3201455197468320 [18]、臂前区
正中神经尺神经腋神经
肌皮神经
3201455197468320 [19]、前臂前区
（左侧）
膈神经心浅丛喉返神经迷走神经

大学生创新性实验计划项目结题答辩(课堂PPT)

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二、项目研究内容与方案
以前人研究为基础以创新点为指导 ↓
药物初步搭配 ↓
进行动物实验并调整搭配小鼠醉酒实验小鼠防醉实验
↓ 效果好的理想搭配
↓ 肝脏病理实验酶活性实验
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三、项目特色与创新之处
将两类解酒药物搭配，实现功能互补。
当前的解酒药物主要从两方面发挥作用:其一,用胃肠吸收抑制剂抑制酒精的胃肠吸收,加强酒精在肠胃道的首过效应,降低血液中的酒精浓度;其二,用代谢增强剂使药物直接作用于肝代谢酶系,提高肝内P-450酶、ADH和ALDH等酒精降解酶的活力,加速酒精及其代谢产物的消除速率,减轻其对组织和细胞的损害。但现实中的解酒药物的解酒功效主要集中于加强酒精在人体内的代谢方面，对两种解酒机理的综合解酒效果研究较少。
图3 解酒药物对小鼠肝组织GPT活性的影响 250
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空白组
B药组
A药组
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0 肝组织GPT活性
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血清黄嘌呤氧化酶（XOD）测定对肝细胞具有特异性诊断意义，这一点优于肝功能检测的其他酶类如GPT。血清XOD主要来自肝脏胞浆中，当肝细胞受损时，血清中的XOD活性呈不同程度的升高，而肝外疾病的XOD活性多为正常，因此XOD 的检测可作为反应肝脏代谢状态的一个敏感指标，甚至优于 GPT的测定。由实验结果可知，给药组小鼠血清中XOD含量均低于对照组，由此可知解酒药物对于肝组织有一定的保护功能。
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五、项目取得的成果及效果
（一）、成果
1.研制出两种效果较好的解酒药物，配方如下：
配方
A药 B药
葛根提取物粒/10g
0.0097
0.0625
表1 A和B两种饮料中药材的用量

局解课件-实验课1局解面部共28页

21、要知道对好事的称颂过于夸大，也会招来人们的反感轻蔑和嫉妒。——培根 22、业精于勤，荒于嬉；行成于思，毁于随。——韩愈
23、一切节省，归根到底都归结为时间的节省。——马克思 24、意志命运往往背道而驰，决心到最后会全部推倒。——莎士比亚
25、学习是劳动，是充满思想的劳动。——人陪你走一辈子，所以你要适应孤独，没有人会帮你一辈子，所以你要奋斗一生。 22、当眼泪流尽的时候，留下的应该是坚强。 23、要改变命运，首先改变自己。
24、勇气很有理由被当作人类德性之首，因为这种德性保证了所有其余的德性。--温斯顿．丘吉尔。 25、梯子的梯阶从来不是用来搁脚的，它只是让人们的脚放上一段时间，以便让别一只脚能够再往上登。

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40、人类法律，事物有规律，这异常珍贵的东西，从任何源泉吸收都不可耻。——阿卜·日·法拉兹
42、只有在人群中间，才能认识自己。——德国
43、重复别人所说的话，只需要教育；而要挑战别人所说的话，则需要头脑。—— 玛丽·佩蒂博恩·普尔
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36、如果我们国家的法律中只有某种神灵，而不是殚精竭虑将神灵揉进宪法，总体上来说，法律就会更好。—— 马克·吐温 37、纲纪废弃之日，便是暴政兴起之时。— —威·皮物特
38、若是没有公众舆论的支持，法律是丝毫没有力量的。 ——菲力普斯 39、一个判例造出另一个判例，它们迅速累聚，进而变成法律。 ——朱尼厄斯
44、卓越的人一大优点是：在不利与艰难的遭遇里百折不饶。——贝多芬
45、自己的饭量自己知道。——苏联

局解PBLppt课件

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两侧有横支相连
海绵窦窦内有颈内动脉、展神经通过窦外侧壁有动眼、滑车、眼、上颌神经通过
借眼静脉与面静脉交通，借卵圆孔静脉与翼丛相交通
视交叉垂体
蝶窦
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动眼神经滑车神经颈内动脉展神经
眼神经
上颌神经
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海绵窦的毗邻
• 窦的内侧壁上部与蝶鞍垂体相邻，垂体肿瘤可压迫窦内的动眼神经和展神经等，以致引起眼球运动障碍、眼睑下垂、瞳孔开大及眼球突出等。
炎症蔓延至左眼展神经受海绵窦
感染影响
左眼不能充分外展。
a.白细胞增多：炎症
b.金色葡萄球菌阳性：感染金黄色葡萄球菌所引起的一系列症状。
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网膜中央静脉扩张、淤血，视神经乳头水
肿
眼球突出
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病例
• 眼底检查可见视网膜中央静脉扩张淤血，视神经盘水肿。在病之间歇清醒时，述说右眼剧痛，视力严重受损。右侧额部、鼻部和面颊部有刺痛和灼烧感，右眼随意运动丧失，沿右侧面静脉可扪及该静脉变硬。
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a.右眼剧痛，视力严重受损：
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海绵窦的形态
• 海绵窦系前、后狭长的不规则的六面体结构(上下壁、外侧壁、内侧壁、前后壁),平均长21.1±3.2mm,宽8.7±0.7mm, 外侧壁高14.7±3.3mm,内侧壁高16.4±1.3mm。为一对重要的硬脑膜静脉窦，由硬脑膜两层间的腔隙构成。内有许多结缔组织小梁。